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</button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_a_response_to_cold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_response_to_cold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>As a response to cold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_response_to_cold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>In humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ingestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ingestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ingestion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ingestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opiate_withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opiate_withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Opiate withdrawal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opiate_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voluntary_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voluntary_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Voluntary control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voluntary_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Goose bumps</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF" title="قشعريرة الجلد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قشعريرة الجلد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Настръхване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Настръхване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hus%C3%AD_k%C5%AF%C5%BEe" title="Husí kůže – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Husí kůže" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A5sehud" title="Gåsehud – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gåsehud" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4nsehaut" title="Gänsehaut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gänsehaut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piloerecci%C3%B3n" title="Piloerección – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piloerección" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anserha%C5%ADto" title="Anserhaŭto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anserhaŭto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilo-ipurdi" title="Oilo-ipurdi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oilo-ipurdi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88" title="سیخ شدن مو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیخ شدن مو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair_de_poule" title="Chair de poule – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chair de poule" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%AD%EC%82%B4" title="닭살 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="닭살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="रोंगटे खड़े होना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोंगटे खड़े होना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A6sah%C3%BA%C3%B0" title="Gæsahúð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gæsahúð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piloerezione" title="Piloerezione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piloerezione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%96" title="עור ברווז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עור ברווז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಮೈನವಿರೇಳುವಿಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೈನವಿರೇಳುವಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%90_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%9A%DA%88%D8%A0" title="تأرِ کنٚڈؠ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تأرِ کنٚڈؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Қаз терілік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қаз терілік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutis_anserina" title="Cutis anserina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cutis anserina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zos%C4%81da" title="Zosāda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zosāda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kippenvel" title="Kippenvel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kippenvel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E8%82%8C" title="鳥肌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鳥肌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A5sehud" title="Gåsehud – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gåsehud" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%88%DB%92" title="سرنڈے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سرنڈے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reakcja_pilomotoryczna" title="Reakcja pilomotoryczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Reakcja pilomotoryczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrepio_(anatomia)" title="Arrepio (anatomia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arrepio (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piele_de_g%C4%83in%C4%83" title="Piele de găină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piele de găină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Гусиная кожа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гусиная кожа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kananlihalle_meneminen" title="Kananlihalle meneminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kananlihalle meneminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A5shud" title="Gåshud – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gåshud" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acittew" title="Acittew – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Acittew" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мурғаки бадан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мурғаки бадан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гусяча шкіра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гусяча шкіра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penoti" title="Penoti – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Penoti" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BB%95i_da_g%C3%A0" title="Nổi da gà – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nổi da gà" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%B7%E9%9B%9E%E7%9A%AE" title="起雞皮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="起雞皮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilomotor_reflex&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilomotor reflex">Pilomotor reflex</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Physiological response to stimuli</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the book series, see <i><a href="/wiki/Goosebumps" title="Goosebumps">Goosebumps</a></i>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Goosebumps_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Goosebumps (disambiguation)">Goosebumps (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Medical_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs more <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">reliable medical references</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a> or relies too heavily on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary sources">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please review the contents of the article and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goose_bumps&action=edit">add the appropriate references</a> if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Goose+bumps%22">"Goose bumps"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Goose+bumps%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Goose+bumps%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Goose+bumps%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Goose+bumps%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Goose+bumps%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/52px-Star_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/77px-Star_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/103px-Star_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Goosebumps</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Goose-pimples, goose-skin, goose-flesh, <i>cutis anserina</i>, horripilation, <i>horripilatio</i></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2003-09-17_Goose_bumps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/2003-09-17_Goose_bumps.jpg/220px-2003-09-17_Goose_bumps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/2003-09-17_Goose_bumps.jpg/330px-2003-09-17_Goose_bumps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/2003-09-17_Goose_bumps.jpg/440px-2003-09-17_Goose_bumps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="1743" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Goose-bumps on a human arm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Goose bumps</b>, <b>goosebumps</b> or <b>goose-pimples</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also called <b>chill bumps</b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) are the bumps on a person's skin at the base of body hairs which may involuntarily develop when a person is <a href="/wiki/Tickling" title="Tickling">tickled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold" title="Cold">cold</a> or experiencing strong emotions such as <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">sexual arousal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McPhetres_6–20_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPhetres_6–20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The formation of goose bumps in humans under <a href="/wiki/Stress_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (medicine)">stress</a> is considered by some to be a <a href="/wiki/Vestigial_response" title="Vestigial response">vestigial reflex</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Darwin1872_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwin1872-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though visible piloerection is associated with changes in skin temperature in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reflex of producing goose bumps is known as <b>piloerection</b> or the <b>pilomotor reflex</b>, or, more traditionally,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>horripilation</b>. It occurs in many <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>; a prominent example is <a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">porcupines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which raise their quills when threatened, or sea otters when they encounter sharks or other predators. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy_and_biology">Anatomy and biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goose_bumps&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Anatomy and biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goose bumps are created when tiny muscles at the base of each hair, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Arrector_pili_muscle" title="Arrector pili muscle">arrector pili muscles</a></i>, contract and pull the hair straight up. The reflex is started by the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a>, which is responsible for many <a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">fight-or-flight responses</a>. The muscle cells connected to the hair follicle have been visualized by actin immunofluorescence.<sup id="cite_ref-2017-Hanukoglu-2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017-Hanukoglu-2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><big>Arrector pili muscle</big></b> </p><p> Arrector pili muscles (APM) are smooth muscles which connect the basement membrane to the hair follicle. When these muscles contract, they increase the trapping of air on the surface of the skin and in turn, causes <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a> to the body. It used to be believed that each APM was connected to an individual <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicle</a>. More recent studies have disproved this and now explain that there can be multiple hair follicles connected to a single APM. In between the hair follicle and the APM there are lobules which form an angular shape. These lobules are <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous gland lobules</a> which are supported by the APM.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PilioerectionAnimation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PilioerectionAnimation.gif/220px-PilioerectionAnimation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PilioerectionAnimation.gif/330px-PilioerectionAnimation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PilioerectionAnimation.gif/440px-PilioerectionAnimation.gif 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>1) <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">Epidermis</a> 2) <a href="/wiki/Arrector_pili_muscle" title="Arrector pili muscle">Arrector pili muscle</a> 3) <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">Hair follicle</a> 4) <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermis</a> The diagram shows that the arrector pili muscle is connected to the hair follicle and the epidermis resulting in the erection of the hair during muscle contraction causing goose bumps.</figcaption></figure> <p><big><b>Hair follicle</b></big> </p><p>Hair follicles have four parts. There is the bulb, supra bulbar area, isthmus and infundibulum. The bulb is to be known as the part that is responsible for the growth of the rest of the hair follicle.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_response_to_cold">As a response to cold</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goose_bumps&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: As a response to cold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In animals covered with fur or hair, the erect hairs trap air to create a layer of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulation</a>. Goose bumps can also be a response to anger or fear: the erect hairs make the animal appear larger, in order to intimidate enemies. This can be observed in the intimidation displays of chimpanzees,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some <a href="/wiki/New_World_monkey" title="New World monkey">New World monkeys</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Cotton-top_tamarin" title="Cotton-top tamarin">cotton-top tamarin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Agg5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agg5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in stressed mice<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rats, and in frightened cats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_humans">In humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goose_bumps&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In humans, goose bumps can even extend to piloerection as a reaction to hearing nails scratch on a chalkboard, or feeling or remembering strong and positive emotions (e.g., after winning a sports event), or while watching a <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goosebumps_in_cat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Goosebumps_in_cat.jpg/220px-Goosebumps_in_cat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Goosebumps_in_cat.jpg/330px-Goosebumps_in_cat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Goosebumps_in_cat.jpg/440px-Goosebumps_in_cat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5456" data-file-height="3632" /></a><figcaption>Goose bumps in a kitten, due to a <a href="/wiki/Acrophobia" title="Acrophobia">fear of heights</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some people can deliberately evoke goose bumps in themselves without any external trigger. This is called "voluntarily generated piloerection." Further research is needed to discover more on such people. </p><p>Goose bumps are accompanied by a specific physiological response pattern that is thought to indicate the emotional state of being moved.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In humans, goose bumps occur everywhere on the body, including the legs, neck, and other areas of the skin that have hair. In some people, they even occur in the face or on the head. In humans, goose bumps tends to occur across the whole body, especially when elicited by thermal or emotional stimuli, and only locally when elicited via tactile stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Piloerection is also a classic symptom of some diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Temporal lobe epilepsy">temporal lobe epilepsy</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">brain tumors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_hyperreflexia" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomic hyperreflexia">autonomic hyperreflexia</a>. Goose bumps can also be caused by withdrawal from <a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">opiates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>. A skin condition that mimics goose bumps in appearance is <a href="/wiki/Keratosis_pilaris" title="Keratosis pilaris">keratosis pilaris</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goose_bumps&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extreme_temperatures">Extreme temperatures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goose_bumps&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Extreme temperatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goose bumps can be experienced in the presence of flash-cold temperatures, for example being in a cold environment, and the skin being able to re-balance its surface temperature quickly. The stimulus of cold surroundings causes the tiny muscles (<a href="/wiki/Arrector_pili_muscle" title="Arrector pili muscle">arrector pili muscle</a>) attached to each <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicle</a> to contract. This contraction causes the hair strands to stand straight, the purpose of which is to aid in quicker drying via evaporation of water clinging to the hair which is moved upward and away from the skin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This seems unlikely in humans (Adhesion and cohesion would net let water move upward/away from the skin along a thin hair. It's more likely the erection is due to vestigial reflexes as outlined in other parts of the article. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intense_emotion">Intense emotion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goose_bumps&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Intense emotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emotional correlates of piloerection in humans are not well understood.<sup id="cite_ref-McPhetres_6–20_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPhetres_6–20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People often say they feel their "hair standing on end" when they are frightened or in awe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goose_bumps&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most research using musical stimuli has focused on self-reported "chills" which is a subjective experience, unlike piloerection which is an objectively quantifiable physiological reaction. However, research has shown that self-reported piloerection does not correspond to observed piloerection. Thus, research on the chills should not be considered to extend to the physiological phenomena of piloerection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ingestion">Ingestion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goose_bumps&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ingestion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medications and herbal supplements that affect body temperature and blood flow may cause piloerection. For example, one of the common reported side effects of the intake of <a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">yohimbine</a> is piloerection.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opiate_withdrawal">Opiate withdrawal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goose_bumps&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Opiate withdrawal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Piloerection is one of the signs of <a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">opioid withdrawal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "<a href="/wiki/Cold_turkey" title="Cold turkey">cold turkey</a>" meaning abrupt withdrawal from a drug, may derive from the goose bumps that occur during abrupt withdrawal from <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>; this resembles the skin of a <a href="/wiki/Turkey_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey as food">refrigerated plucked turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hales_2014_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hales_2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ghodse_2010_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghodse_2010-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voluntary_control">Voluntary control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goose_bumps&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Voluntary control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An unknown proportion of people may consciously initiate the sensation and physiological signs of piloerection.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phenomenon is discovered spontaneously, appearing to be innate, and is not known to be possible to learn or acquire. Those with the ability frequently are unaware that it is not possible for everyone. The ability appears to correlate with personality traits associated with <a href="/wiki/Openness_to_experience" title="Openness to experience">openness to experience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goose_bumps&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaire_de_poule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Chaire_de_poule.jpg/220px-Chaire_de_poule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Chaire_de_poule.jpg/330px-Chaire_de_poule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Chaire_de_poule.jpg/440px-Chaire_de_poule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1930" data-file-height="2085" /></a><figcaption>Moderate goose bumps</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "goose bumps" derives from the phenomenon's association with goose skin. Goose feathers grow from pores in the epidermis that resemble human <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicles</a>. When a goose's feathers are plucked, its skin has protrusions where the feathers were, and these bumps are what the human phenomenon resembles.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not clear why the particular fowl, goose, was chosen in English (and German, Greek, Icelandic, Italian, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Polish and Czech)<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as most other birds share this same anatomical feature. Other languages may use a different species. For example, the hen or chicken is used in Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese, Cantonese, Finnish, Dutch, Luxembourgish, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, and Galician; Irish uses both;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Unable to verify using any translation service - need a source (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hebrew, the duck; the ants (referred to as "<i>murashki</i>", alluding to the feeling of ants crawling on one's skin) in Ukrainian and Russian;<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a variety of synonyms in Mandarin.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some authors have applied "goose bumps" to the symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Bitten by a Winchester goose" was a common euphemism for having contracted <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Winchester_Geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester Geese">Winchester geese</a>" was the nickname for the prostitutes of Southern London,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> licensed by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester" title="Bishop of Winchester">Bishop of Winchester</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liberty_of_the_Clink" title="Liberty of the Clink">the area</a> around his <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Palace" title="Winchester Palace">London palace</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goose_bumps&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_sensory_meridian_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous sensory meridian response">Autonomous sensory meridian response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_chill" title="Cold chill">Cold chill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisson" title="Frisson">Frisson</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goose_bumps&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/goosebumps">"Goosebumps noun – Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goosebumps+noun+%E2%80%93+Definition%2C+pictures%2C+pronunciation+and+usage+notes+%7C+Oxford+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary+at+OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fgoosebumps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoose+bumps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McPhetres_6–20-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McPhetres_6–20_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPhetres_6–20_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPhetresZickfeld2022" class="citation journal cs1">McPhetres, Jonathon; Zickfeld, Janis H. 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American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 779. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781585624447" title="Special:BookSources/9781585624447"><bdi>9781585624447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Psychiatric+Publishing+Textbook+of+Psychiatry%2C+Sixth+Edition&rft.pages=779&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781585624447&rft.aulast=Hales&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Yudofsky%2C+Stuart+C.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Laura+Weiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoVWTAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoose+bumps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghodse_2010-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ghodse_2010_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodse2010" class="citation book cs1">Ghodse, Hamid (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WYQ23OMjWbcC&pg=PA77"><i>Ghodse's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139485678" title="Special:BookSources/9781139485678"><bdi>9781139485678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghodse%27s+Drugs+and+Addictive+Behaviour%3A+A+Guide+to+Treatment&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139485678&rft.aulast=Ghodse&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWYQ23OMjWbcC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoose+bumps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatahiraKawakamiTomitaNagata2020" class="citation journal cs1">Katahira, Kenji; Kawakami, Ai; Tomita, Akitoshi; Nagata, Noriko (2020-06-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7290233">"Volitional Control of Piloerection: Objective Evidence and Its Potential Utility in Neuroscience Research"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Neuroscience</i>. <b>14</b>: 590. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnins.2020.00590">10.3389/fnins.2020.00590</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1662-453X">1662-453X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7290233">7290233</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32581701">32581701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Volitional+Control+of+Piloerection%3A+Objective+Evidence+and+Its+Potential+Utility+in+Neuroscience+Research&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=590&rft.date=2020-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7290233%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1662-453X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32581701&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnins.2020.00590&rft.aulast=Katahira&rft.aufirst=Kenji&rft.au=Kawakami%2C+Ai&rft.au=Tomita%2C+Akitoshi&rft.au=Nagata%2C+Noriko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7290233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoose+bumps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeathersFaynSilviaTiliopoulos2018" class="citation journal cs1">Heathers, James A.J.; Fayn, Kirill; Silvia, Paul J.; Tiliopoulos, Niko; Goodwin, Matthew S. (July 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6071615">"The voluntary control of piloerection"</a>. <i>PeerJ</i>. <b>6</b>: e5292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.5292">10.7717/peerj.5292</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8359">2167-8359</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6071615">6071615</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30083447">30083447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ&rft.atitle=The+voluntary+control+of+piloerection&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=e5292&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6071615%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2167-8359&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30083447&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.5292&rft.aulast=Heathers&rft.aufirst=James+A.J.&rft.au=Fayn%2C+Kirill&rft.au=Silvia%2C+Paul+J.&rft.au=Tiliopoulos%2C+Niko&rft.au=Goodwin%2C+Matthew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6071615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoose+bumps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=goose+bumps"><i>Online Etymology Dictionary – "Goose-bumps"</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary+%E2%80%93+%22Goose-bumps%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Dgoose%2Bbumps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoose+bumps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/goose_bump#Translations" class="extiw" title="wikt:goose bump">Translations for <i>goose-bumps</i> in English wiktionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Template:zh-dial-map/%E9%9B%9E%E7%9A%AE%E7%96%99%E7%98%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:Template:zh-dial-map/雞皮疙瘩">Dialectal map for <i>goose-bumps</i> in Mandarin</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2004" class="citation cs2">Roberts, Chris (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MdMZqhMzfpYC&pg=PA24"><i>Heavy words lightly thrown: the reason behind the rhyme</i></a>, Granta, p. 24, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-765-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-765-2"><bdi>978-1-86207-765-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heavy+words+lightly+thrown%3A+the+reason+behind+the+rhyme&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Granta&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86207-765-2&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMdMZqhMzfpYC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoose+bumps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuret1895" class="citation cs2">Buret, Frédéric (1895), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/syphilistodayan00buregoog"><i>Syphilis to-day and among the ancients v. 2–3</i></a>, F.A. Davis, p. 48</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syphilis+to-day+and+among+the+ancients+v.+2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=F.A.+Davis&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Buret&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsyphilistodayan00buregoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoose+bumps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuret1895" class="citation cs2">Buret, Frédéric (1895), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/syphilistodayan01buregoog"><i>Syphilis to-day and among the ancients v. 1</i></a>, F.A. Davis, p. 62</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syphilis+to-day+and+among+the+ancients+v.+1&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=F.A.+Davis&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Buret&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsyphilistodayan01buregoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoose+bumps" class="Z3988"></span> dates the aforementioned manuscript to the 16th century</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWabuda2002" class="citation cs2">Wabuda, Susan (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8g9m9eRt-cC&pg=PA127"><i>Preaching during the English Reformation</i></a>, Cambridge studies in early modern British history, Cambridge University Press, p. 127, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45395-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45395-0"><bdi>978-0-521-45395-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preaching+during+the+English+Reformation&rft.series=Cambridge+studies+in+early+modern+British+history&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45395-0&rft.aulast=Wabuda&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW8g9m9eRt-cC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoose+bumps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goose_bumps&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q684782" class="extiw" title="d:Q684782">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010863">D010863</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb24683.htm">24683</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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