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<li id="toc-Precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_the_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_the_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Between the wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_the_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rockets_and_missiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rockets and missiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rockets_and_missiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Self-propelled artillery</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9" title="مدفعية ذاتية الحركة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدفعية ذاتية الحركة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96z%C3%BCyeriy%C9%99n_artilleriya" title="Özüyeriyən artilleriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Özüyeriyən artilleriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB-ki%C3%A2%E2%81%BF_t%C5%8Da-ph%C3%A0u" title="Chū-kiâⁿ tōa-phàu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chū-kiâⁿ tōa-phàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Самоходна артилерия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Самоходна артилерия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilleria_autopropulsada" title="Artilleria autopropulsada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Artilleria autopropulsada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzerartillerie" title="Panzerartillerie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Panzerartillerie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liikursuurt%C3%BCkk" title="Liikursuurtükk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liikursuurtükk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiller%C3%ADa_autopropulsada" title="Artillería autopropulsada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Artillería autopropulsada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="توپخانه خودکششی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توپخانه خودکششی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillerie_automotrice" title="Artillerie automotrice – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Artillerie automotrice" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%A3%BC%ED%8F%AC" title="자주포 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자주포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artileri_swagerak" title="Artileri swagerak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Artileri swagerak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semovente_d%27artiglieria" title="Semovente d'artiglieria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Semovente d'artiglieria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Өздігінен жүретін артиллерия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өздігінен жүретін артиллерия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1g%C4%81j%C4%93jartil%C4%93rija" title="Pašgājējartilērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pašgājējartilērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artileri_gerak_sendiri" title="Artileri gerak sendiri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Artileri gerak sendiri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemechaniseerde_artillerie" title="Gemechaniseerde artillerie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gemechaniseerde artillerie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%B5%B0%E7%A0%B2" title="自走砲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自走砲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selvdrevet_artilleri" title="Selvdrevet artilleri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Selvdrevet artilleri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B8lvdrive_artilleri" title="Sjølvdrive artilleri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjølvdrive artilleri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artyleria_samobie%C5%BCna" title="Artyleria samobieżna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Artyleria samobieżna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilharia_autopropulsada" title="Artilharia autopropulsada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Artilharia autopropulsada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Самоходная артиллерия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Самоходная артиллерия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artileria_vet%C3%ABl%C3%ABviz%C3%ABse" title="Artileria vetëlëvizëse – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Artileria vetëlëvizëse" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samovozna_artilerija" title="Samovozna artilerija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samovozna artilerija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Самоходна артиљерија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Самоходна артиљерија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samohodna_artiljerija" title="Samohodna artiljerija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Samohodna artiljerija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3" title="ปืนใหญ่อัตตาจร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปืนใหญ่อัตตาจร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Самохідна артилерія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Самохідна артилерія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1o_t%E1%BB%B1_h%C3%A0nh" title="Pháo tự hành – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pháo tự hành" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%B5%B0%E7%82%AE" title="自走炮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="自走炮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%8C%E7%81%AB%E7%82%AE" title="自行火炮 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自行火炮" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Self_propelled_artillery&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Self propelled artillery">Self propelled artillery</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Artillery mounted on a vehicle for mobility and protection</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Self-propelled+artillery%22">"Self-propelled artillery"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Self-propelled+artillery%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Self-propelled+artillery%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Self-propelled+artillery%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Self-propelled+artillery%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Self-propelled+artillery%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AS-90_self-propelled_artillery.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/AS-90_self-propelled_artillery.JPG/220px-AS-90_self-propelled_artillery.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/AS-90_self-propelled_artillery.JPG/330px-AS-90_self-propelled_artillery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/AS-90_self-propelled_artillery.JPG/440px-AS-90_self-propelled_artillery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>British <a href="/wiki/AS-90" title="AS-90">AS-90s</a> firing in <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, Iraq, 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PzH2000_in_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PzH2000_in_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-PzH2000_in_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PzH2000_in_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-PzH2000_in_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PzH2000_in_Afghanistan.jpg/440px-PzH2000_in_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>A <a 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_tank" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the tank"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_tank" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank"><span class="wrap">History of the tank</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tanks_by_period" title="Category:Tanks by period">Era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_I" title="Tanks in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_interwar_period" title="Tanks of the interwar period">Interwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_II" title="Tanks in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Cold_War" title="Tanks in the Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Tanks of the post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tanks_by_country" title="Category:Tanks by country">Country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Australian_Army" title="Tanks in the Australian Army">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_British_Army" title="Tanks in the British Army">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Cuba" title="Tanks of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_China" title="Tanks of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Canada" title="Tanks of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_New_Zealand" title="Tanks of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Tanks of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanks in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_German_Army" title="Tanks in the German Army">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Iran" title="Tanks of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Iraq" title="Tanks of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Italian_Army" title="Tanks in the Italian Army">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Tanks of the Israel Defense Forces">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Japanese_Army" title="Tanks in the Japanese Army">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_Polish_Armoured_Forces" title="Tanks of the Polish Armoured Forces">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_North_Korea" title="Tanks of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_South_Korea" title="Tanks of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Tanks of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Spanish_Army" title="Tanks in the Spanish Army">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Sweden" title="Tanks of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_United_States" title="Tanks of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_Ukrainian_Army" title="Tanks of the Ukrainian Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">Medium tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">Heavy tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-heavy_tank" title="Super-heavy tank">Super-heavy tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_tank" title="Cruiser tank">Cruiser tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_tank" title="Flame tank">Flame tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">Infantry tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">Main battle tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">Tank destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankette" title="Tankette">Tankette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">Assault gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon" title="Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon">Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Self-propelled artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-propelled mortar">Self-propelled mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">Multiple rocket launcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>Self-propelled artillery</b> (also called <b>locomotive artillery</b>) is <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> equipped with its own propulsion system to move toward its firing position. Within the terminology are the self-propelled gun, self-propelled <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-propelled mortar">self-propelled mortar</a>, and self-propelled <a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">rocket artillery</a>. They are high-mobility vehicles, usually based on <a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">continuous tracks</a> carrying either a large <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field gun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a>, or some form of <a href="/wiki/Rocket_(weapon)" title="Rocket (weapon)">rocket</a>/<a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missile</a> launcher. They are usually used for long-range <a href="/wiki/Indirect-fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect-fire">indirect</a> <a href="/wiki/Bombardment" title="Bombardment">bombardment</a> support on the battlefield. </p><p>In the past, self-propelled artillery has included <a href="/wiki/Direct-fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-fire">direct-fire</a> vehicles, such as <a href="/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">assault guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">tank destroyers</a>, which were typically well-armoured vehicles often based upon the chassis of a <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a>. In lieu of the standard tank's general-purpose <a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">main gun</a> that fired both high-explosive and anti-tank ammunition, direct-fire vehicles had specialized roles, with assault guns providing close fire-support for infantry and tank destroyers mounting an <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">anti-tank gun</a> to take on enemy armour. </p><p>Modern self-propelled artillery vehicles often mount their main gun in a <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">turret</a> on a tracked chassis so they superficially resemble tanks. However, they are generally lightly armoured, which is insufficient to withstand direct-fire combat; nonetheless this protects their crews against <a href="/wiki/Shrapnel_(fragment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrapnel (fragment)">shrapnel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Small_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Small arms">small arms</a> and therefore they are usually included as <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armoured fighting vehicles</a>. Many are equipped with <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a> for defense against enemy infantry. </p><p>The key advantage of self-propelled over towed artillery is that it can be brought into action much faster. Before the towed artillery can be used, it has to stop, unlimber and set up the guns. To move position, the guns must be limbered up again and brought—usually towed—to the new location. By comparison, self-propelled artillery can stop at a chosen location and begin firing almost immediately, then quickly move on to a new position. This <a href="/wiki/Shoot-and-scoot" title="Shoot-and-scoot">shoot-and-scoot</a> ability is very useful in a mobile conflict and particularly on the advance in open battlefields.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, towed artillery was and remains cheaper to build and maintain. It is also lighter and can be deployed in areas that self-propelled guns cannot reach. Since the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, heavy <a href="/wiki/Transport_helicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport helicopter">transport helicopters</a> have also been used for rapid artillery deployment albeit at considerable expense and risk, mitigating one of towed artillery's disadvantages. Both self-propelled and towed artillery remain in the <a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">arsenals</a> of many modern armies.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-propelled_artillery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-propelled_artillery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, early 17th-century experiments were made with early types of <a href="/wiki/Horse_artillery" title="Horse artillery">horse artillery</a>. Batteries towed light field guns where most or all of the crew rode horses into battle. The gunners were trained to quickly dismount, deploy the guns and provide instant fire support to cavalry, and act as a flexible reserve. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Russian army</a> organized small units of horse artillery that were distributed among their cavalry formations in the early 18th century. While not forming large batteries and employing only lighter 2- and 3-pound guns, they were still effective and inflicted serious losses to <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> units in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. This inspired <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> to organize the first regular horse artillery unit in 1759. Other nations quickly realized the capability of the new arm and by the start of <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> in 1790s Austria, Hannover, Portugal, Russia, France, Great Britain and Sweden had all formed regular units of horse artillery. The arm was employed throughout the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and remained in use throughout the entire 19th century and into the first half of the 20th century, when advances in weapons technology finally made it obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHedberg198711–13_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedberg198711–13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zamburak" title="Zamburak">Zamburak</a> was a specialized form of self-propelled artillery from the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. It featured small <a href="/wiki/Swivel_gun" title="Swivel gun">swivel guns</a> to be mounted and fired from the back of camels. It was used by the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_empires" title="Gunpowder empires">Islamic gunpowder empires</a>, especially those of Iran, especially in the rugged <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>, where the transportation of heavy cannons is difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-propelled_artillery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Gun_Carrier_Mark_I_-_60_pdr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/British_Gun_Carrier_Mark_I_-_60_pdr.jpg/220px-British_Gun_Carrier_Mark_I_-_60_pdr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/British_Gun_Carrier_Mark_I_-_60_pdr.jpg/330px-British_Gun_Carrier_Mark_I_-_60_pdr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/British_Gun_Carrier_Mark_I_-_60_pdr.jpg/440px-British_Gun_Carrier_Mark_I_-_60_pdr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>British <a href="/wiki/Gun_Carrier_Mark_I" title="Gun Carrier Mark I">Gun Carrier Mark I</a> (60 pdr)</figcaption></figure> <p>The British <a href="/wiki/Gun_Carrier_Mark_I" title="Gun Carrier Mark I">Gun Carrier Mark I</a> was the first example of a self-propelled gun, fielded in 1917 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. It was based on the first <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/Mark_I_(tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark I (tank)">Mark I</a> and carried a heavy field gun. The gun could either be fired from the vehicle, or removed and set up as normal. In effect, the carrier replaced the use of a separate horse team or internal combustion engine-powered <a href="/wiki/Artillery_tractor" title="Artillery tractor">artillery tractor</a>, and allowed a new way for the gun to be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_the_wars">Between the wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-propelled_artillery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Between the wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next major advance can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Birch_gun" title="Birch gun">Birch gun</a> developed by the British for their motorised warfare experimental brigade (the <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Mechanized_Force" title="Experimental Mechanized Force">Experimental Mechanized Force</a>) after the end of the War. This mounted an 18-pounder field gun, capable of both the usual artillery trajectories and high-angle <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft fire</a>, on a Vickers medium tank chassis. It was designed and built for investigations into a general approach to warfare where all arms, infantry and artillery included, would be able to operate over the same terrain as tanks. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> also experimented with truck- and tank-mounted artillery, but produced none in quantity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-propelled_artillery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyed_german_self-propelled_gun_carriage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Destroyed_german_self-propelled_gun_carriage.jpg/220px-Destroyed_german_self-propelled_gun_carriage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Destroyed_german_self-propelled_gun_carriage.jpg/330px-Destroyed_german_self-propelled_gun_carriage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Destroyed_german_self-propelled_gun_carriage.jpg/440px-Destroyed_german_self-propelled_gun_carriage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption>Disabled <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Wespe" title="Wespe">Wespe</a></i> 105 mm self-propelled artillery vehicle in Normandy, 1944</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISU-152-latrun-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ISU-152-latrun-2.jpg/220px-ISU-152-latrun-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ISU-152-latrun-2.jpg/330px-ISU-152-latrun-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ISU-152-latrun-2.jpg/440px-ISU-152-latrun-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/ISU-152" title="ISU-152">ISU-152</a> heavy <a href="/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">assault gun</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-278-0898-04,_Russland,_Panzerhaubitze_%22Hummel%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-278-0898-04%2C_Russland%2C_Panzerhaubitze_%22Hummel%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-278-0898-04%2C_Russland%2C_Panzerhaubitze_%22Hummel%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-278-0898-04%2C_Russland%2C_Panzerhaubitze_%22Hummel%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-278-0898-04%2C_Russland%2C_Panzerhaubitze_%22Hummel%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-278-0898-04%2C_Russland%2C_Panzerhaubitze_%22Hummel%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-278-0898-04%2C_Russland%2C_Panzerhaubitze_%22Hummel%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> late production "<a href="/wiki/Hummel_(vehicle)" title="Hummel (vehicle)">Hummel" (Sd.Kfz. 165)</a> <a href="/wiki/15_cm_sFH_18" title="15 cm sFH 18">150 mm</a> self-propelled artillery vehicle on the Eastern Front, January–February 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>At the outbreak of World War II, virtually all artillery was still being moved around by artillery tractors or horses. While the German <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a> doctrine called for combined-arms action, which required fire support for armoured units, during the invasion of Poland and France this was provided by the Luftwaffe using <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Junkers Ju 87</a> 'Stuka' <a href="/wiki/Dive-bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive-bomber">dive-bombers</a> effectively acting as artillery. Conventional towed howitzers followed. </p><p>As the war progressed, most nations developed self-propelled artillery. Some early attempts were often no more than a field gun or anti-tank gun mounted on a truck—a technique known in the British Army as carrying <i><a href="/wiki/Portee" class="mw-redirect" title="Portee">portee</a></i>. These were mobile, but lacked protection for the crew. The next step was to mount the guns on a tracked chassis (often that of an obsolete or superseded tank) and provide an armoured superstructure to protect the gun and its crew. Many of the early designs were improvised, and the lessons learned led to better designs later in the war. For example, the first British design, "<a href="/wiki/Bishop_(artillery)" title="Bishop (artillery)">Bishop</a>", carried the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 25 pounder">25 pdr gun-howitzer</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Valentine_tank" title="Valentine tank">Valentine tank</a> chassis, but in a mounting that severely limited the gun's performance. It was replaced by the more effective <a href="/wiki/Sexton_(artillery)" title="Sexton (artillery)">Sexton</a>. </p><p>The first battery of self-propelled artillery guns was created when Hauptmann <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Becker" title="Alfred Becker">Alfred Becker</a>, a mechanical engineer and battery captain in the <a href="/wiki/227th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="227th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">227th Infantry Division</a>, mounted his <a href="/wiki/10.5_cm_leFH_16" title="10.5 cm leFH 16">10.5 cm leFH 16</a> howitzers on the chassis of captured British <a href="/wiki/Light_Tank_Mk_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Tank Mk VI">Vickers Mk.VI</a> light tanks to mobilize his guns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpielberger1992212_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpielberger1992212-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/10.5_cm_leFH_16_Gesch%C3%BCtzwagen_Mk_VI_736_(e)" title="10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e)">10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e)</a> was the forerunner to German tracked field guns such as the <a href="/wiki/Wespe" title="Wespe">Wespe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hummel_(vehicle)" title="Hummel (vehicle)">Hummel</a>. </p><p>The Germans also mobilized their anti-tank guns, using light, obsolete or captured tracked vehicles. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Marder_I" title="Marder I">Marder I</a>, using captured French <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_37L" title="Lorraine 37L">Lorraine 37L</a> tractors, the <a href="/wiki/Marder_II" title="Marder II">Marder II</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Panzer_II" title="Panzer II">Panzer II</a> light tank chassis, and the <a href="/wiki/Marder_III" title="Marder III">Marder III</a>, which was based on the <a href="/wiki/Panzer_38(t)" title="Panzer 38(t)">Panzer 38(t)</a> Czech chassis. These led to better-protected <a href="/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">assault guns</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz" title="Sturmgeschütz">Sturmgeschütz</a></i> – with fully enclosed <a href="/wiki/Casemate#Armoured_vehicles" title="Casemate">casemates</a>, built on medium tank chassis. In the same way self-propelled anti-tank guns such as the <a href="/wiki/Jagdpanzer_IV" title="Jagdpanzer IV">Jagdpanzer IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jagdpanther" title="Jagdpanther">Jagdpanther</a> were built. Some designs were based on existing chassis (such as the <a href="/wiki/Brummb%C3%A4r" title="Brummbär">Brummbär</a>), leftover chassis from cancelled programs (<a href="/wiki/Elefant" title="Elefant">Elefant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sturer_Emil" title="Sturer Emil">Sturer Emil</a>); others were converted from battle-damaged tanks (<a href="/wiki/Sturmtiger" title="Sturmtiger">Sturmtiger</a>). The single most-produced armored fighting vehicle design for Germany in WW II, the <a href="/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz_III" title="Sturmgeschütz III">Sturmgeschütz III</a> (StuG III) assault gun, in 1936–1937 pioneered the later casemate-style fully enclosed armor that would be used on almost all late-war German self-propelled artillery and <i><a href="/wiki/Jagdpanzer" title="Jagdpanzer">Jagdpanzer</a></i>-format tank destroyers. </p><p>The Soviets experimented with truck- and tank-based self-propelled weapons, producing a few Komsomolets tractor-mounted 57<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm <a href="/wiki/ZiS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ZiS-2">ZiS-2</a> guns early in the war. By 1943, the series of <i><a href="/wiki/Samokhodnaya_Ustanovka" title="Samokhodnaya Ustanovka">Samokhodnaya Ustanovka</a></i> casemate-armored vehicles had started to appear at the front, starting with the <a href="/wiki/SU-85" title="SU-85">SU-85</a>, and by late 1944 the <a href="/wiki/SU-100" title="SU-100">SU-100</a>, which mounted powerful guns on modern chassis adopting the full-casemate enclosure of the crew compartment as the Germans had done with the StuG III. These had the advantage of being relatively cheap to build and mounting a larger gun compared to the conventional tank that they were derived from, but at the expense of flexibility. </p><p>Heavily armoured <a href="/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">assault guns</a> were designed to provide direct-fire support to infantry in the face of enemy defenses. Although often similar to tank destroyers, they carried larger-caliber guns with weaker anti-armor performance but capable of firing powerful <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)#High-explosive" title="Shell (projectile)">HE</a> projectiles. The German 105 mm howitzer-armed <a href="/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz_III#Further_variants" title="Sturmgeschütz III">StuH 42</a> based on the StuG III, and the immense 152 mm howitzer-armed, Soviet <a href="/wiki/ISU-152" title="ISU-152">ISU-152</a>, both fully casemated in their design, are examples of this type of self-propelled artillery. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-00_prototype.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-00_prototype.jpg/220px-Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-00_prototype.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-00_prototype.jpg/330px-Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-00_prototype.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-00_prototype.jpg/440px-Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-00_prototype.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>Romanian <a href="/wiki/Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mareșal tank destroyer">Mareșal</a> M-00 <a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">tank destroyer</a>, armed with an <a href="/wiki/122_mm_howitzer_M1938_(M-30)" title="122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)">M-30 howitzer</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">Katyusha rocket launcher</a> version also existed.</figcaption></figure> <p>All major nations developed self-propelled artillery that would be able to provide indirect support while keeping pace with advancing armoured formations. These were usually lightly armoured vehicles with an open-topped hull; the American <a href="/wiki/M7_Priest" title="M7 Priest">M7 Priest</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/Sexton_(artillery)" title="Sexton (artillery)">Sexton (25 pdr)</a> and the German <a href="/wiki/Wespe" title="Wespe">Wespe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hummel_(artillery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hummel (artillery)">Hummel</a> being typical examples. A different route was chosen by the Soviets, who did not develop a specialized indirect-fire vehicle, but following a tradition of dual-purpose towed artillery, built a series of versatile assault guns with indirect-fire capabilities (example <a href="/wiki/ISU-152" title="ISU-152">ISU-152</a>). A related and novel program was the development of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">Katyusha</a> self-propelled <a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">multiple rocket launchers</a>, which were unarmored trucks with a simple rocket rack on the back, a cheap and crushingly effective weapon, provided area saturation was called for rather than accurate fire. The Axis powers had captured the Katyusha and made their own versions; Germany created the <i><a href="/wiki/8_cm_Raketen-Vielfachwerfer" title="8 cm Raketen-Vielfachwerfer">8 cm Raketen-Vielfachwerfer</a></i>, while Romania developed the <a href="/wiki/Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mareșal tank destroyer">Mareșal tank destroyer</a>, an early prototype of which was armed with a Katyusha. It also had self-propelled howitzer versions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the assault gun fell from use with a general trend towards a single heavy gun-equipped vehicle, the <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tank</a>, although some wheeled AFVs such as the South African <a href="/wiki/Rooikat" title="Rooikat">Rooikat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maneuver_Combat_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Maneuver Combat Vehicle">Maneuver Combat Vehicle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">JGSDF</a>, and the US <a href="/wiki/M1128_mobile_gun_system" title="M1128 mobile gun system">M1128 MGS</a>, among others, are still developed with large-caliber, direct-fire weapons. Self-propelled indirect-fire artillery remains important and continues to develop alongside the general-purpose field gun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mortars">Mortars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-propelled_artillery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mortars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makmat-160.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Makmat-160.jpg/220px-Makmat-160.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Makmat-160.jpg/330px-Makmat-160.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Makmat-160.jpg/440px-Makmat-160.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption>IDF Makmat 160 mm <a href="/wiki/Mortar_carrier" title="Mortar carrier">mortar carrier</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Postwar_Sherman_tanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Sherman tanks">postwar Sherman tanks</a>)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mortar_carrier" title="Mortar carrier">Mortar carrier</a></div> <p>Many vehicles have used ancillary <a href="/wiki/Smoke_grenade" title="Smoke grenade">smoke mortars</a> for local defense, which project one or more smoke grenades in a pattern that allows them to lay down a smoke screen some distance in order to conceal the vehicle from enemy observers. Mortar carriers are vehicles which carry a <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a> as a primary weapon. Numerous vehicles have been used to mount mortars, from <a href="/wiki/Technical_(vehicle)" title="Technical (vehicle)">improvised civilian trucks</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgents</a>, to modified <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">infantry fighting vehicles</a>, such as variants of the <a href="/wiki/M3_Half-track" class="mw-redirect" title="M3 Half-track">M3 half track</a> and <a href="/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier" title="M113 armored personnel carrier">M113 APC</a>, to vehicles specifically intended to carry a mortar, such as the <a href="/wiki/2S31_Vena" title="2S31 Vena">2S31 Vena</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Postwar_Sherman_tanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Sherman tanks">Israeli Makmat</a> is a mortar carrier based on the <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> tank chassis. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Russian army</a> uses a <i><a href="/wiki/2S4_Tyulpan" title="2S4 Tyulpan">2S4 Tyulpan</a></i> (Tulip) self-propelled 240 mm heavy mortar. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patria_H%C3%A4gglunds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patria Hägglunds (page does not exist)">Patria Hägglunds</a>, a joint venture between Finnish <a href="/wiki/Patria_(company)" title="Patria (company)">Patria</a> and Swedish <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_H%C3%A4gglunds" class="mw-redirect" title="BAE Systems Hägglunds">BAE Systems Hägglunds</a>, manufactures <a href="/wiki/AMOS" title="AMOS">AMOS</a> (Advanced Mortar System), which is a 120 mm automatic twin-barrelled, <a href="/wiki/Breech_loaded" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech loaded">breech-loaded</a> mortar turret. There are also numerous AFVs and even main battle tanks that can be equipped with a mortar, either outside or inside the cabin. The Israeli <a href="/wiki/Merkava" title="Merkava">Merkava</a> main battle tank carried a 60 mm mortar in the small troop compartment in the rear, which fired through an opening in the roof, allowing the crew to remain protected. This was useful for fighting nearby infantry, as a mortar is shorter-ranged and cheaper to shoot than the large main gun, as well as being better suited to wounding enemy infantry taking cover behind objects. However, since the mortar is only a secondary weapon in this case, the Merkava is not considered a mortar carrier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Howitzers_and_guns">Howitzers and guns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-propelled_artillery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Howitzers and guns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slovak_Ground_Forces_Zuzana_2_first_time_outside_Slovakia_(1)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Slovak_Ground_Forces_Zuzana_2_first_time_outside_Slovakia_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Slovak_Ground_Forces_Zuzana_2_first_time_outside_Slovakia_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Slovak_Ground_Forces_Zuzana_2_first_time_outside_Slovakia_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Slovak_Ground_Forces_Zuzana_2_first_time_outside_Slovakia_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Slovak_Ground_Forces_Zuzana_2_first_time_outside_Slovakia_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Slovak_Ground_Forces_Zuzana_2_first_time_outside_Slovakia_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2691" data-file-height="1769" /></a><figcaption>Slovak <a href="/wiki/155mm_SpGH_ZUZANA" class="mw-redirect" title="155mm SpGH ZUZANA">self-propelled 155 mm Howitzer model 2000 Zuzana</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandkanon_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bandkanon_1.jpg/220px-Bandkanon_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bandkanon_1.jpg/330px-Bandkanon_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bandkanon_1.jpg/440px-Bandkanon_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A Swedish <a href="/wiki/Bandkanon_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandkanon 1">Bandkanon 1</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Self-propelled artillery remains important in the equipment of many modern armies. It saw a significant role throughout the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> era conflicts and in the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. </p><p>Modern SP artillery is highly computerized, with the ability to self-survey firing positions using systems such as <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial navigation systems</a>. This, in conjunction with digital <a href="/wiki/Fire_control_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire control system">fire control</a>/ballistic computers and digital communications, allows individual guns to disperse over a wide area and still <a href="/wiki/Time_On_Target" class="mw-redirect" title="Time On Target">deliver rounds on target simultaneously</a> with the other guns in their battery. </p><p>These capabilities also increase survivability manyfold as modern SP artillery can displace and avoid <a href="/wiki/Counterbattery_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterbattery fire">counterbattery fire</a> much more quickly and effectively and, if desired, more frequently than previously possible. In conjunction with modern logistic systems (where the SP gun's systems can track and report on ammunition consumption and levels) with similar navigation systems and <a href="/wiki/463L_master_pallet" title="463L master pallet">palletized</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_drop" class="mw-redirect" title="Air drop">load dropping</a>/<a href="/wiki/Air_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Air lift">lifting capabilities</a> mean that the rapid displacement can occur without significant disruption to actually firing missions as it is possible for the ammunition to keep up with the guns. </p><p>A modern battery of six guns, each firing 43 kg projectiles with a burst <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">firing speed</a> of four rounds per minute, can deliver over a <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a> of ordnance per minute for up to four minutes. This is an immense <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weight_of_fire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weight of fire (page does not exist)">weight of fire</a>, which can be delivered with very high accuracy. </p><p>One example of the increased firepower provided by modern mobile howitzers is the latest version of the 155 mm <a href="/wiki/G6_howitzer" title="G6 howitzer">G6 howitzer</a>, the G6-52. It can fire up to six rounds in quick succession that will land nearly simultaneously. This is achieved by firing the shells at different trajectories so that the first round has the longest flight time and the last round the shortest. This is an improvement of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Artillery#Multiple_round_simultaneous_impact" title="Artillery">multiple-round simultaneous impact</a> (MRSI), itself an enhancement of the earlier TOT (<a href="/wiki/Time_on_target" title="Time on target">time on target</a>) concept. The necessary rapid reloading is made possible by an automated ammunition feed system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rockets_and_missiles">Rockets and missiles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-propelled_artillery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rockets and missiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">Rocket artillery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">Multiple rocket launcher</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rocket_(weapon)" title="Rocket (weapon)">Rockets</a> have greater ranges and carry much more complex "<a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shells</a>" than guns, since there is less restriction on size (calibre). A multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) can be used to saturate a large area with sub-munitions. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panzerwerfer_alias_Maultier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German Panzerwerfer"><img alt="German Panzerwerfer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Panzerwerfer_alias_Maultier.jpg/240px-Panzerwerfer_alias_Maultier.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Panzerwerfer_alias_Maultier.jpg/360px-Panzerwerfer_alias_Maultier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Panzerwerfer_alias_Maultier.jpg/480px-Panzerwerfer_alias_Maultier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Panzerwerfer" title="Panzerwerfer">Panzerwerfer</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_mlrs_1982_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="US M270 MLRS launching a rocket"><img alt="US M270 MLRS launching a rocket" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Army_mlrs_1982_02.jpg/144px-Army_mlrs_1982_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Army_mlrs_1982_02.jpg/216px-Army_mlrs_1982_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Army_mlrs_1982_02.jpg/288px-Army_mlrs_1982_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="699" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">US <a href="/wiki/M270" class="mw-redirect" title="M270">M270</a> <a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">MLRS</a> launching a rocket</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-propelled_artillery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artillery" title="List of artillery">List of artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_howitzers#Self-propelled_howitzers" title="List of howitzers">List of self-propelled howitzers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon" title="Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon">Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="G-numbers">G-numbers</a> – US military vehicle and related supply designations</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-propelled_artillery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bailey-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, Johnathan B. A., <i>Field Artillery and Firepower</i>, Naval Institute Press, 2004, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedberg198711–13-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHedberg198711–13_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHedberg1987">Hedberg 1987</a>, pp. 11–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKhan2004" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4PfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566526-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566526-0"><bdi>978-0-19-566526-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunpowder+and+Firearms%3A+Warfare+in+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-566526-0&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Iqtidar+Alam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds4PfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-propelled+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpielberger1992212-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpielberger1992212_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpielberger1992">Spielberger 1992</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain1975" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlain, Peter (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mortarsrockets0000cham/page/35"><i>Mortars and rockets</i></a>. Gander, Terry. New York: Arco Pub. Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mortarsrockets0000cham/page/35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0668038179" title="Special:BookSources/0668038179"><bdi>0668038179</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2067459">2067459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mortars+and+rockets&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Arco+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2067459&rft.isbn=0668038179&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmortarsrockets0000cham%2Fpage%2F35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-propelled+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScafeș2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scafeș, Cornel (2004). "Buletinul Muzeului Național Militar, Nr. 2/2004" [Bulletin of the National Military Museum, No. 2/2004]. <i>Bulletin of the <a href="/wiki/National_Military_Museum,_Romania" title="National Military Museum, Romania">National Military Museum</a></i> (in Romanian). Bucharest: Total Publishing: 210–237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+National+Military+Museum&rft.atitle=Buletinul+Muzeului+Na%C8%9Bional+Militar%2C+Nr.+2%2F2004&rft.pages=210-237&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Scafe%C8%99&rft.aufirst=Cornel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-propelled+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-propelled_artillery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedberg1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hedberg, Jonas (1987). <i>Kungliga artilleriet: Det ridande artilleriet</i> (in Swedish and English). Militärhistor. Förl. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-85266-39-6" title="Special:BookSources/91-85266-39-6"><bdi>91-85266-39-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kungliga+artilleriet%3A+Det+ridande+artilleriet&rft.pub=Milit%C3%A4rhistor.+F%C3%B6rl.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=91-85266-39-6&rft.aulast=Hedberg&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-propelled+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielberger1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spielberger, Walter J. (1992) [1989]. <i>Beute-Kraftfahrzeuge und Panzer der Deutschen Wehrmacht</i> [<i>Captured Halftracks and Tanks of the German Military</i>] (in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-613-01255-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-613-01255-3"><bdi>3-613-01255-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beute-Kraftfahrzeuge+und+Panzer+der+Deutschen+Wehrmacht&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Motorbuch+Verlag&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3-613-01255-3&rft.aulast=Spielberger&rft.aufirst=Walter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-propelled+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2000908#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2000908#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2000908#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4315473-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85008257">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12164860w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12164860w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="samohybná děla"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph136656&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295089605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10674818">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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