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class="HeaderMenu-wrapper d-flex flex-column flex-self-start flex-lg-row flex-auto rounded rounded-lg-0"> <nav class="HeaderMenu-nav" aria-label="Global"> <ul class="d-lg-flex list-style-none"> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Product <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu 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2.605-2.656.167-.429.414-1.055.644-1.517a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.499 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952 1.399-1.136 3.392-2.093 6.122-2.093 2.731 0 4.767.957 6.166 2.093.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086.23.462.477 1.088.644 1.517 1.258.364 2.233 1.721 2.605 2.656a.832.832 0 0 1 .053.22v2.869a.641.641 0 0 1-.078.256ZM12.172 11h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.703 12.455 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a2.005 2.005 0 0 1-.085-.104L4 11.741v6.585c1.435.779 4.514 2.179 8 2.179 3.486 0 6.565-1.4 8-2.179v-6.585l-.098-.104s-.033.045-.085.104c-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.545-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.016.016Zm.641-2.935c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.544 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.15.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.319-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.138-2.533.529-.269.307-.437.808-.438 1.578v.021c0 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0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary Link--external" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"github_skills","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"github_skills_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://skills.github.com"> GitHub Skills <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 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</div> </modal-dialog></div> </div> <div data-action="click:qbsearch-input#retract" class="dark-backdrop position-fixed" hidden data-target="qbsearch-input.darkBackdrop"></div> <div class="color-fg-default"> <dialog-helper> <dialog data-target="qbsearch-input.feedbackDialog" data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="feedback-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="feedback-dialog-title" aria-describedby="feedback-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow Overlay--size-medium Overlay--motion-scaleFade Overlay--disableScroll"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-header"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 class="Overlay-title " id="feedback-dialog-title"> Provide feedback </h1> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button 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seriously.</p> <textarea name="feedback" class="form-control width-full mb-2" style="height: 120px" id="feedback"></textarea> <input name="include_email" id="include_email" aria-label="Include my email address so I can be contacted" class="form-control mr-2" type="checkbox"> <label for="include_email" style="font-weight: normal">Include my email address so I can be contacted</label> </form></div> </scrollable-region> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel </button> <button form="code-search-feedback-form" data-action="click:qbsearch-input#submitFeedback" type="submit" data-view-component="true" class="btn-primary btn"> Submit feedback </button> </div> </dialog></dialog-helper> <custom-scopes data-target="qbsearch-input.customScopesManager"> <dialog-helper> <dialog data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialog" data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="custom-scopes-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="custom-scopes-dialog-title" aria-describedby="custom-scopes-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow Overlay--size-medium Overlay--motion-scaleFade Overlay--disableScroll"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-header Overlay-header--divided"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 class="Overlay-title " id="custom-scopes-dialog-title"> Saved searches </h1> <h2 id="custom-scopes-dialog-description" class="Overlay-description">Use saved searches to filter your results more quickly</h2> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="custom-scopes-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg></button> </div> </div> </div> <scrollable-region data-labelled-by="custom-scopes-dialog-title"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-body"> <div data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialogFlash"></div> <div hidden class="create-custom-scope-form" data-target="custom-scopes.createCustomScopeForm"> <!-- '"` --><!-- </textarea></xmp> --></option></form><form id="custom-scopes-dialog-form" data-turbo="false" action="/search/custom_scopes" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" name="authenticity_token" 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target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/image/taskflow_logo.png\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"right\" width=\"10%\" src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/taskflow_logo.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-taskflow-\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Taskflow \" href=\"#taskflow-\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/taskflow/taskflow/actions?query=workflow%3AUbuntu\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://github.com/taskflow/taskflow/workflows/Ubuntu/badge.svg\" alt=\"Ubuntu\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/taskflow/taskflow/actions?query=workflow%3AmacOS\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://github.com/taskflow/taskflow/workflows/macOS/badge.svg\" alt=\"macOS\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/taskflow/taskflow/actions?query=workflow%3AWindows\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://github.com/taskflow/taskflow/workflows/Windows/badge.svg\" alt=\"Windows\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://taskflow.github.io/taskflow/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/api-doc.svg\" alt=\"Wiki\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://taskflow.github.io/tfprof/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/tfprof.svg\" alt=\"TFProf\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://tsung-wei-huang.github.io/papers/tpds21-taskflow.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/cite-tpds.svg\" alt=\"Cite\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTaskflow helps you quickly write parallel and heterogeneous task programs in modern C++\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhy Taskflow?\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-why-taskflow\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Why Taskflow?\" href=\"#why-taskflow\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTaskflow is faster, more expressive, and easier for drop-in integration\nthan many of existing task programming frameworks\nin handling complex parallel workloads.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/image/performance.png\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/performance.png\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTaskflow lets you quickly implement task decomposition strategies\nthat incorporate both regular and irregular compute patterns,\ntogether with an efficient \u003cem\u003ework-stealing\u003c/em\u003e scheduler to optimize your multithreaded performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#start-your-first-taskflow-program\"\u003eStatic Tasking\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#create-a-subflow-graph\"\u003eSubflow Tasking\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/image/static_graph.svg\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/static_graph.svg\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/image/dynamic_graph.svg\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"right\" src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/dynamic_graph.svg\" width=\"100%\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTaskflow supports conditional tasking for you to make rapid control-flow decisions\nacross dependent tasks to implement cycles and conditions that were otherwise difficult to do\nwith existing tools.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#integrate-control-flow-to-a-task-graph\"\u003eConditional Tasking\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/image/condition.svg\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/condition.svg\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTaskflow is composable. You can create large parallel graphs through\ncomposition of modular and reusable blocks that are easier to optimize\nat an individual scope.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#compose-task-graphs\"\u003eTaskflow Composition\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/image/framework.svg\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/framework.svg\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTaskflow supports heterogeneous tasking for you to\naccelerate a wide range of scientific computing applications\nby harnessing the power of CPU-GPU collaborative computing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#offload-a-task-to-a-gpu\"\u003eConcurrent CPU-GPU Tasking\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/image/cudaflow.svg\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/cudaflow.svg\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTaskflow provides visualization and tooling needed for profiling Taskflow programs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://taskflow.github.io/tfprof\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eTaskflow Profiler\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/image/tfprof.png\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/tfprof.png\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe are committed to support trustworthy developments for both academic and industrial research projects\nin parallel computing. Check out \u003ca href=\"https://taskflow.github.io/#tag_users\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eWho is Using Taskflow\u003c/a\u003e and what our users say:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Taskflow is the cleanest Task API I've ever seen.\" \u003ca href=\"http://coreliuminc.com\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDamien Hocking @Corelium Inc\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Taskflow has a very simple and elegant tasking interface. The performance also scales very well.\" \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/totalgee\"\u003eGlen Fraser\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Taskflow lets me handle parallel processing in a smart way.\" \u003ca href=\"https://cpp-learning.com/cpp-taskflow/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eHayabusa @Learning\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Taskflow improves the throughput of our graph engine in just a few hours of coding.\" \u003ca href=\"https://ossia.io/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eJean-Michaël @KDAB\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Best poster award for open-source parallel programming library.\" \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/CppCon/CppCon2018\"\u003eCpp Conference 2018\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Second Prize of Open-source Software Competition.\" \u003ca href=\"https://tsung-wei-huang.github.io/img/mm19-ossc-award.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eACM Multimedia Conference 2019\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee a quick \u003ca href=\"https://taskflow.github.io/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epresentation\u003c/a\u003e and\nvisit the \u003ca href=\"https://taskflow.github.io/taskflow/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003edocumentation\u003c/a\u003e to learn more about Taskflow.\nTechnical details can be referred to our [IEEE TPDS paper][TPDS21].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eStart Your First Taskflow Program\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-start-your-first-taskflow-program\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Start Your First Taskflow Program\" href=\"#start-your-first-taskflow-program\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe following program (\u003ccode\u003esimple.cpp\u003c/code\u003e) creates four tasks\n\u003ccode\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eB\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eC\u003c/code\u003e, and \u003ccode\u003eD\u003c/code\u003e, where \u003ccode\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e runs before \u003ccode\u003eB\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eC\u003c/code\u003e, and \u003ccode\u003eD\u003c/code\u003e\nruns after \u003ccode\u003eB\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eC\u003c/code\u003e.\nWhen \u003ccode\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e finishes, \u003ccode\u003eB\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eC\u003c/code\u003e can run in parallel.\nTry it live on \u003ca href=\"https://godbolt.org/z/j8hx3xnnx\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eCompiler Explorer (godbolt)\u003c/a\u003e!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"#include \u0026lt;taskflow/taskflow.hpp\u0026gt; // Taskflow is header-only\n\nint main(){\n \n tf::Executor executor;\n tf::Taskflow taskflow;\n\n auto [A, B, C, D] = taskflow.emplace( // create four tasks\n [] () { std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u0026quot;TaskA\\n\u0026quot;; },\n [] () { std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u0026quot;TaskB\\n\u0026quot;; },\n [] () { std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u0026quot;TaskC\\n\u0026quot;; },\n [] () { std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u0026quot;TaskD\\n\u0026quot;; } \n ); \n \n A.precede(B, C); // A runs before B and C\n D.succeed(B, C); // D runs after B and C\n \n executor.run(taskflow).wait(); \n\n return 0;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e#\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003einclude\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003etaskflow/taskflow.hpp\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e Taskflow is header-only\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003emain\u003c/span\u003e(){\n \n tf::Executor executor;\n tf::Taskflow taskflow;\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eauto\u003c/span\u003e [A, B, C, D] = taskflow.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eemplace\u003c/span\u003e( \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e create four tasks\u003c/span\u003e\n [] () { std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eTaskA\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e; },\n [] () { std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eTaskB\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e; },\n [] () { std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eTaskC\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e; },\n [] () { std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eTaskD\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e; } \n ); \n \n A.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eprecede\u003c/span\u003e(B, C); \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e A runs before B and C\u003c/span\u003e\n D.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003esucceed\u003c/span\u003e(B, C); \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e D runs after B and C\u003c/span\u003e\n \n executor.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003erun\u003c/span\u003e(taskflow).\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ewait\u003c/span\u003e(); \n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTaskflow is \u003cem\u003eheader-only\u003c/em\u003e and there is no wrangle with installation.\nTo compile the program, clone the Taskflow project and\ntell the compiler to include the \u003ca href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/taskflow\"\u003eheaders\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"~$ git clone https://github.com/taskflow/taskflow.git # clone it only once\n~$ g++ -std=c++20 examples/simple.cpp -I. -O2 -pthread -o simple\n~$ ./simple\nTaskA\nTaskC \nTaskB \nTaskD\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e~\u003c/span\u003e$ git clone https://github.com/taskflow/taskflow.git \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e clone it only once\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e~\u003c/span\u003e$ g++ -std=c++20 examples/simple.cpp -I. -O2 -pthread -o simple\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e~\u003c/span\u003e$ ./simple\nTaskA\nTaskC \nTaskB \nTaskD\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eVisualize Your First Taskflow Program\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-visualize-your-first-taskflow-program\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Visualize Your First Taskflow Program\" href=\"#visualize-your-first-taskflow-program\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTaskflow comes with a built-in profiler,\n\u003ca href=\"https://taskflow.github.io/tfprof/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eTFProf\u003c/a\u003e,\nfor you to profile and visualize taskflow programs\nin an easy-to-use web-based interface.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/tfprof.png\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/tfprof.png\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"# run the program with the environment variable TF_ENABLE_PROFILER enabled\n~$ TF_ENABLE_PROFILER=simple.json ./simple\n~$ cat simple.json\n[\n{\u0026quot;executor\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;0\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;data\u0026quot;:[{\u0026quot;worker\u0026quot;:0,\u0026quot;level\u0026quot;:0,\u0026quot;data\u0026quot;:[{\u0026quot;span\u0026quot;:[172,186],\u0026quot;name\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;0_0\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;type\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;static\u0026quot;},{\u0026quot;span\u0026quot;:[187,189],\u0026quot;name\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;0_1\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;type\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;static\u0026quot;}]},{\u0026quot;worker\u0026quot;:2,\u0026quot;level\u0026quot;:0,\u0026quot;data\u0026quot;:[{\u0026quot;span\u0026quot;:[93,164],\u0026quot;name\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;2_0\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;type\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;static\u0026quot;},{\u0026quot;span\u0026quot;:[170,179],\u0026quot;name\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;2_1\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;type\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;static\u0026quot;}]}]}\n]\n# paste the profiling json data to https://taskflow.github.io/tfprof/\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e run the program with the environment variable TF_ENABLE_PROFILER enabled\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e~\u003c/span\u003e$ TF_ENABLE_PROFILER=simple.json ./simple\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e~\u003c/span\u003e$ cat simple.json\n[\n{\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eexecutor\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e0\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003edata\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:[{\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eworker\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:0,\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003elevel\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:0,\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003edata\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:[{\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003espan\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:[172,186],\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003ename\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e0_0\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003etype\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003estatic\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e},{\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003espan\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:[187,189],\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003ename\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e0_1\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003etype\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003estatic\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e}]},{\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eworker\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:2,\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003elevel\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:0,\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003edata\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:[{\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003espan\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:[93,164],\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003ename\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e2_0\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003etype\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003estatic\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e},{\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003espan\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:[170,179],\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003ename\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e2_1\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003etype\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003estatic\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e}]}]}\n]\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e paste the profiling json data to https://taskflow.github.io/tfprof/\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn addition to execution diagram, you can dump the graph to a DOT format\nand visualize it using a number of free \u003ca href=\"https://www.graphviz.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eGraphViz\u003c/a\u003e tools.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"// dump the taskflow graph to a DOT format through std::cout\ntaskflow.dump(std::cout); \"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e// dump the taskflow graph to a DOT format through std::cout\ntaskflow.dump(std::cout); \n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"center\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/simple.svg\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/simple.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eExpress Task Graph Parallelism\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-express-task-graph-parallelism\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Express Task Graph Parallelism\" href=\"#express-task-graph-parallelism\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTaskflow empowers users with both static and dynamic task graph constructions\nto express end-to-end parallelism in a task graph that\nembeds in-graph control flow.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#create-a-subflow-graph\"\u003eCreate a Subflow Graph\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#integrate-control-flow-to-a-task-graph\"\u003eIntegrate Control Flow to a Task Graph\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#offload-a-task-to-a-gpu\"\u003eOffload a Task to a GPU\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#compose-task-graphs\"\u003eCompose Task Graphs\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#launch-asynchronous-tasks\"\u003eLaunch Asynchronous Tasks\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#execute-a-taskflow\"\u003eExecute a Taskflow\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#leverage-standard-parallel-algorithms\"\u003eLeverage Standard Parallel Algorithms\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCreate a Subflow Graph\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-create-a-subflow-graph\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Create a Subflow Graph\" href=\"#create-a-subflow-graph\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTaskflow supports \u003cem\u003edynamic tasking\u003c/em\u003e for you to create a subflow\ngraph from the execution of a task to perform dynamic parallelism.\nThe following program spawns a task dependency graph parented at task \u003ccode\u003eB\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"tf::Task A = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name(\u0026quot;A\u0026quot;); \ntf::Task C = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name(\u0026quot;C\u0026quot;); \ntf::Task D = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name(\u0026quot;D\u0026quot;); \n\ntf::Task B = taskflow.emplace([] (tf::Subflow\u0026amp; subflow) { \n tf::Task B1 = subflow.emplace([](){}).name(\u0026quot;B1\u0026quot;); \n tf::Task B2 = subflow.emplace([](){}).name(\u0026quot;B2\u0026quot;); \n tf::Task B3 = subflow.emplace([](){}).name(\u0026quot;B3\u0026quot;); \n B3.succeed(B1, B2); // B3 runs after B1 and B2\n}).name(\u0026quot;B\u0026quot;);\n\nA.precede(B, C); // A runs before B and C\nD.succeed(B, C); // D runs after B and C\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003etf::Task A = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eA\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e); \ntf::Task C = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eC\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e); \ntf::Task D = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eD\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e); \n\ntf::Task B = taskflow.emplace([] (tf::Subflow\u0026amp; subflow) { \n tf::Task B1 = subflow.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eemplace\u003c/span\u003e([](){}).\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ename\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eB1\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e); \n tf::Task B2 = subflow.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eemplace\u003c/span\u003e([](){}).\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ename\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eB2\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e); \n tf::Task B3 = subflow.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eemplace\u003c/span\u003e([](){}).\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ename\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eB3\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e); \n B3.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003esucceed\u003c/span\u003e(B1, B2); \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e B3 runs after B1 and B2\u003c/span\u003e\n}).name(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eB\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e);\n\nA.precede(B, C); \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e A runs before B and C\u003c/span\u003e\nD.succeed(B, C); \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e D runs after B and C\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"center\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/subflow_join.svg\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/subflow_join.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eIntegrate Control Flow to a Task Graph\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-integrate-control-flow-to-a-task-graph\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Integrate Control Flow to a Task Graph\" href=\"#integrate-control-flow-to-a-task-graph\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTaskflow supports \u003cem\u003econditional tasking\u003c/em\u003e for you to make rapid\ncontrol-flow decisions across dependent tasks to implement cycles\nand conditions in an \u003cem\u003eend-to-end\u003c/em\u003e task graph.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"tf::Task init = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name(\u0026quot;init\u0026quot;);\ntf::Task stop = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name(\u0026quot;stop\u0026quot;);\n\n// creates a condition task that returns a random binary\ntf::Task cond = taskflow.emplace(\n [](){ return std::rand() % 2; }\n).name(\u0026quot;cond\u0026quot;);\n\ninit.precede(cond);\n\n// creates a feedback loop {0: cond, 1: stop}\ncond.precede(cond, stop);\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003etf::Task init = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003einit\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e);\ntf::Task stop = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003estop\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e);\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e creates a condition task that returns a random binary\u003c/span\u003e\ntf::Task cond = taskflow.emplace(\n [](){ \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003estd::rand\u003c/span\u003e() % \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e; }\n).name(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003econd\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e);\n\ninit.precede(cond);\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e creates a feedback loop {0: cond, 1: stop}\u003c/span\u003e\ncond.precede(cond, stop);\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"center\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/conditional-tasking-1.svg\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/conditional-tasking-1.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eOffload a Task to a GPU\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-offload-a-task-to-a-gpu\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Offload a Task to a GPU\" href=\"#offload-a-task-to-a-gpu\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTaskflow supports GPU tasking for you to accelerate a wide range of scientific computing applications by harnessing the power of CPU-GPU collaborative computing using CUDA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"__global__ void saxpy(size_t N, float alpha, float* dx, float* dy) {\n int i = blockIdx.x*blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (i \u0026lt; n) {\n y[i] = a*x[i] + y[i];\n }\n}\ntf::Task cudaflow = taskflow.emplace([\u0026amp;](tf::cudaFlow\u0026amp; cf) {\n\n // data copy tasks\n tf::cudaTask h2d_x = cf.copy(dx, hx.data(), N).name(\u0026quot;h2d_x\u0026quot;);\n tf::cudaTask h2d_y = cf.copy(dy, hy.data(), N).name(\u0026quot;h2d_y\u0026quot;);\n tf::cudaTask d2h_x = cf.copy(hx.data(), dx, N).name(\u0026quot;d2h_x\u0026quot;);\n tf::cudaTask d2h_y = cf.copy(hy.data(), dy, N).name(\u0026quot;d2h_y\u0026quot;);\n \n // kernel task with parameters to launch the saxpy kernel\n tf::cudaTask saxpy = cf.kernel(\n (N+255)/256, 256, 0, saxpy, N, 2.0f, dx, dy\n ).name(\u0026quot;saxpy\u0026quot;);\n\n saxpy.succeed(h2d_x, h2d_y)\n .precede(d2h_x, d2h_y);\n}).name(\u0026quot;cudaFlow\u0026quot;);\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e__global__ \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003esaxpy\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003esize_t\u003c/span\u003e N, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efloat\u003c/span\u003e alpha, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efloat\u003c/span\u003e* dx, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efloat\u003c/span\u003e* dy) {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e i = blockIdx.\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ex\u003c/span\u003e*blockDim.\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ex\u003c/span\u003e + threadIdx.\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ex\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e (i \u0026lt; n) {\n y[i] = a*x[i] + y[i];\n }\n}\ntf::Task cudaflow = taskflow.emplace([\u0026amp;](tf::cudaFlow\u0026amp; cf) {\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e data copy tasks\u003c/span\u003e\n tf::cudaTask h2d_x = cf.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ecopy\u003c/span\u003e(dx, hx.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edata\u003c/span\u003e(), N).\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ename\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eh2d_x\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e);\n tf::cudaTask h2d_y = cf.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ecopy\u003c/span\u003e(dy, hy.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edata\u003c/span\u003e(), N).\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ename\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eh2d_y\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e);\n tf::cudaTask d2h_x = cf.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ecopy\u003c/span\u003e(hx.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edata\u003c/span\u003e(), dx, N).\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ename\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003ed2h_x\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e);\n tf::cudaTask d2h_y = cf.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ecopy\u003c/span\u003e(hy.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edata\u003c/span\u003e(), dy, N).\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ename\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003ed2h_y\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e);\n \n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e kernel task with parameters to launch the saxpy kernel\u003c/span\u003e\n tf::cudaTask saxpy = cf.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ekernel\u003c/span\u003e(\n (N+\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e255\u003c/span\u003e)/\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e256\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e256\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e, saxpy, N, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0f\u003c/span\u003e, dx, dy\n ).\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ename\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003esaxpy\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e);\n\n saxpy.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003esucceed\u003c/span\u003e(h2d_x, h2d_y)\n .\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eprecede\u003c/span\u003e(d2h_x, d2h_y);\n}).name(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003ecudaFlow\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e);\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"center\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/saxpy_1_cudaflow.svg\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/saxpy_1_cudaflow.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCompose Task Graphs\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-compose-task-graphs\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Compose Task Graphs\" href=\"#compose-task-graphs\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTaskflow is composable.\nYou can create large parallel graphs through composition of modular\nand reusable blocks that are easier to optimize at an individual scope.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"tf::Taskflow f1, f2;\n\n// create taskflow f1 of two tasks\ntf::Task f1A = f1.emplace([]() { std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u0026quot;Task f1A\\n\u0026quot;; })\n .name(\u0026quot;f1A\u0026quot;);\ntf::Task f1B = f1.emplace([]() { std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u0026quot;Task f1B\\n\u0026quot;; })\n .name(\u0026quot;f1B\u0026quot;);\n\n// create taskflow f2 with one module task composed of f1\ntf::Task f2A = f2.emplace([]() { std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u0026quot;Task f2A\\n\u0026quot;; })\n .name(\u0026quot;f2A\u0026quot;);\ntf::Task f2B = f2.emplace([]() { std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u0026quot;Task f2B\\n\u0026quot;; })\n .name(\u0026quot;f2B\u0026quot;);\ntf::Task f2C = f2.emplace([]() { std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u0026quot;Task f2C\\n\u0026quot;; })\n .name(\u0026quot;f2C\u0026quot;);\n\ntf::Task f1_module_task = f2.composed_of(f1)\n .name(\u0026quot;module\u0026quot;);\n\nf1_module_task.succeed(f2A, f2B)\n .precede(f2C);\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003etf::Taskflow f1, f2;\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e create taskflow f1 of two tasks\u003c/span\u003e\ntf::Task f1A = f1.emplace([]() { std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eTask f1A\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e; })\n .name(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003ef1A\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e);\ntf::Task f1B = f1.emplace([]() { std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eTask f1B\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e; })\n .name(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003ef1B\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e);\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e create taskflow f2 with one module task composed of f1\u003c/span\u003e\ntf::Task f2A = f2.emplace([]() { std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eTask f2A\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e; })\n .name(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003ef2A\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e);\ntf::Task f2B = f2.emplace([]() { std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eTask f2B\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e; })\n .name(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003ef2B\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e);\ntf::Task f2C = f2.emplace([]() { std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eTask f2C\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e; })\n .name(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003ef2C\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e);\n\ntf::Task f1_module_task = f2.composed_of(f1)\n .name(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003emodule\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e);\n\nf1_module_task.succeed(f2A, f2B)\n .precede(f2C);\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"center\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/composition.svg\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/composition.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLaunch Asynchronous Tasks\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-launch-asynchronous-tasks\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Launch Asynchronous Tasks\" href=\"#launch-asynchronous-tasks\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTaskflow supports \u003cem\u003easynchronous\u003c/em\u003e tasking.\nYou can launch tasks asynchronously to dynamically explore task graph parallelism.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"tf::Executor executor;\n\n// create asynchronous tasks directly from an executor\nstd::future\u0026lt;int\u0026gt; future = executor.async([](){ \n std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u0026quot;async task returns 1\\n\u0026quot;;\n return 1;\n}); \nexecutor.silent_async([](){ std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u0026quot;async task does not return\\n\u0026quot;; });\n\n// create asynchronous tasks with dynamic dependencies\ntf::AsyncTask A = executor.silent_dependent_async([](){ printf(\u0026quot;A\\n\u0026quot;); });\ntf::AsyncTask B = executor.silent_dependent_async([](){ printf(\u0026quot;B\\n\u0026quot;); }, A);\ntf::AsyncTask C = executor.silent_dependent_async([](){ printf(\u0026quot;C\\n\u0026quot;); }, A);\ntf::AsyncTask D = executor.silent_dependent_async([](){ printf(\u0026quot;D\\n\u0026quot;); }, B, C);\n\nexecutor.wait_for_all();\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003etf::Executor executor;\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e create asynchronous tasks directly from an executor\u003c/span\u003e\nstd::future\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt; future = executor.async([](){ \n std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003easync task returns 1\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e;\n}); \nexecutor.silent_async([](){ std::cout \u0026lt;\u0026lt; \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003easync task does not return\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e; });\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e create asynchronous tasks with dynamic dependencies\u003c/span\u003e\ntf::AsyncTask A = executor.silent_dependent_async([](){ \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eprintf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eA\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e); });\ntf::AsyncTask B = executor.silent_dependent_async([](){ \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eprintf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eB\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e); }, A);\ntf::AsyncTask C = executor.silent_dependent_async([](){ \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eprintf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eC\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e); }, A);\ntf::AsyncTask D = executor.silent_dependent_async([](){ \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eprintf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eD\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e); }, B, C);\n\nexecutor.wait_for_all();\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eExecute a Taskflow\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-execute-a-taskflow\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Execute a Taskflow\" href=\"#execute-a-taskflow\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe executor provides several \u003cem\u003ethread-safe\u003c/em\u003e methods to run a taskflow.\nYou can run a taskflow once, multiple times, or until a stopping criteria is met.\nThese methods are non-blocking with a \u003ccode\u003etf::Future\u0026lt;void\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e return\nto let you query the execution status.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"// runs the taskflow once\ntf::Future\u0026lt;void\u0026gt; run_once = executor.run(taskflow); \n\n// wait on this run to finish\nrun_once.get();\n\n// run the taskflow four times\nexecutor.run_n(taskflow, 4);\n\n// runs the taskflow five times\nexecutor.run_until(taskflow, [counter=5](){ return --counter == 0; });\n\n// block the executor until all submitted taskflows complete\nexecutor.wait_for_all();\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e runs the taskflow once\u003c/span\u003e\ntf::Future\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt; run_once = executor.run(taskflow); \n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e wait on this run to finish\u003c/span\u003e\nrun_once.get();\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e run the taskflow four times\u003c/span\u003e\nexecutor.run_n(taskflow, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e);\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e runs the taskflow five times\u003c/span\u003e\nexecutor.run_until(taskflow, [counter=\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e](){ \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e --counter == \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e; });\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e block the executor until all submitted taskflows complete\u003c/span\u003e\nexecutor.wait_for_all();\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLeverage Standard Parallel Algorithms\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-leverage-standard-parallel-algorithms\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Leverage Standard Parallel Algorithms\" href=\"#leverage-standard-parallel-algorithms\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTaskflow defines algorithms for you to quickly express common parallel\npatterns using standard C++ syntaxes,\nsuch as parallel iterations, parallel reductions, and parallel sort.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"// standard parallel CPU algorithms\ntf::Task task1 = taskflow.for_each( // assign each element to 100 in parallel\n first, last, [] (auto\u0026amp; i) { i = 100; } \n);\ntf::Task task2 = taskflow.reduce( // reduce a range of items in parallel\n first, last, init, [] (auto a, auto b) { return a + b; }\n);\ntf::Task task3 = taskflow.sort( // sort a range of items in parallel\n first, last, [] (auto a, auto b) { return a \u0026lt; b; }\n);\n\n// standard parallel GPU algorithms\ntf::cudaTask cuda1 = cudaflow.for_each( // assign each element to 100 on GPU\n dfirst, dlast, [] __device__ (auto i) { i = 100; }\n);\ntf::cudaTask cuda2 = cudaflow.reduce( // reduce a range of items on GPU\n dfirst, dlast, init, [] __device__ (auto a, auto b) { return a + b; }\n);\ntf::cudaTask cuda3 = cudaflow.sort( // sort a range of items on GPU\n dfirst, dlast, [] __device__ (auto a, auto b) { return a \u0026lt; b; }\n);\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e standard parallel CPU algorithms\u003c/span\u003e\ntf::Task task1 = taskflow.for_each( \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e assign each element to 100 in parallel\u003c/span\u003e\n first, last, [] (\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eauto\u003c/span\u003e\u0026amp; i) { i = \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e; } \n);\ntf::Task task2 = taskflow.reduce( \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e reduce a range of items in parallel\u003c/span\u003e\n first, last, init, [] (\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eauto\u003c/span\u003e a, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eauto\u003c/span\u003e b) { \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e a + b; }\n);\ntf::Task task3 = taskflow.sort( \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e sort a range of items in parallel\u003c/span\u003e\n first, last, [] (\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eauto\u003c/span\u003e a, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eauto\u003c/span\u003e b) { \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e a \u0026lt; b; }\n);\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e standard parallel GPU algorithms\u003c/span\u003e\ntf::cudaTask cuda1 = cudaflow.for_each( \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e assign each element to 100 on GPU\u003c/span\u003e\n dfirst, dlast, [] __device__ (\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eauto\u003c/span\u003e i) { i = \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e; }\n);\ntf::cudaTask cuda2 = cudaflow.reduce( \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e reduce a range of items on GPU\u003c/span\u003e\n dfirst, dlast, init, [] __device__ (\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eauto\u003c/span\u003e a, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eauto\u003c/span\u003e b) { \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e a + b; }\n);\ntf::cudaTask cuda3 = cudaflow.sort( \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e sort a range of items on GPU\u003c/span\u003e\n dfirst, dlast, [] __device__ (\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eauto\u003c/span\u003e a, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eauto\u003c/span\u003e b) { \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e a \u0026lt; b; }\n);\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAdditionally, Taskflow provides composable graph building blocks for you to\nefficiently implement common parallel algorithms, such as parallel pipeline.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"// create a pipeline to propagate five tokens through three serial stages\ntf::Pipeline pl(num_parallel_lines,\n tf::Pipe{tf::PipeType::SERIAL, [](tf::Pipeflow\u0026amp; pf) {\n if(pf.token() == 5) {\n pf.stop();\n }\n }},\n tf::Pipe{tf::PipeType::SERIAL, [](tf::Pipeflow\u0026amp; pf) {\n printf(\u0026quot;stage 2: input buffer[%zu] = %d\\n\u0026quot;, pf.line(), buffer[pf.line()]);\n }},\n tf::Pipe{tf::PipeType::SERIAL, [](tf::Pipeflow\u0026amp; pf) {\n printf(\u0026quot;stage 3: input buffer[%zu] = %d\\n\u0026quot;, pf.line(), buffer[pf.line()]);\n }}\n);\ntaskflow.composed_of(pl)\nexecutor.run(taskflow).wait();\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e create a pipeline to propagate five tokens through three serial stages\u003c/span\u003e\ntf::Pipeline \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003epl\u003c/span\u003e(num_parallel_lines,\n tf::Pipe{tf::PipeType::SERIAL, [](tf::Pipeflow\u0026amp; pf) {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e(pf.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etoken\u003c/span\u003e() == \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) {\n pf.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003estop\u003c/span\u003e();\n }\n }},\n tf::Pipe{tf::PipeType::SERIAL, [](tf::Pipeflow\u0026amp; pf) {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eprintf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003estage 2: input buffer[%zu] = %d\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, pf.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eline\u003c/span\u003e(), buffer[pf.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eline\u003c/span\u003e()]);\n }},\n tf::Pipe{tf::PipeType::SERIAL, [](tf::Pipeflow\u0026amp; pf) {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eprintf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003estage 3: input buffer[%zu] = %d\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, pf.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eline\u003c/span\u003e(), buffer[pf.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eline\u003c/span\u003e()]);\n }}\n);\ntaskflow.composed_of(pl)\nexecutor.run(taskflow).wait();\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSupported Compilers\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-supported-compilers\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Supported Compilers\" href=\"#supported-compilers\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo use Taskflow, you only need a compiler that supports C++17:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGNU C++ Compiler at least v8.4 with -std=c++17\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClang C++ Compiler at least v6.0 with -std=c++17\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMicrosoft Visual Studio at least v19.27 with /std:c++17\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAppleClang Xcode Version at least v12.0 with -std=c++17\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNvidia CUDA Toolkit and Compiler (nvcc) at least v11.1 with -std=c++17\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIntel C++ Compiler at least v19.0.1 with -std=c++17\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIntel DPC++ Clang Compiler at least v13.0.0 with -std=c++17 and SYCL20\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTaskflow works on Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlthough %Taskflow supports primarily C++17, you can enable C++20 compilation\nthrough \u003ccode\u003e-std=c++20\u003c/code\u003e to achieve better performance due to new C++20 features.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLearn More about Taskflow\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-learn-more-about-taskflow\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Learn More about Taskflow\" href=\"#learn-more-about-taskflow\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eVisit our \u003ca href=\"https://taskflow.github.io/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eproject website\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://taskflow.github.io/taskflow/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003edocumentation\u003c/a\u003e\nto learn more about Taskflow. To get involved:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSee \u003ca href=\"https://taskflow.github.io/taskflow/Releases.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003erelease notes\u003c/a\u003e to stay up-to-date with newest versions\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRead the step-by-step tutorial at \u003ca href=\"https://taskflow.github.io/taskflow/pages.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ecookbook\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSubmit an issue at \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/taskflow/taskflow/issues\"\u003eGitHub issues\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFind out our technical details at \u003ca href=\"https://taskflow.github.io/taskflow/References.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ereferences\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWatch our technical talks at YouTube\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MX15huP5DsM\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eCppCon20 Tech Talk\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u8Mc_WgGwVY\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eMUC++ Tech Talk\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/cppcon20-thumbnail.jpg\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/cppcon20-thumbnail.jpg\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/muc++20-thumbnail.jpg\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"right\" src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/muc++20-thumbnail.jpg\" width=\"100%\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe are committed to support trustworthy developments for\nboth academic and industrial research projects in parallel\nand heterogeneous computing.\nIf you are using Taskflow, please cite the following paper we published at 2021 IEEE TPDS:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTsung-Wei Huang, Dian-Lun Lin, Chun-Xun Lin, and Yibo Lin, \"\u003ca href=\"https://tsung-wei-huang.github.io/papers/tpds21-taskflow.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eTaskflow: A Lightweight Parallel and Heterogeneous Task Graph Computing System\u003c/a\u003e,\" \u003ci\u003eIEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems (TPDS)\u003c/i\u003e, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 1303-1320, June 2022\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMore importantly, we appreciate all Taskflow \u003ca href=\"https://taskflow.github.io/taskflow/contributors.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003econtributors\u003c/a\u003e and\nthe following organizations for sponsoring the Taskflow project!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"center\"\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"center\"\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"center\"\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"center\"\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/utah-ece-logo.png\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/utah-ece-logo.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/nsf.png\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/nsf.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/darpa.png\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/darpa.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/NumFocus.png\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/NumFocus.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"center\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/nvidia-logo.png\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/nvidia-logo.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"center\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"center\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"center\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLicense\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-license\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: License\" href=\"#license\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTaskflow is licensed with the \u003ca href=\"/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/LICENSE\"\u003eMIT License\u003c/a\u003e.\nYou are completely free to re-distribute your work derived from Taskflow.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"Taskflow ","anchor":"taskflow-","htmlText":"Taskflow "},{"level":1,"text":"Why Taskflow?","anchor":"why-taskflow","htmlText":"Why Taskflow?"},{"level":1,"text":"Start Your First Taskflow Program","anchor":"start-your-first-taskflow-program","htmlText":"Start Your First Taskflow Program"},{"level":1,"text":"Visualize Your First Taskflow Program","anchor":"visualize-your-first-taskflow-program","htmlText":"Visualize Your First Taskflow Program"},{"level":1,"text":"Express Task Graph Parallelism","anchor":"express-task-graph-parallelism","htmlText":"Express Task Graph Parallelism"},{"level":2,"text":"Create a Subflow Graph","anchor":"create-a-subflow-graph","htmlText":"Create a Subflow Graph"},{"level":2,"text":"Integrate Control Flow to a Task Graph","anchor":"integrate-control-flow-to-a-task-graph","htmlText":"Integrate Control Flow to a Task Graph"},{"level":2,"text":"Offload a Task to a GPU","anchor":"offload-a-task-to-a-gpu","htmlText":"Offload a Task to a GPU"},{"level":2,"text":"Compose Task Graphs","anchor":"compose-task-graphs","htmlText":"Compose Task Graphs"},{"level":2,"text":"Launch Asynchronous Tasks","anchor":"launch-asynchronous-tasks","htmlText":"Launch Asynchronous Tasks"},{"level":2,"text":"Execute a Taskflow","anchor":"execute-a-taskflow","htmlText":"Execute a Taskflow"},{"level":2,"text":"Leverage Standard Parallel Algorithms","anchor":"leverage-standard-parallel-algorithms","htmlText":"Leverage Standard Parallel Algorithms"},{"level":1,"text":"Supported Compilers","anchor":"supported-compilers","htmlText":"Supported Compilers"},{"level":1,"text":"Learn More about Taskflow","anchor":"learn-more-about-taskflow","htmlText":"Learn More about Taskflow"},{"level":1,"text":"License","anchor":"license","htmlText":"License"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Ftaskflow%2Ftaskflow"}},{"displayName":"LICENSE","repoName":"taskflow","refName":"master","path":"LICENSE","preferredFileType":"license","tabName":"License","richText":null,"loaded":false,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":null,"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Ftaskflow%2Ftaskflow"}}],"overviewFilesProcessingTime":0}},"appPayload":{"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","findFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-file-worker-7d7eb7c71814.js","findInFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-in-file-worker-96e76d5fdb2c.js","githubDevUrl":null,"enabled_features":{"copilot_workspace":null,"code_nav_ui_events":false,"overview_shared_code_dropdown_button":false,"react_blob_overlay":false,"accessible_code_button":true,"github_models_repo_integration":false}}}}</script> <div 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1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://github.com/taskflow/taskflow/actions?query=workflow%3AUbuntu"><img src="https://github.com/taskflow/taskflow/workflows/Ubuntu/badge.svg" alt="Ubuntu" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a href="https://github.com/taskflow/taskflow/actions?query=workflow%3AmacOS"><img src="https://github.com/taskflow/taskflow/workflows/macOS/badge.svg" alt="macOS" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a href="https://github.com/taskflow/taskflow/actions?query=workflow%3AWindows"><img src="https://github.com/taskflow/taskflow/workflows/Windows/badge.svg" alt="Windows" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a href="https://taskflow.github.io/taskflow/index.html" rel="nofollow"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/api-doc.svg" alt="Wiki" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a href="https://taskflow.github.io/tfprof/" rel="nofollow"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/tfprof.svg" alt="TFProf" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a href="https://tsung-wei-huang.github.io/papers/tpds21-taskflow.pdf" rel="nofollow"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/cite-tpds.svg" alt="Cite" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <p dir="auto">Taskflow helps you quickly write parallel and heterogeneous task programs in modern C++</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Why Taskflow?</h1><a id="user-content-why-taskflow" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Why Taskflow?" href="#why-taskflow"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Taskflow is faster, more expressive, and easier for drop-in integration than many of existing task programming frameworks in handling complex parallel workloads.</p> <p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/image/performance.png"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/performance.png" alt="" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <p dir="auto">Taskflow lets you quickly implement task decomposition strategies that incorporate both regular and irregular compute patterns, together with an efficient <em>work-stealing</em> scheduler to optimize your multithreaded performance.</p> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="#start-your-first-taskflow-program">Static Tasking</a></th> <th align="center"><a href="#create-a-subflow-graph">Subflow Tasking</a></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/image/static_graph.svg"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/static_graph.svg" alt="" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></td> <td align="center"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/image/dynamic_graph.svg"><img align="right" src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/dynamic_graph.svg" width="100%" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <p dir="auto">Taskflow supports conditional tasking for you to make rapid control-flow decisions across dependent tasks to implement cycles and conditions that were otherwise difficult to do with existing tools.</p> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="#integrate-control-flow-to-a-task-graph">Conditional Tasking</a></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/image/condition.svg"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/condition.svg" alt="" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <p dir="auto">Taskflow is composable. You can create large parallel graphs through composition of modular and reusable blocks that are easier to optimize at an individual scope.</p> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="#compose-task-graphs">Taskflow Composition</a></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/image/framework.svg"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/framework.svg" alt="" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <p dir="auto">Taskflow supports heterogeneous tasking for you to accelerate a wide range of scientific computing applications by harnessing the power of CPU-GPU collaborative computing.</p> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="#offload-a-task-to-a-gpu">Concurrent CPU-GPU Tasking</a></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/image/cudaflow.svg"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/cudaflow.svg" alt="" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <p dir="auto">Taskflow provides visualization and tooling needed for profiling Taskflow programs.</p> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="https://taskflow.github.io/tfprof" rel="nofollow">Taskflow Profiler</a></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/image/tfprof.png"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/image/tfprof.png" alt="" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <p dir="auto">We are committed to support trustworthy developments for both academic and industrial research projects in parallel computing. Check out <a href="https://taskflow.github.io/#tag_users" rel="nofollow">Who is Using Taskflow</a> and what our users say:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><em>"Taskflow is the cleanest Task API I've ever seen." <a href="http://coreliuminc.com" rel="nofollow">Damien Hocking @Corelium Inc</a></em></li> <li><em>"Taskflow has a very simple and elegant tasking interface. The performance also scales very well." <a href="https://github.com/totalgee">Glen Fraser</a></em></li> <li><em>"Taskflow lets me handle parallel processing in a smart way." <a href="https://cpp-learning.com/cpp-taskflow/" rel="nofollow">Hayabusa @Learning</a></em></li> <li><em>"Taskflow improves the throughput of our graph engine in just a few hours of coding." <a href="https://ossia.io/" rel="nofollow">Jean-Michaël @KDAB</a></em></li> <li><em>"Best poster award for open-source parallel programming library." <a href="https://github.com/CppCon/CppCon2018">Cpp Conference 2018</a></em></li> <li><em>"Second Prize of Open-source Software Competition." <a href="https://tsung-wei-huang.github.io/img/mm19-ossc-award.jpg" rel="nofollow">ACM Multimedia Conference 2019</a></em></li> </ul> <p dir="auto">See a quick <a href="https://taskflow.github.io/" rel="nofollow">presentation</a> and visit the <a href="https://taskflow.github.io/taskflow/index.html" rel="nofollow">documentation</a> to learn more about Taskflow. Technical details can be referred to our [IEEE TPDS paper][TPDS21].</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Start Your First Taskflow Program</h1><a id="user-content-start-your-first-taskflow-program" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Start Your First Taskflow Program" href="#start-your-first-taskflow-program"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The following program (<code>simple.cpp</code>) creates four tasks <code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, <code>C</code>, and <code>D</code>, where <code>A</code> runs before <code>B</code> and <code>C</code>, and <code>D</code> runs after <code>B</code> and <code>C</code>. When <code>A</code> finishes, <code>B</code> and <code>C</code> can run in parallel. Try it live on <a href="https://godbolt.org/z/j8hx3xnnx" rel="nofollow">Compiler Explorer (godbolt)</a>!</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="#include <taskflow/taskflow.hpp> // Taskflow is header-only int main(){ tf::Executor executor; tf::Taskflow taskflow; auto [A, B, C, D] = taskflow.emplace( // create four tasks [] () { std::cout << "TaskA\n"; }, [] () { std::cout << "TaskB\n"; }, [] () { std::cout << "TaskC\n"; }, [] () { std::cout << "TaskD\n"; } ); A.precede(B, C); // A runs before B and C D.succeed(B, C); // D runs after B and C executor.run(taskflow).wait(); return 0; }"><pre>#<span class="pl-k">include</span> <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds"><</span>taskflow/taskflow.hpp<span class="pl-pds">></span></span> <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> Taskflow is header-only</span> <span class="pl-k">int</span> <span class="pl-en">main</span>(){ tf::Executor executor; tf::Taskflow taskflow; <span class="pl-k">auto</span> [A, B, C, D] = taskflow.<span class="pl-c1">emplace</span>( <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> create four tasks</span> [] () { std::cout << <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>TaskA<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>; }, [] () { std::cout << <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>TaskB<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>; }, [] () { std::cout << <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>TaskC<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>; }, [] () { std::cout << <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>TaskD<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>; } ); A.<span class="pl-c1">precede</span>(B, C); <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> A runs before B and C</span> D.<span class="pl-c1">succeed</span>(B, C); <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> D runs after B and C</span> executor.<span class="pl-c1">run</span>(taskflow).<span class="pl-c1">wait</span>(); <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-c1">0</span>; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Taskflow is <em>header-only</em> and there is no wrangle with installation. To compile the program, clone the Taskflow project and tell the compiler to include the <a href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/taskflow">headers</a>.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="~$ git clone https://github.com/taskflow/taskflow.git # clone it only once ~$ g++ -std=c++20 examples/simple.cpp -I. -O2 -pthread -o simple ~$ ./simple TaskA TaskC TaskB TaskD"><pre><span class="pl-k">~</span>$ git clone https://github.com/taskflow/taskflow.git <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> clone it only once</span> <span class="pl-k">~</span>$ g++ -std=c++20 examples/simple.cpp -I. -O2 -pthread -o simple <span class="pl-k">~</span>$ ./simple TaskA TaskC TaskB TaskD</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Visualize Your First Taskflow Program</h1><a id="user-content-visualize-your-first-taskflow-program" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Visualize Your First Taskflow Program" href="#visualize-your-first-taskflow-program"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Taskflow comes with a built-in profiler, <a href="https://taskflow.github.io/tfprof/" rel="nofollow">TFProf</a>, for you to profile and visualize taskflow programs in an easy-to-use web-based interface.</p> <p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/tfprof.png"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/tfprof.png" alt="" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="# run the program with the environment variable TF_ENABLE_PROFILER enabled ~$ TF_ENABLE_PROFILER=simple.json ./simple ~$ cat simple.json [ {"executor":"0","data":[{"worker":0,"level":0,"data":[{"span":[172,186],"name":"0_0","type":"static"},{"span":[187,189],"name":"0_1","type":"static"}]},{"worker":2,"level":0,"data":[{"span":[93,164],"name":"2_0","type":"static"},{"span":[170,179],"name":"2_1","type":"static"}]}]} ] # paste the profiling json data to https://taskflow.github.io/tfprof/"><pre><span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> run the program with the environment variable TF_ENABLE_PROFILER enabled</span> <span class="pl-k">~</span>$ TF_ENABLE_PROFILER=simple.json ./simple <span class="pl-k">~</span>$ cat simple.json [ {<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>executor<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>0<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>data<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:[{<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>worker<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:0,<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>level<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:0,<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>data<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:[{<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>span<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:[172,186],<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>name<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>0_0<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>type<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>static<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>},{<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>span<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:[187,189],<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>name<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>0_1<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>type<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>static<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>}]},{<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>worker<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:2,<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>level<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:0,<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>data<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:[{<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>span<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:[93,164],<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>name<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>2_0<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>type<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>static<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>},{<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>span<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:[170,179],<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>name<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>2_1<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>type<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>:<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>static<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>}]}]} ] <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> paste the profiling json data to https://taskflow.github.io/tfprof/</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">In addition to execution diagram, you can dump the graph to a DOT format and visualize it using a number of free <a href="https://www.graphviz.org/" rel="nofollow">GraphViz</a> tools.</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="// dump the taskflow graph to a DOT format through std::cout taskflow.dump(std::cout); "><pre class="notranslate"><code>// dump the taskflow graph to a DOT format through std::cout taskflow.dump(std::cout); </code></pre></div> <p align="center" dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/simple.svg"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/simple.svg" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Express Task Graph Parallelism</h1><a id="user-content-express-task-graph-parallelism" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Express Task Graph Parallelism" href="#express-task-graph-parallelism"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Taskflow empowers users with both static and dynamic task graph constructions to express end-to-end parallelism in a task graph that embeds in-graph control flow.</p> <ol dir="auto"> <li><a href="#create-a-subflow-graph">Create a Subflow Graph</a></li> <li><a href="#integrate-control-flow-to-a-task-graph">Integrate Control Flow to a Task Graph</a></li> <li><a href="#offload-a-task-to-a-gpu">Offload a Task to a GPU</a></li> <li><a href="#compose-task-graphs">Compose Task Graphs</a></li> <li><a href="#launch-asynchronous-tasks">Launch Asynchronous Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="#execute-a-taskflow">Execute a Taskflow</a></li> <li><a href="#leverage-standard-parallel-algorithms">Leverage Standard Parallel Algorithms</a></li> </ol> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Create a Subflow Graph</h2><a id="user-content-create-a-subflow-graph" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Create a Subflow Graph" href="#create-a-subflow-graph"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Taskflow supports <em>dynamic tasking</em> for you to create a subflow graph from the execution of a task to perform dynamic parallelism. The following program spawns a task dependency graph parented at task <code>B</code>.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="tf::Task A = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name("A"); tf::Task C = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name("C"); tf::Task D = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name("D"); tf::Task B = taskflow.emplace([] (tf::Subflow& subflow) { tf::Task B1 = subflow.emplace([](){}).name("B1"); tf::Task B2 = subflow.emplace([](){}).name("B2"); tf::Task B3 = subflow.emplace([](){}).name("B3"); B3.succeed(B1, B2); // B3 runs after B1 and B2 }).name("B"); A.precede(B, C); // A runs before B and C D.succeed(B, C); // D runs after B and C"><pre>tf::Task A = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>A<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); tf::Task C = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>C<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); tf::Task D = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>D<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); tf::Task B = taskflow.emplace([] (tf::Subflow& subflow) { tf::Task B1 = subflow.<span class="pl-c1">emplace</span>([](){}).<span class="pl-c1">name</span>(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>B1<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); tf::Task B2 = subflow.<span class="pl-c1">emplace</span>([](){}).<span class="pl-c1">name</span>(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>B2<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); tf::Task B3 = subflow.<span class="pl-c1">emplace</span>([](){}).<span class="pl-c1">name</span>(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>B3<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); B3.<span class="pl-c1">succeed</span>(B1, B2); <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> B3 runs after B1 and B2</span> }).name(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>B<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); A.precede(B, C); <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> A runs before B and C</span> D.succeed(B, C); <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> D runs after B and C</span></pre></div> <p align="center" dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/subflow_join.svg"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/subflow_join.svg" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Integrate Control Flow to a Task Graph</h2><a id="user-content-integrate-control-flow-to-a-task-graph" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Integrate Control Flow to a Task Graph" href="#integrate-control-flow-to-a-task-graph"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Taskflow supports <em>conditional tasking</em> for you to make rapid control-flow decisions across dependent tasks to implement cycles and conditions in an <em>end-to-end</em> task graph.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="tf::Task init = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name("init"); tf::Task stop = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name("stop"); // creates a condition task that returns a random binary tf::Task cond = taskflow.emplace( [](){ return std::rand() % 2; } ).name("cond"); init.precede(cond); // creates a feedback loop {0: cond, 1: stop} cond.precede(cond, stop);"><pre>tf::Task init = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>init<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); tf::Task stop = taskflow.emplace([](){}).name(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>stop<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> creates a condition task that returns a random binary</span> tf::Task cond = taskflow.emplace( [](){ <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-c1">std::rand</span>() % <span class="pl-c1">2</span>; } ).name(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>cond<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); init.precede(cond); <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> creates a feedback loop {0: cond, 1: stop}</span> cond.precede(cond, stop);</pre></div> <p align="center" dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/conditional-tasking-1.svg"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/conditional-tasking-1.svg" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Offload a Task to a GPU</h2><a id="user-content-offload-a-task-to-a-gpu" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Offload a Task to a GPU" href="#offload-a-task-to-a-gpu"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Taskflow supports GPU tasking for you to accelerate a wide range of scientific computing applications by harnessing the power of CPU-GPU collaborative computing using CUDA.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="__global__ void saxpy(size_t N, float alpha, float* dx, float* dy) { int i = blockIdx.x*blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; if (i < n) { y[i] = a*x[i] + y[i]; } } tf::Task cudaflow = taskflow.emplace([&](tf::cudaFlow& cf) { // data copy tasks tf::cudaTask h2d_x = cf.copy(dx, hx.data(), N).name("h2d_x"); tf::cudaTask h2d_y = cf.copy(dy, hy.data(), N).name("h2d_y"); tf::cudaTask d2h_x = cf.copy(hx.data(), dx, N).name("d2h_x"); tf::cudaTask d2h_y = cf.copy(hy.data(), dy, N).name("d2h_y"); // kernel task with parameters to launch the saxpy kernel tf::cudaTask saxpy = cf.kernel( (N+255)/256, 256, 0, saxpy, N, 2.0f, dx, dy ).name("saxpy"); saxpy.succeed(h2d_x, h2d_y) .precede(d2h_x, d2h_y); }).name("cudaFlow");"><pre>__global__ <span class="pl-k">void</span> <span class="pl-en">saxpy</span>(<span class="pl-c1">size_t</span> N, <span class="pl-k">float</span> alpha, <span class="pl-k">float</span>* dx, <span class="pl-k">float</span>* dy) { <span class="pl-k">int</span> i = blockIdx.<span class="pl-smi">x</span>*blockDim.<span class="pl-smi">x</span> + threadIdx.<span class="pl-smi">x</span>; <span class="pl-k">if</span> (i < n) { y[i] = a*x[i] + y[i]; } } tf::Task cudaflow = taskflow.emplace([&](tf::cudaFlow& cf) { <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> data copy tasks</span> tf::cudaTask h2d_x = cf.<span class="pl-c1">copy</span>(dx, hx.<span class="pl-c1">data</span>(), N).<span class="pl-c1">name</span>(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>h2d_x<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); tf::cudaTask h2d_y = cf.<span class="pl-c1">copy</span>(dy, hy.<span class="pl-c1">data</span>(), N).<span class="pl-c1">name</span>(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>h2d_y<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); tf::cudaTask d2h_x = cf.<span class="pl-c1">copy</span>(hx.<span class="pl-c1">data</span>(), dx, N).<span class="pl-c1">name</span>(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>d2h_x<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); tf::cudaTask d2h_y = cf.<span class="pl-c1">copy</span>(hy.<span class="pl-c1">data</span>(), dy, N).<span class="pl-c1">name</span>(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>d2h_y<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> kernel task with parameters to launch the saxpy kernel</span> tf::cudaTask saxpy = cf.<span class="pl-c1">kernel</span>( (N+<span class="pl-c1">255</span>)/<span class="pl-c1">256</span>, <span class="pl-c1">256</span>, <span class="pl-c1">0</span>, saxpy, N, <span class="pl-c1">2</span>.<span class="pl-c1">0f</span>, dx, dy ).<span class="pl-c1">name</span>(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>saxpy<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); saxpy.<span class="pl-c1">succeed</span>(h2d_x, h2d_y) .<span class="pl-c1">precede</span>(d2h_x, d2h_y); }).name(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>cudaFlow<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>);</pre></div> <p align="center" dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/saxpy_1_cudaflow.svg"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/saxpy_1_cudaflow.svg" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Compose Task Graphs</h2><a id="user-content-compose-task-graphs" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Compose Task Graphs" href="#compose-task-graphs"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Taskflow is composable. You can create large parallel graphs through composition of modular and reusable blocks that are easier to optimize at an individual scope.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="tf::Taskflow f1, f2; // create taskflow f1 of two tasks tf::Task f1A = f1.emplace([]() { std::cout << "Task f1A\n"; }) .name("f1A"); tf::Task f1B = f1.emplace([]() { std::cout << "Task f1B\n"; }) .name("f1B"); // create taskflow f2 with one module task composed of f1 tf::Task f2A = f2.emplace([]() { std::cout << "Task f2A\n"; }) .name("f2A"); tf::Task f2B = f2.emplace([]() { std::cout << "Task f2B\n"; }) .name("f2B"); tf::Task f2C = f2.emplace([]() { std::cout << "Task f2C\n"; }) .name("f2C"); tf::Task f1_module_task = f2.composed_of(f1) .name("module"); f1_module_task.succeed(f2A, f2B) .precede(f2C);"><pre>tf::Taskflow f1, f2; <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> create taskflow f1 of two tasks</span> tf::Task f1A = f1.emplace([]() { std::cout << <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>Task f1A<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>; }) .name(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>f1A<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); tf::Task f1B = f1.emplace([]() { std::cout << <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>Task f1B<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>; }) .name(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>f1B<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> create taskflow f2 with one module task composed of f1</span> tf::Task f2A = f2.emplace([]() { std::cout << <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>Task f2A<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>; }) .name(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>f2A<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); tf::Task f2B = f2.emplace([]() { std::cout << <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>Task f2B<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>; }) .name(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>f2B<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); tf::Task f2C = f2.emplace([]() { std::cout << <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>Task f2C<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>; }) .name(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>f2C<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); tf::Task f1_module_task = f2.composed_of(f1) .name(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>module<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); f1_module_task.succeed(f2A, f2B) .precede(f2C);</pre></div> <p align="center" dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/composition.svg"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/composition.svg" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Launch Asynchronous Tasks</h2><a id="user-content-launch-asynchronous-tasks" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Launch Asynchronous Tasks" href="#launch-asynchronous-tasks"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Taskflow supports <em>asynchronous</em> tasking. You can launch tasks asynchronously to dynamically explore task graph parallelism.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="tf::Executor executor; // create asynchronous tasks directly from an executor std::future<int> future = executor.async([](){ std::cout << "async task returns 1\n"; return 1; }); executor.silent_async([](){ std::cout << "async task does not return\n"; }); // create asynchronous tasks with dynamic dependencies tf::AsyncTask A = executor.silent_dependent_async([](){ printf("A\n"); }); tf::AsyncTask B = executor.silent_dependent_async([](){ printf("B\n"); }, A); tf::AsyncTask C = executor.silent_dependent_async([](){ printf("C\n"); }, A); tf::AsyncTask D = executor.silent_dependent_async([](){ printf("D\n"); }, B, C); executor.wait_for_all();"><pre>tf::Executor executor; <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> create asynchronous tasks directly from an executor</span> std::future<<span class="pl-k">int</span>> future = executor.async([](){ std::cout << <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>async task returns 1<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>; <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-c1">1</span>; }); executor.silent_async([](){ std::cout << <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>async task does not return<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>; }); <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> create asynchronous tasks with dynamic dependencies</span> tf::AsyncTask A = executor.silent_dependent_async([](){ <span class="pl-c1">printf</span>(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>A<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); }); tf::AsyncTask B = executor.silent_dependent_async([](){ <span class="pl-c1">printf</span>(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>B<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); }, A); tf::AsyncTask C = executor.silent_dependent_async([](){ <span class="pl-c1">printf</span>(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>C<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); }, A); tf::AsyncTask D = executor.silent_dependent_async([](){ <span class="pl-c1">printf</span>(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>D<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>); }, B, C); executor.wait_for_all();</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Execute a Taskflow</h2><a id="user-content-execute-a-taskflow" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Execute a Taskflow" href="#execute-a-taskflow"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The executor provides several <em>thread-safe</em> methods to run a taskflow. You can run a taskflow once, multiple times, or until a stopping criteria is met. These methods are non-blocking with a <code>tf::Future<void></code> return to let you query the execution status.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="// runs the taskflow once tf::Future<void> run_once = executor.run(taskflow); // wait on this run to finish run_once.get(); // run the taskflow four times executor.run_n(taskflow, 4); // runs the taskflow five times executor.run_until(taskflow, [counter=5](){ return --counter == 0; }); // block the executor until all submitted taskflows complete executor.wait_for_all();"><pre><span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> runs the taskflow once</span> tf::Future<<span class="pl-k">void</span>> run_once = executor.run(taskflow); <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> wait on this run to finish</span> run_once.get(); <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> run the taskflow four times</span> executor.run_n(taskflow, <span class="pl-c1">4</span>); <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> runs the taskflow five times</span> executor.run_until(taskflow, [counter=<span class="pl-c1">5</span>](){ <span class="pl-k">return</span> --counter == <span class="pl-c1">0</span>; }); <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> block the executor until all submitted taskflows complete</span> executor.wait_for_all();</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Leverage Standard Parallel Algorithms</h2><a id="user-content-leverage-standard-parallel-algorithms" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Leverage Standard Parallel Algorithms" href="#leverage-standard-parallel-algorithms"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Taskflow defines algorithms for you to quickly express common parallel patterns using standard C++ syntaxes, such as parallel iterations, parallel reductions, and parallel sort.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="// standard parallel CPU algorithms tf::Task task1 = taskflow.for_each( // assign each element to 100 in parallel first, last, [] (auto& i) { i = 100; } ); tf::Task task2 = taskflow.reduce( // reduce a range of items in parallel first, last, init, [] (auto a, auto b) { return a + b; } ); tf::Task task3 = taskflow.sort( // sort a range of items in parallel first, last, [] (auto a, auto b) { return a < b; } ); // standard parallel GPU algorithms tf::cudaTask cuda1 = cudaflow.for_each( // assign each element to 100 on GPU dfirst, dlast, [] __device__ (auto i) { i = 100; } ); tf::cudaTask cuda2 = cudaflow.reduce( // reduce a range of items on GPU dfirst, dlast, init, [] __device__ (auto a, auto b) { return a + b; } ); tf::cudaTask cuda3 = cudaflow.sort( // sort a range of items on GPU dfirst, dlast, [] __device__ (auto a, auto b) { return a < b; } );"><pre><span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> standard parallel CPU algorithms</span> tf::Task task1 = taskflow.for_each( <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> assign each element to 100 in parallel</span> first, last, [] (<span class="pl-k">auto</span>& i) { i = <span class="pl-c1">100</span>; } ); tf::Task task2 = taskflow.reduce( <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> reduce a range of items in parallel</span> first, last, init, [] (<span class="pl-k">auto</span> a, <span class="pl-k">auto</span> b) { <span class="pl-k">return</span> a + b; } ); tf::Task task3 = taskflow.sort( <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> sort a range of items in parallel</span> first, last, [] (<span class="pl-k">auto</span> a, <span class="pl-k">auto</span> b) { <span class="pl-k">return</span> a < b; } ); <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> standard parallel GPU algorithms</span> tf::cudaTask cuda1 = cudaflow.for_each( <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> assign each element to 100 on GPU</span> dfirst, dlast, [] __device__ (<span class="pl-k">auto</span> i) { i = <span class="pl-c1">100</span>; } ); tf::cudaTask cuda2 = cudaflow.reduce( <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> reduce a range of items on GPU</span> dfirst, dlast, init, [] __device__ (<span class="pl-k">auto</span> a, <span class="pl-k">auto</span> b) { <span class="pl-k">return</span> a + b; } ); tf::cudaTask cuda3 = cudaflow.sort( <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> sort a range of items on GPU</span> dfirst, dlast, [] __device__ (<span class="pl-k">auto</span> a, <span class="pl-k">auto</span> b) { <span class="pl-k">return</span> a < b; } );</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Additionally, Taskflow provides composable graph building blocks for you to efficiently implement common parallel algorithms, such as parallel pipeline.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="// create a pipeline to propagate five tokens through three serial stages tf::Pipeline pl(num_parallel_lines, tf::Pipe{tf::PipeType::SERIAL, [](tf::Pipeflow& pf) { if(pf.token() == 5) { pf.stop(); } }}, tf::Pipe{tf::PipeType::SERIAL, [](tf::Pipeflow& pf) { printf("stage 2: input buffer[%zu] = %d\n", pf.line(), buffer[pf.line()]); }}, tf::Pipe{tf::PipeType::SERIAL, [](tf::Pipeflow& pf) { printf("stage 3: input buffer[%zu] = %d\n", pf.line(), buffer[pf.line()]); }} ); taskflow.composed_of(pl) executor.run(taskflow).wait();"><pre><span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> create a pipeline to propagate five tokens through three serial stages</span> tf::Pipeline <span class="pl-en">pl</span>(num_parallel_lines, tf::Pipe{tf::PipeType::SERIAL, [](tf::Pipeflow& pf) { <span class="pl-k">if</span>(pf.<span class="pl-c1">token</span>() == <span class="pl-c1">5</span>) { pf.<span class="pl-c1">stop</span>(); } }}, tf::Pipe{tf::PipeType::SERIAL, [](tf::Pipeflow& pf) { <span class="pl-c1">printf</span>(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>stage 2: input buffer[%zu] = %d<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, pf.<span class="pl-c1">line</span>(), buffer[pf.<span class="pl-c1">line</span>()]); }}, tf::Pipe{tf::PipeType::SERIAL, [](tf::Pipeflow& pf) { <span class="pl-c1">printf</span>(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>stage 3: input buffer[%zu] = %d<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, pf.<span class="pl-c1">line</span>(), buffer[pf.<span class="pl-c1">line</span>()]); }} ); taskflow.composed_of(pl) executor.run(taskflow).wait();</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Supported Compilers</h1><a id="user-content-supported-compilers" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Supported Compilers" href="#supported-compilers"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">To use Taskflow, you only need a compiler that supports C++17:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>GNU C++ Compiler at least v8.4 with -std=c++17</li> <li>Clang C++ Compiler at least v6.0 with -std=c++17</li> <li>Microsoft Visual Studio at least v19.27 with /std:c++17</li> <li>AppleClang Xcode Version at least v12.0 with -std=c++17</li> <li>Nvidia CUDA Toolkit and Compiler (nvcc) at least v11.1 with -std=c++17</li> <li>Intel C++ Compiler at least v19.0.1 with -std=c++17</li> <li>Intel DPC++ Clang Compiler at least v13.0.0 with -std=c++17 and SYCL20</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">Taskflow works on Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X.</p> <p dir="auto">Although %Taskflow supports primarily C++17, you can enable C++20 compilation through <code>-std=c++20</code> to achieve better performance due to new C++20 features.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Learn More about Taskflow</h1><a id="user-content-learn-more-about-taskflow" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Learn More about Taskflow" href="#learn-more-about-taskflow"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Visit our <a href="https://taskflow.github.io/" rel="nofollow">project website</a> and <a href="https://taskflow.github.io/taskflow/index.html" rel="nofollow">documentation</a> to learn more about Taskflow. To get involved:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>See <a href="https://taskflow.github.io/taskflow/Releases.html" rel="nofollow">release notes</a> to stay up-to-date with newest versions</li> <li>Read the step-by-step tutorial at <a href="https://taskflow.github.io/taskflow/pages.html" rel="nofollow">cookbook</a></li> <li>Submit an issue at <a href="https://github.com/taskflow/taskflow/issues">GitHub issues</a></li> <li>Find out our technical details at <a href="https://taskflow.github.io/taskflow/References.html" rel="nofollow">references</a></li> <li>Watch our technical talks at YouTube</li> </ul> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MX15huP5DsM" rel="nofollow">CppCon20 Tech Talk</a></th> <th align="center"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u8Mc_WgGwVY" rel="nofollow">MUC++ Tech Talk</a></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/cppcon20-thumbnail.jpg"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/cppcon20-thumbnail.jpg" alt="" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></td> <td align="center"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/muc++20-thumbnail.jpg"><img align="right" src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/muc++20-thumbnail.jpg" width="100%" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <p dir="auto">We are committed to support trustworthy developments for both academic and industrial research projects in parallel and heterogeneous computing. If you are using Taskflow, please cite the following paper we published at 2021 IEEE TPDS:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Tsung-Wei Huang, Dian-Lun Lin, Chun-Xun Lin, and Yibo Lin, "<a href="https://tsung-wei-huang.github.io/papers/tpds21-taskflow.pdf" rel="nofollow">Taskflow: A Lightweight Parallel and Heterogeneous Task Graph Computing System</a>," <i>IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems (TPDS)</i>, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 1303-1320, June 2022</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">More importantly, we appreciate all Taskflow <a href="https://taskflow.github.io/taskflow/contributors.html" rel="nofollow">contributors</a> and the following organizations for sponsoring the Taskflow project!</p> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead> <tr> <th align="center"></th> <th align="center"></th> <th align="center"></th> <th align="center"></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/utah-ece-logo.png"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/utah-ece-logo.png" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></td> <td align="center"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/nsf.png"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/nsf.png" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></td> <td align="center"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/darpa.png"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/darpa.png" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></td> <td align="center"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/NumFocus.png"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/NumFocus.png" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/doxygen/images/nvidia-logo.png"><img src="/taskflow/taskflow/raw/master/doxygen/images/nvidia-logo.png" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">License</h1><a id="user-content-license" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: License" href="#license"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Taskflow is licensed with the <a href="/taskflow/taskflow/blob/master/LICENSE">MIT License</a>. You are completely free to re-distribute your work derived from Taskflow.</p> <hr> </article></div></div></div></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-partial> <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" value="p3u0HcGEP3x99Rib+PT/Qt9ngoUnCC+6iDpLTPvuFHCcmlmC6YsfudxCr9DW5WFEG6waNJzFKKTZ7IRVXW0O1w==" /> </div> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-sidebar"> <div class="BorderGrid about-margin" data-pjax> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <div class="hide-sm hide-md"> <h2 class="mb-3 h4">About</h2> <p class="f4 my-3"> A General-purpose Task-parallel Programming System using Modern C++ </p> <div class="my-3 d-flex flex-items-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link flex-shrink-0 mr-2"> <path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 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class="sr-only">Stars</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a href="/taskflow/taskflow/stargazers" data-view-component="true" class="Link Link--muted"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star mr-2"> <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path> </svg> <strong>10.7k</strong> stars</a> </div> <h3 class="sr-only">Watchers</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a href="/taskflow/taskflow/watchers" data-view-component="true" class="Link Link--muted"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-eye mr-2"> <path d="M8 2c1.981 0 3.671.992 4.933 2.078 1.27 1.091 2.187 2.345 2.637 3.023a1.62 1.62 0 0 1 0 1.798c-.45.678-1.367 1.932-2.637 3.023C11.67 13.008 9.981 14 8 14c-1.981 0-3.671-.992-4.933-2.078C1.797 10.83.88 9.576.43 8.898a1.62 1.62 0 0 1 0-1.798c.45-.677 1.367-1.931 2.637-3.022C4.33 2.992 6.019 2 8 2ZM1.679 7.932a.12.12 0 0 0 0 .136c.411.622 1.241 1.75 2.366 2.717C5.176 11.758 6.527 12.5 8 12.5c1.473 0 2.825-.742 3.955-1.715 1.124-.967 1.954-2.096 2.366-2.717a.12.12 0 0 0 0-.136c-.412-.621-1.242-1.75-2.366-2.717C10.824 4.242 9.473 3.5 8 3.5c-1.473 0-2.825.742-3.955 1.715-1.124.967-1.954 2.096-2.366 2.717ZM8 10a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 8 10Z"></path> </svg> <strong>253</strong> watching</a> </div> <h3 class="sr-only">Forks</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a href="/taskflow/taskflow/forks" data-view-component="true" class="Link Link--muted"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2"> <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path> </svg> <strong>1.3k</strong> forks</a> </div> <div class="mt-2"> <a class="Link--muted" href="/contact/report-content?content_url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Ftaskflow%2Ftaskflow&report=taskflow+%28user%29"> Report repository </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <a href="/taskflow/taskflow/releases" data-view-component="true" class="Link--primary no-underline Link">Releases <span title="19" data-view-component="true" class="Counter">19</span></a></h2> <a class="Link--primary d-flex no-underline" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" href="/taskflow/taskflow/releases/tag/v3.9.0"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-tag flex-shrink-0 mt-1 color-fg-success"> <path d="M1 7.775V2.75C1 1.784 1.784 1 2.75 1h5.025c.464 0 .91.184 1.238.513l6.25 6.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 2.474l-5.026 5.026a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-2.474 0l-6.25-6.25A1.752 1.752 0 0 1 1 7.775Zm1.5 0c0 .066.026.13.073.177l6.25 6.25a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l5.025-5.025a.25.25 0 0 0 0-.354l-6.25-6.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.177-.073H2.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM6 5a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Z"></path> </svg> <div class="ml-2 min-width-0"> <div class="d-flex"> <span class="css-truncate css-truncate-target text-bold mr-2" style="max-width: none;">Taskflow v3.9.0</span> <span title="Label: Latest" data-view-component="true" class="Label Label--success flex-shrink-0"> Latest </span> </div> <div class="text-small color-fg-muted"><relative-time datetime="2025-01-02T21:44:09Z" class="no-wrap">Jan 2, 2025</relative-time></div> </div> </a> <div data-view-component="true" class="mt-3"> <a text="small" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" href="/taskflow/taskflow/releases" data-view-component="true" class="Link">+ 18 releases</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3">Sponsor this project</h2> <include-fragment src="/taskflow/taskflow/sponsors_list?block_button=true&current_repository=taskflow" aria-busy="true" aria-label="Loading sponsorable links"> <div class="d-flex mb-3"> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text flex-1 flex-self-center f4"> </div> </div> <button type="button" disabled="disabled" data-view-component="true" class="btn btn-block"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-heart icon-sponsor mr-1 color-fg-sponsors"> <path d="m8 14.25.345.666a.75.75 0 0 1-.69 0l-.008-.004-.018-.01a7.152 7.152 0 0 1-.31-.17 22.055 22.055 0 0 1-3.434-2.414C2.045 10.731 0 8.35 0 5.5 0 2.836 2.086 1 4.25 1 5.797 1 7.153 1.802 8 3.02 8.847 1.802 10.203 1 11.75 1 13.914 1 16 2.836 16 5.5c0 2.85-2.045 5.231-3.885 6.818a22.066 22.066 0 0 1-3.744 2.584l-.018.01-.006.003h-.002ZM4.25 2.5c-1.336 0-2.75 1.164-2.75 3 0 2.15 1.58 4.144 3.365 5.682A20.58 20.58 0 0 0 8 13.393a20.58 20.58 0 0 0 3.135-2.211C12.92 9.644 14.5 7.65 14.5 5.5c0-1.836-1.414-3-2.75-3-1.373 0-2.609.986-3.029 2.456a.749.749 0 0 1-1.442 0C6.859 3.486 5.623 2.5 4.25 2.5Z"></path> </svg> Sponsor </button></include-fragment> <div class="text-small mt-3"> <a href="/sponsors">Learn more about GitHub Sponsors</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3"> <a href="/orgs/taskflow/packages?repo_name=taskflow" data-view-component="true" class="Link--primary no-underline Link d-flex flex-items-center">Packages <span title="0" hidden="hidden" data-view-component="true" class="Counter ml-1">0</span></a></h2> <div class="text-small color-fg-muted" > No packages published <br> </div> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row" hidden> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <include-fragment src="/taskflow/taskflow/used_by_list" accept="text/fragment+html"> </include-fragment> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3"> <a href="/taskflow/taskflow/graphs/contributors" data-view-component="true" class="Link--primary no-underline Link d-flex flex-items-center">Contributors <span title="81" data-view-component="true" class="Counter ml-1">81</span></a></h2> <ul class="list-style-none d-flex flex-wrap mb-n2"> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/tsung-wei-huang" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/tsung-wei-huang/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/13237509?s=64&v=4" alt="@tsung-wei-huang" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/twhuang-utah" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/twhuang-utah/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/50472008?s=64&v=4" alt="@twhuang-utah" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/clin99" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/clin99/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/34017491?s=64&v=4" alt="@clin99" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/dian-lun-lin" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/dian-lun-lin/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/14581032?s=64&v=4" alt="@dian-lun-lin" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/Neumann-A" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/Neumann-A/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/30894796?s=64&v=4" alt="@Neumann-A" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/totalgee" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/totalgee/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/306082?s=64&v=4" alt="@totalgee" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/netcan" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/netcan/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/11377070?s=64&v=4" alt="@netcan" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/tjhei" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/tjhei/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1531285?s=64&v=4" alt="@tjhei" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/musteresel" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/musteresel/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/912651?s=64&v=4" alt="@musteresel" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/cheng-hsiang-chiu" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/cheng-hsiang-chiu/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/58955345?s=64&v=4" alt="@cheng-hsiang-chiu" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/matt77hias" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/matt77hias/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2464019?s=64&v=4" alt="@matt77hias" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/PhrygianGates" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/PhrygianGates/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/69254262?s=64&v=4" alt="@PhrygianGates" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/bangerth" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/bangerth/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/7504421?s=64&v=4" alt="@bangerth" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/boxerab" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/boxerab/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/95393?s=64&v=4" alt="@boxerab" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> </ul> <div data-view-component="true" class="mt-3"> <a text="small" href="/taskflow/taskflow/graphs/contributors" data-view-component="true" class="Link--inTextBlock Link">+ 67 contributors</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3">Languages</h2> <div class="mb-2"> <span data-view-component="true" class="Progress"> <span style="background-color:#f34b7d !important;;width: 82.7%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#3A4E3A !important;;width: 9.1%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#555555 !important;;width: 4.5%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#DA3434 !important;;width: 2.0%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#f1e05a !important;;width: 0.9%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#89e051 !important;;width: 0.2%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#ededed !important;;width: 0.6%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> </span></div> <ul class="list-style-none"> <li class="d-inline"> <a class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap Link--secondary no-underline text-small mr-3" href="/taskflow/taskflow/search?l=c%2B%2B" data-ga-click="Repository, language stats search click, location:repo overview"> <svg style="color:#f34b7d;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">C++</span> <span>82.7%</span> </a> </li> <li class="d-inline"> <a class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap Link--secondary no-underline text-small mr-3" href="/taskflow/taskflow/search?l=cuda" data-ga-click="Repository, language stats search click, location:repo overview"> <svg style="color:#3A4E3A;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">Cuda</span> <span>9.1%</span> </a> </li> <li class="d-inline"> <a class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap Link--secondary no-underline text-small mr-3" href="/taskflow/taskflow/search?l=c" data-ga-click="Repository, language stats search click, location:repo overview"> <svg style="color:#555555;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">C</span> <span>4.5%</span> </a> </li> <li class="d-inline"> <a class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap Link--secondary no-underline text-small mr-3" href="/taskflow/taskflow/search?l=cmake" data-ga-click="Repository, language stats search click, location:repo overview"> <svg style="color:#DA3434;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">CMake</span> <span>2.0%</span> </a> </li> <li class="d-inline"> <a class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap Link--secondary no-underline text-small mr-3" href="/taskflow/taskflow/search?l=javascript" data-ga-click="Repository, language stats search click, location:repo overview"> <svg style="color:#f1e05a;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">JavaScript</span> <span>0.9%</span> </a> </li> <li class="d-inline"> <a class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap Link--secondary no-underline text-small mr-3" href="/taskflow/taskflow/search?l=shell" data-ga-click="Repository, language stats search click, location:repo overview"> <svg style="color:#89e051;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">Shell</span> <span>0.2%</span> </a> </li> <li class="d-inline"> <span class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap text-small mr-3"> <svg style="color:#ededed;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">Other</span> <span>0.6%</span> </span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </turbo-frame> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="footer pt-8 pb-6 f6 color-fg-muted p-responsive" role="contentinfo" > <h2 class='sr-only'>Footer</h2> <div class="d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center flex-column-reverse flex-lg-row flex-wrap flex-lg-nowrap"> <div class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-shrink-0 mx-2"> <a aria-label="Homepage" title="GitHub" class="footer-octicon mr-2" href="https://github.com"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M12 1C5.9225 1 1 5.9225 1 12C1 16.8675 4.14875 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id="site-details-dialog"> <details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open> <summary role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"></summary> <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal"> <button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="octocat-spinner my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div> </details-dialog> </details> </template> <div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;"> <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;"> </div> </div> <template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </clipboard-copy> </div> </template> <template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button-unpositioned"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn btn-invisible js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </clipboard-copy> </div> </template> </div> <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" ></div> <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice-assertive" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"></div> </body> </html>