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id="toc-Cost_of_research_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cost_to_scientists_and_funding_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_to_scientists_and_funding_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Cost to scientists and funding bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_to_scientists_and_funding_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unequal_access_to_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unequal_access_to_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Unequal access to publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unequal_access_to_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diamond_open_access_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diamond_open_access_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Diamond open access model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diamond_open_access_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9" title="رسوم معالجة المقالة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رسوم معالجة المقالة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="নিবন্ধ প্রক্রিয়াজাতকরণ মূল্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিবন্ধ প্রক্রিয়াজাতকরণ মূল্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_de_publicaci%C3%B3_d%27article" title="Cost de publicació d'article – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cost de publicació d'article" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_Processing_Charge" title="Article Processing Charge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Article Processing Charge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_por_procesamiento_de_art%C3%ADculos" title="Cargo por procesamiento de artículos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cargo por procesamiento de artículos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frais_de_traitement_des_articles" title="Frais de traitement des articles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frais de traitement des articles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%BC%EB%AC%B8%EC%B2%98%EB%A6%AC%EB%B9%84%EC%9A%A9" title="논문처리비용 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="논문처리비용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biaya_pengolahan_artikel" title="Biaya pengolahan artikel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biaya pengolahan artikel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%8E%B2%E8%BC%89%E6%96%99" title="論文掲載料 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="論文掲載料" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqola_nashr_qilish_to%CA%BBlovi" title="Maqola nashr qilish toʻlovi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maqola nashr qilish toʻlovi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B8" title="Плата за публикацию статьи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плата за 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Article-processing_charge&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Article-processing charge">Article-processing charge</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fee charged by some scholarly publication services</div> <p>An <b>article processing charge</b> (<b>APC</b>), also known as a <b>publication fee</b>, is a fee which is sometimes charged to authors. Most commonly, it is involved in making an academic work available as <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> (OA), in either a full <a href="/wiki/Open_access_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access journal">OA journal</a> or in a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_open_access_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid open access journal">hybrid journal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-solomon_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solomon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fee may be paid by the author, the author's institution, or their research funder.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, publication fees are also involved in traditional journals or for <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywalled</a> content.<sup id="cite_ref-AJE_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some publishers waive the fee in cases of hardship or geographic location, but this is not a widespread practice.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An article processing charge does not guarantee that the author retains copyright to the work, or that it will be made available under a <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons license</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_processing_charge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DOAJ_APCs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DOAJ_APCs.png/220px-DOAJ_APCs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DOAJ_APCs.png/330px-DOAJ_APCs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DOAJ_APCs.png/440px-DOAJ_APCs.png 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>Article processing fees for journals indexed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (2019).</figcaption></figure> <p>Journals use a variety of ways to generate the income required to cover publishing costs (including editorial costs, any costs of administering the peer review system), such as subsidies from institutions<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscriptions</a>. A majority of open access journals do not charge article processing charges,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a significant and growing number of them do.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the most common funding method for professionally published open access articles.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>APC fees applied to academic research are usually expensive, effectively limiting open access publishing to wealthier institutions, scholars, and students. </p><p>The APC model of open access, among other controversies, is part of the wider and increasingly global Open Access OA's ethics debate.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most journals do not charge APCs. The global average per-journal APC is <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1,626, its recent increase indicating "that authors choose to publish in more expensive journals".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2019 analysis has shown 75% of European spending on scientific journals goes to "big five" publishers (<a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society (ACS)</a>). Together they accounted for 56% of articles published.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_publishing_fees">Other publishing fees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_processing_charge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Other publishing fees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Author fees or page charges have existed since at least the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheiding2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheiding2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different academic publishers have widely varying levels of fees, from under $100 to over $5000, and even sometimes as high as €9500 ($10851) for the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-solomon_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solomon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, an independent study indicated that the actual costs of efficiently publishing a scholarly article should be in the region of €200–€1000.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High fees are sometimes charged by traditional publishers in order to publish in a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_open_access_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid open access journal">hybrid open access journal</a>, which make an individual article in a subscription journal open access. The average APC for hybrid journals has been calculated to be almost twice as high as APCs from full open access publishers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journals with high <a href="/wiki/Impact_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact factors">impact factors</a> from major publishers tend to have the highest APCs.<sup id="cite_ref-solomon_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solomon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Open access articles often have a surcharge compared to closed-access or paywalled content; for example, the <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></i> charges $1590–$4215 per article (depending on length) for closed-access, with a surcharge of $1700–$2200 for open-access (depending on licence).<sup id="cite_ref-PNAS_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">AGU</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research" title="Journal of Geophysical Research">Journal of Geophysical Research</a></i> charges $1000 for closed-access and $3500 for open-access.<sup id="cite_ref-AGU_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGU-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even when publishers do not charge standard fees, excess or <i>overlength fees</i> might still apply after a certain number of pages or publication units is exceeded;<sup id="cite_ref-AGU_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGU-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> additional <i>color fees</i> might apply for figures,<sup id="cite_ref-PNAS_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> primarily for print journals that are not online-only. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Submission_fee"></span>While publication charges occur upon article acceptance, article <b>submission fees</b> are charged prior to the start of <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review" title="Scholarly peer review">peer review</a>; they are common among journals in some fields, e.g., finance and economics.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="anchor" id="Page_charge"></span><b>Page charge</b> may refer to either publication or submission fees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_processing_charge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_of_research_articles">Cost of research articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_processing_charge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cost of research articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cost_to_scientists_and_funding_bodies">Cost to scientists and funding bodies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_processing_charge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cost to scientists and funding bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article processing charges shift the burden of payment from readers to authors (or their funders), which creates a new set of concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-Socha_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Socha-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One concern is that if a publisher makes a profit from accepting papers, it has an incentive to accept anything submitted, rather than selecting and rejecting articles based on quality. This could be remedied, however, by charging for the peer-review rather than acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another concern is that institutional budgets may need to be adjusted in order to provide funding for the article processing charges required to publish in many open access journals (e.g. those published by <a href="/wiki/BioMed_Central" title="BioMed Central">BioMed Central</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). It has been argued that this may reduce the ability to publish research results due to lack of sufficient funds, leading to some research not becoming a part of the public record.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another concern is the redirection of money by major funding agencies such as the National Institutes of Health and the <a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust" title="Wellcome Trust">Wellcome Trust</a> from the direct support of research to the support of open access publication. Robert Terry, Senior Policy Advisor at the Wellcome Trust, has said that he feels that 1–2% of their research budget will change from the creation of knowledge to the dissemination of knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research institutions could cover the cost of open access by converting to an open access journal cost-recovery model, with the institutions' annual tool access subscription savings being available to cover annual open access publication costs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 study by the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a> estimates the annual turnovers of academic publishers amount to approximately €7.6 billion. It is argued that this money comes predominantly from publicly funded scientific libraries as they purchase subscriptions or licenses in order to provide access to scientific journals for their members. The study was presented by the Max Planck Digital Library and found that subscription budgets would be sufficient to fund the open access publication charges, but does not address how unaffiliated authors or authors from institutions without funds will contribute to the scholarly record.<sup id="cite_ref-Max_Planck_Gesellschaft_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Max_Planck_Gesellschaft-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Publishers' high operating profit margins, often on publicly funded research works, and their <a href="/wiki/Copyright_policies_of_academic_publishers" title="Copyright policies of academic publishers">copyright practices</a> have subjected them to criticism by researchers. For example, a Guardian article informed that in 2010, Elsevier's scientific publishing arm reported profits of £724m on just over £2bn in revenue. It was a 36% margin – higher than Apple, Google, or Amazon posted that year.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unequal_access_to_publishing">Unequal access to publishing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_processing_charge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Unequal access to publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unless discounts are available to authors from countries with low incomes, or external funding is provided to cover the cost, article processing charges can exclude authors from developing countries or less-funded research fields from publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some publishers justify part of the article processing charge by attributing it to the cost of producing print material when in reality they publish digital-only issues.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the traditional model, the prohibitive costs of some non-open access journal subscriptions already place a heavy burden on the research community.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many open access publishers do offer discounts or publishing fee waivers to authors from developing countries or those suffering financial hardship.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For these reasons, some funding bodies simply will not pay the extra fees for open access publishing: the European Union scientific research initiative <a href="/wiki/Horizon_Europe" title="Horizon Europe">Horizon Europe</a> does not cover the APCs for articles in <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_open-access_journal" title="Hybrid open-access journal">hybrid open-access journals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diamond_open_access_model">Diamond open access model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_processing_charge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diamond open access model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diamond_open_access" title="Diamond open access">Diamond open access</a> is a term used to describe journals that have no article processing charges, and make articles available to read without restrictions. In 2020, diamond OA journals comprised 69% of the journals in the <a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals" title="Directory of Open Access Journals">Directory of Open Access Journals</a>, but published only 35% of the articles.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, it was estimated that 17,000 to 29,000 diamond OA journals published 8–9% of all scholarly journal articles and 45% of open access articles.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all Latin American OA journals use the diamond model, whereas a little over half of African and Western European OA journals are diamond OA.<sup id="cite_ref-Frantsvåg_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frantsvåg-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the percentage of diamond OA articles covered in <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> for the same year was below 1%, suggesting that "Scopus- or Web of Science-based (data) are skewed towards toll access and article processing charges-based publishing, as Diamond journals are underrepresented in (these databases)".<sup id="cite_ref-Frantsvåg_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frantsvåg-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The current citation makes a major claim of academic indexing bias that should be reinforced/verified by additional reputable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The same study also found that diamond OA articles comprised 81% of all OA articles in Humanities, but only 30% in Medicine and Sciences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_processing_charge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_transfer_agreement" title="Copyright transfer agreement">Copyright transfer agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalty-free" title="Royalty-free">Royalty-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalty_payment" title="Royalty payment">Royalty payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_publishing" title="Predatory publishing">Predatory publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_processing_charge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-solomon-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-solomon_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-solomon_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-solomon_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite 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(Spring 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istl.org/05-spring/article2.html">The importance of Open Access, Open Source, and Open Standards for libraries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111216144534/http://www.istl.org/05-spring/article2.html">Archived</a> 2011-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasnou2018" class="citation web cs1">Masnou, Anna May (2018-06-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icmab.es/horizon-europe-will-not-reimburse-publication-fees-for-hybrid-open-access">"Horizon Europe will not reimburse publication fees for hybrid open-access"</a>. <i>Institut de ciència de materials de Barcelona</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Gold Open Access 2015–2020 Articles in Journals (GOA6); Cites & Insights Books: Livermore, CA, USA, 2021; p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancion, Z., Borrell-Damián, L., Mounier, P. et al., ACTION PLAN FOR DIAMOND OPEN ACCESS MARCH 2022, (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6282402">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6282402</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frantsvåg-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frantsvåg_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frantsvåg_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frantsvåg, J.E., Diamond Open Access in Norway 2017–2020, <i>Publications</i> 10 (2022), no. 1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fpublications10010013">10.3390/publications10010013</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_processing_charge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>University of California Libraries (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.library.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ICIS-UC-Pay-It-Forward-Project-Final-Report.pdf">Pay It Forward: Investigating a Sustainable Model of Open Access Article Processing Charges for Large North American Research Institutions</a>. Mellon Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408140450/https://www.library.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ICIS-UC-Pay-It-Forward-Project-Final-Report.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-04-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Kiley2013" class="citation web cs1">Robert Kiley (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082113/http://www.researchinfonet.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Wellcome-survey-of-colour-and-page-charges-v-02.pdf">"Colour and page charges: results of a brief survey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.researchinfonet.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Wellcome-survey-of-colour-and-page-charges-v-02.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colour+and+page+charges%3A+results+of+a+brief+survey&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Robert+Kiley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchinfonet.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F09%2FWellcome-survey-of-colour-and-page-charges-v-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticle+processing+charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurbAbramson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Curb, L. A.; Abramson, C.I. (2012). "An examination of author-paid charges in science journals". <i>Comprehensive Psychology</i>. <b>1</b>: 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2466%2F01.17.CP.1.4">10.2466/01.17.CP.1.4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comprehensive+Psychology&rft.atitle=An+examination+of+author-paid+charges+in+science+journals&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2466%2F01.17.CP.1.4&rft.aulast=Curb&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rft.au=Abramson%2C+C.I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticle+processing+charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Guy, M., Holl, A. (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.44318">Article Processing Charges</a>. <i>Briefing Paper, PASTEUR4OA project</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_processing_charge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openapc.net">OpenAPC: open database of APC</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Open_access_navbox" title="Template:Open access navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Open_access_navbox" title="Template talk:Open access navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Open_access_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Open access navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Open_access" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_open_access" title="History of open access">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_open-access_movement" title="Timeline of the open-access movement">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre"><i>Gratis</i> versus <i>libre</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">Subscription business model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscribe_to_Open" title="Subscribe to Open">Subscribe to Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">Paywall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_transfer_agreement" title="Copyright transfer agreement">Copyright transfer agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_(publishing)" title="Manuscript (publishing)">Manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Article processing charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_publishing" title="Predatory publishing">Predatory publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities">Berlin Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing" title="Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing">Bethesda Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Declaration_on_Research_Assessment" title="San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment">DORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Statement_on_Open_Access_to_Legal_Scholarship" title="Durham Statement on Open Access to Legal Scholarship">Durham Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Declaration_on_the_Future_of_the_World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization">Geneva Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIH_Public_Access_Policy" title="NIH Public Access Policy">NIH Public Access Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Works_Act" title="Research Works Act">Research Works Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-archiving" title="Self-archiving">Self-archiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-access_mandate" title="Open-access mandate">Open-access mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-access_repository" title="Open-access repository">Open-access repository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_open-access_journal" title="Hybrid open-access journal">Hybrid open-access journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_open-access_journal" title="Delayed open-access journal">Delayed open-access journal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cost_of_Knowledge" title="The Cost of Knowledge">The Cost of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory of Open Access Books">Directory of Open Access Books</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOAB" class="extiw" title="ca:DOAB">ca</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOAB:_Directory_of_Open_Access_Books" class="extiw" title="es:DOAB: Directory of Open Access Books">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals" title="Directory of Open Access Journals">Directory of Open Access Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Open_Citations" title="Initiative for Open Citations">Initiative for Open Citations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishing_Association" title="Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association">Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAIRE" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenAIRE">OpenAIRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Archives_Initiative" title="Open Archives Initiative">Open Archives Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge_Project" title="Public Knowledge Project">Public Knowledge Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories" title="Registry of Open Access Repositories">Registry of Open Access Repositories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Australia" title="Open access in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Austria" title="Open access in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Belgium" title="Open access in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Canada" title="Open access in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Denmark" title="Open access in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_France" title="Open access in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Germany" title="Open access in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Greece" title="Open access in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Hungary" title="Open access in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_India" title="Open access in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Open access in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Italy" title="Open access in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_the_Netherlands" title="Open access in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_New_Zealand" title="Open access in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Norway" title="Open access in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Poland" title="Open access in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Portugal" title="Open access in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_South_Africa" title="Open access in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Spain" title="Open access in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Sweden" title="Open access in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Ukraine" title="Open access in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Knowledge_movement" title="Access to Knowledge movement">Access to Knowledge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access2Research" title="Access2Research">Access2Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">List of open-access journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_education" 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