CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913651157a3b4da3',cH: 'Yzc.eKoP69hKe53nvEx5M5hhBv8z_cbOGJR5A4XV9uk-1739800963-1.2.1.1-jdtCuhcYuBYadAGq3WvD3QNOYAObWGLDOFDhfbChAASlh8eDkoxF5GygN45czwM7',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=early%20learning&__cf_chl_tk=mLL8fqkdnNCjag37O21NRI5gs9ffbcFG2bdmHI4xrVI-1739800963-1.0.1.1-YJ1IWOZd86bmaiZ8Udf0h.j.HwdhUNlB21w3sSlACWA",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739800963',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=early%20learning&__cf_chl_f_tk=mLL8fqkdnNCjag37O21NRI5gs9ffbcFG2bdmHI4xrVI-1739800963-1.0.1.1-YJ1IWOZd86bmaiZ8Udf0h.j.HwdhUNlB21w3sSlACWA",md: "dAv2eCe6lBRQlMbFSyUm9cNlZJCASPOHNUJMsoYb9bI-1739800963-1.2.1.1-zqOttyoMb4vt5IM1q1a09A2vwGNyhK_P1VWVsZIwNQhrX.7Ok4Uc_8K65h5N1fJHzE.wmvQLsRROzejZEn6U9.Uz14gTz7TnjtS2iFLzEO.drjrGk_Rer28ef9FvyAc8YxWyqmXmkQZnTcATKo7cqZPYNT5tkclg7tkFjFhFvioxajJDT__xJrpcjXnd5XVZBDhsnCnI5U8809YVnh3N.pxUkgXBaghUhDJASessXM.uOFYOlTmqY9o_AWes3nno_WWqeK0BY.A2zHmFLZ1fsvxUJMm_Hyi1pklY6JIKsUX21actbmjDyVLpZ_WngkjwjPl1uHuHkCzcMQHviEu7OOu8ksl7HSAbm45gGpkbybbPpzgwc0qqUlVF09N33J6Gi2TypcyZqKFQN2.tFd6gyl9M4PeoVB1Jy.E4F3G5OBmCI3tMZiLBF22S1k228J1Egnq8nDx9WubRKQa2sM9R02ib0eXOAFtYzTcMWk2ATOj7p_95ZgEYFVcuu5B89bHrGR4D2RycFOtydmUe79h_N950RzeLTcZdMc3ZD07NqUI5vbV0Yp2RDStptBGzt8LGNzdXdEvvnNlOp4PxhmD3uNMtii.crWEHACf38WRAoVjgC7fH7X2eiOwRt8WvvDdoda0zRkmXnMbUSShWQ6jeksLI_73OBbPMJhAUwqjNla3xN3VV5bG5T0jtT19zy1DYUj_66ZOrVPRznhedw0Y.4yZ0q8xqYwH5vSSFFYdvLo.yAodIDSq_9i60PqarJ_t_xugPXNc.c8Tr4dqTcuVND5.TPXhdAdSHhJKIOJiq3PIkIbl5b3kyjomd9DPPt7C8CbaX1j_AXeUblyxrFOVxn6qj18TvsPm2aP5JMUr0lMmLgCDjB.Qxidi8GFasl6sDSAUQGFzJM3l3zRU.Z0aJ.BOmsbGJvNZe_vHOwTbOHb1Lju8nVVtgTMmA8Y9pkA5NlV2hJxDJzQG7klspw_60pKoQRg4DbESnDPWZ_5RCZrWGf79Ag1_72g_1DqEQSr7bKhA5ncscVsbeuyUlLjmZdhora8BlByzFxemFx3RDNJxUFCLExZDoPHhGgFQU_SCh3H1srwvHEzDYQDnPOOG5FBMpUbABSU0cyXpl5MglsgPMwqFceocghfQL3YoTT3fxwzZ1d1pWKPxJp1EgjeHotSq6f9yQHwwN3.uWCz.CHux7u5n.4z7R1WRaz1U_kjFWWh_Y.BVRxe1wnFm7SewZcVESsFIcDY238pTx4ImgdKJl0atKWUeKYjnyKSrBKvz5Ti74WuzK2_97bhTAHmAeY.UHgyHWgeq.UBrwAXgAwhKN58RieCMMvJv21KcQUyPhY95eZ1LziMHV0AR4ZDpFRQ2VWdsfLaRTBwYiyzodutEEnC_tE459C8IuP6joAOFBNwK1sIo6WKK8HzKtNkhk4aM762OkY9y2pOjQcsP3TCM5SDRWTgWvzpMrBnlUJqfMXfXmL.GXr7iGRquI4KJfcR61v7qKp6wgvFeM5_GvavSM_gbYp1tJ0u097CiWnOxlMacEra8SAgZiaMzNS8SPk_lQe7I75ktA19dKagCC0udv5Ec99Uk8Go2VRq1.WXIUkC4.2.h6tZTpAun66M4bBqo7iVs2cCP4UNG5dNwqzDqxDKwEFTKMnvLVllmLg_W5DoO.gWqdozIhXkgs5XzDrDfD54vWl6CSAQ29CrUS4PAZDyFfm8WVgWEe7dZ0ZHE_fbLYYTbTe.L3CddYJAOjt5fCZJkhJz6fRzx_dxYmZd6vBMRSI.oFj6LiUWOI0WM5OQJ005GA7CWVaV7zzstJ9Qf42DShT8FObroYBG5pQpgadB6TVLMlKPEiEIMeVqkPJ6ffMFa.ABKkVlkXNHXURUhgGm6EVqviRRhGaQOaW4j_VQudzClwp1Uslq_9TgtJkO.XIUN08ybGM4eBnAlAoF7hUAiuR.TZMug1ow3DkWU",mdrd: "2mBDCz1Fll1wJjaBhUh6bAL9Pn.p7SvDWEs.R9.GZP0-1739800963-1.2.1.1-iR8u2EdCpnecoGj.B.RjKsao40lFPI13B7VWUp8zvFuZSi8s159rwMsPJcerVF_cY6Eaia9LtU.oEY.iXP5Yt7fV2C5aJr9vrSyaROb4xbGFx9yuR_t.vrFsJUN2tD9Vs9ZSIa6A1G_4snb3Yfagkjouv8V0X7v4LpA.jGzki9fK.WPRpVFO62asP19zjBI5iYa4CJmlf3HAZb8o_alJIJjt1PDY.Y_SfDaWZwwIGZ2L4qm8R0XEaTmZwi3lpuEn9Fy7tCOUSIuc7OeahyGdtaCL22O9cKJChAwO9SiujDX4lMDiv.dj0a5XQ2KH_GqGZWElzCjVjfechqxBEn.nkU3BZUGeZu7nNA4XasMolesXNkdsQt7THoEc8M747WqhVUlCCFH6toUwcJCIvc1Qv.6qB63D4m7WrFsjO9KcuPsgZFCb68PRTVvo0QTW76ydPjSV0KmXBaJda87XbxT95FAM.U8ZuBqHaDenxq.CrMz6TvBqHhbHo.6BPqjya58uvGRTwAeeC_vCrY.Y5BEYmrKhAmnynlPEfGsKCL0p7oEWp88RtBqP5emcphXGZhW__JLa2tTSOhAYx46gg6wQpvx4ouDbIjw.0nQgAJ0Rv2j9jI2CPTvC7ax_8Rmhbn.KMBAcgrf84BuRfLaJlbZYvb.oV5Fv.7V466yUPpTLn4IZQ0dpVk.zvw9BENJDZ8MjtV.6gM2bO6VmqA06r_wU_6OCpTAKE4_7WmcsMugdbp5TkATLucCDEpMCvI651ixqzSm_DbKnHOhxVcVaMELz3WdXYA_S34P.K43WcFtNQzlZhiRzB7QCfwhFZbKliME_7LdUeRw3.sZzuh7RCM4VFcOtYLHp6wFheiUksOCbVKDEd2EuG7dFsW8RguAY5QuMGsfLF3EJgaDLrJSL_8mOfnzDaeaVHP0rsZUpARxjNI9t_1UEL.42nYgmKEFH5KJEFu9gd._BARy_jt.yajz8LEY0tloC3ibybkA5kC5Un76XJSAiPQBQS4m2fR11a.gwa70KxdIGgBkEUFTriQffTODACRCHd8u.m6rN2ZFHIL4jo5rgRmDhI0QLDU79I5Lz4wZStCtmOw1jO6ng1I4VAXwnpjxGyFNcFLRHqCsCvxiIk3uL.fvdr23Il0JuGBkjRnxglw5sT4uqGgZYOEO.hFkGljwAQpTyuksVuv98hNHEw38CrMQSEwzSdNhaaMM2I1hiLUc.Ze4jjslM6XjECNUDGDmwOA7Lawvvl8BGFAaPuJBBWIQ.ttjjComb2yeqaDVFow_rUY1J558.uG21lgbMr09XFd0Jocc1PJpxHMLwTx_NSZf6agXWcmcm2bWDz2lJEWr..ytM0C0OafjbTTlEJIyI_yxvILSiQyrTsRdZe_pFE_7whG8uJ8HX4TCu6KfjN_ij7_TEiW9WfidjPBJGpzCr8jLD.nk1Y4ncYqyYDMWNCg6X0oKoPZ1_kUfkpwxwzuNJuSE0Zb66Wx8xj9rmjrefL6251I0Wt5Vh.Jm8Bw2n9o2aUS2nCbUSl8D4STx0U1btn9SfmPDcSceiYbZ7y8LdXL4UZEO8peN54yLxpSdSMyRWEZCrmTZNkNqXfVtegMNWVr8F.VqOl1s.H09LJPLncyVTfgWZIHJDPPtFb53ZrlzhJysx8d0CWkrB_4R_8ycnraMIjyWP.Ly9xUI4K9DxDpkVXB1q4PnUkBq_RnlApGXSPiv_B.F9hV41N4lxTPLpTCt31_SPkZDdx5jKSwkplR6K0.iVpVXNdba66V2BErLuOH9jaHnX9aCkKCRjA7PcTuWhIB2024u0hKW8R61hlo1k1d8qA3BhsifFFbOdb9eR5REcpnthAMTTPJS2.bMu_DH09tUSs1u0l6jzI.wDSpijAE11pBuqPaBw_Nf6wtIA9J1SjGz3UZSe2QwEfpmmwr3swt8OxNhv..ENwV13z0FJ5h8kFLTKqrKirDqK4WZsKlaLGM2zEXAm2gJwtp.c6xmNJpsgqN91dA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913651157a3b4da3';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=early%20learning&__cf_chl_rt_tk=mLL8fqkdnNCjag37O21NRI5gs9ffbcFG2bdmHI4xrVI-1739800963-1.0.1.1-YJ1IWOZd86bmaiZ8Udf0h.j.HwdhUNlB21w3sSlACWA" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>