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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese magic mirror</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="/wiki/File:%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_119356.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_119356.jpg/220px-%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_119356.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_119356.jpg/330px-%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_119356.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_119356.jpg/440px-%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_119356.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3129" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption>Magic mirror with an image of the <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha Buddha</a>, Japan, 19th century. In this example there is a further bronze backplate, with an inscription, so that the Buddha can only be seen as a reflection.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_09_62_O2_sf.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_09_62_O2_sf.jpeg/220px-%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_09_62_O2_sf.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_09_62_O2_sf.jpeg/330px-%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_09_62_O2_sf.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_09_62_O2_sf.jpeg/440px-%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_09_62_O2_sf.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The same mirror reflecting the image onto a screen</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Chinese magic mirror</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">透光镜</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">透光鏡</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">tòu guāng jìng</span></i>) traces back to at least the 5th century,<sup id="cite_ref-unesco-courrier_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-courrier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although their existence during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (206 BC – 24 AD) has been claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mirrors were made out of solid <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>. The front was polished and could be used as a mirror, while the back has a design cast in the bronze,<sup id="cite_ref-unesco-courrier_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-courrier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other decoration. When sunlight or other bright light shines onto the mirror, the mirror appears to become <a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">transparent</a>. If that light is reflected from the mirror onto a wall, the pattern on the back of the mirror is then projected onto the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco-courrier_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-courrier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_LC-09_62_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_LC-09_62_001.jpg/220px-%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_LC-09_62_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_LC-09_62_001.jpg/330px-%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_LC-09_62_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_LC-09_62_001.jpg/440px-%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E9%AD%94%E9%8F%A1-Magic_Mirror_with_Image_of_the_Buddha_Amida_MET_LC-09_62_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>The back of the same mirror</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bronze_mirror" title="Bronze mirror">Bronze mirrors</a> were the standard in many <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> cultures, but most lacked this characteristic, as did most Chinese bronze mirrors. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_magic_mirror&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robert Temple describes their construction: </p> <blockquote><p>The basic mirror shape, with the design on the back, was cast flat, and the convexity of the surface produced afterwards by elaborate scraping and scratching. The surface was then polished to become shiny. The stresses set up by these processes caused the thinner parts of the surface to bulge outwards and become more convex than the thicker portions. Finally, a <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> amalgam was laid over the surface; this created further stresses and preferential buckling. The result was that imperfections of the mirror surface matched the patterns on the back, although they were too minute to be seen by the eye. But when the mirror reflected bright sunlight against a wall, with the resultant magnification of the whole image, the effect was to reproduce the patterns as if they were passing through the solid bronze by way of light beams.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco-courrier_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-courrier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-temple_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temple-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_magic_mirror&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_magic_mirror&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In about 800 AD, during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907), a book entitled <i>Record of Ancient Mirrors</i> described the method of crafting solid <a href="/wiki/Bronze_mirror" title="Bronze mirror">bronze mirrors</a> with decorations, written characters, or patterns on the reverse side that could cast these in a reflection on a nearby surface as light struck the front, polished side of the mirror; due to this seemingly <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (optics)">transparent effect</a>, they were called "light-penetration mirrors" by the Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco-courrier_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-courrier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-temple_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temple-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This Tang-era book was lost over the centuries, but magic mirrors were described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dream_Pool_Essays" title="Dream Pool Essays">Dream Pool Essays</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a> (1031–1095), who owned three of them as family <a href="/wiki/Heirloom" title="Heirloom">heirlooms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco-courrier_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-courrier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-temple_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temple-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perplexed as to how solid metal could be transparent, Shen guessed that some sort of <a href="/wiki/Quench" class="mw-redirect" title="Quench">quenching</a> technique was used to produce tiny wrinkles on the face of the mirror too small to be observed by the eye.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco-courrier_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-courrier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-temple_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temple-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although his explanation of different cooling rates was incorrect, he was right to suggest the surface contained minute variations which the naked eye could not detect; these mirrors also had no transparent quality at all, as discovered by the British scientist <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Bragg</a> in 1932. Bragg noted that "Only the magnifying effect of reflection makes them [the designs] plain".<sup id="cite_ref-unesco-courrier_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-courrier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-temple_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temple-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_magic_mirror&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the manufacture of mirrors in China increased, it expanded to <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. In fact, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Cao_Rui" title="Cao Rui">Cao Rui</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei Kingdom</a> of China gave numerous bronze mirrors (known as <i>Shinju-kyo</i> in Japan) to Queen <a href="/wiki/Himiko" title="Himiko">Himiko</a> of Wa (Japan), where they were received as rare and mysterious objects. They were described as "sources of honesty" as they were said to reflect all good and evil without error. That is why Japan considers a sacred mirror called <a href="/wiki/Yata_no_Kagami" title="Yata no Kagami">Yata-no-Kagami</a> to be one of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Regalia_of_Japan" title="Imperial Regalia of Japan">three great imperial treasures</a>. </p><p>Today, Yamamoto Akihisa is said to be the last manufacturer of magic mirrors in Japan. The <i>Kyoto Journal</i> <sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> interviewed the craftsman and he explained a small portion of the technique, that he learned from his father.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_magic_mirror&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Western Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first magic mirror to appear in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> was owned by the director of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Observatory" title="Paris Observatory">Paris Observatory</a>, who, on his return from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, brought several mirrors and one of them was magical. The latter was presented as an unknown object to the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> in 1844.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In total, just four magic mirrors brought from China to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, but in 1878 two engineering professors presented to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> several models they had brought from <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. The English called the artefacts "open mirrors" and for the first time made technical observations regarding their construction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Art_Museum" title="Cincinnati Art Museum">Cincinnati Art Museum</a> discovered that they had a Chinese magic mirror in their collection. The curator, Hou-mei Sung, discovered that a mirror in their collection reflected an image of <a href="/wiki/Amitabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitabha">Amitabha</a>, an important figure in Chinese Buddhism, his name being inscribed on the back of the mirror.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_magic_mirror&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TLV_mirror" title="TLV mirror">TLV mirror</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_magic_mirror&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/60142">"Magic Mirror with Image of the Buddha Amida"</a>. <i>Met Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Met+Museum&rft.atitle=Magic+Mirror+with+Image+of+the+Buddha+Amida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F60142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+magic+mirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-courrier-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unesco-courrier_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco-courrier_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco-courrier_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco-courrier_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco-courrier_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco-courrier_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco-courrier_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco-courrier_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000817/081712eo.pdf">"Magic Mirrors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Courier</i>: 16–17. October 1988. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-5278">0041-5278</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Courier&rft.atitle=Magic+Mirrors&rft.pages=16-17&rft.date=1988-10&rft.issn=0041-5278&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0008%2F000817%2F081712eo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+magic+mirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakYip,_Din-yan2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mak, Se-yuen; Yip, Din-yan (2001). "Secrets of the Chinese magic mirror replica". <i>Physics Education</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 102–107. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhyEd..36..102M">2001PhyEd..36..102M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-9120%2F36%2F2%2F302">10.1088/0031-9120/36/2/302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250800685">250800685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Education&rft.atitle=Secrets+of+the+Chinese+magic+mirror+replica&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=102-107&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250800685%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0031-9120%2F36%2F2%2F302&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PhyEd..36..102M&rft.aulast=Mak&rft.aufirst=Se-yuen&rft.au=Yip%2C+Din-yan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+magic+mirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-temple-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-temple_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-temple_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-temple_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-temple_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-temple_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Temple, Robert (1986). <i>The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention.</i> New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc. p. 66-67 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-62028-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-62028-2">0-671-62028-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyotojournal.org/renewal/the-magic-mirror-maker/">"The Magic Mirror Maker"</a>. <i>Kyoto Journal</i>. 4 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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