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id="toc-Analgesics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analgesics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Analgesics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analgesics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diabetes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diabetes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Diabetes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diabetes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autosomal_dominant_polycystic_kidney_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autosomal_dominant_polycystic_kidney_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autosomal_dominant_polycystic_kidney_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>COVID-19</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IgA_nephropathy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IgA_nephropathy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>IgA nephropathy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IgA_nephropathy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iodinated_contrast_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iodinated_contrast_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Iodinated contrast media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iodinated_contrast_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Lithium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lupus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lupus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Lupus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lupus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xanthine_oxidase_deficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xanthine_oxidase_deficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Xanthine oxidase deficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xanthine_oxidase_deficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polycystic_disease_of_the_kidneys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polycystic_disease_of_the_kidneys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Polycystic disease of the kidneys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polycystic_disease_of_the_kidneys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity_of_chemotherapy_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity_of_chemotherapy_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Toxicity of chemotherapy agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity_of_chemotherapy_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dialysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transplantation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transplantation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Transplantation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transplantation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kidney disease</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اعتلال الكلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اعتلال الكلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefropatia" title="Nefropatia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nefropatia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephropathie" title="Nephropathie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nephropathie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefropat%C3%ADa" title="Nefropatía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nefropatía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefropatia" title="Nefropatia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nefropatia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="بیماری کلیوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیماری کلیوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9phropathie" title="Néphropathie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néphropathie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galar_du%C3%A1in" title="Galar duáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Galar duáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%9E%A5%EB%B3%91" title="신장병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신장병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefropati" title="Nefropati – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nefropati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefropatia" title="Nefropatia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nefropatia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="מחלות כליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחלות כליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нефропатия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нефропатия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нефропатия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нефропатия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nierziekte" title="Nierziekte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nierziekte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%8E%E8%87%93%E7%97%85" title="腎臓病 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="腎臓病" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%90%DF%AF%DF%98%DF%90%DF%9E%DF%98%DF%8E%DF%93%DF%A3%DF%8A" title="ߞߐ߯ߘߐߞߘߎߓߣߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߐ߯ߘߐߞߘߎߓߣߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefropati" title="Nefropati – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nefropati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefropatiya" title="Nefropatiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nefropatiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefropatia" title="Nefropatia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nefropatia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefropatia" title="Nefropatia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nefropatia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нефропатия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нефропатия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9C" title="වකුගඩු රෝග – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වකුගඩු රෝග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_disease" title="Renal disease – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Renal disease" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%95" title="نەخۆشیی گورچیلە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەخۆشیی گورچیلە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefropatia" title="Nefropatia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nefropatia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefropati" title="Nefropati – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nefropati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95" title="โรคไต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรคไต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6brek_hastal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Böbrek hastalığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Böbrek hastalığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawa_mu_yare%C9%9B" title="Sawa mu yareɛ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Sawa mu yareɛ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Захворювання нирок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Захворювання нирок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%87nh_th%E1%BA%ADn" title="Bệnh thận – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bệnh thận" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%8E%E7%97%85%E8%AE%8A" title="腎病變 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="腎病變" data-language-autonym="中文" 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(medicine)">reliable medical references</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a> or relies too heavily on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary sources">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please review the contents of the article and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit">add the appropriate references</a> if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kidney+disease%22">"Kidney disease"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kidney+disease%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kidney+disease%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kidney+disease%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kidney+disease%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kidney+disease%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/52px-Star_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/77px-Star_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/103px-Star_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Kidney disease</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Renal disease, nephropathy</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kidney_%E2%80%93_acute_cortical_necrosis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kidney_%E2%80%93_acute_cortical_necrosis.jpg/220px-Kidney_%E2%80%93_acute_cortical_necrosis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kidney_%E2%80%93_acute_cortical_necrosis.jpg/330px-Kidney_%E2%80%93_acute_cortical_necrosis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kidney_%E2%80%93_acute_cortical_necrosis.jpg/440px-Kidney_%E2%80%93_acute_cortical_necrosis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="1884" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Pathologic kidney specimen showing marked pallor of the cortex, contrasting to the darker areas of surviving medullary tissue. The patient died with <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">acute kidney injury</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">urology</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718?uselang=en#P1995" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uremia" title="Uremia">Uremia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kidney disease</b>, or <b>renal disease</b>, technically referred to as <b>nephropathy</b>, is damage to or <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nephritis" title="Nephritis">Nephritis</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory</a> kidney disease and has several types according to the location of the inflammation. Inflammation can be diagnosed by <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood tests</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nephrosis" title="Nephrosis">Nephrosis</a> is non-inflammatory kidney disease. Nephritis and nephrosis can give rise to <a href="/wiki/Nephritic_syndrome" title="Nephritic syndrome">nephritic syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nephrotic_syndrome" title="Nephrotic syndrome">nephrotic syndrome</a> respectively. Kidney disease usually causes a loss of <a href="/wiki/Assessment_of_kidney_function" title="Assessment of kidney function">kidney function</a> to some degree and can result in <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, the complete loss of kidney function. Kidney failure is known as the end-stage of kidney disease, where <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Kidney_transplantation" title="Kidney transplantation">kidney transplant</a> is the only treatment option. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">Chronic kidney disease</a> is defined as prolonged kidney abnormalities (functional and/or structural in nature) that last for more than three months.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acute kidney disease is now termed <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">acute kidney injury</a> and is marked by the sudden reduction in kidney function over seven days. </p><p>Rates for both chronic kidney disease and mortality have increased, associated with the rising prevalence of diabetes and the ageing global population.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> has reported that "kidney diseases have risen from the world’s nineteenth leading cause of death to the ninth, with the number of deaths increasing by 95% between 2000 and 2021."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, prevalence has risen from about one in eight in 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to one in seven in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kidney_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kidney_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/290px-Kidney_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kidney_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/435px-Kidney_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kidney_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/580px-Kidney_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Deaths due to kidney diseases per million persons in 2012 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff20; color:black;"> </span> 16–61</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffe820; color:black;"> </span> 62–79</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd820; color:black;"> </span> 80–88</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc020; color:black;"> </span> 89–95</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffa020; color:black;"> </span> 96–110</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9a20; color:black;"> </span> 111–120</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f08015; color:black;"> </span> 121–135</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e06815; color:black;"> </span> 136–160</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d85010; color:black;"> </span> 161–186</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d02010; color:white;"> </span> 187–343</div></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Causes of kidney disease include deposition of the <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A" title="Immunoglobulin A">Immunoglobulin A</a> <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)" title="Glomerulus (kidney)">glomerulus</a>, administration of <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthine oxidase deficiency">xanthine oxidase deficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">toxicity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapeutic_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemotherapeutic agents">chemotherapy agents</a>, and a long-term exposure to <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> or its salts. Chronic conditions that can produce nephropathy include <a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">systemic lupus erythematosus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a> (hypertension), which lead to <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy" title="Diabetic nephropathy">diabetic nephropathy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_nephropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertensive nephropathy">hypertensive nephropathy</a>, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analgesics">Analgesics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Analgesics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Analgesic_nephropathy" title="Analgesic nephropathy">Analgesic nephropathy</a></div> <p>One cause of nephropathy is the long term usage of pain medications known as <a href="/wiki/Analgesics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analgesics">analgesics</a>. The pain medicines which can cause kidney problems include <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetaminophen" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetaminophen">acetaminophen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a> (NSAIDs). This form of nephropathy is "chronic analgesic nephritis," a chronic inflammatory change characterized by loss and atrophy of tubules and interstitial fibrosis and inflammation (BRS Pathology, 2nd ed.). </p><p>Specifically, long-term use of the analgesic <a href="/wiki/Phenacetin" title="Phenacetin">phenacetin</a> has been linked to <a href="/wiki/Renal_papillary_necrosis" title="Renal papillary necrosis">renal papillary necrosis</a> (necrotizing papillitis). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diabetes">Diabetes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diabetes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy" title="Diabetic nephropathy">Diabetic nephropathy</a></div> <p>Diabetic nephropathy is a progressive kidney disease caused by <a href="/wiki/Angiopathy" title="Angiopathy">angiopathy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)" title="Glomerulus (kidney)">glomeruli</a>. It is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Nephrotic_syndrome" title="Nephrotic syndrome">nephrotic syndrome</a> and diffuse <a href="/wiki/Glomerulosclerosis" title="Glomerulosclerosis">scarring of the glomeruli</a>. It is particularly associated with poorly managed <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a> and is a primary reason for <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a> in many developed countries. It is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Microangiopathy" title="Microangiopathy">small blood vessel complication</a> of diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autosomal_dominant_polycystic_kidney_disease">Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gabow 1990 talks about Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney disease and how this disease is genetic. They go on to say "Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common genetic disease, affecting a half million Americans. The clinical phenotype can result from at least two different gene defects. One gene that can cause ADPKD has been located on the short arm of chromosome 16."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same article also goes on to say that millions of Americans are effected by this disease and is very common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19">COVID-19</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: COVID-19"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> is associated with kidney disease. In patients hospitalized with COVID-19, the prevalence of acute kidney injury is estimated to be 28%, and the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Renal_replacement_therapy" title="Renal replacement therapy">renal replacement therapy</a> is estimated to be 9%.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Higher dietary intake of animal protein, animal fat, and cholesterol may increase risk for <a href="/wiki/Microalbuminuria" title="Microalbuminuria">microalbuminuria</a>, a sign of kidney function decline,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and generally, diets higher in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains but lower in meat and <a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">sweets</a> may be protective against kidney function decline.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be because sources of animal protein, animal fat, and cholesterol, and sweets are more acid-producing, while fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains are more <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base-producing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IgA_nephropathy">IgA nephropathy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: IgA nephropathy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IgA_nephropathy" title="IgA nephropathy">IgA nephropathy</a></div> <p>IgA nephropathy is the most common <a href="/wiki/Glomerulonephritis" title="Glomerulonephritis">glomerulonephritis</a> throughout the world <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary IgA nephropathy is characterized by deposition of the <a href="/wiki/IgA" class="mw-redirect" title="IgA">IgA</a> <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a> in the glomerulus. The classic presentation (in 40–50% of the cases) is episodic frank <a href="/wiki/Hematuria" title="Hematuria">hematuria</a> which usually starts within a day or two of a non-specific <a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">upper respiratory tract infection</a> (hence <i>synpharyngitic</i>) as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Post-streptococcal_glomerulonephritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis">post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis</a> which occurs some time (weeks) after initial infection. Less commonly gastrointestinal or urinary infection can be the inciting agent. All of these infections have in common the activation of mucosal defenses and hence IgA antibody production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iodinated_contrast_media">Iodinated contrast media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Iodinated contrast media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iodinated_contrast_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodinated contrast media">Iodinated contrast media</a></div> <p>Kidney disease induced by iodinated contrast media (ICM) is called <a href="/wiki/Contrast_induced_nephropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast induced nephropathy">contrast induced nephropathy</a> (CIN) or contrast-induced <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">acute kidney injury</a> (AKI). Currently, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. But there is a body of evidence that several factors including <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>-induction seem to play a role.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithium">Lithium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lithium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lithium_(medication)" title="Lithium (medication)">Lithium</a>, a medication commonly used to treat <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">schizoaffective disorders</a>, can cause <a href="/wiki/Nephrogenic_diabetes_insipidus" title="Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus">nephrogenic diabetes insipidus</a>; its long-term use can lead to nephropathy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lupus">Lupus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lupus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite expensive treatments, <a href="/wiki/Lupus_nephritis" title="Lupus nephritis">lupus nephritis</a> remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in people with relapsing or refractory lupus nephritis.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xanthine_oxidase_deficiency">Xanthine oxidase deficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Xanthine oxidase deficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthine oxidase deficiency">Xanthine oxidase deficiency</a></div> <p>Another possible cause of Kidney disease is due to decreased function of <a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase" title="Xanthine oxidase">xanthine oxidase</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">purine</a> degradation pathway. Xanthine oxidase will degrade <a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine" title="Hypoxanthine">hypoxanthine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">xanthine</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a>. Xanthine is not very soluble in water; therefore, an increase in xanthine forms crystals (which can lead to <a href="/wiki/Kidney_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney stone">kidney stones</a>) and result in damage to the kidney. <a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase" title="Xanthine oxidase">Xanthine oxidase</a> inhibitors, like <a href="/wiki/Allopurinol" title="Allopurinol">allopurinol</a>, can cause nephropathy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polycystic_disease_of_the_kidneys">Polycystic disease of the kidneys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Polycystic disease of the kidneys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_disease" title="Polycystic kidney disease">Polycystic kidney disease</a></div> <p>Additional possible cause of nephropathy is due to the formation of cysts or pockets containing fluid within the kidneys. These cysts become enlarged with the progression of aging causing renal failure. Cysts may also form in other organs including the liver, brain, and ovaries. Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the PKD1, PKD2, and PKHD1 genes. This disease affects about half a million people in the US. Polycystic kidneys are susceptible to infections and cancer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity_of_chemotherapy_agents">Toxicity of chemotherapy agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Toxicity of chemotherapy agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Onconephrology" title="Onconephrology">Onconephrology</a></div> <p>Nephropathy can be associated with some therapies used to treat cancer. The most common form of kidney disease in cancer patients is <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">acute kidney injury</a> (AKI) which can usually be due to volume depletion from vomiting and diarrhea that occur following chemotherapy or occasionally due to kidney toxicities of chemotherapeutic agents. Kidney failure from break down of cancer cells, usually after chemotherapy, is unique to <a href="/wiki/Onconephrology" title="Onconephrology">onconephrology</a>. Several chemotherapeutic agents, for example <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">cisplatin</a>, are associated with acute and chronic kidney injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newer agents such as <a href="/wiki/Anti-VEGF" title="Anti-VEGF">anti-vascular endothelial growth factor</a> (anti-VEGF) are also associated with similar injuries, as well as <a href="/wiki/Proteinuria" title="Proteinuria">proteinuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thrombotic_microangiopathy" title="Thrombotic microangiopathy">thrombotic microangiopathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21146124_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21146124-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis#Other_diagnostic_procedure_methods" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnostic workup</a> of suspected kidney disease includes a <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">medical history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">physical examination</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Urine_test_strip" title="Urine test strip">urine test</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">ultrasound</a> of the kidneys (<a href="/wiki/Renal_ultrasonography" title="Renal ultrasonography">renal ultrasonography</a>). An ultrasound is essential in the diagnosis and management of kidney disease.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment approaches for kidney disease focus on managing the symptoms, controlling the progression, and also treating co-morbidities that a person may have.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialysis">Dialysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dialysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">Kidney dialysis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transplantation">Transplantation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transplantation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kidney_transplantation" title="Kidney transplantation">Kidney transplantation</a></div> <p>Millions of people across the world have kidney disease. Of those millions, several thousand will need <a href="/wiki/Renal_replacement_therapy" title="Renal replacement therapy">dialysis</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Kidney_transplantation" title="Kidney transplantation">kidney transplant</a> at its <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">end-stage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MeatMarketWSJ_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeatMarketWSJ-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, as of 2008, 16,500 people needed a kidney transplant.<sup id="cite_ref-MeatMarketWSJ_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeatMarketWSJ-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of those, 5,000 died while waiting for a transplant.<sup id="cite_ref-MeatMarketWSJ_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeatMarketWSJ-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, there is a shortage of donors, and in 2007 there were only 64,606 kidney transplants in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-MeatMarketWSJ_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeatMarketWSJ-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shortage of donors is causing countries to place monetary value on kidneys. Countries such as Iran and Singapore are eliminating their lists by paying their citizens to donate. Also, the black market accounts for 5–10 percent of transplants that occur worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-MeatMarketWSJ_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeatMarketWSJ-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act of buying an organ through the black market is illegal in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be put on the waiting list for a kidney transplant, patients must first be referred by a physician, then they must choose and contact a donor hospital. Once they choose a donor hospital, patients must then receive an evaluation to make sure they are sustainable to receive a transplant. In order to be a match for a kidney transplant, patients must match blood type and <a href="/wiki/Human_leukocyte_antigen" title="Human leukocyte antigen">human leukocyte antigen</a> factors with their donors. They must also have no reactions to the <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> from the donor's kidneys.<sup id="cite_ref-kidneylink_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kidneylink-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MeatMarketWSJ_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeatMarketWSJ-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kidney disease can have serious consequences if it cannot be controlled effectively. Generally, the progression of kidney disease is from mild to serious. Some kidney diseases can cause <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematologic_Diseases_Information_Service" title="Hematologic Diseases Information Service">Hematologic Diseases Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_nephropathy" title="Mesoamerican nephropathy">Mesoamerican nephropathy</a>, an enigmatic chronic kidney disease of Central America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_toxicity" title="Protein toxicity">Protein toxicity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKimLeeKimKang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Kun Hyung; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kidneylink.org&rft.atitle=The+Waiting+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kidneylink.org%2FTheWaitingList.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKidney+disease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_disease&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718" class="extiw" title="d:Q1054718">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/N00">N00</a>- <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/N29">N29</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D007674">D007674</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kidney_disease" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kidney_disease" title="Template:Kidney disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kidney_disease" title="Template talk:Kidney disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kidney_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kidney disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kidney_disease" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kidney disease</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glomerulopathy" title="Glomerulopathy">Glomerular disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Glomerular_disease" title="Template:Glomerular disease">Template:Glomerular disease</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tubulopathy" title="Tubulopathy">Tubules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_tubular_acidosis" title="Renal tubular acidosis">Renal tubular acidosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proximal_renal_tubular_acidosis" title="Proximal renal tubular acidosis">proximal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_renal_tubular_acidosis" title="Distal renal tubular acidosis">distal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_tubular_necrosis" title="Acute tubular necrosis">Acute tubular necrosis</a></li> <li>Genetic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanconi_syndrome" title="Fanconi syndrome">Fanconi syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartter_syndrome" title="Bartter syndrome">Bartter syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitelman_syndrome" title="Gitelman syndrome">Gitelman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liddle%27s_syndrome" title="Liddle's syndrome">Liddle's syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medullary_interstitium" class="mw-redirect" title="Medullary interstitium">Interstitium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_nephritis" title="Interstitial nephritis">Interstitial nephritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyelonephritis" title="Pyelonephritis">Pyelonephritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_endemic_nephropathy" title="Balkan endemic nephropathy">Balkan endemic nephropathy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">Vascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_artery_stenosis" title="Renal artery stenosis">Renal artery stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal ischemia">Renal ischemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_nephropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertensive nephropathy">Hypertensive nephropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renovascular_hypertension" title="Renovascular hypertension">Renovascular hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_cortical_necrosis" title="Renal cortical necrosis">Renal cortical necrosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General syndromes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nephritis" title="Nephritis">Nephritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrosis" title="Nephrosis">Nephrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal failure">Renal failure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">Acute renal failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">Chronic kidney disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uremia" title="Uremia">Uremia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic_nephropathy" title="Analgesic nephropathy">Analgesic nephropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_osteodystrophy" title="Renal osteodystrophy">Renal osteodystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephroptosis" title="Nephroptosis">Nephroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abderhalden%E2%80%93Kaufmann%E2%80%93Lignac_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac syndrome">Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_insipidus" title="Diabetes insipidus">Diabetes insipidus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nephrogenic_diabetes_insipidus" title="Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus">Nephrogenic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_papilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal papilla">Renal papilla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_papillary_necrosis" title="Renal papillary necrosis">Renal papillary necrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_calyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Major calyx">Major calyx</a>/<a href="/wiki/Renal_pelvis" title="Renal pelvis">pelvis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydronephrosis" title="Hydronephrosis">Hydronephrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyonephrosis" title="Pyonephrosis">Pyonephrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflux_nephropathy" title="Reflux nephropathy">Reflux nephropathy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disease_of_the_kidney_glomerules" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glomerular_disease" title="Template:Glomerular disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glomerular_disease" title="Template talk:Glomerular disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glomerular_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glomerular disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disease_of_the_kidney_glomerules" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Glomerulopathy" title="Glomerulopathy">Disease of the kidney glomerules</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primarily<br /><a href="/wiki/Nephrotic_syndrome" title="Nephrotic syndrome">nephrotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glomerulonephritis#Nonproliferative" title="Glomerulonephritis">Non-proliferative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_change_disease" title="Minimal change disease">Minimal change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_segmental_glomerulosclerosis" title="Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis">Focal segmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membranous_glomerulonephritis" title="Membranous glomerulonephritis">Membranous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glomerulonephritis#Proliferative" title="Glomerulonephritis">Proliferative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesangial_proliferative_glomerulonephritis" title="Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis">Mesangial proliferative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocapillary_proliferative_glomerulonephritis" title="Endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis">Endocapillary proliferative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membranoproliferative_glomerulonephritis" title="Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis">Membranoproliferative/mesangiocapillary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By condition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy" title="Diabetic nephropathy">Diabetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_renal_amyloidosis" title="Familial renal amyloidosis">Amyloidosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primarily<br /><a href="/wiki/Nephritic_syndrome" title="Nephritic syndrome">nephritic</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Rapidly_progressive_glomerulonephritis" title="Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis">RPG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rapidly_progressive_glomerulonephritis#Type_I" title="Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis">Type I RPG</a>/<a href="/wiki/Type_II_hypersensitivity" title="Type II hypersensitivity">Type II hypersensitivity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goodpasture_syndrome" title="Goodpasture syndrome">Goodpasture syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rapidly_progressive_glomerulonephritis#Type_II" title="Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis">Type II RPG</a>/<a href="/wiki/Type_III_hypersensitivity" title="Type III hypersensitivity">Type III hypersensitivity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_proliferative_glomerulonephritis" title="Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis">Post-streptococcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_nephritis" title="Lupus nephritis">Lupus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_proliferative_nephritis" title="Diffuse proliferative nephritis">diffuse proliferative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IgA_nephropathy" title="IgA nephropathy">IgA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rapidly_progressive_glomerulonephritis#Type_III" title="Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis">Type III RPG</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pauci-immune" title="Pauci-immune">Pauci-immune</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis" title="Granulomatosis with polyangiitis">Granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscopic_polyangiitis" title="Microscopic polyangiitis">Microscopic polyangiitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis" title="Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis">Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glomerulonephritis" title="Glomerulonephritis">glomerulonephritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomerulonephrosis" title="Glomerulonephrosis">glomerulonephrosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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