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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Post-dissolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology_and_spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology_and_spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mythology and spirituality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology_and_spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Glastonbury Tor" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="غلاستونبري تور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلاستونبري تور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Glastonbury" title="Torre de Glastonbury – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Torre de Glastonbury" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Glastonbury Tor" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glastonbury Tor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Glastonbury Tor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Glastonbury Tor" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonburyko_dorrea" title="Glastonburyko dorrea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Glastonburyko dorrea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Glastonbury Tor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Glastonbury Tor" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Glastonbury Tor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Glastonbury Tor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="גלסטונברי טור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלסטונברי טור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_Glastoniensis" title="Mons Glastoniensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mons Glastoniensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Glastonbury Tor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC" title="グラストンベリー・トー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グラストンベリー・トー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Glastonbury Tor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Glastonbury Tor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wzg%C3%B3rze_Glastonbury" title="Wzgórze Glastonbury – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wzgórze Glastonbury" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Glastonbury Tor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Glastonbury Tor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Гластонбери-Тор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гластонбери-Тор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glastonbury Tor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Glastonbury Tor" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Glastonbury Tor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Glastonbury Tor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%96%E4%B8%96%E5%9C%A3%E4%B8%98" title="盖世圣丘 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="盖世圣丘" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Glastonbury_Tor&params=51_08_40_N_2_41_55_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°08′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°41′55″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.14444°N 2.69861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.14444; -2.69861</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hill in Glastonbury, Somerset, England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">Glastonbury Tor<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i>Ynys Wydryn</i></small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Glastonbury_Tor-_View_of_an_iconic_landmark_(geograph_5500644).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Glastonbury_Tor-_View_of_an_iconic_landmark_%28geograph_5500644%29.jpg/250px-Glastonbury_Tor-_View_of_an_iconic_landmark_%28geograph_5500644%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Glastonbury_Tor-_View_of_an_iconic_landmark_%28geograph_5500644%29.jpg/375px-Glastonbury_Tor-_View_of_an_iconic_landmark_%28geograph_5500644%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Glastonbury_Tor-_View_of_an_iconic_landmark_%28geograph_5500644%29.jpg/500px-Glastonbury_Tor-_View_of_an_iconic_landmark_%28geograph_5500644%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="721" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Glastonbury Tor in 2017</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Glastonbury" title="Glastonbury">Glastonbury</a>, Somerset, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Glastonbury_Tor&params=51_08_40_N_2_41_55_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°08′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°41′55″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.14444°N 2.69861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.14444; -2.69861</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #00247D; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">Scheduled monument</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">St Michael's Church, monastic remains, and other settlement remains on Glastonbury Tor</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">24 April 1954<sup id="cite_ref-nhlesm_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlesm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1019390</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #FFC0CB; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Listed_building#England_and_Wales" title="Listed building">Listed Building</a> – Grade I</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">St Michael's Church Tower</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">21 June 1950<sup id="cite_ref-nhlelb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlelb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1345475</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Somerset_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glastonbury Tor is located in Somerset"><img alt="Glastonbury Tor is located in Somerset" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Somerset_UK_location_map.svg/235px-Somerset_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Somerset_UK_location_map.svg/353px-Somerset_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Somerset_UK_location_map.svg/470px-Somerset_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="901" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.075%;left:68.554%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Glastonbury Tor"><img alt="Glastonbury Tor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Glastonbury Tor<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i>Ynys Wydryn</i></small> in Somerset</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Glastonbury Tor</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Tor_(rock_formation)" title="Tor (rock formation)">tor</a> near <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury" title="Glastonbury">Glastonbury</a> in the English county of <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>, topped by the roofless St Michael's Tower, a Grade I <a href="/wiki/Listed_building_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Listed building (United Kingdom)">listed building</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nhlelb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlelb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site is managed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a> and has been designated a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">scheduled monument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nhlesm_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlesm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tor is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a>, particularly in myths linked to <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>, and has several other enduring mythological and spiritual associations. </p><p>The conical hill of clay and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Lias" title="Blue Lias">Blue Lias</a> rises from the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Levels" title="Somerset Levels">Somerset Levels</a>. It was formed when surrounding softer deposits were eroded, leaving a hard cap of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> exposed. The slopes of the hill are terraced, but the method by which they were formed remains unexplained. </p><p>Archaeological excavations during the 20th century sought to clarify the background of the monument and church, but some aspects of their history remain unexplained. Artefacts from human visitation have been found, dating from the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> to Roman eras. Several buildings were constructed on the summit during <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early medieval periods</a>; they have been interpreted as an early church and monks' hermitage. The head of a <a href="/wiki/Wheel_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheel cross">wheel cross</a> dating from the 10th or 11th century has been recovered. The original wooden church was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/1275_British_earthquake" title="1275 British earthquake">an earthquake in 1275</a>, and the stone Church of St Michael was built on the site in the 14th century. Its tower remains, although it has been restored and partially rebuilt several times. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glastonbury_Tor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the name <i>Glastonbury</i> is unclear, but when the settlement was first recorded in the late 7th and early 8th centuries it was called <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Glestingaburg</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray193546–53_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray193546–53-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson199267_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson199267-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the latter name, <i>Glestinga</i> is obscure and may derive from an <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word or <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> personal name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray193546–53_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray193546–53-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGathercole2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGathercole2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may derive from a person or <a href="/wiki/Kinship_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinship group">kinship group</a> named Glast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray193546–53_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray193546–53-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second half of the name, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">-burg</i></span>, is <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> in origin and could refer to either a fortified place such as a <a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">burh</a> or, more likely, a monastic enclosure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Tor_(rock_formation)" title="Tor (rock formation)">Tor</a></i> is an English word referring to "a bare rock mass surmounted and surrounded by blocks and boulders", deriving from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">torr</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goudie_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goudie-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Celtic name of the Tor was <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Ynys Wydryn</i></span>, or sometimes <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Ynys Gutrin</i></span>, meaning 'Isle of Glass'. At this time<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="No time mentioned in the text (December 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the plain was flooded, the isle becoming a peninsula at low tide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEkwall1960198_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkwall1960198-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins198983_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins198983-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_and_landscape">Location and landscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glastonbury_Tor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location and landscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_and_Glastonbury_Tor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Street_and_Glastonbury_Tor.jpg/280px-Street_and_Glastonbury_Tor.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Street_and_Glastonbury_Tor.jpg/420px-Street_and_Glastonbury_Tor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Street_and_Glastonbury_Tor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption> Glastonbury Tor and <a href="/wiki/Street,_Somerset" title="Street, Somerset">Street</a> seen through the mist, as viewed from Walton Hill</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tor is in the middle of the Summerland Meadows, part of the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Levels" title="Somerset Levels">Somerset Levels</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirautThackerWilliamson2006a_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESirautThackerWilliamson2006a-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rising to an elevation of 518 feet (158 m).<sup id="cite_ref-nhlesm_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlesm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plain is reclaimed <a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">fen</a> above which the Tor is clearly visible for miles around. It has been described as an island, but actually sits at the western end of a <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> washed on three sides by the <a href="/wiki/River_Brue" title="River Brue">River Brue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins198969_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins198969-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tor is formed from rocks dating from the early <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> Period, namely varied layers of <a href="/wiki/Lias_Group" title="Lias Group">Lias Group</a> strata. The uppermost of these, forming the Tor itself, are a succession of rocks assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Bridport_Sand_Formation" title="Bridport Sand Formation">Bridport Sand Formation</a>. These rocks sit upon strata forming the broader hill on which the Tor stands; the various layers of the <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Limestone_Formation" title="Beacon Limestone Formation">Beacon Limestone Formation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dyrham_Formation" title="Dyrham Formation">Dyrham Formation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bgs2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgs2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bridport Sands have acted as a <a href="/wiki/Caprock" title="Caprock">caprock</a>, protecting the lower layers from erosion. </p><p>The iron-rich waters of <a href="/wiki/Chalice_Well" title="Chalice Well">Chalice Well</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">spring</a> at the base of the Tor, flow out as an artesian well impregnating the sandstone around it with <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxides</a> that have reinforced it to produce the caprock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200320_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200320-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iron-rich but oxygen-poor water in the aquifer carries dissolved <a href="/wiki/Iron#Chemistry_and_compounds" title="Iron">iron (II) "ferrous" iron</a>, but as the water surfaces and its oxygen content rises, the oxidised <a href="/wiki/Iron#Chemistry_and_compounds" title="Iron">iron (III) "ferric" iron</a> drops out as insoluble "rusty" oxides that bind to the surrounding stone, hardening it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann201117_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann201117-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The low-lying damp ground can produce a visual effect known as a <a href="/wiki/Fata_Morgana_(mirage)" title="Fata Morgana (mirage)">Fata Morgana</a> when the Tor appears to rise out of the mist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung1807302_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung1807302-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Optical_phenomenon" title="Optical phenomenon">optical phenomenon</a> occurs because rays of light are strongly bent when they pass through air layers of different temperatures in a steep <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)" title="Inversion (meteorology)">thermal inversion</a> where an <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_duct" title="Atmospheric duct">atmospheric duct</a> has formed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian term <i>Fata Morgana</i> is derived from the name of <a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a>, a powerful sorceress in <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian legend">Arthurian legend</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terraces">Terraces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glastonbury_Tor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Terraces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glastonbury_Tor_from_north_east_showing_terraces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Glastonbury_Tor_from_north_east_showing_terraces.jpg/220px-Glastonbury_Tor_from_north_east_showing_terraces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Glastonbury_Tor_from_north_east_showing_terraces.jpg/330px-Glastonbury_Tor_from_north_east_showing_terraces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Glastonbury_Tor_from_north_east_showing_terraces.jpg/440px-Glastonbury_Tor_from_north_east_showing_terraces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Terraces on the Tor</figcaption></figure> <p>The sides of the Tor have seven deep, roughly symmetrical terraces, or <a href="/wiki/Lynchet" title="Lynchet">lynchets</a>. Their formation remains a mystery<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with many possible explanations. They may have been formed as a result of natural differentiation of the layers of Lias stone and <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> or used by farmers during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> as <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">terraced hills</a> to make ploughing for crops easier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200367_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200367-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author Nicholas Mann questions this theory. If agriculture had been the reason for the creation of the terraces, it would be expected that the effort would be concentrated on the south side, where the sunny conditions would provide a good yield, but the terraces are equally deep on the northern side, which would provide little benefit. Additionally, none of the other slopes of the island have been terraced, even though the more sheltered locations would provide a greater return on the labour involved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann198632–33_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann198632–33-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glastonbury-tor-ST5129638553.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Glastonbury-tor-ST5129638553.png/220px-Glastonbury-tor-ST5129638553.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Glastonbury-tor-ST5129638553.png/330px-Glastonbury-tor-ST5129638553.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Glastonbury-tor-ST5129638553.png/440px-Glastonbury-tor-ST5129638553.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>LIDAR topography</figcaption></figure> <p>Other explanations have been suggested for the terraces, including the construction of defensive ramparts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVallins2013_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallins2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iron Age hill forts including the nearby <a href="/wiki/Cadbury_Castle,_Somerset" title="Cadbury Castle, Somerset">Cadbury Castle</a> in Somerset show evidence of extensive <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a> of their slopes. The normal form of ramparts is a bank and ditch, but there is no evidence of this arrangement on the Tor. South Cadbury, one of the most extensively fortified places in early Britain, had three concentric rings of banks and ditches supporting an 44-acre (18 ha) enclosure. By contrast, the Tor has seven rings and very little space on top for the safekeeping of a community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann198632_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann198632-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2020)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that a defensive function may have been linked with <a href="/wiki/Ponter%27s_Ball_Dyke" title="Ponter's Ball Dyke">Ponter's Ball Dyke</a>, a linear <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">earthwork</a> about 1 mile (1.6 km) east of the Tor.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllcroft1908496_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllcroft1908496-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SHER23564_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHER23564-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of an embankment with a ditch on the east side.<sup id="cite_ref-SHER23564_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHER23564-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose and provenance of the dyke are unclear. It is possible that it was part of a longer defensive barrier associated with <a href="/wiki/New_Ditch" title="New Ditch">New Ditch</a>, three miles to the south-west, which is built in a similar manner. It has been suggested by <a href="/wiki/Ralegh_Radford" title="Ralegh Radford">Ralegh Radford</a> that it is part of a great Celtic sanctuary, probably 3rd century BC, while others, including <a href="/wiki/Philip_Rahtz" title="Philip Rahtz">Philip Rahtz</a>, date it to the post-Roman period and link it to the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Age</a> occupation on Glastonbury Tor. The 1970 excavation suggests the 12th century or later.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a> also mentions the alternative possibility that the terraces are the remains of a medieval "spiral walkway" created for pilgrims to reach the church on the summit,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacLaranScott2009_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLaranScott2009-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to that at <a href="/wiki/Whitby_Abbey" title="Whitby Abbey">Whitby Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton200679_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton200679-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glastonbury_tor_(the_final_climb)_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Glastonbury_tor_%28the_final_climb%29_arp.jpg/220px-Glastonbury_tor_%28the_final_climb%29_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Glastonbury_tor_%28the_final_climb%29_arp.jpg/330px-Glastonbury_tor_%28the_final_climb%29_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Glastonbury_tor_%28the_final_climb%29_arp.jpg/440px-Glastonbury_tor_%28the_final_climb%29_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The last few yards of the concrete path up the Tor.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another suggestion is that the terraces are the remains of a three-dimensional labyrinth,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2001135_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2001135-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first proposed by Geoffrey Russell in 1968. He states that the classical <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">labyrinth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caerdroia" title="Caerdroia">Caerdroia</a>), a design found all over the Neolithic world, can be easily transposed onto the Tor so that by walking around the terraces a person eventually reaches the top in the same pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden-Pickstock2009107_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden-Pickstock2009107-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacQueen2005106_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacQueen2005106-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evaluating this hypothesis is not easy. A labyrinth would very likely place the terraces in the Neolithic era,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann198624_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann198624-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but given the amount of occupation since then, there may have been substantial modifications by farmers or monks, and conclusive excavations have not been carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton200679_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton200679-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a more recent book, Hutton writes that "the labyrinth does not seem to be an ancient sacred structure".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2013354_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2013354-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glastonbury_Tor,_View_From_Main_Path.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Imposing tower as viewed on the main approach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Glastonbury_Tor%2C_View_From_Main_Path.jpg/220px-Glastonbury_Tor%2C_View_From_Main_Path.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Glastonbury_Tor%2C_View_From_Main_Path.jpg/330px-Glastonbury_Tor%2C_View_From_Main_Path.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Glastonbury_Tor%2C_View_From_Main_Path.jpg/440px-Glastonbury_Tor%2C_View_From_Main_Path.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>View from the main approach</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glastonbury_Tor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glastonbury_Tor_Plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Glastonbury_Tor_Plate.jpg/170px-Glastonbury_Tor_Plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Glastonbury_Tor_Plate.jpg/255px-Glastonbury_Tor_Plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Glastonbury_Tor_Plate.jpg/340px-Glastonbury_Tor_Plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption>The plaque fitted to the wall inside the ruin of St Michael's Church atop Glastonbury Tor</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Christian">Pre-Christian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glastonbury_Tor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pre-Christian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> flint tools recovered from the top of the Tor show that the site has been visited, perhaps with a lasting occupation, since <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>. The nearby remains of <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Lake_Village" title="Glastonbury Lake Village">Glastonbury Lake Village</a> were identified at the site in 1892, which confirmed that there was an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> settlement in about 300–200 BC on what was an easily defended island in the fens.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkinsAdkins199270_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkinsAdkins199270-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence of permanent occupation of the Tor, but finds, including Roman pottery, do suggest that it was visited on a regular basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200371_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200371-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">Excavations</a> on Glastonbury Tor, undertaken by a team led by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Rahtz" title="Philip Rahtz">Philip Rahtz</a> between 1964 and 1966,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revealed evidence of <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Age</a> occupation during the 5th to 7th centuries<sup id="cite_ref-nhlesm_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlesm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200371–78_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200371–78-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around the later medieval church of St. Michael. Finds included <a href="/wiki/Posthole" class="mw-redirect" title="Posthole">postholes</a>, two hearths including a metalworker's <a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">forge</a>, two burials oriented north–south (thus unlikely to be Christian), fragments of 6th-century <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">Mediterranean</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphorae</a> (vases for wine or cooking oil),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a worn hollow bronze head which may have topped a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Saxon</a> staff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastleden199955_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastleden199955-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalmsley201315_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalmsley201315-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_settlement">Christian settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glastonbury_Tor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Christian settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the late Saxon and early medieval period, there were at least four buildings on the summit. The base of a stone cross demonstrates Christian use of the site during this period, and it may have been a hermitage.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The broken head of a <a href="/wiki/Sun_cross" title="Sun cross">wheel cross</a> dated to the 10th or 11th century was found partway down the hill and may have been the head of the cross that stood on the summit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200378_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200378-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbramsCarley199133_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbramsCarley199133-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2006816_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2006816-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head of the cross is now in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Somerset" title="Museum of Somerset">Museum of Somerset</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taunton" title="Taunton">Taunton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest timber church, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">St Michael</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200380_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200380-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is believed to have been constructed in the 11th or 12th century; from which post holes have since been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200379_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200379-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Associated monk cells have also been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200379_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200379-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1243 <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> granted a charter for a six-day fair at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200383_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200383-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St Michael's Church was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/1275_British_earthquake" title="1275 British earthquake">an earthquake on 11 September 1275</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bgs_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgs-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a>, the earthquake was felt in London, Canterbury and Wales,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusson20031.14–1.16_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusson20031.14–1.16-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was reported to have destroyed many houses and churches in England. The intensity of shaking was greater than 6 on the Richter scale (7 <a href="/wiki/Medvedev%E2%80%93Sponheuer%E2%80%93Karnik_scale" title="Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale">MSK</a>), with its epicentre in the area around <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>, South England.<sup id="cite_ref-bgs_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgs-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Michael%27s_Tower_on_Glastonbury_Tor_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/St_Michael%27s_Tower_on_Glastonbury_Tor_2.jpg/170px-St_Michael%27s_Tower_on_Glastonbury_Tor_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/St_Michael%27s_Tower_on_Glastonbury_Tor_2.jpg/255px-St_Michael%27s_Tower_on_Glastonbury_Tor_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/St_Michael%27s_Tower_on_Glastonbury_Tor_2.jpg/340px-St_Michael%27s_Tower_on_Glastonbury_Tor_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the second St Michael's Church</figcaption></figure> <p>A second church, also dedicated to St Michael, was built of local sandstone in the 14th century by the Abbot Adam of Sodbury, incorporating the foundations of the previous building. It included <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> and decorated floor tiles. There was also a portable altar of <a href="/wiki/Purbeck_Marble" title="Purbeck Marble">Purbeck Marble</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200380–81_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200380–81-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is likely that the Monastery of St Michael on the Tor was a daughter house of <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Abbey" title="Glastonbury Abbey">Glastonbury Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200383_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200383-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St Michael's Church survived until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> in 1539 when, except for the tower, it was demolished.<sup id="cite_ref-nhlesm_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlesm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tor was the place of execution where <a href="/wiki/Richard_Whiting_(abbot)" title="Richard Whiting (abbot)">Richard Whiting</a>, the last Abbot of Glastonbury Abbey, was <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">hanged, drawn and quartered</a> along with two of his monks, <a href="/wiki/John_Thorne_(Blessed)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Thorne (Blessed)">John Thorne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_James_(Blessed)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger James (Blessed)">Roger James</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton1892538_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton1892538-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three-storey tower of St Michael's Church survives. It has corner <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttresses</a> and perpendicular bell openings. There is a sculptured tablet with an image of an eagle below the parapet.<sup id="cite_ref-nhlelb_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlelb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-dissolution">Post-dissolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glastonbury_Tor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glastonbury_Tor,_Interior_of_Stm_Michael%27s_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Interior of St. Michael's Tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Glastonbury_Tor%2C_Interior_of_Stm_Michael%27s_Tower.jpg/220px-Glastonbury_Tor%2C_Interior_of_Stm_Michael%27s_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Glastonbury_Tor%2C_Interior_of_Stm_Michael%27s_Tower.jpg/330px-Glastonbury_Tor%2C_Interior_of_Stm_Michael%27s_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Glastonbury_Tor%2C_Interior_of_Stm_Michael%27s_Tower.jpg/440px-Glastonbury_Tor%2C_Interior_of_Stm_Michael%27s_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Interior of St. Michael's Tower</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> In 1786, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Hoare,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Hoare, 2nd Baronet">Richard Colt Hoare</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stourhead" title="Stourhead">Stourhead</a> bought the Tor and funded the repair of the tower in 1804, including the rebuilding of the north-east corner.<sup id="cite_ref-nhlesm_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlesm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarner2004_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarner2004-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was then sold to the <a href="/wiki/George_Neville-Grenville" title="George Neville-Grenville">Very Rev. Hon. George Neville-Grenville</a> and included in the <a href="/wiki/Butleigh" title="Butleigh">Butleigh Manor</a> until the 20th century. The last owner of the Tor was Robert Neville-Grenville who wished to give the Tor to the National Trust along with the <a href="/wiki/The_Tribunal,_Glastonbury" title="The Tribunal, Glastonbury">Glastonbury Tribunal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death in 1936 it was sold to The <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a> who raised money by Public Subscription for its upkeep.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a> took control of the Tor in 1937, but repairs were delayed until after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarner2004_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarner2004-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1960s, excavations identified cracks in the rock, suggesting the ground had moved in the past. This, combined with wind erosion, started to expose the footings of the tower, which were repaired with concrete. Erosion caused by the feet of the increasing number of visitors was also a problem and paths were laid to enable them to reach the summit without damaging the terraces. After 2000, enhancements to the access and repairs to the tower, including rebuilding of the parapet, were carried out. These included the replacement of some of the masonry damaged by earlier repairs with new stone from the <a href="/wiki/Hadspen_Quarry" title="Hadspen Quarry">Hadspen Quarry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarner2004_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarner2004-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somerset_flag_proposal_(2013)_-_3rd_place,_Roworth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Somerset_flag_proposal_%282013%29_-_3rd_place%2C_Roworth.svg/220px-Somerset_flag_proposal_%282013%29_-_3rd_place%2C_Roworth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Somerset_flag_proposal_%282013%29_-_3rd_place%2C_Roworth.svg/330px-Somerset_flag_proposal_%282013%29_-_3rd_place%2C_Roworth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Somerset_flag_proposal_%282013%29_-_3rd_place%2C_Roworth.svg/440px-Somerset_flag_proposal_%282013%29_-_3rd_place%2C_Roworth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>A proposed flag for Somerset (designed by Dil Roworth) featuring Glastonbury Tor and St Michael's Tower, which came third in the 2013 <i><a href="/wiki/Somerset_County_Gazette" title="Somerset County Gazette">Somerset County Gazette</a></i> competition to create a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Somerset" title="Flag of Somerset">county flag for Somerset.</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A model vaguely based on Glastonbury Tor (albeit with a tree instead of the tower) was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony" title="2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony">opening ceremony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a> in London. As the athletes entered the stadium, their flags were displayed on the terraces of the model.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology_and_spirituality">Mythology and spirituality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glastonbury_Tor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mythology and spirituality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glastonbury_Tor_Looking_Up,_General_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Front of the tower showing mythological iconography" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Glastonbury_Tor_Looking_Up%2C_General_View.jpg/220px-Glastonbury_Tor_Looking_Up%2C_General_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Glastonbury_Tor_Looking_Up%2C_General_View.jpg/330px-Glastonbury_Tor_Looking_Up%2C_General_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Glastonbury_Tor_Looking_Up%2C_General_View.jpg/440px-Glastonbury_Tor_Looking_Up%2C_General_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Front of the tower showing mythological iconography</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tor seems to have been called <i>Ynys yr Afalon</i> (meaning "The Isle of Avalon") by the <a href="/wiki/Britons_(Celtic_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (Celtic people)">Britons</a> and is believed by some, including the 12th and 13th century writer <a href="/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales" title="Gerald of Wales">Gerald of Wales</a>, to be the <a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian legend</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tor has been associated with the name Avalon, and identified with <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>, since the alleged discovery of his and Queen Guinevere's neatly labelled coffins in 1191, recounted by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales" title="Gerald of Wales">Gerald of Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENitze1934355–361_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENitze1934355–361-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDitmas196419–33_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDitmas196419–33-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author <a href="/wiki/Christopher_L._Hodapp" title="Christopher L. Hodapp">Christopher L. Hodapp</a> asserts in his book <i>The Templar Code for Dummies</i> that Glastonbury Tor is one of the possible locations of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a>, because it is close to the monastery that housed the <a href="/wiki/Nanteos_Cup" title="Nanteos Cup">Nanteos Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodappVon_Kannon2007_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodappVon_Kannon2007-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tor has been a place of Christian pilgrimage at least since the 11th-century and continues to be so, both because of the long-standing dedication to <a href="/wiki/St._Michael_the_Archangel" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael the Archangel">St. Michael the Archangel</a> (the patron of many sacred mountains and hills) and more recently because of the martyrdoms of the three <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatified</a> <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> <a href="/wiki/Monks" class="mw-redirect" title="Monks">monks</a> on its summit in the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Richard_Whiting_(abbot)" title="Richard Whiting (abbot)">Abbot Whiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Thorne_(Blessed)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Thorne (Blessed)">John Thorne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_James_(Blessed)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger James (Blessed)">Roger James</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200378_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200378-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbramsCarley199133_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbramsCarley199133-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2006816_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2006816-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton1892538_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton1892538-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the 19th-century resurgence of interest in <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a>, the Tor became associated with <a href="/wiki/Gwyn_ap_Nudd" title="Gwyn ap Nudd">Gwyn ap Nudd</a>, the first Lord of the Otherworld (<a href="/wiki/Annwn" title="Annwn">Annwn</a>) and later King of the <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Fairies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2005178_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2005178-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2008251_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2008251-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tor came to be represented as an entrance to Annwn or to Avalon, the land of the fairies. The Tor is supposedly a gateway into "The Land of the Dead (Avalon)".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A persistent myth of more recent origin is that of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Stars" title="Temple of the Stars">Glastonbury Zodiac</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylie2002441–454_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylie2002441–454-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a purported astrological <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a> of gargantuan proportions said to have been carved into the land along ancient <a href="/wiki/Hedge" title="Hedge">hedgerows</a> and trackways,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the Tor forms part of the figure representing Aquarius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2005180_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2005180-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory was first put forward in 1927 by <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Emma_Maltwood" title="Katharine Emma Maltwood">Katherine Maltwood</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200365–66_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200365–66-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtz199350_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtz199350-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an artist with interest in the occult, who thought the zodiac was constructed approximately 5,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltwood1987_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltwood1987-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the vast majority of the land said by Maltwood to be covered by the zodiac was under several feet of water at the proposed time of its construction,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2001112_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2001112-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many of the features such as field boundaries and roads are recent.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200365–66_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200365–66-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tor and other sites in Glastonbury have also been significant in the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a>, with the flow from the <a href="/wiki/Chalice_Well" title="Chalice Well">Chalice Well</a> seen as representing <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual flow">menstrual flow</a> and the Tor being seen as either a breast or the whole figure of the Goddess. This has been celebrated with an effigy of the Goddess leading an annual procession up the Tor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2004273–285_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2004273–285-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is said that <a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a> is depicted milking a cow as a stone carving above one of the entrances to the tower.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Brigid_milking_a_cow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/St._Brigid_milking_a_cow.jpg/220px-St._Brigid_milking_a_cow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/St._Brigid_milking_a_cow.jpg/330px-St._Brigid_milking_a_cow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/St._Brigid_milking_a_cow.jpg/440px-St._Brigid_milking_a_cow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A stone carving that is said to depict St. Brigid milking a cow.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glastonbury_Tor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hillforts_and_ancient_settlements_in_Somerset" title="List of hillforts and ancient settlements in Somerset">List of hillforts and ancient settlements in Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Trust_properties_in_Somerset" title="List of National Trust properties in Somerset">List of National Trust properties in Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1275_British_earthquake" title="1275 British earthquake">1275 British earthquake</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glastonbury_Tor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tor</i> is often considered to have a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language">Celtic</a> etymology, but the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> lists no match in <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>; the nearest Celtic word is the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">tẁr</i></span>, from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> <span title="Old Welsh-language text"><i lang="owl">tẁrr</i></span>. The Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">torr</i></span> is likely <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">tòrr</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glastonbury_Tor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nhlesm-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nhlesm_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhlesm_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhlesm_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhlesm_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhlesm_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhlesm_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1019390" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1019390?section=official-list-entry">"St Michael's Church, monastic remains, and other settlement remains on Glastonbury Tor (1019390)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=St+Michael%27s+Church%2C+monastic+remains%2C+and+other+settlement+remains+on+Glastonbury+Tor+%281019390%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1019390%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhlelb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nhlelb_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhlelb_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhlelb_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1345475" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1345475?section=official-list-entry">"St Michael's Church Tower (1345475)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=St+Michael%27s+Church+Tower+%281345475%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1345475%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England196702" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=196702&resourceID=19191">"Earthworks Glastonbury Tor (196702)"</a>. <i>Research records (formerly PastScape)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+records+%28formerly+PastScape%29&rft.atitle=Earthworks+Glastonbury+Tor+%28196702%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagegateway.org.uk%2FGateway%2FResults_Single.aspx%3Fuid%3D196702%26resourceID%3D19191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray193546–53-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray193546–53_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray193546–53_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray193546–53_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGray1935">Gray 1935</a>, pp. 46–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson199267-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson199267_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1992">Robinson 1992</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGathercole2003-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGathercole2003_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGathercole2003">Gathercole 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goudie-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goudie_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoudie2004" class="citation book cs1">Goudie, Andrew (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UHRU_6nUSR4C&q=Tor+rock+word&pg=PA1054"><i>Encyclopedia of Geomorphology</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 1054. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32738-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32738-1"><bdi>978-0-415-32738-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Adams Media. pp. 96–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4405-2170-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4405-2170-6"><bdi>978-1-4405-2170-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everything+Celtic+Wisdom+Book&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Adams+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4405-2170-6&rft.aulast=Emick&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5skKKMRUHAMC%26pg%3DPT109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylie2002441–454-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylie2002441–454_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWylie2002">Wylie 2002</a>, pp. 441–454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaine1969" class="citation web cs1">Caine, Mary (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~pardos/GGZodiac2.html">"The Glastonbury Giants"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gandalf%27s_Garden" title="Gandalf's Garden">Gandalf's Garden</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gandalf%27s+Garden&rft.atitle=The+Glastonbury+Giants&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Caine&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.users.globalnet.co.uk%2F~pardos%2FGGZodiac2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2005180-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2005180_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman2005">Bowman 2005</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200365–66-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200365–66_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtzWatts200365–66_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahtzWatts2003">Rahtz & Watts 2003</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtz199350-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtz199350_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahtz1993">Rahtz 1993</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltwood1987-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltwood1987_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaltwood1987">Maltwood 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2001112-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2001112_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvakhiv2001">Ivakhiv 2001</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick-Matthews,_KeithDoeser,_James" class="citation web cs1">Fitzpatrick-Matthews, Keith; Doeser, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.badarchaeology.com/?page_id=889">"The Glastonbury Zodiac"</a>. Bad Archeology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Glastonbury+Zodiac&rft.pub=Bad+Archeology&rft.au=Fitzpatrick-Matthews%2C+Keith&rft.au=Doeser%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.badarchaeology.com%2F%3Fpage_id%3D889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2004273–285-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2004273–285_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman2004">Bowman 2004</a>, pp. 273–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Goddess in Glastonbury, by Kathy Jones, 1990 Ariadne Publications</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glastonbury_Tor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramsCarley1991" class="citation book cs1">Abrams, Lesley; Carley, James (1991). <i>The Archaeology and History of Glastonbury Abbey: Essays in Honour of the Ninetieth Birthday of C. A. Ralegh Radford</i>. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-284-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-284-4"><bdi>978-0-85115-284-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+and+History+of+Glastonbury+Abbey%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+the+Ninetieth+Birthday+of+C.+A.+Ralegh+Radford&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-284-4&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft.au=Carley%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkinsAdkins1992" class="citation book cs1">Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy (1992). <i>A Field Guide to Somerset Archaeology</i>. Dovecote Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946159-94-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-946159-94-9"><bdi>978-0-946159-94-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+Somerset+Archaeology&rft.pub=Dovecote+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-946159-94-9&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft.au=Adkins%2C+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllcroft1908" class="citation book cs1">Allcroft, Arthur Hadrian (1908). <i>Earthwork of England: Prehistoric, Roman, Saxon, Danish, Norman and Mediæval</i>. Nabu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-178-13643-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-178-13643-2"><bdi>978-1-178-13643-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earthwork+of+England%3A+Prehistoric%2C+Roman%2C+Saxon%2C+Danish%2C+Norman+and+Medi%C3%A6val&rft.pub=Nabu+Press&rft.date=1908&rft.isbn=978-1-178-13643-2&rft.aulast=Allcroft&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Hadrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden-Pickstock2009" class="citation book cs1">Bowden-Pickstock, Susan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tznuhNOQ6EcC&pg=PA107"><i>Quiet Gardens: The Roots of Faith?</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84706-341-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84706-341-0"><bdi>978-1-84706-341-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quiet+Gardens%3A+The+Roots+of+Faith%3F&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84706-341-0&rft.aulast=Bowden-Pickstock&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtznuhNOQ6EcC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bowman, Marion (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587042000284266">"Procession and Possession in Glastonbury: Continuity, Change and the Manipulation of Tradition"</a>. <i>Folklore</i>. <b>115</b> (3): 273–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587042000284266">10.1080/0015587042000284266</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30035212">30035212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=Procession+and+Possession+in+Glastonbury%3A+Continuity%2C+Change+and+the+Manipulation+of+Tradition&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=273-85&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587042000284266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30035212%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F0015587042000284266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bowman, Marion (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213054004/http://oro.open.ac.uk/2909/">"Ancient Avalon, New Jerusalem, Heart Chakra of Planet Earth: The Local and the Global in Glastonbury"</a>. <i>Numen: International Review for the History of Religions</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 157–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568527054024722">10.1163/1568527054024722</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270462">3270462</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oro.open.ac.uk/2909/">the original</a> on 13 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen%3A+International+Review+for+the+History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Ancient+Avalon%2C+New+Jerusalem%2C+Heart+Chakra+of+Planet+Earth%3A+The+Local+and+the+Global+in+Glastonbury&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157-190&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568527054024722&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3270462%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foro.open.ac.uk%2F2909%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2008" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Marion (2008). "Going with the flow: Contemporary pilgrimage in Glastonbury". In Margry, Peter Jan (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shrinespilgrimag00marg"><i>Shrines and Pilgrimage in the Modern World: New Itineraries into the Sacred</i></a></span>. Amsterdam University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shrinespilgrimag00marg/page/n241">241</a>–280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-011-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-011-6"><bdi>978-90-8964-011-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Going+with+the+flow%3A+Contemporary+pilgrimage+in+Glastonbury&rft.btitle=Shrines+and+Pilgrimage+in+the+Modern+World%3A+New+Itineraries+into+the+Sacred&rft.pages=241-280&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-8964-011-6&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshrinespilgrimag00marg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastleden1999" class="citation book cs1">Castleden, Rodney (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingarthurtruthb00cast"><i>King Arthur: The Truth Behind the Legend</i></a></span>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19575-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19575-1"><bdi>978-0-415-19575-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Arthur%3A+The+Truth+Behind+the+Legend&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19575-1&rft.aulast=Castleden&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingarthurtruthb00cast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDitmas1964" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Ditmas" title="Edith Ditmas">Ditmas, E.M.R.</a> (1964). 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-869103-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-869103-7"><bdi>978-0-19-869103-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+English+Place+Names&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-19-869103-7&rft.aulast=Ekwall&rft.aufirst=Eilert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2004" class="citation journal cs1">Garner, Keith (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212716/http://www.kgarch.co.uk/writing/glastonbury/index.htm">"Survival of an ancient tower"</a>. <i>Building Conservation Journal</i> (35): 18–21. 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Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33899-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33899-0"><bdi>978-0-253-33899-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claiming+Sacred+Ground%3A+Pilgrims+and+Politics+at+Glastonbury+and+Sedona&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33899-0&rft.aulast=Ivakhiv&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQNHTOvnZ3poC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John T. 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Northstone Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896836-69-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-896836-69-0"><bdi>978-1-896836-69-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirituality+of+Mazes+and+Labyrinths&rft.pub=Northstone+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-896836-69-0&rft.aulast=MacQueen&rft.aufirst=Gailand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kXbPNbhKYAC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaltwood1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Emma_Maltwood" title="Katharine Emma Maltwood">Maltwood, Katherine</a> (1987). <i>Guide to Glastonbury's Temple of the Stars</i>. 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(1934). "The exhumation of King Arthur at Glastonbury". <i>Speculum</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 355–361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2850219">10.2307/2850219</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2850219">2850219</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163005650">163005650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=The+exhumation+of+King+Arthur+at+Glastonbury&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=355-361&rft.date=1934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163005650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2850219%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2850219&rft.aulast=Nitze&rft.aufirst=W.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahtz1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rahtz" title="Philip Rahtz">Rahtz, Philip</a> (1993). <i>English Heritage Book of Glastonbury</i>. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-6866-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-6866-3"><bdi>978-0-7134-6866-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Heritage+Book+of+Glastonbury&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-6866-3&rft.aulast=Rahtz&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahtzWatts2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rahtz" title="Philip Rahtz">Rahtz, Phillip</a>; Watts, Lorna (2003). <i>Glastonbury: Myth and Archaeology</i>. Tempus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-2548-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-2548-1"><bdi>978-0-7524-2548-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glastonbury%3A+Myth+and+Archaeology&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-2548-1&rft.aulast=Rahtz&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft.au=Watts%2C+Lorna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1992" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Stephen (1992). <i>Somerset Place Names</i>. Dovecote Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874336-03-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874336-03-7"><bdi>978-1-874336-03-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somerset+Place+Names&rft.pub=Dovecote+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-874336-03-7&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirautThackerWilliamson2006a" class="citation web cs1">Siraut, M.C.; Thacker, A.T.; Williamson, Elizabeth (2006a). Dunning, R.W. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=117171">"Introduction"</a>. <i>A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 9: Glastonbury and Street</i>. Institute of Historical Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Somerset%3A+Volume+9%3A+Glastonbury+and+Street&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Siraut&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rft.au=Thacker%2C+A.T.&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D117171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirautThackerWilliamson2006b" class="citation web cs1">Siraut, M.C.; Thacker, A.T.; Williamson, Elizabeth (2006b). Dunning, R.W. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=117176">"Glastonbury: Parish"</a>. <i>A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 9: Glastonbury and Street</i>. Institute of Historical Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Somerset%3A+Volume+9%3A+Glastonbury+and+Street&rft.atitle=Glastonbury%3A+Parish&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Siraut&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rft.au=Thacker%2C+A.T.&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D117176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton1892" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Richard (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/menologyofenglan00stanrich#page/538/mode/2up"><i>A Menology of England and Wales</i></a>. Burns & Oates.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Menology+of+England+and+Wales&rft.pub=Burns+%26+Oates&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmenologyofenglan00stanrich%23page%2F538%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallins2013" class="citation news cs1">Vallins, John (24 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jun/24/glastonbury-tor-history-myth-somerset">"History and myth entangled around Somerset's most notable landmark"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=History+and+myth+entangled+around+Somerset%27s+most+notable+landmark&rft.date=2013-06-24&rft.aulast=Vallins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2013%2Fjun%2F24%2Fglastonbury-tor-history-myth-somerset&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalmsley2013" class="citation book cs1">Walmsley, Eric (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0CL_Z3Uchk8C&q=Glastonbury+Tor+bronze+head&pg=PA15"><i>King Arthur's Battle for Britain</i></a>. Matador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78088-400-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78088-400-4"><bdi>978-1-78088-400-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Arthur%27s+Battle+for+Britain&rft.pub=Matador&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78088-400-4&rft.aulast=Walmsley&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0CL_Z3Uchk8C%26q%3DGlastonbury%2BTor%2Bbronze%2Bhead%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylie2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wylie, John (2002). "An essay on ascending Glastonbury Tor". <i>Geoforum</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 441–454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-7185%2802%2900033-7">10.1016/S0016-7185(02)00033-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoforum&rft.atitle=An+essay+on+ascending+Glastonbury+Tor&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=441-454&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0016-7185%2802%2900033-7&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1807" class="citation book cs1">Young, Thomas (1807). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturescourseof01younrich"><i>A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts</i></a>. Johnson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturescourseof01younrich/page/302">302</a>. <q>Glastonbury Tor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Course+of+Lectures+on+Natural+Philosophy+and+the+Mechanical+Arts&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Johnson&rft.date=1807&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flecturescourseof01younrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glastonbury_Tor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Page, William, ed. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=117301">"Geology"</a>. <i>A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 1</i>. Institute of Historical Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Somerset%3A+Volume+1&rft.atitle=Geology&rft.date=1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D117301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rahtz" title="Philip Rahtz">Rahtz, Philip</a> (1971). "Glastonbury Tor". In Ashe, Geoffrey (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questforarthursb0000ashe_i3o0"><i>The Quest for Arthur's Britain</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-586-08044-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-586-08044-3"><bdi>978-0-586-08044-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glastonbury+Tor&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+Arthur%27s+Britain&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-586-08044-3&rft.aulast=Rahtz&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquestforarthursb0000ashe_i3o0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Christopher A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AFxFkwmnRJMC&q=Glastonbury+Tor+bronze+head&pg=PA178"><i>An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons, A.D. 400–600</i></a>. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04362-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04362-3"><bdi>978-0-271-04362-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Age+of+Tyrants%3A+Britain+and+the+Britons%2C+A.D.+400%E2%80%93600&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-271-04362-3&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAFxFkwmnRJMC%26q%3DGlastonbury%2BTor%2Bbronze%2Bhead%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Truscoe, Krystyna (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110704220246/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/aggregate-landscape-of-somerset-levels/Somerset_ALSF_NMP_Block2_Somerset_Levels_web.pdf">"Report for Aerial Survey Component Block 2: Somerset Levels"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Aggregate Landscape of Somerset: Predicting the Archaeological Resource</i>. English Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/aggregate-landscape-of-somerset-levels/Somerset_ALSF_NMP_Block2_Somerset_Levels_web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Aggregate+Landscape+of+Somerset%3A+Predicting+the+Archaeological+Resource&rft.atitle=Report+for+Aerial+Survey+Component+Block+2%3A+Somerset+Levels&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Truscoe&rft.aufirst=Krystyna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fpublications%2Faggregate-landscape-of-somerset-levels%2FSomerset_ALSF_NMP_Block2_Somerset_Levels_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlastonbury+Tor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glastonbury_Tor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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