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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG/440px-1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Tens of thousands of books, including those taken from the <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institute for Sexual Science</a>, are burned in <a href="/wiki/Bebelplatz" title="Bebelplatz">Bebelplatz Square</a> on 10 May 1933.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image">     </td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_transgender_history" title="Timeline of transgender history">Timeline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top: 0.35em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny#Gender_identity" title="Androgyny">Androgyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society" title="Gender in Bugis society">Bissu, Calabai, Calalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Burrnesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary or genderqueer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koekchuch" title="Koekchuch">Koekchuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudoko_dako" title="Mudoko dako">Mudoko dako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-gender" title="X-gender">X-gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae-rae" title="Rae-rae">Rae-rae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_youth" title="Transgender youth">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Health care</a> practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity_clinic" title="Gender identity clinic">Gender clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria_in_children" title="Gender dysphoria in children">in children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_gender_incongruence" title="Causes of gender incongruence">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Sex assignment</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy" title="Gender-affirming hormone therapy">Hormone therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminizing_hormone_therapy" title="Feminizing hormone therapy">feminizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculinizing_hormone_therapy" title="Masculinizing hormone therapy">masculinizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty_blocker" title="Puberty blocker">Puberty-suppressing hormone therapy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">Gender-affirming surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery_(female-to-male)" title="Gender-affirming surgery (female-to-male)">female-to-male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery_(male-to-female)" title="Gender-affirming surgery (male-to-female)">male-to-female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_feminization_surgery" title="Facial feminization surgery">Facial feminization surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_masculinization_surgery" title="Facial masculinization surgery">Facial masculinization surgery</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair_removal" title="Hair removal">Hair removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_pregnancy" title="Transgender pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_assisted_reproductive_technology_by_LGBT_people" title="Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBT people">Assisted reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_voice_therapy" title="Transgender voice therapy">Voice therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Professional_Association_for_Transgender_Health" title="World Professional Association for Transgender Health">WPATH</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standards_of_Care_for_the_Health_of_Transgender_and_Gender_Diverse_People" title="Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People">Standards of Care</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Rights and <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">legal status</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_self-identification" title="Gender self-identification">Gender self-identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_gender" title="Legal gender">Legal gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender" title="Legal recognition of non-binary gender">Non-binary gender</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender-rights_organizations" title="List of transgender-rights organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_political_office-holders" title="List of transgender political office-holders">Political office-holders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_public_officeholders_in_the_United_States" title="List of transgender public officeholders in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_asylum_seekers" title="Transgender asylum seekers">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_gender-affirming_healthcare" title="Legal status of gender-affirming healthcare">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Military service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_South_Korean_military" title="Transgender personnel in the South Korean military">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_United_States_military" title="Transgender personnel in the United States military">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_prison#Transgender_issues" title="LGBTQ people in prison">Prisons</a></li> <li>Toilets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_bill" title="Bathroom bill">Bathroom bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilet" title="Unisex public toilet">Unisex</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Transgender men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_inequality" title="Transgender inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">Murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_panic_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans panic defense">Trans panic defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Society and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Events and awareness</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Awareness_Week" title="Transgender Awareness Week">Awareness Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_beauty_pageants" title="Category:Transgender beauty pageants">Beauty pageants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Day of Remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">Day of Visibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_march" title="Trans march">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_events" title="Category:Transgender events">more</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Culture</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_transgender_anatomy" title="Terminology of transgender anatomy">Anatomical terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_trans_characters" title="List of fictional trans characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feature_films_with_transgender_characters" title="List of feature films with transgender characters">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_literature" title="Transgender literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_transgender_people" title="Media portrayals of transgender people">Media portrayals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_people" title="List of transgender people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-binary_people" title="List of non-binary people">non-binary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_publications" title="List of transgender publications">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_sports" title="Transgender people in sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_characters_in_television" title="List of transgender characters in television">Television</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory and concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia" title="Androphilia and gynephilia">Androphilia and gynephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanchard%27s_transsexualism_typology" title="Blanchard's transsexualism typology">Blanchard's typology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_gender_nonconformity" title="Childhood gender nonconformity">Childhood gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender / cissexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Gender detransitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Gender-sexuality questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid-onset_gender_dysphoria_controversy" title="Rapid-onset gender dysphoria controversy">Rapid-onset dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmedicalism" title="Transmedicalism">Transmedicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_by_continent" title="Category:Transgender by continent">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Rights</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Argentina" title="Transgender rights in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Identity_Law_(Argentina)" title="Gender Identity Law (Argentina)">2012 law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Sacay%C3%A1n%E2%80%93Lohana_Berkins_Law" title="Diana Sacayán–Lohana Berkins Law">2021 law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Canada" title="Transgender rights in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_amend_the_Canadian_Human_Rights_Act_and_the_Criminal_Code" title="An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code">2016 bill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_China" title="Transgender people in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Finland" title="Transgender history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_people_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transgender people in France (page does not exist)">France</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transidentit%C3%A9_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Transidentité en France">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transsexuals_Act_(Germany)" title="Transsexuals Act (Germany)">1980 law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_gender_law_(Germany)" title="Third gender law (Germany)">2018 law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Determination_Act_(Germany)" title="Self-Determination Act (Germany)">2024 law</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Transgender_Persons_Bill,_2014" title="Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014">2014 bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Act,_2019" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019">2019 act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="LGBT rights in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Iran" title="Transgender rights in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Ireland" title="Transgender rights in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Bill,_2017" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2017">2017 bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Act,_2018" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018">2018 act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Transgender rights in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Norway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_(Norway)" title="Gender Recognition Act (Norway)">2016 act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Singapore" title="Transgender people in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li>South Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alteration_of_Sex_Description_and_Sex_Status_Act,_2003" title="Alteration of Sex Description and Sex Status Act, 2003">2003 act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_South_Korea" title="Transgender people in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ley_Trans" title="Ley Trans">2022 law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender rights in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004" title="Gender Recognition Act 2004">2004 act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Reform_(Scotland)_Bill" title="Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill">2022 bill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States">Disenfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity_under_Title_IX" title="Gender identity under Title IX">Title IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia_in_the_United_States" title="Transphobia in the United States">Transphobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">History</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Argentina">Argentina</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_transg%C3%A9nero_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Historia transgénero en Argentina">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Re_Kevin_%E2%80%93_validity_of_marriage_of_transsexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Re Kevin – validity of marriage of transsexual">Re Kevin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Finland" title="Transgender history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender legal history in the United States">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_public_officeholders_in_the_United_States" title="List of transgender public officeholders in the United States">elected officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Cafeteria riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.3em 0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Portal_Transgender.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg/16px-Portal_Transgender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg/24px-Portal_Transgender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg/32px-Portal_Transgender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="117" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Transgender" title="Portal:Transgender">Transgender portal</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/16px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/24px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/32px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></li></ul></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_topics" title="Category:Transgender topics">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transgender_sidebar" title="Template:Transgender sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transgender_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Transgender sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transgender_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transgender sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In Nazi Germany, transgender people were prosecuted, barred from public life, forcibly <a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">detransitioned</a>, and imprisoned and killed in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>. Though some factors, such as whether they were considered "<a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a>", heterosexual with regard to their birth sex, or capable of useful work had the potential to mitigate their circumstances, transgender people were largely stripped of legal status by the Nazi state. Under the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (from 1871 to 1918) and <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a> (from 1918 to 1933), laws such as <a href="/wiki/Paragraph_183" title="Paragraph 183">Paragraph 183</a> existed which were used to prosecute transgender individuals; however, these laws were inconsistently enforced, often leaving transgender people vulnerable to the arbitrary decisions of individual police officers. In 1908, thanks to the advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a>, Germany instituted the ability for transgender people to obtain <a href="/wiki/Transvestite_pass" title="Transvestite pass">transvestite passes</a>, which shielded them from legal consequences for being publicly transgender. From the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> until 1933, transgender people enjoyed previously unprecedented freedoms and rights. Large leaps were made in <a href="/wiki/Transgender_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender medicine">transgender medicine</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institute for Sexual Science</a>, and transgender culture flourished in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. However, following the <a href="/wiki/1932_Prussian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1932 Prussian coup d'état">Prussian coup d'état</a> in 1932 and the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, transgender movements, gathering places and institutions, such as the <a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">first homosexual movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eldorado_(Berlin)" title="Eldorado (Berlin)">Eldorado nightclubs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institute for Sexual Science</a> were dissolved, often by force. Both <a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">trans men</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">trans women</a> were targeted under renewed enforcement of Paragraphs <a href="/wiki/Paragraph_175" title="Paragraph 175">175</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paragraph_183" title="Paragraph 183">183</a>, and their transvestite passes were revoked or simply ignored. Books and texts relating to transgender <a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">experiences</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transgender_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender medicine">medicine</a> were destroyed as "un-German". Transgender people were imprisoned and murdered in <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</a>, though the exact number killed is unknown. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Marhoefer" title="Laurie Marhoefer">Laurie Marhoefer</a>, "The Nazi state reserved its worst violence for trans women." According to the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Jewish_Heritage" title="Museum of Jewish Heritage">Museum of Jewish Heritage</a>, the German government "brutally targeted the trans community, deporting many trans people to concentration camps and wiping out vibrant community structures." <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> The term <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a>, an <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>-<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a>, was not coined until 1965 and not widely accepted as a universal term until the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolly2011-1">[1]</a> The German word transsexualismus (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'transsexualism', adapted into English as the term <a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">transsexual</a>) was first coined in 1923 by <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a>, but would not enter widespread use until 30 years later with the work of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Benjamin" title="Harry Benjamin">Harry Benjamin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocq202146-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschfeld1923-3">[3]</a> Before these terms, in German the term transvestit (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'transvestite', <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender_in_German" title="Grammatical gender in German">masculine</a>) was used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Transfeminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfeminine">transfeminine</a> individuals, and the term transvestitin (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'transvestite', <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender_in_German" title="Grammatical gender in German">feminine</a>) was used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Transmasculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmasculine">transmasculine</a> individuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2012349-350-4">[4]</a> In part because no alternative term was widespread, most <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> transgender people of this time period self-identified as "transvestites".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2012335-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiter-Zatloukal2015-7">[7]</a> Modern literature on the subject largely uses the term "transgender" to refer to these individuals as a more accurate description of their gender identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer201785-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiter-Zatloukal2015-7">[7]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Meyerowitz" title="Joanne Meyerowitz">Joanne Meyerowitz</a> and other scholars of the topic, it is difficult if not outright impossible to know what pronouns transgender or transvestite people in these times would have preferred, and as such it is common practice to simply use the pronouns which align with what is known of their <a href="/wiki/Gender_presentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender presentation">gender presentation</a> (i.e., he/him for individuals who present masculine, and she/her for individuals who present feminine).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2012349-350-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerowitz200913-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">First homosexual movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0121-500,_Berlin,_Bar_%22Eldorado%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0121-500%2C_Berlin%2C_Bar_%22Eldorado%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0121-500%2C_Berlin%2C_Bar_%22Eldorado%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0121-500%2C_Berlin%2C_Bar_%22Eldorado%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0121-500%2C_Berlin%2C_Bar_%22Eldorado%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0121-500%2C_Berlin%2C_Bar_%22Eldorado%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0121-500%2C_Berlin%2C_Bar_%22Eldorado%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>One of Berlin's famous <a href="/wiki/Eldorado_(Berlin)" title="Eldorado (Berlin)">Eldorado nightclubs</a>, which often featured transgender performers and allowed crossdressing, displaying the slogan Hier ist's richtig! ("Here it's right!").</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, the government which ruled Germany from the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1918 until <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler seized power</a> in 1933, transgender people gained rights and freedoms unprecedented in Europe at the time, and much early progress was made in <a href="/wiki/Transgender_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender medicine">transgender medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The key figure in these advancements was <a href="/wiki/Jewish-German" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-German">Jewish-German</a> <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexologist">sexologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a>, who founded both the <a href="/wiki/Scientific-Humanitarian_Committee" title="Scientific-Humanitarian Committee">Scientific-Humanitarian Committee</a> in 1897—the main organization devoted to the <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">decriminalization of homosexuality</a>—and the <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a> (Institute for Sexual Science) in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Other notable transgender rights activists of the period include <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Radszuweit" title="Friedrich Radszuweit">Friedrich Radszuweit</a>, a publisher and author who founded the Bund für Menschenrecht (Federation for Human Rights) to advocate for gay and transgender rights in 1920, and <a href="/wiki/Max_Spohr" title="Max Spohr">Max Spohr</a>, a publisher among the first to print LGBT media.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMicheler2008-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_situation">Social situation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerd_Katter_-_Transvestitenschein_(Issued_by_police).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gerd_Katter_-_Transvestitenschein_%28Issued_by_police%29.jpg/220px-Gerd_Katter_-_Transvestitenschein_%28Issued_by_police%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gerd_Katter_-_Transvestitenschein_%28Issued_by_police%29.jpg/330px-Gerd_Katter_-_Transvestitenschein_%28Issued_by_police%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gerd_Katter_-_Transvestitenschein_%28Issued_by_police%29.jpg/440px-Gerd_Katter_-_Transvestitenschein_%28Issued_by_police%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Transvestite_pass" title="Transvestite pass">transvestite pass</a> issued to <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Katter" title="Gerd Katter">Gerd Katter</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Police" title="Berlin Police">Berlin Police</a> in 1928.</figcaption></figure> Under the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> before World War I, there was no law which explicitly outlawed being transgender, unlike how <a href="/wiki/Paragraph_175" title="Paragraph 175">Paragraph 175</a> explicitly outlawed male-male homosexuality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2012337-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paragraph_183" title="Paragraph 183">Paragraph 183</a> outlawed public crossdressing, which along with Paragraph 360 (a <a href="/wiki/Public_nuisance" title="Public nuisance">public nuisance</a> law) was sometimes used against transgender people; however, these laws could only be applied if a public nuisance was determined to have occurred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2012337-16">[16]</a> Additionally, in practice these laws could not be applied to transgender people who were able to <a href="/wiki/Passing_(gender)" title="Passing (gender)">pass</a> as their preferred gender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2012337-16">[16]</a> These qualities often led to uneven enforcement of the laws, and openly transgender or gender-queer people in Germany lived under constant threat of legal charges at the whim of individual German police officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2012337-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2011173-174-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a-18">[18]</a> In 1908, Hirschfeld discussed the matter with the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Police" title="Berlin Police">Berlin Police</a>, and convinced them to allow transgender people to obtain <a href="/wiki/Transvestite_pass" title="Transvestite pass">transvestite passes</a> to avoid legal consequences for cross-dressing, one of the earliest known examples of <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">legal recognition for transgender people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2011174-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In large part due to the less restrictive laws and LGBT-friendly culture of 1920s Berlin, known as the 'Golden Years',<a href="#cite_note-nunn-golden-years-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2015-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2018-24">[24]</a> transgender culture began to flourish in the city, and Berlin became known as the queer capital of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2015-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2018-24">[24]</a> In 1930, the world's first transgender magazine, <a href="/wiki/Das_3._Geschlecht" title="Das 3. Geschlecht">Das 3. Geschlecht</a> (The Third Gender), was published by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Radszuweit" title="Friedrich Radszuweit">Friedrich Radszuweit</a>'s publishing company in Berlin, as was <a href="/wiki/Die_Freundin" title="Die Freundin">Die Freundin</a> (The Girlfriend), a lesbian magazine which would often publish articles for transgender women.<a href="#cite_note-nunn-golden-years-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In response to the advocacy of Hirschfeld and others of the first homosexual movement, the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> even went so far as to permit legal name changes for transgender people.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Berlin was also notable in this period for its queer nightlife and transvestite cabaret clubs, the most recognized of which were the <a href="/wiki/Eldorado_(Berlin)" title="Eldorado (Berlin)">Eldorado</a> clubs, but less famous venues such as the Mikado were also popular places to watch transgender performers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhisnant201294-27">[27]</a> Eldorado was the name of at least five known clubs in Berlin which featured transgender performers, and were a popular gathering spot for <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Berlin">Berlin's LGBT community</a>, though heterosexual patrons were also welcome and common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhrt2015-28">[28]</a> The first of these clubs was opened in March 1924 by Ludwig Konjetschni, who went on to own three locations under the Eldorado name, at least two of which are known to have catered to gay audiences specifically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhrt2015-28">[28]</a> The Eldorado clubs were noted worldwide and drew international tourism to the city.<a href="#cite_note-nunn-golden-years-22">[22]</a> Though the clubs were heavily concentrated in Berlin, other similar clubs featuring transgender performers are known to have existed in most major German cities during this period: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover">Hannover</a>: An Eldorado club, the only club known to use the Eldorado name outside Berlin, existed in Hannover in the early 1930s, however it closed after just six months of operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhisnant2012101-102-29">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>: The Dornröschen<a href="#cite_note-30">[a]</a> club featured transgender performers by the names of Tilla and Resi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2012344-31">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>: Known to have some number of transgender-friendly entertainment venues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2012344-31">[30]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_advancement">Medical advancement</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernhard_Schapiro,_Magnus_Hirschfeld,_Tao_Lee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bernhard_Schapiro%2C_Magnus_Hirschfeld%2C_Tao_Lee.jpg/220px-Bernhard_Schapiro%2C_Magnus_Hirschfeld%2C_Tao_Lee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bernhard_Schapiro%2C_Magnus_Hirschfeld%2C_Tao_Lee.jpg/330px-Bernhard_Schapiro%2C_Magnus_Hirschfeld%2C_Tao_Lee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bernhard_Schapiro%2C_Magnus_Hirschfeld%2C_Tao_Lee.jpg/440px-Bernhard_Schapiro%2C_Magnus_Hirschfeld%2C_Tao_Lee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1763" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Schapiro" title="Bernard Schapiro">Bernhard Schapiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Li_Shiu_Tong" title="Li Shiu Tong">Li Shiu Tong</a> in Berlin (early 1930s).</figcaption></figure> In addition to more widespread cultural acceptance, Berlin also became a hotbed for research into <a href="/wiki/Transgender_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender medicine">transgender medicine</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institute for Sexual Science</a>, located in Berlin, performed some of the first academic studies of transgender medicine,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeachy2014176-178-32">[31]</a> and is credited with performing some of the first <a href="/wiki/Gender_affirming_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender affirming care">gender affirming care</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">hormone replacement therapy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Levy-Lenz" title="Ludwig Levy-Lenz">Ludwig Levy-Lenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Gohrbandt" title="Erwin Gohrbandt">Erwin Gohrbandt</a> and other surgeons associated with the Institute performed <a href="/wiki/Gender_affirming_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender affirming surgery">gender affirming surgery</a>, including early versions of <a href="/wiki/Facial_feminization_surgery" title="Facial feminization surgery">facial feminization surgery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a> on trans women, as well as <a href="/wiki/Facial_masculinization_surgery" title="Facial masculinization surgery">facial masculinization surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Male_chest_reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Male chest reconstruction">chest masculinization surgery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">hysterectomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oophorectomy" title="Oophorectomy">oophorectomy</a> on trans men.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhinderUpadhyaya2021249–254-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELimYuChang2023-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchillace2021-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dora_Richter" title="Dora Richter">Dora Richter</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Transgender_woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender woman">transgender woman</a> known to have received sex reassignment surgery, received it through the Institute, as did <a href="/wiki/Lili_Elbe" title="Lili Elbe">Lili Elbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toni_Ebel" title="Toni Ebel">Toni Ebel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Katter" title="Gerd Katter">Gerd Katter</a> and many other notable transgender people of this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicente2021392–416-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagesschau2023-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocq202146-2">[2]</a> Levy-Lenz is quoted as saying of his time at the Institute, "Never have I operated upon more grateful patients."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeachy2014178-40">[39]</a> The Institute collected extensive data on the transgender condition through interviews, surveys and <a href="/wiki/Clinical_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical studies">clinical studies</a>, and its research was some of the first to differentiate <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaraballoDelaware2023-41">[40]</a> In his research for the Institute, Hirschfeld referred to transgender people as "total transvestites" or "extreme transvestites" as early as the 1920s, notably differentiating them from <a href="/wiki/Crossdressers" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossdressers">crossdressers</a>, as well as stating his belief that there naturally existed people who had "characteristics that <a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">did not fit into heterosexual or binary categories</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchillace2021-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2012345-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The Institute was also one of the only employers who would hire openly transgender people, and would often hire transgender people in need of work as <a href="/wiki/Receptionist" title="Receptionist">receptionists</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maid" title="Maid">maids</a>; both <a href="/wiki/Toni_Ebel" title="Toni Ebel">Toni Ebel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dora_Richter" title="Dora Richter">Dora Richter</a> are known to have found employment with the Institute in this way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer201785-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_pushback">Early pushback</h3></div> The homosexual movement and Institute for Sexual Science were frequent targets of conservatives such as the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> and both <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> churches, who accused the movements of "degeneracy", going against <a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">family values</a> and promoting "un-German" ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaraballoDelaware2023-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkopf-Frank2023-44">[43]</a> A particular target of conservative ire were LGBT publications and magazines, which were grouped with <a href="/wiki/Pornographic_magazines" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornographic magazines">pornographic magazines</a> as "filth literature".<a href="#cite_note-1926act-45">[44]</a> Laws such as the 1926 Harmful Publications Act were pushed through by conservative movements to attempt to limit or regulate the contents of these publications.<a href="#cite_note-1926act-45">[44]</a> Hirschfeld himself was also targeted both politically and in the press.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolocaust_Encyclopedia2021-46">[45]</a> After being physically attacked and beaten in Munich in 1921, a nationalist newspaper article celebrated, threatening that "the next time his skull might be crushed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolocaust_Encyclopedia2021-46">[45]</a> In 1929, <a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a> depicted him in a cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Rupprecht" title="Philipp Rupprecht">Philipp Rupprecht</a> and attacked him for his ideas on sex, as well as his sexuality and Jewish background.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolocaust_Encyclopedia2021-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ransacking_of_the_Institut_für_Sexualwissenschaft">Ransacking of the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft_-_Bibliothek_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft_-_Bibliothek_1933.jpg/220px-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft_-_Bibliothek_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft_-_Bibliothek_1933.jpg/330px-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft_-_Bibliothek_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft_-_Bibliothek_1933.jpg/440px-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft_-_Bibliothek_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A member of the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> and a student examine materials taken from the personal library of <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a>, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Sexual_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Sexual Science">Institute for Sexual Science</a>, on 6 May 1933, the day the Institute was raided and destroyed.</figcaption></figure> The beginning of the end for the Golden Years of Berlin occurred on 20 July 1932, when <a href="/wiki/Franz_Von_Papen" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Von Papen">Franz Von Papen</a> orchestrated the <a href="/wiki/1932_Prussian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1932 Prussian coup d'état">1932 Prussian coup d'état</a> and took control of the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> as <a href="/wiki/Reich_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Commissioner">Reich Commissioner</a>. Berlin was located in Prussia, and Papen, a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christianity" title="Conservative Christianity">conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, began more strictly enforcing <a href="/wiki/Paragraph_175" title="Paragraph 175">Paragraph 175</a> and other anti-homosexuality and anti-transvestitism laws in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015185-187-47">[46]</a> Papen's government attempted to shut down presses printing "filth literature" altogether, though the courts were unwilling to cooperate with any attempted convictions, and the effort to shut down the publications was temporarily halted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015185-186-48">[47]</a> On 30 January 1933, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, the leader of the Nazi Party, came to power as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a>. His government cracked down on gay and trans movements within Germany. On 6 May 1933, a group of students belonging to the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist German Students' League</a>, accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass band</a>, marched to the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015174-49">[48]</a> After failing to find Hirschfeld,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015174-49">[48]</a> who was abroad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer201793-50">[49]</a> the students proceeded to shout "Brenne Hirschfeld!" ("Burn Hirschfeld!") while ransacking and vandalizing the Institute, tearing pictures from the walls, pouring inkwells onto carpets, and destroying exhibitions while the band played outside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer201792-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015174-49">[48]</a> Some students posed for propaganda photos amidst the destruction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015174-49">[48]</a> That afternoon, the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> (SA) arrived and systematically confiscated the Institute's materials, including thousands of books and documents from its library and archive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer201793-50">[49]</a> The only documents spared were the thousands of medical questionnaires collected by Hirschfeld, either because the Institute's staff managed to convince the SA that the documents were simple medical profiles, or because there were physically too many to carry out of the Institute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer201793-94-52">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dora_Richter" title="Dora Richter">Dora Richter</a> was long believed to have been murdered in the attack<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaraballoDelaware2023-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasy2022-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> until a paper trail of her life after 1933 was unearthed.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The Institute was closed, and would never reopen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer201792-51">[50]</a> Four days later, on 10 May 1933, as many as 25,000 of the institute's books, many of which contained unique insights into transgender history and medicine, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">were burned</a> nearby in <a href="/wiki/Bebelplatz" title="Bebelplatz">Bebelplatz Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly2023-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015174-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartropDickerman2017457–458-59">[58]</a> Hirschfeld remained in exile in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> until his death in 1935, rather than return to Germany to face persecution as a gay, Jewish man.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1986391-415-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDose201463-67-61">[60]</a> His image would be subsequently widely reproduced for use in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a>, citing him as a prototypical Jew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchillace2021-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDose201436-62">[61]</a> Following the closure of the Institute, some of its staff, such as <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Levy-Lenz" title="Ludwig Levy-Lenz">Ludwig Levy-Lenz</a> (who was also Jewish), fled Germany for the safety of exile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchillace2021-36">[35]</a> However, a few of the Institute's former personnel, including <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Gohrbandt" title="Erwin Gohrbandt">Erwin Gohrbandt</a>, turned to collaboration with the Nazi regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchillace2021-36">[35]</a> Gohrbandt in particular joined the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> as a medical advisor, and later contributed to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">human experimentation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchillace2021-36">[35]</a> where transgender people like the ones he once treated are known to have been held as prisoners and murdered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIl_Messaggero2023-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202247-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nazi_views_on_transgender_people">Nazi views on transgender people</h2></div> Generally, Nazi ideology considered transgender, <a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">non-binary</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">gender-non conforming</a> identities as mental illnesses which could (and should) be cured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202226-27-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiter-Zatloukal2015-7">[7]</a> One social goal of the Nazi government was to restore and enforce traditional conservative <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a> within German society compared to the more open Weimar Germany, which meant suppressing transgender identities as well as gender non-conforming ones such as <a href="/wiki/Butch_lesbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Butch lesbian">butch lesbians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effeminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Effeminate">effeminate</a> gay men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202226-27-65">[64]</a> Within the legal system, transvestism or having a transgender identity was often considered an <a href="/wiki/Aggravation_(law)" title="Aggravation (law)">aggravating factor</a> in a homosexuality case, causing transgender women to face even harsher sentences than if they had simply been considered homosexual men, though transgender people could face persecution even if Nazi authorities did not consider them to be homosexual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2023-66">[65]</a> Though transgender women in Nazi Germany were treated as crossdressing men under the law and by law enforcement, and were often arrested tried under the same <a href="/wiki/Paragraph_175" title="Paragraph 175">Paragraph 175</a> as homosexual men,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2016-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202240-68">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Marhoefer" title="Laurie Marhoefer">Laurie Marhoefer</a> notes that "Nazi officials did not simply think trans women were gay men."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a-18">[18]</a> Bodie Ashton, a professor of <a href="/wiki/German_history" class="mw-redirect" title="German history">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history">LGBT</a> history at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erfurt" title="University of Erfurt">University of Erfurt</a>, has called the Nazi government's understanding of transgender people "broadly inconsistent", and says that the Nazi government generally did not make attempts to understand transgender individuals beyond base assumptions about them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2023-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transgender_life_under_Nazi_rule">Transgender life under Nazi rule</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichszentrale-Erlass-1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Reichszentrale-Erlass-1936.jpg/220px-Reichszentrale-Erlass-1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Reichszentrale-Erlass-1936.jpg/330px-Reichszentrale-Erlass-1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Reichszentrale-Erlass-1936.jpg/440px-Reichszentrale-Erlass-1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>The 1936 order by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> establishing the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Central_Office_for_the_Combating_of_Homosexuality_and_Abortion" title="Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion">Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution">Persecution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></div> On 10 October 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Reichszentrale_zur_Bek%C3%A4mpfung_der_Homosexualit%C3%A4t_und_der_Abtreibung" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichszentrale zur Bekämpfung der Homosexualität und der Abtreibung">Reichszentrale zur Bekämpfung der Homosexualität und der Abtreibung</a> (Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion) was created by decree of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> to establish guidelines on prosecuting homosexuality, and coordinating the prosecution of transgender people was generally also considered within its jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiter-Zatloukal2015-7">[7]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>'s homosexuality department also retained some authority on the area of transgender people as well. Specifically, the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion designated responsible by the Nazi government for "collaborating in the design of the security police’s treatment of sexual degenerates", such as "transvestites, fetishists, and others."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiter-Zatloukal2015-7">[7]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Jewish_Heritage" title="Museum of Jewish Heritage">Museum of Jewish Heritage</a>, the Nazi government "brutally targeted the trans community, deporting many trans people to concentration camps and wiping out vibrant community structures."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseum_of_Jewish_Heritage2022-69">[68]</a> Transgender people (in particular <a href="/wiki/Male-to-female" class="mw-redirect" title="Male-to-female">male-to-female</a> individuals) were often persecuted under the same <a href="/wiki/Paragraph_175" title="Paragraph 175">Paragraph 175</a> which was widely used to target homosexuals, although there exist known instances of individuals being charged under <a href="/wiki/Paragraph_183" title="Paragraph 183">Paragraph 183</a> alone, a public indecency law which was used as prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2020-71">[70]</a> The Nazi government shut down several magazines published by transgender people, though some such as <a href="/wiki/Das_3._Geschlecht" title="Das 3. Geschlecht">Das 3. Geschlecht</a> had already ceased by 1933 following <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Radszuweit" title="Friedrich Radszuweit">Friedrich Radszuweit</a>'s death in March 1932.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a-18">[18]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Franz_Von_Papen" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Von Papen">Franz Von Papen</a>'s orders, in the summer of 1932, a series of raids had been carried out against gay, lesbian and transgender bars, and it was announced that these places would no longer be able to acquire <a href="/wiki/Dance_permit" title="Dance permit">dance permits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015187-72">[71]</a> By early 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Eldorado_(Berlin)" title="Eldorado (Berlin)">Eldorado</a> nightclubs are believed to have all shut down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhisnant2012201-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023b-74">[73]</a> Under Nazi rule, the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Transvestite_pass" title="Transvestite pass">transvestite passes</a> given to transgender people under Weimar rule were revoked, or in many cases simply ignored by the police.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a-18">[18]</a> Race also played a role in how transgender people were treated under the Nazi regime. According to historian Zavier Nunn, trans people could be spared the worst of the Nazi's violence if they were considered Aryan and not considered homosexual (i.e., they were exclusively attracted to the opposite of the <a href="/wiki/Sex_assigned_at_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex assigned at birth">sex assigned to them at birth</a>).<a href="#cite_note-nunn-mitigating-75">[74]</a> Furthermore, their circumstances could be mitigated if they were capable of useful work.<a href="#cite_note-nunn-mitigating-75">[74]</a> Nunn provides of a particular case study of a <a href="/wiki/Transgender_lesbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender lesbian">transgender lesbian</a> known as R., who the Nazis considered to be Aryan, non-homosexual and a good worker, who was arrested in 1938 but was released after two years in prison on the assumption that she would <a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">detransition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nunn-r-76">[75]</a> R. reneged, continuing her non-conformist behaviors, and in 1941 she was re-arrested.<a href="#cite_note-nunn-r-76">[75]</a> On 10 November 1941, R. was transferred to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin-Wittenau_Medical_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berlin-Wittenau Medical Center (page does not exist)">Berlin-Wittenau Medical Center</a> to undergo <a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">conversion therapy</a> so she could "become a functioning member of the <a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a>".<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> She remained in Wittenau until her death by suspected suicide on 12 March 1943.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification">Identification</h3></div> Due in part to the inherent difficulty in identifying transgender people who can <a href="/wiki/Passing_(gender)" title="Passing (gender)">pass</a> as their preferred gender, as well as identifying gender non-conforming people who may conform when in public, the Nazi government relied heavily on reporting by private citizens (often neighbors) in order to persecute transgender people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2016-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202234-36-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202240-68">[67]</a> A widespread belief in Germany at this time held that transgender people were inherently deceitful, as they lived their lives "in disguise", which provided motivation to some Germans to denounce transgender people to the Nazi government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202235-80">[79]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, this belief was so ubiquitous that transgender organizations urged their members to wear clothes associated with their birth sex for the sake of their personal safety.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2016-67">[66]</a> However, many Germans were simply motivated to denounce queer and transgender people due to their personal belief in Nazi ideology and desire to make the idealized Nazi state a reality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202222-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imprisonment_in_concentration_camps">Imprisonment in concentration camps</h3></div> Many transgender people were imprisoned and murdered in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>, though it is unknown exactly how many were killed or died as a result of their mistreatment.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> In particular, as straight transgender women were viewed by the Nazis as a subset or variation of homosexual men—a sexuality whose manifestations in Germany the Nazis aimed to completely suppress—they were particularly targeted. Even in cases where transgender individuals were not killed or imprisoned in concentration camps, they were, with few exceptions, barred from being transgender in public life, and there is at least one recorded case of a transgender German being driven to suicide due to their forced <a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">detransition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a-18">[18]</a> Individual precincts and districts are also known to have taken specific action against transgender people; for example, on 11 November 1933, the city of <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> issued a specific order to its police department to "observe the transvestites in particular, and as required to send them to concentration camps".<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a-18">[18]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Marhoefer" title="Laurie Marhoefer">Laurie Marhoefer</a>, when discussing the persecution of trans people by the Nazi regime, noted that "the Nazi state reserved its worst violence for trans women."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a-18">[18]</a> A gay prisoner and survivor of the <a href="/wiki/Lichtenburg_concentration_camp" title="Lichtenburg concentration camp">Lichtenburg concentration camp</a> named Kurt von Ruffin recalled that camp officials often treated trans people with particular contempt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202247-64">[63]</a> Incoming transgender women to the camp would be "stripped out of their women's clothes and then humiliated, insulted and beaten."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202247-64">[63]</a> Von Ruffin recalled hearing of one occasion when a transgender woman was forced to undress, then had her head forcibly shoved into a dirty latrine until she drowned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202247-64">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Salani" title="Lucy Salani">Lucy Salani</a> was the only known Italian transgender person known to have survived imprisonment in the concentration camps, including the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a>. She died in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIl_Messaggero2023-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> At least one <a href="/wiki/Austria_within_Nazi_Germany" title="Austria within Nazi Germany">Austrian</a> trans woman, referred to as Bella P., is known to have been imprisoned in a concentration camp after a sentence under a law targeting "unnatural fornication".<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Another trans woman, known only as "H. Bode" is known to have been killed in the <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_Concentration_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchenwald Concentration Camp">Buchenwald Concentration Camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023b-74">[73]</a> In one notable example, German transgender woman and sex worker <a href="/wiki/Liddy_Bacroff" title="Liddy Bacroff">Liddy Bacroff</a> submitted a request for a 'voluntary' castration on 4 April 1938, following an arrest for crossdressing and being on a date at a restaurant with a man.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2023-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenkranzUlfWhite-88">[87]</a> A repeat offender of German anti-homosexuality and anti-prostitution laws, including <a href="/wiki/Paragraph_175" title="Paragraph 175">Paragraph 175</a>, Bacroff requested "to be cured of my sick passion which has led me onto the path of prostitution".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenkranzUlfWhite-88">[87]</a> She was examined by Wilhelm Reuss, a medical examiner from the Hamburg Health Department, who concluded that "H.<a href="#cite_note-89">[b]</a> is a transvestite to his [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] core. Accordingly his [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] entire habitus is feminine and infantile, the voice eunuchoid".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2023-66">[65]</a> He further speculated that castration would only embolden Barcroff, as she was never the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">penetrating</a> partner in her sex work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2023-66">[65]</a> Reuss's report was effectively a death sentence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenkranzUlfWhite-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2023-66">[65]</a> Bacroff was subsequently remanded to prison, and in late 1942, she was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_Concentration_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen Concentration Camp">Mauthausen Concentration Camp</a>, where she was killed on 6 January 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenkranzUlfWhite-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2023-66">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Transgender_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender men">Transgender men</a> are also known to have been targeted in Nazi Germany, though their treatment differed in some regards from transgender women, and some were even able to continue their lives publicly. One trans man, known by the masculine nicknames "Kleener"<a href="#cite_note-91">[c]</a> and "Dicker",<a href="#cite_note-92">[d]</a> was arrested for crossdressing in August 1940, but was released after promising <a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">to wear women's clothing in public</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2011173-93">[89]</a> A postal worker known as Gerd W., who was a transgender man, petitioned in 1940 to have his transvestite pass restored after being unhappy attempting to live as a woman. Although his transvestite pass was not restored, he was given permission to dress as a man so long as he did not have sexual relations with women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2011172-173-94">[90]</a> Another transgender man, Gerd Kubbe, had his transvestite pass revoked in 1933. He was arrested in January 1938 for crossdressing into "protective custody" on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> and imprisoned at the <a href="/wiki/Lichtenburg_concentration_camp" title="Lichtenburg concentration camp">Lichtenburg concentration camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2011172-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiter-Zatloukal2015-7">[7]</a> However, in October 1938, he too was released, his transvestite pass restored, and he was even granted special permission from the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> to continue wearing men's clothes and using a masculine name; though he was barred from using public restrooms or baths while wearing men's clothing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2011172-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a-18">[18]</a> There exist many open questions about the imprisonment of transgender people in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>. It is unknown, for example, exactly how many transgender people were killed in the concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance242023-96">[92]</a> Some records pertaining to the transgender people sent to the concentration camps are vague and open ended. In the case of German trans woman and club proprietor Toni Simon, her file's final document calls her a "<a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">danger to youth</a>" and recommends sending her to a concentration camp as "absolutely necessary", without any further information on her fate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023b-74">[73]</a> Fritz Kitzing, an individual who was <a href="/wiki/Assigned_male_at_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Assigned male at birth">assigned male at birth</a> but presented as both female and male at different points in their life, was denounced by one of their neighbors in 1935 as transgender and was imprisoned without trial in <a href="/wiki/Lichtenburg_concentration_camp" title="Lichtenburg concentration camp">Lichtenburg</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a> after being labeled "a transvestite of the worst kind" by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202240-41-97">[93]</a> They were briefly released in 1938, but were rearrested on a charge of "atrocity propaganda" for sending a letter detailing their experiences in the concentration camps to a friend in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, after which no further records of them are known to exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202241-98">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition_and_remembrance">Recognition and remembrance</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition">Recognition</h3></div> "Transgender" became widely recognized as an identity beginning only in the late 20th century, and the fight for <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">legal recognition and rights</a> for transgender people is an <a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">ongoing movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> In 2023, historian <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Marhoefer" title="Laurie Marhoefer">Laurie Marhoefer</a> noted, "Up until the past few years, there had been little research on trans people under the Nazi regime."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023b-74">[73]</a> As such, it was not until the 2010s and 2020s that transgender people began to be recognized as <a href="/wiki/Victims_of_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Victims of the Holocaust">victims of the Nazis and the Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023b-74">[73]</a> On 23 June 2017, the German <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> voted to compensate victims of <a href="/wiki/Paragraph_175" title="Paragraph 175">Paragraph 175</a>. Those affected by the law had their convictions rescinded, and were given reparations of €3,000 ($3,350 in USD) plus an additional €1,500 ($1,675 in USD) for each year spent in prison.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> On 27 January 2023, the German government dedicated its annual Holocaust memorial commemoration to <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">lesbian, bisexual, gay and transgender</a> victims of the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023b-74">[73]</a> This marked the first time the German government had granted official recognition to transgender people as victims of the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnarte2023-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> In a speech given at the commemoration, German <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> President <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4rbel_Bas" title="Bärbel Bas">Bärbel Bas</a> stated "For our remembrance culture, it's important that we tell the stories of all victims of persecution, that we make their injustice visible, that we recognize their suffering."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnarte2023-101">[97]</a> Transgender people have also been recognized or commemorated as victims of the Holocaust by the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign" title="Human Rights Campaign">Human Rights Campaign</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Jewish_Heritage" title="Museum of Jewish Heritage">Museum of Jewish Heritage</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseum_of_Jewish_Heritage2022-69">[68]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denialism">Denialism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></div> In 2022, the Regional Court of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> ruled that denying that transgender people were victims of the Nazis qualifies as "a denial of Nazi crimes", which in Germany may be <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_Holocaust_denial#Germany" title="Legality of Holocaust denial">prosecuted as a crime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023b-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDer_Tagesspiegel2022-108">[104]</a> The ruling was an outcome of the civil libel suit of German biologist Marie-Luise Vollbrecht, who alleged libel against the German Society for Trans Identity and Intersexuality over their response to comments she made calling transgender people not "true victims" of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDer_Tagesspiegel2022-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> The court ultimately ruled that she had to accept the response made to her comments labelling her as a denialist. <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Marhoefer" title="Laurie Marhoefer">Laurie Marhoefer</a> gave an expert statement on the case that was not ultimately presented to the court, writing "though there is a bit of variation and disorganization, and race matters, we see a pattern of state violence and oppression here, motivated by a hostility specific to transgender people."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a-18">[18]</a> On 13 March 2024, author <a href="/wiki/J.K._Rowling" class="mw-redirect" title="J.K. Rowling">J.K. Rowling</a> tweeted a series of responses to an anonymous critic, who argued that Rowling was upholding Nazi ideals for her <a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_J._K._Rowling#Transgender_rights" title="Political views of J. K. Rowling">viewpoints of transgender rights</a>, in which Rowling contended that transgender people were not targeted in the Holocaust. These tweets caused some, including civil rights attorney <a href="/wiki/Alejandra_Caraballo" title="Alejandra Caraballo">Alejandra Caraballo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> to accuse her of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Forward2024-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano2024-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> On 14 March 2024, Rowling responded to the accusations in a post on her personal website, calling them "baseless and disgusting" and stating that she had "always been a staunch supporter of the Jewish community".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowling2024-115">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">First homosexual movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Lesbians in Nazi Germany">Lesbians in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history#Germany" title="Transgender history">Transgender history § Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> German, lit. "Thorn Rose", meaning "<a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty" title="Sleeping Beauty">Sleeping Beauty</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> In reference to Heinrich Habitz, Bacroff's birth name. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> German, meaning "Tiny". </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> German, meaning "Tubby". </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolly2011-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolly2011_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPolly2011">Polly 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocq202146-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocq202146_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocq202146_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrocq2021">Crocq 2021</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschfeld1923-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschfeld1923_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHirschfeld1923">Hirschfeld 1923</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2012349-350-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton2012349-350_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton2012349-350_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSutton2012">Sutton 2012</a>, p. 349-350. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyerowitz2009">Meyerowitz 2009</a>, p. 16: "Some transgendered people—self identified, in the terms of the day, as eonists, transvestites, homosexuals, inverts and hermaphrodites—came to see themselves as part of a group of people who longed to change their sex." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2012335-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton2012335_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSutton2012">Sutton 2012</a>, p. 335. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiter-Zatloukal2015-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReiter-Zatloukal2015_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReiter-Zatloukal2015_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReiter-Zatloukal2015_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReiter-Zatloukal2015_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReiter-Zatloukal2015_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReiter-Zatloukal2015_7-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFReiter-Zatloukal2015">Reiter-Zatloukal 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer201785-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer201785_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer201785_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBauer2017">Bauer 2017</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerowitz200913-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerowitz200913_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyerowitz2009">Meyerowitz 2009</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNunn2022">Nunn 2022</a>: "While unparalleled in Europe at the time, the Transvestitenschein also solidified the first part of a ‘double dependency’ system — dependent on both legal and medical determination — for trans people seeking to transition." </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlessandrin2020">Alessandrin 2020</a>: "Germany was the birthplace of transidentities, where in 1910 Doctor Magnus Hirschfeld (1868-1935) described individuals expressing the feeling that their anatomical gender did not correspond to the one they had the impression of belonging to. Theoretical and medical progress, along with progress in surgery (vaginoplasty, phalloplasty, mammectomy, etc.), went hand in hand with advances in sex-change technologies." </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisherFunke2016">Fisher & Funke 2016</a>: "In 1919, Hirschfeld founded the Institute for Sexual Research in Berlin that housed his extensive library and archive." </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFinamore2018" class="citation web cs1">Finamore, Emma (17 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepinknews.com/2018/04/17/who-was-magnus-hirschfield-nazi-target-lgbt-activist-gay-rights-campaigner/">"Meet the gay doctor and LGBT+ activist who became a Nazi target"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PinkNews" title="PinkNews">PinkNews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240314165335/https://www.thepinknews.com/2018/04/17/who-was-magnus-hirschfield-nazi-target-lgbt-activist-gay-rights-campaigner/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024. <q>In 1919 – under the more liberal atmosphere of the newly founded Weimar Republic after World War I – Hirschfeld founded the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute of Sexual Research). The Institute, in a building near the Reichstag, housed his immense archives and library on sexuality and provided educational services and medical consultations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PinkNews&rft.atitle=Meet+the+gay+doctor+and+LGBT%2B+activist+who+became+a+Nazi+target&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft.aulast=Finamore&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepinknews.com%2F2018%2F04%2F17%2Fwho-was-magnus-hirschfield-nazi-target-lgbt-activist-gay-rights-campaigner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2004" class="citation web cs1">McKay, Barry (21 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/documenting-berlins-gay-history/a-1242635">"Documenting Berlin's Gay History – DW – 06/21/2004"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240314165506/https://www.dw.com/en/documenting-berlins-gay-history/a-1242635">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024. <q>In 1919, Hirschfeld founded the Institute for Sexual Science...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Documenting+Berlin%27s+Gay+History+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+06%2F21%2F2004&rft.date=2004-06-21&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fdocumenting-berlins-gay-history%2Fa-1242635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMicheler2008-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMicheler2008_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMicheler2008">Micheler 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2012337-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton2012337_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton2012337_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton2012337_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton2012337_16-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSutton2012">Sutton 2012</a>, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2011173-174-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaplan2011173-174_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaplan2011">Caplan 2011</a>, p. 173-174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a_18-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a_18-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023a_18-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarhoefer2023a">Marhoefer 2023a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLi2023">Li 2023</a>: "Hirschfeld offered practical aid, working with sympathetic Berlin police officials to create “transvestite passes” that allowed bearers to wear clothing corresponding to their gender identity without fear of harassment (Figure 2)." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2011174-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaplan2011174_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaplan2011">Caplan 2011</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershon2018" class="citation web cs1">Gershon, Livia (18 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/gender-identity-in-weimar-germany/">"Gender Identity in Weimar Germany"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR Daily">JSTOR Daily</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190105040301/https://daily.jstor.org/gender-identity-in-weimar-germany/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=Gender+Identity+in+Weimar+Germany&rft.date=2018-11-18&rft.aulast=Gershon&rft.aufirst=Livia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fgender-identity-in-weimar-germany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nunn-golden-years-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nunn-golden-years_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunn-golden-years_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunn-golden-years_22-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNunn2022">Nunn 2022</a>: "The famous ‘Golden Years’ of 1920s Berlin birthed the world’s first trans magazine (Das 3. Geschlecht) in addition to a slew of widely circulated queer print media, and drew international crowds to Berlin’s queer nightlife, especially its transvestite cabaret clubs such as the El Dorado." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2015-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2015_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2015_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss2015">Ross 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2018-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2018_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2018_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHutton2018">Hutton 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkopf-Frank2023">Steinkopf-Frank 2023</a>: "Trans people were given space in both their own magazines and even in some of the lesbian ones, highlighting a sense of cross-identity camaraderie. Die Freundin had a regular trans supplement highlighting these voices." </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNunn2022">Nunn 2022</a>: "These years saw the proliferation of the Transvestitenschein (transvestite certification) and legal name changes, forms of state-legitimated trans recognition." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhisnant201294-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhisnant201294_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhisnant2012">Whisnant 2012</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhrt2015-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhrt2015_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhrt2015_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuhrt2015">Kuhrt 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhisnant2012101-102-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhisnant2012101-102_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhisnant2012">Whisnant 2012</a>, p. 101-102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2012344-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton2012344_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton2012344_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSutton2012">Sutton 2012</a>, p. 344. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeachy2014176-178-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeachy2014176-178_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeachy2014">Beachy 2014</a>, p. 176-178. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeachy2014">Beachy 2014</a>, p. 178: "Levy-Lenz also introduced surgical procedures to feminize or masculinize facial features by altering noses, chins, lips and cheekbones. From other sources it is clear that Levy-Lenz and other Institute-affiliated surgeons performed hysterectomies, oophorectomies (removal of the ovaries) and breast-reduction surgeries. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhinderUpadhyaya2021249–254-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhinderUpadhyaya2021249–254_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhinderUpadhyaya2021">Bhinder & Upadhyaya 2021</a>, p. 249–254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELimYuChang2023-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELimYuChang2023_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLimYuChang2023">Lim, Yu & Chang 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchillace2021-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchillace2021_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchillace2021_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchillace2021_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchillace2021_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchillace2021_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchillace2021_36-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchillace2021">Schillace 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrochlic2022" class="citation web cs1">Strochlic, Nina (29 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2022/06/the-great-hunt-for-the-worlds-first-lgbtq-archive">"The great hunt for the world's first LGBTQ archive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240314161709/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2022/06/the-great-hunt-for-the-worlds-first-lgbtq-archive">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+great+hunt+for+the+world%27s+first+LGBTQ+archive&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft.aulast=Strochlic&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Fhistory-and-civilisation%2F2022%2F06%2Fthe-great-hunt-for-the-worlds-first-lgbtq-archive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicente2021392–416-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVicente2021392–416_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVicente2021">Vicente 2021</a>, p. 392–416. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETagesschau2023-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagesschau2023_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTagesschau2023">Tagesschau 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeachy2014178-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeachy2014178_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeachy2014">Beachy 2014</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaraballoDelaware2023-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaraballoDelaware2023_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaraballoDelaware2023_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaraballoDelaware2023_41-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaraballoDelaware2023">Caraballo & Delaware 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2012345-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton2012345_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSutton2012">Sutton 2012</a>, p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>: "Not everyone arrested under Paragraph 175 identified as a man. During the German Empire and the Weimar Republic, Germany was home to a developing community of people who identified as 'transvestites.' [...] Initially, this term encompassed people who performed in drag, people who cross-dressed for pleasure, as well as those who today might identify as trans or transgender." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkopf-Frank2023-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkopf-Frank2023_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkopf-Frank2023">Steinkopf-Frank 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-1926act-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1926act_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1926act_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkopf-Frank2023">Steinkopf-Frank 2023</a>: "The 1926 Harmful Publications Act was intended to impose moral censorship on the widespread pulp literature sold at kiosks and newsstands, including the queer publications, which often featured nude photographs. The Catholic and Protestant Churches as well as public morality organizations and conservative politicians led the fight against what they called “trash and filth literature.”" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolocaust_Encyclopedia2021-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolocaust_Encyclopedia2021_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolocaust_Encyclopedia2021_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolocaust_Encyclopedia2021_46-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolocaust_Encyclopedia2021">Holocaust Encyclopedia 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015185-187-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015185-187_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarhoefer2015">Marhoefer 2015</a>, p. 185-187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015185-186-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015185-186_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarhoefer2015">Marhoefer 2015</a>, p. 185-186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015174-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015174_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015174_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015174_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015174_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015174_49-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarhoefer2015">Marhoefer 2015</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer201793-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer201793_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer201793_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBauer2017">Bauer 2017</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer201792-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer201792_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer201792_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBauer2017">Bauer 2017</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer201793-94-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer201793-94_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBauer2017">Bauer 2017</a>, p. 93-94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasy2022-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasy2022_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomasy2022">Thomasy 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoffke2023" class="citation web cs1">Noffke, Oliver (1 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbb24.de/panorama/beitrag/2023/05/dora-richter-magnus-hirschfeld-berlin-transsexualitaet-institut-fuer-sexualwissenschaft.html">"Was wurde aus Dora?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">rbb|24</a>. Retrieved 16 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rbb%7C24&rft.atitle=Was+wurde+aus+Dora%3F&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft.aulast=Noffke&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbb24.de%2Fpanorama%2Fbeitrag%2F2023%2F05%2Fdora-richter-magnus-hirschfeld-berlin-transsexualitaet-institut-fuer-sexualwissenschaft.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoffke2024" class="citation web cs1">Noffke, Oliver (2 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbb24.de/panorama/beitrag/2024/06/dora-richter-transgeschlechtlichkeit-drittes-reich-berlin-trans-magnus-hirschfeld.html">"Dora ging nach Böhmen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">rbb|24</a>. Retrieved 16 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rbb%7C24&rft.atitle=Dora+ging+nach+B%C3%B6hmen&rft.date=2024-06-02&rft.aulast=Noffke&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbb24.de%2Fpanorama%2Fbeitrag%2F2024%2F06%2Fdora-richter-transgeschlechtlichkeit-drittes-reich-berlin-trans-magnus-hirschfeld.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzsimons2019" class="citation web cs1">Fitzsimons, Tim (5 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/historian-unearths-evidence-one-america-s-earliest-gay-rights-activists-n1026921">"Historian unearths evidence of one of America's earliest gay rights activists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240314161135/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/historian-unearths-evidence-one-america-s-earliest-gay-rights-activists-n1026921">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Historian+unearths+evidence+of+one+of+America%27s+earliest+gay+rights+activists&rft.date=2019-07-05&rft.aulast=Fitzsimons&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Ffeature%2Fnbc-out%2Fhistorian-unearths-evidence-one-america-s-earliest-gay-rights-activists-n1026921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2014" class="citation web cs1">Turner, Christopher (7 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/07/the-rise-and-rise-of-sexology-wellcome">"The rise and rise of sexology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240314161817/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/07/the-rise-and-rise-of-sexology-wellcome">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+rise+and+rise+of+sexology&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2014%2Fnov%2F07%2Fthe-rise-and-rise-of-sexology-wellcome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly2023-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnelly2023_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnelly2023">Connelly 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartropDickerman2017457–458-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartropDickerman2017457–458_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartropDickerman2017">Bartrop & Dickerman 2017</a>, p. 457–458. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1986391-415-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1986391-415_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolff1986">Wolff 1986</a>, p. 391-415. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDose201463-67-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDose201463-67_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDose2014">Dose 2014</a>, p. 63-67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDose201436-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDose201436_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDose2014">Dose 2014</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIl_Messaggero2023-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIl_Messaggero2023_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIl_Messaggero2023_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFIl_Messaggero2023">Il Messaggero 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202247-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsome202247_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsome202247_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsome202247_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsome202247_64-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewsome2022">Newsome 2022</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202226-27-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsome202226-27_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsome202226-27_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewsome2022">Newsome 2022</a>, p. 26-27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2023-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshton2023_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshton2023_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshton2023_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshton2023_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshton2023_66-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshton2023_66-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshton2023_66-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshton2023">Ashton 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2016-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2016_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2016_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2016_67-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarhoefer2016">Marhoefer 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202240-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsome202240_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsome202240_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewsome2022">Newsome 2022</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseum_of_Jewish_Heritage2022-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseum_of_Jewish_Heritage2022_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseum_of_Jewish_Heritage2022_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuseum_of_Jewish_Heritage2022">Museum of Jewish Heritage 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2020-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2020_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarhoefer2020">Marhoefer 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015187-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2015187_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarhoefer2015">Marhoefer 2015</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhisnant2012201-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhisnant2012201_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhisnant2012">Whisnant 2012</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023b-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023b_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023b_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023b_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023b_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023b_74-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023b_74-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarhoefer2023b_74-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarhoefer2023b">Marhoefer 2023b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-nunn-mitigating-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nunn-mitigating_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunn-mitigating_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNunn2022">Nunn 2022</a>: "How the Nazi state policed trans people is yet to be acknowledged by historians. Thus far, trans people have been subsumed into histories of queer persecution. Yet, if they had ‘Aryan’ racial status and were not considered homosexual, some trans people could avoid the worst of Nazi violence. If they had significant utilitarian value in their ability to perform skilled work, they could even be considered for rehabilitation into the Volksgemeinschaft. </li> <li id="cite_note-nunn-r-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nunn-r_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunn-r_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNunn2022">Nunn 2022</a>: "On 15 July 1938, R. was detained and tried at the Berlin district court. She was found guilty of public indecency and was charged with two years’ imprisonment with hard labour before being transferred to Berlin-Tegel prison on 25 November. Over the following two years, she was transferred to the Amberg prison in the Upper Palatinate, and the Straubing prison and Nuremberg prison in Bavaria. Her final transfer was to the St Georgen prison and work camp in Bayreuth, from which she was released on 21 September 1940. It would have been reasonable to assume that these internments would have acted as deterrents to R.’s non-conformist behaviour. However, within a year of release, she was in trouble with the law again for the same offence." </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNunn2022">Nunn 2022</a>: "On 10 November 1941, R. was transferred to the Berlin-Wittenau Medical Centre to begin her treatment... a lawyer named J. Weltzein insisted R. receive treatment from a specialist so that she could immediately ‘become a functioning member of the Volksgemeinschaft’." </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNunn2022">Nunn 2022</a>: "On the morning of 12 March 1943, R. was found hanging in one of the toilet cubicles in the Wittenau... They concluded it was suicide; however, they left open the possibility that it might have been accidental." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202234-36-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsome202234-36_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewsome2022">Newsome 2022</a>, p. 34-36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202235-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsome202235_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewsome2022">Newsome 2022</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsome202222-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsome202222_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewsome2022">Newsome 2022</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaska2024" class="citation web cs1">Baska, Maggie (14 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepinknews.com/2024/03/14/trans-history-wwii-nazi-germany-nazis-transgender-magnus-hirschfeld/">"The devastating persecution of trans people by the Nazis still echoes down the ages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PinkNews" title="PinkNews">PinkNews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240314224403/https://www.thepinknews.com/2024/03/14/trans-history-wwii-nazi-germany-nazis-transgender-magnus-hirschfeld/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024. 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International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Retrieved 17 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attempts+to+%27Deny%2C+Distort+and+Rewrite%27+Holocaust+History+Gaining+Global+Currency%2C+Secretary-General+Warns%2C+Calling+for+Facts+on+International+Remembrance+Day&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft.aulast=Guterres&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.un.org%2Fen%2F2021%2Fsgsm20556.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/bildung/marie-luise-vollbrecht-verliert-streit-um-meinungsaeusserung-a-fabb1812-5a5c-4b52-8982-590f5b0e6f2f">"Marie-Luise Vollbrecht verliert Streit um Meinungsäußerung"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> (in German). 11 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231006142347/https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/bildung/marie-luise-vollbrecht-verliert-streit-um-meinungsaeusserung-a-fabb1812-5a5c-4b52-8982-590f5b0e6f2f">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Marie-Luise+Vollbrecht+verliert+Streit+um+Meinungs%C3%A4u%C3%9Ferung&rft.date=2022-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpanorama%2Fbildung%2Fmarie-luise-vollbrecht-verliert-streit-um-meinungsaeusserung-a-fabb1812-5a5c-4b52-8982-590f5b0e6f2f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDer_Tagesspiegel2022-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDer_Tagesspiegel2022_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDer_Tagesspiegel2022_108-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDer_Tagesspiegel2022">Der Tagesspiegel 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraungart2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Braungart, Eva Maria (10 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/news/umstrittene-biologin-tweet-von-marie-luise-vollbrecht-zaehlt-als-ns-verharmlosung-li.285830">"Umstrittene Biologin: Tweet von Vollbrecht zählt als NS-Verharmlosung"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung" title="Berliner Zeitung">Berliner Zeitung</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20221110212725/https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/news/umstrittene-biologin-tweet-von-marie-luise-vollbrecht-zaehlt-als-ns-verharmlosung-li.285830">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berliner+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Umstrittene+Biologin%3A+Tweet+von+Vollbrecht+z%C3%A4hlt+als+NS-Verharmlosung&rft.date=2022-11-10&rft.aulast=Braungart&rft.aufirst=Eva+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berliner-zeitung.de%2Fnews%2Fumstrittene-biologin-tweet-von-marie-luise-vollbrecht-zaehlt-als-ns-verharmlosung-li.285830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lto.de/recht/presseschau/p/presseschau-2022-11-11-ergebnisse-jumiko-strafen-klimaaktivisten-bverfg-windkraftanlagen/">"Die juristische Presseschau vom 11. November 2022: Ergebnisse der JuMiKo / Härtere Strafen für Klimaaktivisten? / BVerfG zu Windrädern in Wäldern"</a>. Legal Tribune Online (in German). 11 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230042433/https://www.lto.de/recht/presseschau/p/presseschau-2022-11-11-ergebnisse-jumiko-strafen-klimaaktivisten-bverfg-windkraftanlagen/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2024. <q>LG Köln zu Holocaust-Leugnung/Vollbrecht: Laut spiegel.de (Armin Himmelrath) hat das Landgericht Köln entschieden, dass ein Tweet der Berliner Biologie-Doktorandin Marie-Luise Vollbrecht als Leugnen von NS-Verbrechen bezeichnet werden darf. Vollbrecht hatte als Reaktion auf einen Artikel zum Thema "Transidentität/Transsexualität im Nationalsozialismus" getwittert: "Ich hasse dieses Narrativ. Es verspottet die wahren Opfer der NS-Verbrechen", woraufhin sie in einem Tweet als Leugnerin von NS-Verbrechen betitelt wurde. Gegen das Urteil des Landgerichts wird sie vermutlich Berufung einlegen, so ihre Ankündigung.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Tribune+Online&rft.atitle=Die+juristische+Presseschau+vom+11.+November+2022%3A+Ergebnisse+der+JuMiKo+%2F+H%C3%A4rtere+Strafen+f%C3%BCr+Klimaaktivisten%3F+%2F+BVerfG+zu+Windr%C3%A4dern+in+W%C3%A4ldern&rft.date=2022-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lto.de%2Frecht%2Fpresseschau%2Fp%2Fpresseschau-2022-11-11-ergebnisse-jumiko-strafen-klimaaktivisten-bverfg-windkraftanlagen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaile2024" class="citation news cs1">Haile, Nardos (15 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2024/03/15/jk-rowling-trans-nazis-holocaust-denial/">""You're engaging in Holocaust denial": Critics slam J.K. Rowling's latest anti-trans stance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a>. Retrieved 3 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=%22You%27re+engaging+in+Holocaust+denial%22%3A+Critics+slam+J.K.+Rowling%27s+latest+anti-trans+stance&rft.date=2024-03-15&rft.aulast=Haile&rft.aufirst=Nardos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2024%2F03%2F15%2Fjk-rowling-trans-nazis-holocaust-denial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Forward2024-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Forward2024_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Forward2024">The Forward 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano2024-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomano2024_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRomano2024">Romano 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2024">Hayes 2024</a>: "On March 13, Rowling appears to deny on Twitter that trans people were targeted during the Holocaust...Calling this very well-sourced history a “fever dream” quickly drew significant backlash from Twitter users, with many framing it as a form of Holocaust denial." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowling2024-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowling2024_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowling2024">Rowling 2024</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartropDickerman2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Bartrop" title="Paul R. Bartrop">Bartrop, Paul R.</a>; Dickerman, Michael (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u4I2DwAAQBAJ">The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 457–458. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4084-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4084-5"><bdi>978-1-4408-4084-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+An+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection+%5B4+volumes%5D&rft.pages=457-458&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-4084-5&rft.aulast=Bartrop&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Dickerman%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du4I2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeachy2014" class="citation book cs1">Beachy, Robert (2014). Gay Berlin: birthplace of a modern identity. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307272102" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307272102"><bdi>978-0307272102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+Berlin%3A+birthplace+of+a+modern+identity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0307272102&rft.aulast=Beachy&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDose2014" class="citation book cs1">Dose, Ralf (2014). Magnus Hirschfeld: The Origins of the Gay Liberation Movement. Monthly Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781583674390" title="Special:BookSources/9781583674390"><bdi>9781583674390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnus+Hirschfeld%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Gay+Liberation+Movement&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781583674390&rft.aulast=Dose&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschfeld1923" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hirschfeld, Magnus (1923). "Die Intersexuelle Konstitution" [The Intersexual Constitution]. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen [Yearbook for Intermediate Sexual Types] (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Intersexuelle+Konstitution&rft.btitle=Jahrbuch+f%C3%BCr+sexuelle+Zwischenstufen&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Hirschfeld&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarhoefer2015" class="citation book cs1">Marhoefer, Laurie (2015). Sex and the Weimar Republic: German Homosexual Emancipation and the Rise of the Nazis. University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+the+Weimar+Republic%3A+German+Homosexual+Emancipation+and+the+Rise+of+the+Nazis&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Marhoefer&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerowitz2009" class="citation book cs1">Meyerowitz, Joanne (2009). How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674040960" title="Special:BookSources/9780674040960"><bdi>9780674040960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Sex+Changed%3A+A+History+of+Transsexuality+in+the+United+States.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674040960&rft.aulast=Meyerowitz&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsome2022" class="citation book cs1">Newsome, William Jake. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501765506">Pink Triangle Legacies: Coming Out in the Shadow of the Holocaust</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781501765506">10.1515/9781501765506</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501765506" title="Special:BookSources/9781501765506"><bdi>9781501765506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pink+Triangle+Legacies%3A+Coming+Out+in+the+Shadow+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781501765506&rft.isbn=9781501765506&rft.aulast=Newsome&rft.aufirst=William+Jake.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2F9781501765506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhisnant2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clayton_J._Whisnant" title="Clayton J. Whisnant">Whisnant, Clayton J.</a> (2012). Queer Identities and Politics in Germany: A History, 1880–1945. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781939594099" title="Special:BookSources/9781939594099"><bdi>9781939594099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queer+Identities+and+Politics+in+Germany%3A+A+History%2C+1880%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781939594099&rft.aulast=Whisnant&rft.aufirst=Clayton+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1986" class="citation book cs1">Wolff, Charlotte (1986). Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology. Quartet Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7043-2569-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7043-2569-1"><bdi>0-7043-2569-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnus+Hirschfeld%3A+A+Portrait+of+a+Pioneer+in+Sexology&rft.pub=Quartet+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-7043-2569-1&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlessandrin2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Alessandrin, Arnaud (22 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehne.fr/en/node/12504">"Transidentities: the History of a Category"</a>. Encyclopédie d'histoire numérique de l'Europe. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2677-6588">2677-6588</a>. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transidentities%3A+the+History+of+a+Category&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+d%27histoire+num%C3%A9rique+de+l%27Europe&rft.date=2020-06-22&rft.issn=2677-6588&rft.aulast=Alessandrin&rft.aufirst=Arnaud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehne.fr%2Fen%2Fnode%2F12504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshton2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ashton, Bodie A (21 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghad071">"The Parallel Lives of Liddy Bacroff: Transgender (Pre)History and the Tyranny of the Archive in Twentieth-Century Germany"</a>. <a href="/wiki/German_History_(journal)" title="German History (journal)">German History</a>. 42 (1): 79–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghad071">10.1093/gerhis/ghad071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+History&rft.atitle=The+Parallel+Lives+of+Liddy+Bacroff%3A+Transgender+%28Pre%29History+and+the+Tyranny+of+the+Archive+in+Twentieth-Century+Germany&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-100&rft.date=2023-12-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghad071&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Bodie+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fgerhis%252Fghad071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2017" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Heike (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aM6lDgAAQBAJ&q=Heike+Bauer">The Hirschfeld Archives: Violence, Death, and Modern Queer Culture</a>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17613%2FM6M20D">10.17613/M6M20D</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439914335" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439914335"><bdi>978-1439914335</bdi></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://protomag.com/medical-history/a-rose-for-dora-richter/">the original</a> on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proto+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Rose+for+Dora+Richter&rft.date=2022-03-28&rft.aulast=Thomasy&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprotomag.com%2Fmedical-history%2Fa-rose-for-dora-richter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/paragraph-175-and-the-nazi-campaign-against-homosexuality">"Paragraph 175 and the Nazi Campaign against Homosexuality"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112154217/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/paragraph-175-and-the-nazi-campaign-against-homosexuality">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paragraph+175+and+the+Nazi+Campaign+against+Homosexuality&rft.pub=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fparagraph-175-and-the-nazi-campaign-against-homosexuality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshton2024" class="citation book cs1">Ashton, Bodie (2024). "Trans* Körper als Frage der Staatssicherheit? Zwei Hamburger Fallstudien zur Verfolgung geschlechtsnonkonformer Menschen in der NS-Zeit". KörperZeiten. Dietrich Reimer Verlag. pp. 99–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-496-01704-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-496-01704-2"><bdi>978-3-496-01704-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trans%2A+K%C3%B6rper+als+Frage+der+Staatssicherheit%3F+Zwei+Hamburger+Fallstudien+zur+Verfolgung+geschlechtsnonkonformer+Menschen+in+der+NS-Zeit&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6rperZeiten&rft.pages=99-127&rft.pub=Dietrich+Reimer+Verlag&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-3-496-01704-2&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Bodie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansMailänder2021" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Jennifer; Mailänder, Elissa (2021). "Cross-dressing, Male Intimacy and the Violence of Transgression in Third Reich Photography". German History. 39 (1): 54–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghaa031">10.1093/gerhis/ghaa031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+History&rft.atitle=Cross-dressing%2C+Male+Intimacy+and+the+Violence+of+Transgression+in+Third+Reich+Photography&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=54-77&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghaa031&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Mail%C3%A4nder%2C+Elissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrn2013" class="citation journal cs1">Herrn, Rainer (2013). "Transvestitismus in der NS-Zeit – Ein Forschungsdesiderat". Zeitschrift für Sexualforschung. 26 (4): 330–371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0033-1356172">10.1055/s-0033-1356172</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163793534">163793534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Sexualforschung&rft.atitle=Transvestitismus+in+der+NS-Zeit+%E2%80%93+Ein+Forschungsdesiderat&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=330-371&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-0033-1356172&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163793534%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Herrn&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrn2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Herrn, Rainer (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1524/9783486857504.101/html">"In der heutigen Staatsführung kann es nicht angehen, daß sich Männer in Frauenkleidung frei auf der Straße bewegen."</a>. Homosexuelle im Nationalsozialismus (in German). De Gruyter Oldenbourg. pp. 101–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2F9783486857504.101">10.1524/9783486857504.101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-85750-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-85750-4"><bdi>978-3-486-85750-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+der+heutigen+Staatsf%C3%BChrung+kann+es+nicht+angehen%2C+da%C3%9F+sich+M%C3%A4nner+in+Frauenkleidung+frei+auf+der+Stra%C3%9Fe+bewegen.&rft.btitle=Homosexuelle+im+Nationalsozialismus&rft.pages=101-106&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Oldenbourg&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2F9783486857504.101&rft.isbn=978-3-486-85750-4&rft.aulast=Herrn&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1524%2F9783486857504.101%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershon2018" class="citation web cs1">Gershon, Livia (18 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/gender-identity-in-weimar-germany/">"Gender Identity in Weimar Germany"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR Daily">JSTOR Daily</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190105040301/https://daily.jstor.org/gender-identity-in-weimar-germany/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=Gender+Identity+in+Weimar+Germany&rft.date=2018-11-18&rft.aulast=Gershon&rft.aufirst=Livia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fgender-identity-in-weimar-germany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328195332/https://perspectives.ushmm.org/item/photo-of-the-eldorado-club">"Everyday Encounters with Fascism: Photo of the Eldorado Club"</a>. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://perspectives.ushmm.org/item/photo-of-the-eldorado-club">the original</a> on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Everyday+Encounters+with+Fascism%3A+Photo+of+the+Eldorado+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperspectives.ushmm.org%2Fitem%2Fphoto-of-the-eldorado-club&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracey2023" class="citation web cs1">Tracey, Liz (31 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/90-years-on-the-destruction-of-the-institute-of-sexual-science/">"90 Years On: The Destruction of the Institute of Sexual Science"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR Daily">JSTOR Daily</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240314170250/https://daily.jstor.org/90-years-on-the-destruction-of-the-institute-of-sexual-science/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=90+Years+On%3A+The+Destruction+of+the+Institute+of+Sexual+Science&rft.date=2023-05-31&rft.aulast=Tracey&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2F90-years-on-the-destruction-of-the-institute-of-sexual-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills2022" class="citation web cs1">Wills, Matthew (8 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/visualizing-trans-identities/">"Visualizing Trans Identities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR Daily">JSTOR Daily</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240314170303/https://daily.jstor.org/visualizing-trans-identities/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=Visualizing+Trans+Identities&rft.date=2022-07-08&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fvisualizing-trans-identities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+people+in+Nazi+Germany" class="Z3988"></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany&oldid=1251927546">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany&oldid=1251927546</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Category:LGBTQ in Nazi Germany">LGBTQ in Nazi Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_history_in_Germany" title="Category:Transgender history in Germany">Transgender history in Germany</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2024">Use dmy dates from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Neapolitan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Neapolitan-language text">Articles containing Neapolitan-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 October 2024, at 21:31 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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