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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Current structure and organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_structure_and_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inventory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inventory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Inventory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inventory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Inventory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Inventory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Towed_and_self-propelled_air_defence_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towed_and_self-propelled_air_defence_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Towed and self-propelled air defence systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towed_and_self-propelled_air_defence_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_warfare_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_warfare_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Electronic warfare systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_warfare_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combat_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Combat history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Syrian Air Defence Force</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Air_Defense_Force&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Air Defense Force">Syrian Air Defense Force</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Air defence branch of the Syrian military</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Syrian Arab Air Defence Force</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قوات الدفاع الجوي العربي السوري</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Syria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Roundel_of_Syria.svg/150px-Roundel_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Roundel_of_Syria.svg/225px-Roundel_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Roundel_of_Syria.svg/300px-Roundel_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Emblem of the SyADF</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1969<span class="noprint">; 55 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1969</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defense</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial warfare</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">21,000 (active)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2023354_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2023354-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />15,000 (reserve)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg/27px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Syria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Motto(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Homeland, Honour, Sincerity! <small>(Military)</small><br /> Unity, Freedom, Socialism!<small> (National)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data">Blue, Green</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Anniversaries</th><td class="infobox-data">16 October</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_War_(Lebanon)" title="Mountain War (Lebanon)">Mountain War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syadf.com.sy">www<wbr />.syadf<wbr />.com<wbr />.sy</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">Commander-in-Chief</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mushir" title="Mushir">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defence (Syria)">Minister of Defence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Ali Mahmoud Abbas">Ali Mahmoud Abbas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Chief of Air Defence Staff</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> Ali Tawfiq Samra<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Insignia</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Syria" title="Military ranks of Syria">Military ranks of Syria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Flag of the Syrian Air Defence Force</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Force_Ensign_of_Syria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Syria.svg/120px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Syria.svg/180px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Syria.svg/240px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>Syrian Air Defence Force</b> (<b>SyADF</b> or <b>SADF</b>), officially the <b>Syrian Arab Air Defence Force</b> (<b>SyAADF</b> or <b>SAADF</b>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قوات الدفاع الجوي العربي السوري</span>) is an independent command within the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a>. It is responsible for protecting the Syrian airspace against any hostile air attacks. <sup id="cite_ref-syfr_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syfr-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SyADF is one of the most powerful and combat-tested Air Defence forces in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-syfr_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syfr-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Air_Defence_Force&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been merged into and then separated from both the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Arab Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Syrian Arab Air Force</a>. The Syrian Air Defence Force controls four Air Defence corps, eleven Air Defence divisions and thirty-six Air Defence brigades, each with six <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missile</a> battalions.<sup id="cite_ref-org_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2017, it has been linked to a joint Russian-Syrian command.<sup id="cite_ref-syfr_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syfr-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_231-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BF_%D1%83_%D0%97%D0%A0%D0%9A_%D0%A1-200_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_231-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BF_%D1%83_%D0%97%D0%A0%D0%9A_%D0%A1-200_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/250px-%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_231-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BF_%D1%83_%D0%97%D0%A0%D0%9A_%D0%A1-200_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_231-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BF_%D1%83_%D0%97%D0%A0%D0%9A_%D0%A1-200_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/375px-%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_231-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BF_%D1%83_%D0%97%D0%A0%D0%9A_%D0%A1-200_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_231-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BF_%D1%83_%D0%97%D0%A0%D0%9A_%D0%A1-200_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/500px-%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_231-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BF_%D1%83_%D0%97%D0%A0%D0%9A_%D0%A1-200_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Soviet officers of the 231st Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment at the Syrian S-200VE <i> Vega-E </i> complex, circa 1983.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is equipped with 650 static <a href="/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">S-75 Dvina</a>, <a href="/wiki/S-125_Neva/Pechora" title="S-125 Neva/Pechora">S-125 Neva/Pechora</a> and <a href="/wiki/S-200_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="S-200 (missile)">S-200</a> launchers, 300 mobile <a href="/wiki/2K12_Kub" title="2K12 Kub">2K12 Kub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantsir_missile_system" title="Pantsir missile system">Pantsir S-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buk_missile_system" title="Buk missile system">Buk</a> launchers and over 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft gun">anti-aircraft guns</a> ranging from 23mm to 100mm in calibre (e.g. <a href="/wiki/ZSU-23-4_Shilka" title="ZSU-23-4 Shilka">ZSU-23-4 Shilka</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also two independent <a href="/wiki/9K33_Osa" title="9K33 Osa">9K33 Osa</a> SAM regiments, each with four batteries of 48 mobile SAMs. An unknown number of <a href="/wiki/S-300_missile_system" title="S-300 missile system">S-300</a> system were delivered to Syria in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of Iranian Air Defence systems were delivered to the country in 2021: <a href="/wiki/Mersad" title="Mersad">Mersad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevom_Khordad" title="Sevom Khordad">Khordad-3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khordad_15_(air_defense_system)" title="Khordad 15 (air defense system)">Khordad-15</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-syfrm_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syfrm-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-orga1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orga1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Syrian <a href="/wiki/Early_warning_system" title="Early warning system">early warning system</a> comprises Long Track; <a href="/wiki/P-12_radar" title="P-12 radar">P-12 Spoon Rest</a>; <a href="/wiki/P-14_radar" title="P-14 radar">P-14 Tall King</a>; <a href="/wiki/P-15_radar" title="P-15 radar">H-15 Flat Face</a>; <a href="/wiki/P-18_radar" title="P-18 radar">P-18 Spoon Rest</a>; <a href="/wiki/P-19_radar" title="P-19 radar">P-19</a>; <a href="/wiki/P-30_radar" title="P-30 radar">P-30 Big Mesh</a>; <a href="/wiki/P-35_radar" title="P-35 radar">P-35 Bar Lock</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=P-80_Back_Net&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P-80 Back Net (page does not exist)">P-80 Back Net</a>; <a href="/wiki/YLC-6_Radar" title="YLC-6 Radar">YLC-6 Radar</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=JY-27_Radar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JY-27 Radar (page does not exist)">JY-27</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=JYL-1_Radar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JYL-1 Radar (page does not exist)">JYL-1</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=PRV-13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PRV-13 (page does not exist)">PRV-13</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=PRV-16_Thin_Skin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PRV-16 Thin Skin (page does not exist)">PRV-16 Thin Skin</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alborz_(radar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alborz (radar) (page does not exist)">Alborz</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mobile and static radar sites throughout Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_structure_and_organization">Current structure and organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Air_Defence_Force&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current structure and organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_SAM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Syrian_SAM.jpg/300px-Syrian_SAM.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Syrian_SAM.jpg/450px-Syrian_SAM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Syrian_SAM.jpg/600px-Syrian_SAM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>Part of a Syrian <a href="/wiki/2K12_Kub" title="2K12 Kub">2K12 Kub</a> <a href="/wiki/Ground-to-air_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-to-air missile">ground-to-air missile</a> site built near the Beirut-Damascus highway and overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Bekaa_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekaa Valley">Bekaa Valley</a>, in early 1982 during the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>40,000 active personnel<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>15,000 reserve personnel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Defence">Air Defence</a> <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">Division</a> HQ<sup id="cite_ref-org_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>33 <a href="/wiki/Air_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Defence">Air Defence</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigades</a> <ul><li>150 <a href="/wiki/Air_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Defence">Air Defence</a> <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">Batteries</a> <ul><li>25 defence teams (130 batteries)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Including:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Self-propelled <ul><li>62 batteries: <ul><li>11 teams - 27 batteries - SA-6 Gainful (PU SAM 2K12 Square);</li> <li>14 Battery - SA-8 Gecko (PU SAM 9K33 Osa);</li> <li>12 Battery - SA-22 Greyhound (96K6 Pantsyr S1E);</li> <li>9 Battery - Buk-M2</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Towed <ul><li>11 teams - 60 batteries with SA-2 Guideline (CP-75 Dvina / S-75M Volga) and SA-3 Goa (S-125 Neva / S-125M Pechora) (Being upgraded);</li></ul></li> <li>Two SAM regiments with SA-5 Gammon(in each brigade to 2 divisions for 2 batteries each). <ul><li>Four SAM battalions <ul><li>Eight Static/Shelter <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">SAM</a> batteries</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Two independent SAM <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">Regiments</a> <ul><li>Four SAM batteries with SA-8</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inventory">Inventory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Air_Defence_Force&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inventory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_Syrian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Equipment of the Syrian Army">Equipment of the Syrian Army</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towed_and_self-propelled_air_defence_systems">Towed and self-propelled air defence systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Air_Defence_Force&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Towed and self-propelled air defence systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Gear </th> <th>Country of Origin </th> <th>In Service </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sevom_Khordad" title="Sevom Khordad">Khordad-3</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Mid- Range Mobile SAM </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taer_2" title="Taer 2">Taer 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sayyad_(missile)" title="Sayyad (missile)">Sayad</a> missile. Delivered between 2019 and 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-syfrm_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syfrm-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khordad_15_(air_defense_system)" title="Khordad 15 (air defense system)">Khordad-15</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Long Range Mobile SAM </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sayyad-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyad-3">Sayyad-3</a> missile. Delivered between 2019 and 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-syfrm_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syfrm-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-orga1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orga1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mersad" title="Mersad">Mersad</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Short- to Mid- Range Mobile SAM </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shahin_(surface-to-air_missile)" title="Shahin (surface-to-air missile)">Shahin missile</a>. Delivered between 2019 and 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-syfrm_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syfrm-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-orga1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orga1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buk_missile_system" title="Buk missile system">Buk-M2E Missile System</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>Up to 40<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> + 20 Buk-M1-2s.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Mid-Range Mobile SAM </td> <td>Up to 36 believed to be delivered before 2011. Additional units delivered in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buk_missile_system" title="Buk missile system">Buk-M1-2 Missile System</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>20<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Mid-Range Mobile SAM </td> <td>Additional delivered in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tor_missile_system" title="Tor missile system">Tor-M1 Missile System</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>N/A</td> <td>Short-Range Mobile SAM</td> <td>Modified Tor-M1 "Dezful" variant. Supplied by Iran in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pantsir_missile_system" title="Pantsir missile system">Pantsir S-1</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>57+<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (+10 Pantsir S-2)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Short-Range Mobile SAM </td> <td>Pantsir S-1 and S-2(E) variants. 40 delivered up until 2017. Additional units delivered in 2018. One unit destroyed by an Israeli airstrike in 2018. Two more destroyed in an Israeli air strike in January 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2K22_Tunguska" title="2K22 Tunguska">Tunguska</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>6<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Short-Range Mobile SAM </td> <td>Pantsir S-1 ordered in favour of additional Tunguska. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/9K35_Strela-10" title="9K35 Strela-10">Strela-10</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>35<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2018_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2018-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Short-Range Mobile SAM </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/9K31_Strela-1" title="9K31 Strela-1">Strela-1</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>20<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2018_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2018-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Short-Range Mobile SAM </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/9K33_Osa" title="9K33 Osa">9K33 Osa</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>50<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2018_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2018-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Short-Range Mobile SAM </td> <td>60 delivered. Several lost in Syria Civil War. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2K12_Kub" title="2K12 Kub">2K12 Kub</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>Up to 150<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2018_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2018-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Mid-Range Mobile SAM </td> <td>195 at the start of 2012. Some units out of service due to partial replacement by Buk-M2. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S-300_missile_system" title="S-300 missile system">S-300 Missile System</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>24<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Long Range Mobile SAM </td> <td>24 delivered in October 2018. PMU-2 Favorit variant.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, it was removed from Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S-200_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="S-200 (missile)">S-200</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>Up to 44<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2018_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2018-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Long-Range Static SAM </td> <td>Modified by <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Scientific_Studies_and_Research_Center" title="Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center">CERS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Destroyed an Israeli <a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16</a> on 10 February 2018. Destroyed a Russian <a href="/wiki/Cargo_aircraft" title="Cargo aircraft">cargo</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-18#Military" title="Ilyushin Il-18">Il-20</a> on 17 September 2018. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S-125_Neva/Pechora" title="S-125 Neva/Pechora">S-125 Pechora</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>148 + 30 2M<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2018_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2018-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Mid-Range Static SAM </td> <td>Additional 2M's may be delivered in 2023. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">S-75 Dvina</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>Up to 300<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2018_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2018-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (S-75 Volga, S-75M Volga variant obr. 1995) </td> <td>Mid-Range Static SAM </td> <td>In service, mainly deployed against UAVs.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_warfare_systems">Electronic warfare systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Air_Defence_Force&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electronic warfare systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%;">Name </th> <th style="width:15%;">Type </th> <th style="width:12%;">Quantity </th> <th style="width:12%;">Origin </th> <th>Photo </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Groza-S </td> <td rowspan="2">Mobile <a href="/wiki/Electronic_countermeasure" title="Electronic countermeasure">electronic countermeasure</a> system </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ECM_station_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/ECM_station_2.jpg/170px-ECM_station_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/ECM_station_2.jpg/255px-ECM_station_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/ECM_station_2.jpg/340px-ECM_station_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td>Supplied by Belarus in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Combat_history">Combat history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Air_Defence_Force&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Combat history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_aviation_shootdowns_and_accidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Syrian civil war">List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Syrian civil war</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_SA-5_Air_Defense_System.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Syrian_SA-5_Air_Defense_System.png/150px-Syrian_SA-5_Air_Defense_System.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Syrian_SA-5_Air_Defense_System.png/225px-Syrian_SA-5_Air_Defense_System.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Syrian_SA-5_Air_Defense_System.png/300px-Syrian_SA-5_Air_Defense_System.png 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="1115" /></a><figcaption>Syrian SA-5 Air Defence system in 1984</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1973, the Syrian Air Defence Force (SyADF) shot down numerous Israeli warplanes using mostly the <a href="/wiki/2K12_Kub" title="2K12 Kub">2K12 Kub</a> (SA-6) SAMs.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982, Israel claimed that 19 of 20 batteries, consisting of five launchers per battery, each launcher carrying three SA-6 missiles, were wiped out in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mole_Cricket_19" title="Operation Mole Cricket 19">Operation Mole Cricket 19</a>, and the SyADF claimed to have shot down 43 Israeli warplanes over Lebanon in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 June 2012, the Syrian Air Defence Force <a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">shot down a Turkish McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II</a> reconnaissance jet. The jet's pilots were killed; both Turkish and Syrian forces searched for them before recovering their bodies in early July. The incident greatly escalated the tensions between Turkey and Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-aa0307_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa0307-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-November 2013, Turkish sources claimed the SyADF targeted, for ten seconds, three Turkish <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16</a> fighters that were flying near <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rtyol" title="Dörtyol">Dörtyol</a>, over southern <a href="/wiki/Hatay_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatay province">Hatay province</a> after deploying from the <a href="/wiki/Incirlik_Air_Base" title="Incirlik Air Base">Incirlik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amasya_Merzifon_Airport" title="Amasya Merzifon Airport">Merzifon</a> airbases.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident came after a Turkish F-16 <a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_(2012%E2%80%9314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes (2012–14)">shot down</a> a Syrian <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-17" title="Mil Mi-17">Mi-17</a> helicopter on September 16 after Turkey claimed it crossed into Turkish airspace in the same area.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 March 2015, a US <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator" title="General Atomics MQ-1 Predator">MQ-1 Predator</a> drone was shot down by a Syrian S-125 missile.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 September 2016, the Syrian Army claimed to have downed an Israeli warplane and a drone after an attack on Quneitra province. The Israel defence Forces denied any such loss. </p><p>On 17 March 2017, the Syrian Armed Forces <a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">claimed to have downed an Israeli warplane</a> after an attack on military site near Palmyra.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defence_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Defence Forces">Israel defence Forces</a> denied any such loss.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 10, 2018, Israel launched air strikes against targets in Syria with eight fighter aircraft as retaliation for a UAV incursion into the airspace of the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights earlier in the day. Syrian Air Defences succeeded in <a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">shooting down one</a> of the Israeli jets, an <a href="/wiki/F-16I_Sufa" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16I Sufa">F-16I Sufa</a>, with an S-200 missile.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jet crashed in the <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Harduf" title="Harduf">Harduf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the pilot and the navigator managed to eject.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 14, 2018, the Syrian Air Defences claimed to repel <a href="/wiki/2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 missile strikes against Syria">massive US, British and French missile strike</a> on Syrian military facilities. Three civilians were injured, among civilians and military none.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SyADF used 112 anti-aircraft missiles, hitting 71 targets out of 103 (according to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ministry_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Ministry of Defense">Russian MoD</a>). To repel the attack, the following complexes were used: S-125, S-200, Buk, Kub, Osa, Strela-10 and Pantsir S-1.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night of May 10, 2018, Israel launched a large scale air attack on multiple, alleged Iranian targets in Syria. After being engaged by the SyADF, the Israeli aircraft attacked and destroyed a <a href="/wiki/Pantsir_missile_system" title="Pantsir missile system">Pantsir-S1</a> launcher, as well as several other anti-aircraft systems (SA5, SA2, SA22, SA17) .<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 17, 2018, four Israeli F-16s engaged targets in the Syrian port city of Latakia, to which Syrian Air Defences responded. During the Israeli attack, a Russian Il-20 aircraft <a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">was mistakenly destroyed</a> by an S-200 missile launched by the SyADF. All fifteen crewmembers of the Il-20 died as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian military claimed, Israeli Air Force pilots took shelter behind the IL-20, this exposing the Russian aircraft to the Syrian missile attack.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February and March 2020, Turkey Air force F-16 fighters and combat UAVs launched airstrikes on Syrian Army positions in Greater Idlib region in retaliation for the <a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">Balyun Airstrike</a>. Syrian Air Defence Forces stated they succeeded in shooting down 13 Turkish combat UAVs, including 7 Bayraktar TB2 and 6 TAI Anka.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 19, 2021, four F-16 fighter jets of the Israeli Air Force entered Syria’s airspace via the US-controlled al-Tanf zone and fired eight guided missiles at an area southeast of Syria’s Aleppo. Vadim Kulit, deputy chief of the Russian Center for Reconciliation of the Opposing Parties in Syria, claimed that seven missiles were downed by the Russian-made Pantsir-S and Buk-M2 systems of the Syrian Air Defence Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the evening of 27 July 2021, a drone was launched by militants from the Kafer-Khattar community in the Idlib Province. The militant drone was downed over the Hama Province by the Syrian Air Defence who used a Russia-produced Pantsir-S missile system, Kulit claimed the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian Air Defence forces shot down 22 missiles fired by Israel into Syria using Russian-made Buk-M2E and Pantsir-S systems, Rear Adm. Vadim Kulit said on 20 August 2021. </p><p>Syrian Air Defence forces shot down twenty-one out of twenty-four missiles fired by Israel into Syria using Russian-made Buk-M2E and Pantsir-S systems, Rear Adm. Vadim Kulit said on September 3, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian Air Defence forces shot down 8 out of 12 missiles fired by Israel in Syria using Russian-made Pantsir-S systems, Rear Adm. Vadim Kulit said on 08.10.2021.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian Air Defence forces shot down ten out of twelve missiles fired by Israel into Syria using Russian-made Buk-M2E and Pantsir-S systems, Rear Adm. Vadim Kulit said on November 24, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 May 2022, the Israeli Air Force launched attacks on SAA positions on Masyaf killing 5 people including one civilian,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the attack destroyed one Pantsir-S1 system.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 August and 17 September 2022, new attacks were reportedly partly repelled by Syrian Pantsir-S1, Buk-M2E and S-75 systems.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 25, 2023, the Israeli Air Force carried out an airstrike in the <a href="/wiki/Sayyidah_Zaynab" title="Sayyidah Zaynab">Sayyida Zeinab</a> area, southeast of Damascus, resulting in the killing of <a href="/wiki/Sayyed_Razi_Mousavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyed Razi Mousavi">Sayyid Razi Mousavi</a>, the Iranian commander of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> in Syria. The Syrian Air Defence Force was unsuccessful in intercepting the missile.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Air_Defence_Force&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reorganised in 1971</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Air_Defence_Force&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2023354-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2023354_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIISS2023">IISS 2023</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Military Balance 2021 page 366</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://x.com/SAMSyria0/status/1801574601840832662?t=GK7tz1MBGfShHlrJhyGbZA&s=19">https://x.com/SAMSyria0/status/1801574601840832662?t=GK7tz1MBGfShHlrJhyGbZA&s=19</a> يوجد أي حساب على مواقع التواصل للواء علي سمرة مدير إدارة الدفاع الجوي والحساب على فيسبوك مزور الأخبار المتداولة عن شهداء الجيش العربي السوري في البادية السورية كاذبة ومضللة لا يوجد لا 100 شهيد ولا 50 ولا عشرات ]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-syfr-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-syfr_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-syfr_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-syfr_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%3F&rft.date=2013-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvpk.name%2Fnews%2F95907_chem_budet_voevat_siriya_v_sluchae_agressii_stran_zapadnoi_koalicii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The International Institute For Strategic Studies IISS The Military Balance 2012. — Nuffield Press, 2012. — С. 349 с</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasiareview.com/28092018-syria-to-receive-new-missile-shields-in-addition-to-s-300/">"Syria To Receive New Missile Shields In Addition To S-300"</a>. <i>Eurasia Review</i>. 2018-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/israel-conferred-with-u-s-on-strike-in-syria-to-target-iranian-war-gear-1524001066">the original</a> on 18 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defenseindustrydaily.com&rft.atitle=Daily+defense+news+for+military+procurement+managers%2C+contractors%2C+policy+makers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseindustrydaily.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebastien_Roblin2021" class="citation web cs1">Sebastien Roblin (2 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/how-russia-helping-syria-take-back-its-airspace-israel-177470)">"How Russia is Helping Syria Take Back Its Airspace From Israel"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasia+Review&rft.atitle=Syria+To+Receive+New+Missile+Shields+In+Addition+To+S-300&rft.date=2018-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiareview.com%2F28092018-syria-to-receive-new-missile-shields-in-addition-to-s-300%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140323172234/http://old.nationaldefense.ru/757/760/index.shtml?id=7010">"Национальная оборона / Рынки вооружений"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.nationaldefense.ru/757/760/index.shtml?id=7010">the original</a> on 2014-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%2F+%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.nationaldefense.ru%2F757%2F760%2Findex.shtml%3Fid%3D7010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2018-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2018_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2018_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2018_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2018_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2018_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2018_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2018_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPike2018">Pike 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12171611@egNews">"Briefing by Russian Defence Ministry official Major General Igor Konashenkov (April 16, 2018)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093246/http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12171611@egNews">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Briefing+by+Russian+Defence+Ministry+official+Major+General+Igor+Konashenkov+%28April+16%2C+2018%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.mil.ru%2Fen%2Fnews_page%2Fcountry%2Fmore.htm%3Fid%3D12171611%40egNews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Military Balance 2012 page 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/russian-fm-lavrov-delivery-300-syria-regime-begun-180929054212640.html">"Russian FM Lavrov: Delivery of S-300 to Syria regime has begun"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930013619/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/russian-fm-lavrov-delivery-300-syria-regime-begun-180929054212640.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Russian+FM+Lavrov%3A+Delivery+of+S-300+to+Syria+regime+has+begun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F09%2Frussian-fm-lavrov-delivery-300-syria-regime-begun-180929054212640.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerMcDonald-GibsonMorris2013" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Shaun; McDonald-Gibson, Charlotte; Morris, Nigel (29 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/russia-stokes-fears-of-an-arms-race-with-threat-to-deliver-antiaircraft-missiles-to-syrian-regime-8634578.html">"Russia stokes fears of an arms race with threat to deliver anti-aircraft missiles to Syria's Assad regime"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529000058/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/russia-stokes-fears-of-an-arms-race-with-threat-to-deliver-antiaircraft-missiles-to-syrian-regime-8634578.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Russia+stokes+fears+of+an+arms+race+with+threat+to+deliver+anti-aircraft+missiles+to+Syria%27s+Assad+regime&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft.au=McDonald-Gibson%2C+Charlotte&rft.au=Morris%2C+Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Frussia-stokes-fears-of-an-arms-race-with-threat-to-deliver-antiaircraft-missiles-to-syrian-regime-8634578.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-ships-s-300-air-defence-missiles-out-syria-satellite-images-2022-08-29/">"Russia ships S-300 air defence missiles out of Syria - satellite images"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geopolitics&rft.date=2012-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oborona.ru%2Fincludes%2Fperiodics%2Fgeopolitics%2F2012%2F1008%2F17389386%2Fdetail.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inf.news/en/military/750473e0e7bcb5a97d3515f1111de14f.html">"The king is always the king: Syria successfully shot down drones with old anti-aircraft missiles"</a>. <i>inf.news</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=inf.news&rft.atitle=The+king+is+always+the+king%3A+Syria+successfully+shot+down+drones+with+old+anti-aircraft+missiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finf.news%2Fen%2Fmilitary%2F750473e0e7bcb5a97d3515f1111de14f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901073708/https://naviny.media/article/20180506/1525592387-belarus-vyhodit-v-lidery-na-rynke-sredstv-radioelektronnoy-borby">"Беларусь выходит в лидеры на рынке средств радиоэлектронной борьбы, Не исключено, что белорусская электроника двойного назначения применялась в ходе боевых действий в Сирии"</a>. <i>naviny.by</i>. 14 May 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naviny.media/article/20180506/1525592387-belarus-vyhodit-v-lidery-na-rynke-sredstv-radioelektronnoy-borby">the original</a> on September 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=naviny.by&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%B2+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%8B%2C+%D0%9D%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%2C+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=2018-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naviny.media%2Farticle%2F20180506%2F1525592387-belarus-vyhodit-v-lidery-na-rynke-sredstv-radioelektronnoy-borby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discred.ru/2020/09/15/belorusskaya-groza-s-v-sirii-vyrvala-zuby-u-amerikanskih-zhnetsov/">"Белорусская «Гроза-С» в Сирии вырвала зубы у американских «Жнецов»"</a>. September 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%C2%AB%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D0%A1%C2%BB+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8B+%D1%83+%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%C2%AB%D0%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%C2%BB&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discred.ru%2F2020%2F09%2F15%2Fbelorusskaya-groza-s-v-sirii-vyrvala-zuby-u-amerikanskih-zhnetsov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB98/octwar-56.pdf">"White House Military Briefing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224024338/http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB98/octwar-56.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+House+Military+Briefing.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB98%2Foctwar-56.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herzog, <i>The Arab–Israeli Wars</i>, Random House (1982) pp. 347–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Walker & the editors of Time-Life books, <i>Fighting Jets: The Epic of Flight</i>, Time Life Books (1983) pp. 162–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aa0307-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aa0307_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/03/224145.html">"Assad regrets downing of Turkish jet, says won’t allow open combat with Ankara"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131013105625/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/03/224145.html">Archived</a> 2013-10-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Arabiya News">Al Arabiya News</a>, 3 July 2012. Retrieved: 26 August 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syrian-air-defenses-harass-turkish-aircraft-by-putting-them-under-radar-lock-general-staff.aspx?pageID=238&nID=58031&NewsCatID=359">"Syrian air defences 'harass' Turkish aircraft by putting them under radar lock: General Staff - INTERNATIONAL"</a>. 16 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105223257/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syrian-air-defenses-harass-turkish-aircraft-by-putting-them-under-radar-lock-general-staff.aspx?pageID=238&nID=58031&NewsCatID=359">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+air+defences+%27harass%27+Turkish+aircraft+by+putting+them+under+radar+lock%3A+General+Staff+-+INTERNATIONAL&rft.date=2013-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fsyrian-air-defenses-harass-turkish-aircraft-by-putting-them-under-radar-lock-general-staff.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D58031%26NewsCatID%3D359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theaviationist.com/2013/09/16/turkish-downing-detail/#.Uoltc-JXn0c">"Here's how the Turkish F-16 shot down a Syrian Mil Mi-17 Hip helicopter today"</a>. <i>The Aviationist</i>. 16 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208132706/http://theaviationist.com/2013/09/16/turkish-downing-detail/#.Uoltc-JXn0c">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Aviationist&rft.atitle=Here%27s+how+the+Turkish+F-16+shot+down+a+Syrian+Mil+Mi-17+Hip+helicopter+today&rft.date=2013-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheaviationist.com%2F2013%2F09%2F16%2Fturkish-downing-detail%2F%23.Uoltc-JXn0c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airforcetimes.com/story/military/pentagon/2015/06/29/air-force-lost-predator-was-shot-down-in-syria/29474659/">"Air Force: Lost Predator was shot down in Syria"</a>. 29 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+Force%3A+Lost+Predator+was+shot+down+in+Syria&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airforcetimes.com%2Fstory%2Fmilitary%2Fpentagon%2F2015%2F06%2F29%2Fair-force-lost-predator-was-shot-down-in-syria%2F29474659%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/17/middleeast/syria-us-drone/">"Syria says it shot down U.S. Drone"</a>. 17 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151209062712/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/17/middleeast/syria-us-drone/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+says+it+shot+down+U.S.+Drone&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2015%2F03%2F17%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-us-drone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sana.sy/en/?p=102350">"Syrian air defense shoots down one of 4 Israeli warplanes targeting military site near Palmyra"</a>. 17 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317113053/http://sana.sy/en/?p=102350">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+air+defense+shoots+down+one+of+4+Israeli+warplanes+targeting+military+site+near+Palmyra&rft.date=2017-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D102350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhrenheim2017" class="citation web cs1">Ahrenheim, Anna (17 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/IDF-denies-claim-that-Syria-shot-down-Israeli-jet-484465">"Netanyahu: Syrian strikes were to block transfer of weapons to Hezbollah"</a>. <i>Jerusalem Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317151325/http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/IDF-denies-claim-that-Syria-shot-down-Israeli-jet-484465">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A6%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%A2%D0%9E+%2F+%2F+%22%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C-%D0%A1%22+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%2C+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=Armstrade.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmstrade.org%2Fincludes%2Fperiodics%2Fnews%2F2021%2F1011%2F092064784%2Fdetail.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/defense/1365923">"Russian Defense Ministry: Israeli fighter jets launch missile strike on Syria from Lebanon"</a>. <i>TASS</i>. 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TASS&rft.atitle=Russian+Defense+Ministry%3A+Israeli+fighter+jets+launch+missile+strike+on+Syria+from+Lebanon&rft.date=2022-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fdefense%2F1365923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/13/israel-fires-missiles-at-central-syrian-town-killing-5-reports">"Israel fires missiles at central Syrian town, killing 5: Reports"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Aljazeera</a></i>. 13 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aljazeera&rft.atitle=Israel+fires+missiles+at+central+Syrian+town%2C+killing+5%3A+Reports&rft.date=2022-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F5%2F13%2Fisrael-fires-missiles-at-central-syrian-town-killing-5-reports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevant_242022" class="citation web cs1">Levant 24 [@Levant_24_] (May 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/Levant_24_/status/1525590617350340608">"Regime loyalists reported Israeli airstrikes in the vicinity of Masyaf in northern Syria. https://twitter.com/Levant_24_/status/1525590617350340608"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regime+loyalists+reported+Israeli+airstrikes+in+the+vicinity+of+Masyaf+in+northern+Syria.+https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FLevant_24_%2Fstatus%2F1525590617350340608&rft.date=2022-05-13&rft.au=Levant+24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FLevant_24_%2Fstatus%2F1525590617350340608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/defense/1498887">"Russia says Russian-made air defenses in Syria shot down some Israeli missiles, bombs"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+says+Russian-made+air+defenses+in+Syria+shot+down+some+Israeli+missiles%2C+bombs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fdefense%2F1498887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/defense/1509307">"Syrian forces repel Israel's nighttime attack using Russian-made air defense systems"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+forces+repel+Israel%27s+nighttime+attack+using+Russian-made+air+defense+systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fdefense%2F1509307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67820538">"Air strike kills Iranian commander in Syria"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2023-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Air+strike+kills+Iranian+commander+in+Syria&rft.date=2023-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-67820538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amwaj.media/article/inside-story-airstrike-kills-iran-s-most-influential-commander-in-syria">"Inside story: Airstrike kills Iran's 'most influential' commander in Syria"</a>. <i>Amwaj.media</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amwaj.media&rft.atitle=Inside+story%3A+Airstrike+kills+Iran%E2%80%99s+%27most+influential%27+commander+in+Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famwaj.media%2Farticle%2Finside-story-airstrike-kills-iran-s-most-influential-commander-in-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIISS2023" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (2023). Hackett, James (ed.). The Military Balance 2023 (Report). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032508955" title="Special:BookSources/9781032508955"><bdi>9781032508955</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0459-7222">0459-7222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2023&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=0459-7222&rft.isbn=9781032508955&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike2018" class="citation web cs1">Pike, John (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/syria/airforce-equipment.htm">"Syria - Air Force Equipment"</a>. <i>www.globalsecurity.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504013347/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/syria/airforce-equipment.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalsecurity.org&rft.atitle=Syria+-+Air+Force+Equipment&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fworld%2Fsyria%2Fairforce-equipment.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Air+Defence+Force" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Air_Defence_Force&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948-91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2002, and Pollack's book reviewed in <i><a href="/wiki/International_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="International Security">International Security</a></i>, Vol. 28, No.2.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_security_forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian security forces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria_Syrian_security_forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> security forces</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_Syria" title="Category:Military of Syria">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Defense (Syria)">Ministry of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Navy" title="Syrian Navy">Syrian Navy</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Syrian Air Force</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Air Defense Force">Syrian Air Defense Force</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Forces" title="National Defence Forces">National Defence Forces</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Syria" title="Category:Law enforcement in Syria">Law enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Syria" title="Law enforcement in Syria">Law enforcement in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Interior (Syria)">Ministry of Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Public_Security_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Public Security Police">Syrian Public Security Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Special_Mission_Forces" title="Syrian Special Mission Forces">Syrian Special Mission Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Syrian_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Syrian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="National Security Bureau of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">National Security Bureau of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Intelligence_Directorate" title="Air Force Intelligence Directorate">Air Force Intelligence Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">General Intelligence Directorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_General_Intelligence_Branch_251" title="Syrian General Intelligence Branch 251">Internal Branch - 251</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Security_Directorate" title="Political Security Directorate">Political Security Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">Military Intelligence Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">Paramilitary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabiha" title="Shabiha">Shabiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Committees_(Syria)" title="Popular Committees (Syria)">Popular Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Forces" title="National Defence Forces">National Defence Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Syria and weapons of mass destruction">Syria and weapons of mass destruction</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria_chemical_weapons_program" title="Syria chemical weapons program">Chemical</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syria_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syria_topics" title="Template:Syria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syria_topics" title="Template talk:Syria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Syria-related_articles" title="Index of Syria-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Syrian_history" title="Timeline of Syrian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Syria" title="List of years in Syria">Years in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistorical Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_corridor" title="Levantine corridor">Levantine corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hureyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hureyra">Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Syria">Ancient Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Achaemenid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid Syria">Seleucid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Syria">Medieval Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a> (636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Caliphal Syria <i><span style="font-size:85%;">(Bilad al-Sham)</span></i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunid dynasty">Tulunid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zangid dynasty">Zangid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Syria">Fatimid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saljuqid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Saljuqid Syria">Saljuqid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Syria">Ayyubid Syria</a> (1174–1260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Syria">Mamluk Syria</a> (1260–1516)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> (1516–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Modern Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab kingdom</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haj_Fadel_Government" title="Haj Fadel Government">Haj Fadel Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate for Syria and Lebanon">French Mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Federation" title="Syrian Federation">Syrian Federation</a> (1922–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> (1925–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">Mandatory Republic</a> (1930–46)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_First_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent First Syrian Republic">independent First Republic</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Second Republic</a> (1950–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/80px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/120px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/160px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Syria" title="Template:Borders of Syria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Syria" title="List of rivers of Syria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Syria" title="List of volcanoes in Syria">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Al-Jazira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Hermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Syria" title="Corruption in Syria">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Syria" title="Vice President of Syria">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Syria" title="Foreign relations of Syria">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights#Territorial_claims" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province#Turkish–Syrian_dispute" title="Hatay Province">Iskandaron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_ministries_of_Syria" title="Government ministries of Syria">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Syria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Syria" title="Judiciary of Syria">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Judicial_Council" title="High Judicial Council">High council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Syria" title="Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria">Supreme Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Council of Syria">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the People's Council of Syria">Speakers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">national</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">regional command</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Air force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Air Defense Force">air defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Navy" title="Syrian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Syria)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Syria)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Syria and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Syria" title="Agriculture in Syria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Syria" title="Central Bank of Syria">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Syria" title="List of companies of Syria">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Syria" title="Industry in Syria">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Syria" title="International rankings of Syria">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Securities_Exchange" title="Damascus Securities Exchange">Securities Exchange <span style="font-size:85%;">(stock exchange)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria#Energy_and_mineral_resources" title="Economy of Syria">Energy and mineral resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Syria" title="Petroleum industry in Syria">Petroleum industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Syria" title="Telecommunications in Syria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Syria" title="Transport in Syria">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Syria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Syria">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Syria" title="Category:Society of Syria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Syria">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Syria" title="Health in Syria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_Syria" title="Hunger in Syria">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War">refugees <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011–present)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Syria" title="Public holidays in Syria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouts_of_Syria" title="Scouts of Syria">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Syria" title="Squatting in Syria">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Syria">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Syria" title="Coat of arms of Syria">Coat of arms</a></li> 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