CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Edmund Muskie - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e29fe8dc-e36a-4701-8ea8-11e760aaff3b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Edmund_Muskie","wgTitle":"Edmund Muskie","wgCurRevisionId":1259569310,"wgRevisionId":1259569310,"wgArticleId":307962,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing time reference citations from May 2018","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use mdy dates from September 2022","Pages with missing ISBNs","People appearing on C-SPAN","1914 births","1996 deaths","20th-century American lawyers","1968 United States vice-presidential candidates","American environmentalists","American politicians of Polish descent","American Roman Catholics", "Bates College alumni","Burials at Arlington National Cemetery","Candidates in the 1972 United States presidential election","Carter administration cabinet members","Catholic politicians from Maine","Cornell Law School alumni","Deaths from congestive heart failure","Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees","Democratic Party United States senators from Maine","Democratic Party governors of Maine","Hubert Humphrey","Laetare Medal recipients","Maine lawyers","Democratic Party members of the Maine House of Representatives","Military personnel from Maine","People from Rumford, Maine","Politicians from Waterville, Maine","Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients","United States Navy officers","United States Navy personnel of World War II","United States secretaries of state","Politicians from Oxford County, Maine"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Edmund_Muskie","wgRelevantArticleId":307962, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q319867","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/EdmundMuskie-GovMaine.jpg/1200px-EdmundMuskie-GovMaine.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1574"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/EdmundMuskie-GovMaine.jpg/800px-EdmundMuskie-GovMaine.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1050"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/EdmundMuskie-GovMaine.jpg/640px-EdmundMuskie-GovMaine.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="840"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Edmund Muskie - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Edmund_Muskie rootpage-Edmund_Muskie skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Edmund+Muskie" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Edmund+Muskie" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Edmund+Muskie" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Edmund+Muskie" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life and education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early life and education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Marriage and children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Navy_Reserve,_1942–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Navy_Reserve,_1942–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 U.S. Navy Reserve, 1942–1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Navy_Reserve,_1942–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maine_House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maine_House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Maine House of Representatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maine_House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_Maine,_1955–1959" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Maine,_1955–1959"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Governor of Maine, 1955–1959 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governor_of_Maine,_1955–1959-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governor of Maine, 1955–1959 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Maine,_1955–1959-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gubernatorial_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gubernatorial_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Gubernatorial campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gubernatorial_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 First term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Second term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Senate,_1959–1980" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Senate,_1959–1980"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 United States Senate, 1959–1980 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States_Senate,_1959–1980-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle United States Senate, 1959–1980 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-United_States_Senate,_1959–1980-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections_and_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_and_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Elections and campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_and_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_eve_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_eve_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Election eve speech </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_eve_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_and_second_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_and_second_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 First and second term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_and_second_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_and_fourth_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_and_fourth_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Third and fourth term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_and_fourth_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_for_the_White_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_for_the_White_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Campaigns for the White House </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaigns_for_the_White_House-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Campaigns for the White House subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_for_the_White_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1968_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 1968 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1972_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1972_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 1972 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1972_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_and_primaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_and_primaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Background and primaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_primaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Canuck_letter"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Canuck_letter""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 "Canuck letter" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Canuck_letter"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1976_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1976_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 1976 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1976_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Secretary_of_State,_1980–1981" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Secretary_of_State,_1980–1981"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 U.S. Secretary of State, 1980–1981 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._Secretary_of_State,_1980–1981-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle U.S. Secretary of State, 1980–1981 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._Secretary_of_State,_1980–1981-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Draft_Muskie_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Draft_Muskie_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Draft Muskie movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Draft_Muskie_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran_hostage_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran_hostage_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Iran hostage crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran_hostage_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Later years </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later years subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tower_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tower_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Tower Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tower_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Death and funeral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_evaluations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_evaluations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Historical evaluations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_evaluations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_and_political_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_and_political_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Public and political image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_and_political_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internship_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internship_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Internship Program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internship_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Honors and memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 General and cited references </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle General and cited references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Cited works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Edmund Muskie</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" > 36 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="إدموند موسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدموند موسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ادموند موسکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادموند موسکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Эдмунд Маскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдмунд Маскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ادموند موسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادموند موسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EB%A8%BC%EB%93%9C_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4" title="에드먼드 머스키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드먼드 머스키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="אדמונד מאסקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדמונד מאסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ედმუნდ მასკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედმუნდ მასკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmundus_Sixtus_Muskie" title="Edmundus Sixtus Muskie – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Edmundus Sixtus Muskie" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="ادموند موسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادموند موسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="エドマンド・マスキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドマンド・マスキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_S._Muskie" title="Edmund S. Muskie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edmund S. Muskie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Маски, Эдмунд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маски, Эдмунд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ئێدمۆند موسکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێدمۆند موسکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Эдмунд Маски – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эдмунд Маски" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Эдмунд Маски – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эдмунд Маски" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Едмунд Маскі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едмунд Маскі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Edmund Muskie" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="埃德蒙·马斯基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃德蒙·马斯基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q319867#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Edmund_Muskie" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Edmund_Muskie" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Edmund_Muskie" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&oldid=1259569310" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Edmund_Muskie&id=1259569310&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEdmund_Muskie">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEdmund_Muskie">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Edmund_Muskie&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edmund_Muskie" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q319867" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (1914–1996)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Edmund Muskie</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:EdmundMuskie-GovMaine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/EdmundMuskie-GovMaine.jpg/220px-EdmundMuskie-GovMaine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/EdmundMuskie-GovMaine.jpg/330px-EdmundMuskie-GovMaine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/EdmundMuskie-GovMaine.jpg/440px-EdmundMuskie-GovMaine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="2372" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Muskie as Governor of Maine, 1950s</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">58th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office May 8, 1980 – January 18, 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Warren Christopher</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1959 – May 7, 1980</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_G._Payne" title="Frederick G. Payne">Frederick Payne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">George Mitchell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">Senate Budget Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1975 – May 8, 1980</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">Fritz Hollings</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1969</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._Bennett_Johnston" title="J. Bennett Johnston">Bennett Johnston</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">64th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maine" title="Governor of Maine">Governor of Maine</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 5, 1955 – January 2, 1959</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Burton_M._Cross" title="Burton M. Cross">Burton Cross</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Haskell" title="Robert Haskell">Robert Haskell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Maine_House_of_Representatives" title="Maine House of Representatives">Maine House of Representatives</a> from the 110th district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office December 5, 1946 – November 2, 1951</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Charles Cummings</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Ralph Farris</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Edmund Sixtus Muskie</div> (1914-03-28)March 28, 1914 <a href="/wiki/Rumford,_Maine" title="Rumford, Maine">Rumford, Maine</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 26, 1996(1996-03-26) (aged 81) Washington, D.C., U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Muskie" title="Jane Muskie">Jane Gray</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1948)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bates_College" title="Bates College">Bates College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>) <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Muskie_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edmund Muskie's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Edmund_Muskie_Signature.svg/128px-Edmund_Muskie_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Edmund_Muskie_Signature.svg/192px-Edmund_Muskie_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Edmund_Muskie_Signature.svg/256px-Edmund_Muskie_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="103" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1942–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O3_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/18px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/27px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/36px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">Lieutenant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Naval Reserve">U.S. Naval Reserve</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Theater">Asiatic-Pacific Theater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Edmund Sixtus Muskie<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> (March 28, 1914 – March 26, 1996) was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 58th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> from 1980 to 1981, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Maine">United States Senator from Maine</a> from 1959 to 1980, the 64th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maine" title="Governor of Maine">Governor of Maine</a> from 1955 to 1959, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Maine_House_of_Representatives" title="Maine House of Representatives">Maine House of Representatives</a> from 1946 to 1951. He was the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>'s nominee for vice president in the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 presidential election</a>. Born in <a href="/wiki/Rumford,_Maine" title="Rumford, Maine">Rumford</a>, Maine, he worked as a lawyer for two years before serving in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">United States Naval Reserve</a> from 1942 to 1945 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Upon his return, Muskie served in the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Legislature" title="Maine Legislature">Maine State Legislature</a> from 1946 to 1951, and unsuccessfully ran for mayor of <a href="/wiki/Waterville,_Maine" title="Waterville, Maine">Waterville</a>. Muskie was elected the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Maine" title="List of governors of Maine">64th governor of Maine</a> in 1954 under a reform platform as the first <a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Democratic</a> governor since <a href="/wiki/Louis_J._Brann" title="Louis J. Brann">Louis J. Brann</a> left office in 1937, and only the fifth since 1857. Muskie pressed for economic expansionism and instated environmental provisions. Muskie's actions severed a nearly <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Maine" title="Political party strength in Maine">100-year Republican stronghold</a> and led to the political insurgency of the Maine Democrats. Muskie's legislative work during <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#United_States_Senate,_1959–1980">his career as a senator</a> coincided with an expansion of <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">modern liberalism in the United States</a>. He promoted the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">1960s environmental movement</a> which led to the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act of 1970</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act of 1972</a>. Muskie supported the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, the creation of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a>, and opposed <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a>" by advancing <a href="/wiki/New_Federalism" title="New Federalism">New Federalism</a>. Muskie ran with Vice President <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> against Nixon in the 1968 presidential election, losing the popular vote by 0.7 percentage point—one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin#List" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">narrowest margins in U.S. history</a>. He would go on to run in the <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 presidential election</a>, where he secured 1.84 million votes in <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election#Primary_results" title="1972 United States presidential election">the primaries</a>, coming in fourth out of 15 contesters. The release of the forged "<a href="/wiki/Canuck_letter" title="Canuck letter">Canuck letter</a>" derailed his campaign and sullied his public image with <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">Americans of French-Canadian descent</a>. After the election, Muskie returned to the Senate, where he gave the 1976 <a href="/wiki/Response_to_the_State_of_the_Union_address" title="Response to the State of the Union address">State of the Union Response</a>. Muskie served as first chairman of the new <a href="/wiki/Senate_Budget_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Budget Committee">Senate Budget Committee</a> from 1975 to 1980, where he established the <a href="/wiki/United_States_budget_process" title="United States budget process">United States budget process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a> Upon his resignation from the Senate, he became the 58th U.S. Secretary of State under President Carter. Muskie's tenure as Secretary of State was one of the shortest in modern history. His department negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis#Release" title="Iran hostage crisis">release of 52 Americans</a>, thus concluding the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a>. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> by Carter in 1981 and has been honored with <a href="/wiki/Edmund_S._Muskie_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund S. Muskie Day">a public holiday</a> in Maine since 1987. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Edmund Sixtus Muskie was born on March 28, 1914, in <a href="/wiki/Rumford,_Maine" title="Rumford, Maine">Rumford</a>, Maine.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> He was born after his parents' first child, Irene (born 1912), and before his brother Eugene (born 1918) and three sisters, Lucy (born 1916), Elizabeth (born 1923), and Frances (born 1921).<a href="#cite_note-Witherell_2014,_p._4-1">[1]</a> His father, Stephen Marciszewski, was born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Jasion%C3%B3wka" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasionówka">Jasionówka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Poland">Russian Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-American_Polish_Eagle-13">[11]</a> and worked as an estate manager for minor <a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Russian nobility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> He immigrated to America in 1903 and changed his name to Muskie from "Marciszewski" in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-David_1970,_p._10-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> He worked as a <a href="/wiki/Tailor" title="Tailor">master tailor</a> and Muskie's mother, Josephine (<a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">née</a> Czarnecka) worked as a <a href="/wiki/Housewife" title="Housewife">housewife</a>. She was born to a <a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish-American</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>, New York. Muskie's parents married in 1911, and Josephine moved to Rumford soon after.<a href="#cite_note-:9-16">[14]</a> Muskie's first language was <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>; he spoke it as his only language until age 4. He began learning English soon after and eventually lost fluency in his mother language.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> In his youth he was an avid fisherman, hunter, and swimmer.<a href="#cite_note-:32-18">[16]</a> He felt as though his given name was "odd" so he went by Ed throughout his life.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Muskie was shy and anxious in his early life but maintained a sizable number of friends.<a href="#cite_note-:043-20">[18]</a> Muskie attended Stephens High School, where he played baseball, participated in the performing arts, and was elected student body president in his senior year. He would go on to graduate in 1932 at the top of his class as <a href="/wiki/Valedictorian" title="Valedictorian">valedictorian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-21">[19]</a> A 1931 edition of the school's newspaper noted him with the following: "when you see a head and shoulders towering over you in the halls of Stephen's, you should know that your eyes are feasting on the future President of the United States."<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Influenced by the political excitement of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s election to the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, he attended <a href="/wiki/Bates_College" title="Bates College">Bates College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Maine" title="Lewiston, Maine">Lewiston</a>, Maine.<a href="#cite_note-:10-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> While at college, Muskie was a successful member of the <a href="/wiki/Debating" class="mw-redirect" title="Debating">debating</a> team, participated in several sports, and was elected to <a href="/wiki/Student_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Student government">student government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-21">[19]</a> Although he received a small scholarship and <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> subsidies, he had to work during the summers as a dishwasher and <a href="/wiki/Bellhop" title="Bellhop">bellhop</a> at a hotel in <a href="/wiki/Kennebunk,_Maine" title="Kennebunk, Maine">Kennebunk</a> to finance his time at Bates.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> He would record in his diaries occasional feelings of insecurity among his wealthier Bates peers; Muskie was fearful of being kicked out of the college as a consequence of his <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> His situation would gradually improve and he went on to graduate in 1936 as class president and a member of <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Phi Beta Kappa Society">Phi Beta Kappa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-16">[14]</a> Initially intending to major in mathematics he switched to a double major in history and government.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Upon his graduation, he was given a partial merit-based scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Law_School" title="Cornell Law School">Cornell Law School</a>. After his second semester there, his scholarship ran out. As he was preparing to drop out, he heard of an "eccentric millionaire" named William Bingham II who had a habit of randomly and sporadically paying the university costs, mortgages, car loans, and other expenses of those who wrote to him. After Muskie wrote to him about his immigrant origins he secured $900 from the man allowing him to finance his final years at Cornell. While in law school he was elected to <a href="/wiki/Phi_Alpha_Delta" title="Phi Alpha Delta">Phi Alpha Delta</a> and went on to graduate <a href="/wiki/Cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Cum laude">cum laude</a>, in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-:022-27">[25]</a> Upon graduating from Cornell, Muskie was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bar_Association" title="Massachusetts Bar Association">Massachusetts Bar</a> in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> He then worked as a high school substitute teacher while he was studying for the Maine Bar examination; he passed in 1940. Muskie moved to <a href="/wiki/Waterville,_Maine" title="Waterville, Maine">Waterville</a> and purchased a small law practice—renamed "Muskie & Glover"—for $2,000 in March 1940.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> He helped write Waterville's first zoning ordinance and was elected secretary of the Zoning Board of Appeals.<a href="#cite_note-Waterville_1948_Annual_Report-30">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_children">Marriage and children</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and children">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_Gray,_wife_of_Edmund_Muskie,_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jane_Gray%2C_wife_of_Edmund_Muskie%2C_cropped.jpg/170px-Jane_Gray%2C_wife_of_Edmund_Muskie%2C_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jane_Gray%2C_wife_of_Edmund_Muskie%2C_cropped.jpg/255px-Jane_Gray%2C_wife_of_Edmund_Muskie%2C_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jane_Gray%2C_wife_of_Edmund_Muskie%2C_cropped.jpg/340px-Jane_Gray%2C_wife_of_Edmund_Muskie%2C_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Jane Gray Muskie in 1968</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Muskie" title="Jane Muskie">Jane Frances Gray</a> was born February 12, 1927, in Waterville to Myrtie and Millage Guy Gray. Growing up, she was voted "prettiest in school" in high school and at age 15, started her first job, in a dress shop.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-32">[30]</a> At age 18, Gray was hired to be a bookkeeper and saleswoman in an exclusive <a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">haute couture boutique</a> in Waterville. While there, a mutual friend tried to introduce her to Muskie while he was working in the city as a lawyer. She had Gray model the dresses in the shop window while he was walking to work. Muskie came into the shop one day and invited her to a gala event. At the time, she was 19 and he was 32; <a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">their difference in age</a> stirred controversy in the town.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> However, after eighteen months of courting Gray and her family, she agreed to marry him in a private ceremony in 1948. Gray and Muskie had five children: Stephen (born 1949), Ellen (born 1950), Melinda (born 1956), Martha (born 1958, d. 2006), and Edmund Jr. (born 1961).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> The Muskies lived in a yellow cottage at <a href="/wiki/Kennebunk,_Maine" title="Kennebunk, Maine">Kennebunk Beach</a> while they lived in Maine.<a href="#cite_note-:043-20">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Navy_Reserve,_1942–1945">U.S. Navy Reserve, 1942–1945</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: U.S. Navy Reserve, 1942–1945">edit</a>]</div> In June 1940, President Roosevelt created the <a href="/wiki/V-12_Navy_College_Training_Program" title="V-12 Navy College Training Program">V-12 Navy College Training Program</a> to prepare men under the age of 28 for the eventual outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Muskie formally registered for the <a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">draft</a> in October 1940 and was formally called to <a href="/wiki/Deck_department" title="Deck department">deck officer</a> training on March 26, 1942.<a href="#cite_note-:8x-34">[32]</a> At 28, he was assigned to work as a <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine_runaway" title="Diesel engine runaway">diesel engineer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Reserve_Midshipmen%27s_School" title="United States Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School">Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8x-34">[32]</a> On September 11, 1942, Muskie was called to <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a>, Maryland to attend the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a>. He left his law practice running so "his name would continue to circulate in Waterville" while he was gone. He trained as an <a href="/wiki/Seaman_apprentice" title="Seaman apprentice">apprentice seaman</a> for six weeks before being assigned the rank of <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">midshipman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> In January 1943, Muskie attended diesel engineering school for sixteen weeks before being assigned to <a href="/wiki/Commander,_Navy_Installations_Command" title="Commander, Navy Installations Command">First Naval District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in May. Muskie worked on the <a href="/wiki/USS_YP-422" title="USS YP-422">USS YP-422</a> for a month. In June, he was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/USS_De_Grasse_(ID-1217)" title="USS De Grasse (ID-1217)">USS De Grasse (ID-1217)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Schuyler" title="Fort Schuyler">Fort Schuyler</a> in New York, where he worked as an <a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">indoctrinator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> In November 1943, Muskie was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Deck_department" title="Deck department">Deck Officer</a>. He trained for two weeks in Miami, Florida at the <a href="/wiki/Submarine_Chaser_Training_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine Chaser Training Center">Submarine Chaser Training Center</a>. After that, Muskie was relocated to <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>, Ohio to study <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> in February 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Witherell_2014,_p._70-37">[35]</a> In March, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)" title="Lieutenant (junior grade)">Lieutenant (junior grade)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Witherell_2014,_p._70-37">[35]</a> Muskie was stationed at California's <a href="/wiki/Mare_Island" title="Mare Island">Mare Island</a> in April temporarily before formally engaging in <a href="/wiki/Active_duty" title="Active duty">active duty</a> warfare.<a href="#cite_note-Witherell_2014,_p._70-37">[35]</a> Muskie began his active duty tour aboard the <a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escort" title="Destroyer escort">destroyer escort</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Brackett" title="USS Brackett">USS Brackett (DE-41)</a>. His vessel was in charge of protecting <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">U.S. convoys</a> traveling from the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Islands" title="Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a> from <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarines_in_the_Pacific_War" title="Japanese submarines in the Pacific War">Japanese submarines</a>. The Brackett escorted ships to and from the islands for the majority of summer 1944. In January 1945, the ship engaged and eventually sank a Japanese cargo ship headed for <a href="/wiki/Taroa_Island" title="Taroa Island">Taroa Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> After a few more months of escorting ships to and from the two islands, the ship was <a href="/wiki/Decommissioned_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decommissioned (ship)">decommissioned</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Military_discharge" title="Military discharge">discharged</a> from the Navy on December 18, 1945.<a href="#cite_note-bates.edu-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maine_House_of_Representatives">Maine House of Representatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Maine House of Representatives">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maine_House_of_Representatives_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Maine_House_of_Representatives_2014.jpg/279px-Maine_House_of_Representatives_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="279" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Maine_House_of_Representatives_2014.jpg/419px-Maine_House_of_Representatives_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Maine_House_of_Representatives_2014.jpg/558px-Maine_House_of_Representatives_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The floor of the <a href="/wiki/Maine_House_of_Representatives" title="Maine House of Representatives">Maine House of Representatives</a>.</figcaption></figure> Muskie returned to Maine in January 1946 and began rebuilding his law practice. Convinced by others to run for political office as a way of expanding his law practice, he formally entered politics.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Muskie ran against Republican <a href="/wiki/William_A._Jones_III" title="William A. Jones III">William A. Jones</a> in an election for the <a href="/wiki/Maine_House_of_Representatives" title="Maine House of Representatives">Maine House of Representatives</a> for the 110th District. Muskie secured 2,635 votes and won the election to most people's surprise on September 9, 1946.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> During this time, the Maine Senate was stacked 30-to-3 and the House was stacked 127-to-24 Republicans against Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-Witherell_2014,_p._79-42">[40]</a> Muskie was assigned to the committees on federal and military relations during his first year. He advocated for <a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship" title="Bipartisanship">bipartisanship</a>, which won him widespread support across political parties. On October 17, 1946, Muskie's law practice sustained a large fire, costing him an estimated $2,300 in damages. However, a yearly stipend of $800 and help from other business leaders who were affected by the fire quickly restarted his practice.<a href="#cite_note-Witherell_2014,_p._79-42">[40]</a> Muskie's work with city ordinances in <a href="/wiki/Waterville,_Maine" title="Waterville, Maine">Waterville</a> prompted locals to ask him to run in the 1947 election to become Mayor of Waterville, against banker Russel W. Squire. Perhaps due to <a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbency advantage</a>, Muskie lost the election with 2,853 votes, 434 votes behind Squire.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Some historians believe that his loss had to do with his inability to gain traction with <a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">Franco-American</a> voters.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Muskie continued his political involvement locally by securing a position on the Waterville Board of Zoning Adjustment in 1948 and stayed in this part-time position until he became governor. He later returned to the House to start his second term in 1948 as <a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">Minority Leader</a> against heavy Republican opposition.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Muskie was appointed the chairman of the platform committee during the 1949 Maine Democratic Convention. During the convention, he brought together a variety of the political elite of Maine—notably <a href="/wiki/Frank_M._Coffin" title="Frank M. Coffin">Frank M. Coffin</a> and Victor Hunt Harding—to plan a comeback for the party.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> On February 8, 1951, Muskie resigned from the Maine House of Representatives to become acting director for the Maine <a href="/wiki/Economic_Stabilization_Agency" title="Economic Stabilization Agency">Office of Price Stabilization</a>. He moved to <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland</a> soon after and was assigned the inflation-control and price-ceiling divisions.<a href="#cite_note-Witherell_2014,_p._99-47">[45]</a> His job required him to move across Maine to spread word about economic incentives which he used to increase his name recognition.<a href="#cite_note-Witherell_2014,_p._99-47">[45]</a> He served as the regional director at the Office of Price Stabilization from 1951 to 1952.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> Upon leaving the Office he was asked to join the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> as a member; he served on the committee from 1952 to 1956.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> In April 1953, while working on renovations for his family home in Waterville, Muskie broke through a balcony railing, falling down two flights of stairs.<a href="#cite_note-Witherell_2014,_p._109-48">[46]</a> He landed on his back, knocked unconscious. He was rushed to the hospital, where he remained unconscious for two days.<a href="#cite_note-Witherell_2014,_p._109-48">[46]</a> Doctors believed that Muskie was in a coma, so they gave him comatose-specific medication which caused him to regain consciousness but start to <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Muskie tried to jump out of the hospital window, but was restrained by staff members. After a couple of months, through <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical rehabilitation</a> and corrective braces, he was able to walk once more.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_Maine,_1955–1959">Governor of Maine, 1955–1959</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Governor of Maine, 1955–1959">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gubernatorial_campaign">Gubernatorial campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gubernatorial campaign">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1954_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1954 Maine gubernatorial election">1954 Maine gubernatorial election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muskie_for_Maine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Muskie_for_Maine.jpg/170px-Muskie_for_Maine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Muskie_for_Maine.jpg/255px-Muskie_for_Maine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Muskie_for_Maine.jpg/340px-Muskie_for_Maine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2446" data-file-height="3226" /></a><figcaption>Muskie For Maine campaign for the governorhip of Maine</figcaption></figure> After establishing a prominent presence in the Maine State Legislature and with the Office of Price Stabilization, he officially launched his bid in the <a href="/wiki/1954_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1954 Maine gubernatorial election">1954 Maine gubernatorial race</a> as a Democrat. <a href="/wiki/Burton_M._Cross" title="Burton M. Cross">Burton M. Cross</a>, the Republican incumbent governor, was seeking reelection. Had he won, he would have been <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Maine">the fifth consecutive</a> Governor to be reelected. Throughout the election Muskie was viewed as the <a href="/wiki/Underdog" title="Underdog">underdog</a> because of the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Republican stronghold in Maine</a>. Muskie acknowledged this himself by saying, "[this is] more as a duty than an opportunity because there was no chance of a Democrat winning."<a href="#cite_note-:043-20">[18]</a> A variety of personal reasons motivated his run. Muskie was deeply in debt owing five thousand dollars in hospital bills and maintained a rising mortgage. At the time of his election, the salary for the Governor of Maine was set at ten thousand dollars annually.<a href="#cite_note-:043-20">[18]</a> While he was campaigning he was offered a position involving full partnership at a prestigious Rumford law firm that maintained "clients and income that [Muskie] had not achieved in fourteen years of practice in Waterville."<a href="#cite_note-:043-20">[18]</a> His final choice reflected his 'society over self' mentality and decided to pursue the election.<a href="#cite_note-:333-51">[49]</a> He announced his candidacy for the office on April 8, 1954.<a href="#cite_note-:523-52">[50]</a> Muskie ran on a <a href="/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">party platform</a> of environmentalism and public investment. His environmental platform argued for the establishment of the Maine Department of Conservation to "have jurisdiction of forestry, inland fish and game, sea and shore <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fisheries</a>, mineral, water, and other <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a>" and the creation of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">anti-pollution</a> legislation.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> He stressed the need for "a two-party" approach to Maine politics with resonated with both Democratic and Republican voters wishing to see change. Muskie's central <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_slogans" title="List of political slogans">campaign slogan</a> was "Maine Needs A Change" referencing the multi-year Republican stronghold.<a href="#cite_note-:523-52">[50]</a> He criticized the Republican Party for neglecting the environment, failing to restart the economy, underutilizing skilled labor forces, and ignoring public investment.<a href="#cite_note-:27-54">[52]</a> He successively won the Democratic gubernatorial nomination, and then the general election by a majority popular vote on September 13, 1954. The <a href="/wiki/Upset_(competition)" title="Upset (competition)">upset</a> victory made Muskie the first Democrat to be elected chief executive of Maine since <a href="/wiki/Louis_J._Brann" title="Louis J. Brann">Louis J. Brann</a> in 1934. His election has been viewed as a causal link to the end of Republican political dominance in Maine and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">the Democratic Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:043-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:433-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-56">[54]</a> After his win, he was asked by other Democrats running in elections outside of Maine to make a series of campaign stops.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term">First term</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First term">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portland-Head-Lighthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portland-Head-Lighthouse.jpg/220px-Portland-Head-Lighthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portland-Head-Lighthouse.jpg/330px-Portland-Head-Lighthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portland-Head-Lighthouse.jpg/440px-Portland-Head-Lighthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption> Muskie purchased 40 acres of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Elizabeth,_Maine" title="Cape Elizabeth, Maine">Cape Elizabeth</a> for Maine. </figcaption></figure> Muskie was inaugurated as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Maine">64th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maine" title="Governor of Maine">Governor of Maine</a> on January 6, 1955.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> He was the state's first <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> governor.<a href="#cite_note-witherell23-59">[57]</a> Shortly after his assumption of the office, the next election cycle stacked the legislature with a 4-to-1 Republican-Democrat ratio against Muskie. Through <a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship" title="Bipartisanship">bipartisanship</a> and his aggressive personality<a href="#cite_note-:043-20">[18]</a> he managed to pass the majority of his party platform. Constituents pressured him to more aggressively pursue water control and anti-pollution legislation. In August, the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Legislature" title="Maine Legislature">Maine State Legislature</a> authorized him to take extraordinary action to control the state's pollution standards. He used this authority to sign the New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Compact on August 31, 1955. This compact required member states to pay for anti-pollution measures collectively. Conservative members of the Chamber of Commerce fought back against Muskie in his attempt to allocate money to the compact and greatly reduced the amount paid.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> One of the chief concerns of Muskie during this time was economic development. Maine's population was aging, putting pressure on <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare services</a>. He expanded certain programs and cut down on others in order rebalance state spending.<a href="#cite_note-Senator_Angus_S._King,_Jr-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-MaineMemory-61">[59]</a> Before leaving office Muskie signed an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> extending the gubernatorial term to four years.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> He expanded the territory comprising <a href="/wiki/Baxter_State_Park" title="Baxter State Park">Baxter State Park</a> by 3,569 acres and purchased 40 acres (1.7 million ft2) of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Elizabeth,_Maine" title="Cape Elizabeth, Maine">Cape Elizabeth</a> from the federal government for $28,000.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> He also created the Department of Development of Commerce and Industry and Maine Industrial Building Authority.<a href="#cite_note-:23-56">[54]</a> In February 1955, he was briefed on atomic energy power by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">United States Atomic Energy Commission</a> leading him to limit the expansion of atomic-powered electrical facilities.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term">Second term</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second term">edit</a>]</div> On September 10, 1956, Muskie was re-elected Governor of Maine with 180,254 votes (59% of the vote) against Republican <a href="/wiki/Maine_gubernatorial_election,_1956" class="mw-redirect" title="Maine gubernatorial election, 1956">Willis A. Trafton</a>. He won 14 of the 16 counties. He began his second term by aggressively enforcing environmental standards. In 1957, he sanctioned a $29 million highway <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bond</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:133-65">[63]</a> This bond funded the largest road construction ever undertaken by Maine. The highway included 91 bridges and was extended in 1960 and 1967 by <a href="/wiki/Interstate_95" title="Interstate 95">Interstate 95</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MaineMemory-61">[59]</a> During his tenure as Governor he retained a reputation for increased spending in public education, subsidized hospitals, modernized state facilities, and cumulatively raised state sale taxes by 1%.<a href="#cite_note-:133-65">[63]</a> He added $4 million to infrastructure development focusing on roads and river maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Muskie pushed aggressive <a href="/wiki/Economic_expansion" title="Economic expansion">economic expansionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:27-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> In 1957, he founded the Maine Guarantee Authority which combated <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">economic maturation</a>-related job loss making capital more accessible for business owners.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Muskie also sporadically lowered <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales tax</a>, increased the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> and furthered labor protections leading to a marked increase in <a href="/wiki/Consumer_spending" title="Consumer spending">consumer spending</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-69">[67]</a> He amended the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Maine" title="Constitution of Maine">constitution of Maine</a> in order divert $20 million in public funds into private investment.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> He increased subsidies to expensive institutions such as public primary and secondary schools as well as universities.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Although initially founded in 1836, the <a href="/wiki/Maine_State_Museum" title="Maine State Museum">Maine State Museum</a> was closed and reopened six times before Muskie permanently <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowed</a> it in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> His governorship exploited multi-factionalism in the Republican Party leading to a vast expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Democratic Party in Maine</a>. From 1954 to 1974, the party doubled in size, while the Republican Party steadily decreased from 262,367 to 227,828 registered members.<a href="#cite_note-:23-56">[54]</a> Numerous state politicians mimicked his political style to push their programs through various local governments and garnered electoral success.<a href="#cite_note-:23-56">[54]</a> His executive appointments of moderate politicians shifted the entire Republican establishment in the state to the left.<a href="#cite_note-:23-56">[54]</a> This shift garnered comparisons to <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>'s influence in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>'s impact in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:23-56">[54]</a> During his last months as governor he changed his office's term from two years to four years.<a href="#cite_note-:133-65">[63]</a> Shortly before leaving office he moved Maine's general election date from September to November conclusively ending the notion that "<a href="/wiki/As_Maine_goes,_so_goes_the_nation" title="As Maine goes, so goes the nation">as Maine goes, so goes the nation</a>".<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> This was attempted thirty-six times before Muskie brought about a constitutional amendment that moved the date.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Muskie resigned on January 2, 1959, to take his seat in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election,_1958" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election, 1958">1958 Senate election</a>. He was succeeded by Republican <a href="/wiki/Robert_Haskell" title="Robert Haskell">Robert Haskell</a> in an interim capacity until the Governor-elect, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Clauson" title="Clinton Clauson">Clinton Clauson</a>, was inaugurated. Muskie was officially succeeded by Clauson on January 6, 1959.<a href="#cite_note-:23-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_Senate,_1959–1980">United States Senate, 1959–1980</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States Senate, 1959–1980">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections_and_campaigns">Elections and campaigns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Elections and campaigns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Edmund_Muskie" title="Electoral history of Edmund Muskie">Electoral history of Edmund Muskie</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuskieforSenate1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/MuskieforSenate1.jpg/220px-MuskieforSenate1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/MuskieforSenate1.jpg/330px-MuskieforSenate1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/MuskieforSenate1.jpg/440px-MuskieforSenate1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2311" data-file-height="2195" /></a><figcaption>Sticker for Edmund Muskie's Senate run</figcaption></figure>Muskie's first contestation for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate of the United States</a> was in <a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="1958 United States Senate election in Maine">1958</a>. He announced his intent to challenge incumbent Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Frederick_G._Payne" title="Frederick G. Payne">Frederick G. Payne</a> on March 20, 1958.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> Muskie won the election with 61% of the vote against Payne's 39%. Muskie's victory made him the first Democrat elected to the Senate in Maine, with the state's previous Democratic Senator having been appointed by the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> He was one of the 12 Democrats who overtook Republican incumbents and established the party as the party-of-house during the election cycle.<a href="#cite_note-:8-77">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that during this election that the <a href="/wiki/Absentee_ballot" title="Absentee ballot">absentee ballots</a> requested for Democrats increased considerable signaling voter-discontent with <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican ideology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-77">[75]</a> This election was considered the largest single-party gain in the Senate's history.<a href="#cite_note-Press_Herald-78">[76]</a> He ran for a second term in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election,_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election, 1964">1964</a>, running against Republican <a href="/wiki/Clifford_McIntire" title="Clifford McIntire">Clifford McIntire</a>. Muskie won with 67% of the vote. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Election_eve_speech">Election eve speech</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Election eve speech">edit</a>]</div> His third campaign and election to the Senate occurred in 1970. During the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election,_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election, 1970">1970 elections</a>, Muskie secured 62% of the vote against Republican <a href="/wiki/Neil_S._Bishop" title="Neil S. Bishop">Neil S. Bishop</a>'s 38%. The elections were seen as tumultuous due to the United States' involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and rising unpopularity of incumbent president <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>. On the night of poll-opening Muskie gave a nationwide, 14 minute speech to addressed American voters following a similar address by Nixon. Dubbed the "election eve speech"<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> it spoke to <a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a> and against "torrents of falsehood and insinuation".<a href="#cite_note-:11-83">[81]</a> The speech was considered <a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship" title="Bipartisanship">bipartisan</a> and was well received by both parties. Political analysts believed that the speech influenced voting patterns during the election as there were thirty million listeners.<a href="#cite_note-:11-83">[81]</a> Commentators received the speech as "essentially evangelical"<a href="#cite_note-:022-27">[25]</a> and indicative of "a volcanic private temper but a soothing public manner".<a href="#cite_note-:11-83">[81]</a> The most famous passage from the speech was widely commented on by the public<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> for its biting nature and critique of "<a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">politics of fear</a>": <blockquote>I am speaking from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Elizabeth,_Maine" title="Cape Elizabeth, Maine">Cape Elizabeth</a>, Maine to discuss with you the election campaign which is coming to a close. In the heat of our campaigns, we have all become accustomed to a little anger and exaggeration. That is our system. It has worked for almost two hundred years—longer than any other political system in the world. But in these elections of 1970, something has gone wrong. There has been name-calling and deception of almost unprecedented volume. Honorable men have been slandered. Faithful servants of the country have had their motives questioned and their patriotism doubted. It has been led . . . inspired . . . and guided . . . from the highest offices in the land. ... We cannot make America small. ... Ordinarily that division is not between parties, but between men and ideas. But this year the leaders of the Republican party have intentionally made that line a party line. They have confronted you with exactly that choice. Thus—in voting for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic party</a> tomorrow—you cast your vote for trust—not just in leaders or policies—but for trusting your fellow citizens . . . in the ancient traditions of this home for freedom . . . and most of all, for trust in yourself.<a href="#cite_note-:13-80">[78]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Portland_Press_Herald" title="Portland Press Herald">Portland Press Herald</a> on November 4, 1970, noted it akin to <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fireside_chats" title="Fireside chats">fire-side chats</a> "with video".<a href="#cite_note-:13-80">[78]</a> The speech has been the subject of numerous studies regarding "the dimensions of the televised public address as an emerging rhetorical genre of pervasive influence in contemporary affairs".<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1976" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate elections, 1976">fourth and final election</a>, Muskie ran against Republican <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._G._Monks" title="Robert A. G. Monks">Robert A. G. Monks</a> in 1976; he won 60% of the vote compared to Monk's 40%.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> The elections coincided with the election of <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> as president leading to a large influx of Democratic support,<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> though Carter lost Maine to incumbent President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential election</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_and_second_term">First and second term</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: First and second term">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desk_XCI_(Biden_and_JFK_Senate_Chamber_Desk).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Desk_XCI_%28Biden_and_JFK_Senate_Chamber_Desk%29.jpg/264px-Desk_XCI_%28Biden_and_JFK_Senate_Chamber_Desk%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Desk_XCI_%28Biden_and_JFK_Senate_Chamber_Desk%29.jpg/396px-Desk_XCI_%28Biden_and_JFK_Senate_Chamber_Desk%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Desk_XCI_%28Biden_and_JFK_Senate_Chamber_Desk%29.jpg/528px-Desk_XCI_%28Biden_and_JFK_Senate_Chamber_Desk%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Muskie's engraved name in his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate Chamber</a> desk: below that of "<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>, Del." in silver.</figcaption></figure>Edmund Muskie was sworn into office as <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Maine">U.S. Senator from Maine</a> on January 3, 1959.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> His first couple of months in the Senate earned a reputation for being combative and often sparred with <a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">Majority Leader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, who subsequently relegated him to outer seats in the Senate. In the next five years, he gained significant power and influence and was considered among the most effective legislators in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-:06-89">[87]</a> However, increased power and influence prompted supporters in Maine to label him "an honorary Kennedy", alluding to the indifference <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> had to Massachusetts when first gaining political traction.<a href="#cite_note-:06-89">[87]</a> Muskie used the influence gain in his first two terms to push a vast expansion of environmentalism in the late 1950s and early 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-muskiefoundation.org2-90">[88]</a> His specific goals were to curb pollution and provide a cleaner environment. Occasional speeches on <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental preservation</a> earned him the nickname "Mr. Clean".<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-92">[90]</a> He served his entire career in the Senate as a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works">Committee on Public Works</a>, a committee he used to execute the majority of his environmental legislation.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> He served on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services" title="United States House Committee on Financial Services">Committee on Banking and Currency</a> from 1959 to 1970; the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Committee on Government Operations</a> until 1978.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> As a member of the Public Works Committee, he traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> He <a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)" title="Sponsor (legislative)">sponsored</a> the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Advisory_Commission_on_Intergovernmental_Relations" title="U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations">Intergovernmental Relations Act</a>, later that year.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> In 1962, he co-founded the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Historical_Society" title="United States Capitol Historical Society">United States Capital Historical Society</a> along with other members of congress.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> The same year, members of Congress elected him to serve as the first chair of the Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> In 1963, he was the first to sponsor a new Act to regulate air pollution. The <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act of 1963</a> was written and developed by Muskie and his aide Leon Billings.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roosevelt-Campobello-International-Park-Trail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Roosevelt-Campobello-International-Park-Trail.jpg/220px-Roosevelt-Campobello-International-Park-Trail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Roosevelt-Campobello-International-Park-Trail.jpg/330px-Roosevelt-Campobello-International-Park-Trail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Roosevelt-Campobello-International-Park-Trail.jpg/440px-Roosevelt-Campobello-International-Park-Trail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Muskie established the <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Campobello_International_Park" title="Roosevelt Campobello International Park">Roosevelt Campobello International Park</a> in New Brunswick, Canada.</figcaption></figure> His first major accomplishment was the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>. He assembled more than one hundred votes for the proposed legislation eventually passing it.<a href="#cite_note-:06-89">[87]</a> Also during 1964, he was critical of <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>'s management of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of investigation</a>. Muskie was upset by its "overzealous surveillance and its director's intemperance".<a href="#cite_note-:06-89">[87]</a> Muskie also sponsored the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Campobello_International_Park" title="Roosevelt Campobello International Park">Roosevelt Campobello International Park</a> near <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a>'s New Brunswick estate.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> Due to its international nature, Muskie was asked to chair a joint U.S.-Canada commission to maintain the park.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> In 1965, he was again sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Water Quality Act</a> (later to be known as the Clean Water Act). He was the floor manager for the discussion and led to its passage in 1965 and its successful amendments in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> Alongside President Johnson's <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_on_Poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Poverty">War on Poverty</a> programs, Muskie drafted the <a href="/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model Cities Bill</a> which eventually passed both houses of Congress in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-:433-55">[53]</a> Previously, combative with Johnson, Muskie began developing a more cooperative relationship with him. During Johnson's signing of the <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Funds_Act" title="Cooperative Funds Act">Intergovernmental Cooperation Act</a> he said: I am pleased that Senator Muskie could be with us this afternoon. I believe that no man has done more to encourage cooperation among the National Government, the States, and the cities."<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Also in 1966, Muskie was elected assistant <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Democratic whip</a> and served as the floor manager for the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Waters_Restoration_Act" title="Clean Waters Restoration Act">Clean Water Restoration Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-6A_Intruders_of_VA-196_dropping_Mk_82_bombs_over_Vietnam_on_20_December_1968_(NNAM.1996.253.7047.013).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/A-6A_Intruders_of_VA-196_dropping_Mk_82_bombs_over_Vietnam_on_20_December_1968_%28NNAM.1996.253.7047.013%29.jpg/220px-A-6A_Intruders_of_VA-196_dropping_Mk_82_bombs_over_Vietnam_on_20_December_1968_%28NNAM.1996.253.7047.013%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/A-6A_Intruders_of_VA-196_dropping_Mk_82_bombs_over_Vietnam_on_20_December_1968_%28NNAM.1996.253.7047.013%29.jpg/330px-A-6A_Intruders_of_VA-196_dropping_Mk_82_bombs_over_Vietnam_on_20_December_1968_%28NNAM.1996.253.7047.013%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/A-6A_Intruders_of_VA-196_dropping_Mk_82_bombs_over_Vietnam_on_20_December_1968_%28NNAM.1996.253.7047.013%29.jpg/440px-A-6A_Intruders_of_VA-196_dropping_Mk_82_bombs_over_Vietnam_on_20_December_1968_%28NNAM.1996.253.7047.013%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>Muskie urged President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> to withdraw U.S. military support from <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">Operation Rolling Thunder</a>.</figcaption></figure> During 1967 the popular sentiment in the U.S. was <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war</a>, which prompted Muskie to visit <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> to inform his political stance in 1968. Prior to his visiting the country, he debated with a congressman on a pro-war platform. After the trip, he became a leading voice for the anti-war movement and entered into the ongoing debate by speaking at the year's Democratic Convention. His speech was followed by "tens of thousands of protestors surrounded the convention and violent clashes with police carried on for five days."<a href="#cite_note-mainemeetsworld.bangordailynews.com-96">[94]</a> He wrote to Johnson personally asserting his position on the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. He made the case that the U.S. ought to withdraw from Vietnam as quickly as possible.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> Months later, he wrote to the president again urging him to end <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">the bombing of North Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> During the same year, he traveled with other Senators to the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Republic of South Vietnam</a> to validate their elections.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> Later, at the <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 Democratic National Convention</a>, he led the debate for the administration plank on Vietnam, which sparked public outrage. On October 15, 1969, he was welcomed to the green at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> to address the issues regarding his vote but chose to decline the offer and speak that night at his alma mater, <a href="/wiki/Bates_College" title="Bates College">Bates College</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Maine" title="Lewiston, Maine">Lewiston</a>, Maine.<a href="#cite_note-:043-20">[18]</a> His decision to do so was widely criticized by the Democratic party and Yale University officials.<a href="#cite_note-:043-20">[18]</a> From 1967 to 1969, he served as the chair of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> He voted against the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Clement_Haynsworth" title="Clement Haynsworth">Clement Haynsworth</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_and_fourth_term">Third and fourth term</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Third and fourth term">edit</a>]</div> His third term began in 1970 by co-sponsoring the <a href="/wiki/McGovern%E2%80%93Hatfield_Amendment" title="McGovern–Hatfield Amendment">McGovern-Hatfield resolution</a> to limit military intervention in the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> During this time <a href="/wiki/G._Harrold_Carswell" title="G. Harrold Carswell">Harold Carswell</a> was seeking appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court. Muskie voted against him and Carswell failed the confirmation process.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> Muskie also proposed a six-month ban on domestic and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> development of nuclear technologies to taper the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear arms race</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Muskie_and_George_Mitchell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Edmund_Muskie_and_George_Mitchell.jpg/220px-Edmund_Muskie_and_George_Mitchell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Edmund_Muskie_and_George_Mitchell.jpg/330px-Edmund_Muskie_and_George_Mitchell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Edmund_Muskie_and_George_Mitchell.jpg/440px-Edmund_Muskie_and_George_Mitchell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">George Mitchell</a> copy-editing a speech with Muskie, 1960</figcaption></figure>As chair of the congressional environmental committee, he and fellow committee members including <a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean Air Act of 1970">Clean Air Act of 1970</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> which was co-written by the committee's staff director Leon Billings and minority staff director Tom Jorling.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> As part of the act, he told the automobile industry it would need to reduce its tailpipe air pollution emissions by 90% by 1977.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> He also co-wrote amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Act, more commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a>, and urged his fellow Congress members to adopt it, saying "The country was once famous for its rivers ... But today, the rivers of this country serve as little more than sewers to the seas. ... The danger to health, the environmental damage, the economic loss can be anywhere."<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> The bill enjoyed <a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship" title="Bipartisanship">bipartisan support</a> in the U.S. Congress and was passed by the House on November 29, 1971, and the Senate on March 29, 1972. While congressional support was enough to enact it into law President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> exercised his <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">executive veto</a> on the bill and stopped it from becoming law. However, after further campaigning by Muskie, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> passed the bill 247–23 to override Nixon's veto.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-103">[101]</a> The bill was historic in that it established the regulation of pollutants in the federal and state waters of the U.S., created extended authority for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, and created water health standards.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> Also in 1971, Muskie was asked to join the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a>; he traveled to Europe and the Middle East in this capacity.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[10]</a> After concluding his <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 campaign</a> for the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> he returned to the Senate. While in Chattanooga, the <a href="/wiki/Jackson_State_killings" title="Jackson State killings">shooting of two black students</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jackson_State_University" title="Jackson State University">Jackson State College</a> in 1970 by the Mississippi State Police, prompted Muskie to hire a <a href="/wiki/Jet_airliner" title="Jet airliner">jet airliner</a> to take approximately one hundred people to see the bullet holes and attend a funeral of one of the victims. Critics in Maine described his actions as "rash and self serving" but Muskie publicly expressed no regret for his actions.<a href="#cite_note-:043-20">[18]</a> At an event in Los Angeles, he publicly stated his support for several <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">black empowerment movements</a> in California, which garnered the attention of numerous media outlets, and black city councilman Thomas Bradley.<a href="#cite_note-:043-20">[18]</a> In 1970, Muskie was chosen to articulate the Democratic party's message to congressional voters before the midterm elections. His national stature was raised as a major candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1972. In 1973, he gave the Democratic response to Nixon's <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_address" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union address">State of the Union address</a>.<a href="#cite_note-'70s_47-106">[104]</a> During this time, he was appointed the chair of the intergovernmental relations subcommittee.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> Considered "a backwater assignment", Muskie used it to advocate for a widening of governmental responsibilities, limiting the power of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial Presidency</a>" and advancing <a href="/wiki/New_Federalism" title="New Federalism">New Federalism</a> ideals.<a href="#cite_note-Broder-108">[106]</a> He served as the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">Senate Budget Committee</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Ninety-third_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninety-third United States Congress">Ninety-third</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ninety-sixth_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninety-sixth United States Congress">Ninety-sixth Congresses</a> from 1973 to 1980. During this time, Congress founded the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> in order to challenge Nixon's budget request. Prior to 1974, there was no formal process for establishing a <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">federal budget</a> so Congress founded the office under the auspices of the Senate Budget Committee. As chairman, Muskie presided over, formulated, and approved of the creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_budget_process" title="United States budget process">United States budget process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Senator_Angus_S._King,_Jr-7">[6]</a> In 1977, he amended <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972</a> along with others, to pass the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act of 1977</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blomquist_1999,_p._261-109">[107]</a> These new additions incorporated "non-degradation" or "clean growth" policies intended to limit <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">negative externalities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blomquist_1999,_p._261-109">[107]</a> In 1978, he made minor adjustments to the <a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a> and the "<a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a>".<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaigns_for_the_White_House">Campaigns for the White House</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Campaigns for the White House">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1968_presidential_election">1968 presidential election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1968 presidential election">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 United States presidential election</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Campaign">Campaign</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Campaign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_only_man_qualified_to_be_Vice_President_-_Muskie_LCCN2016648557.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_only_man_qualified_to_be_Vice_President_-_Muskie_LCCN2016648557.jpg/170px-The_only_man_qualified_to_be_Vice_President_-_Muskie_LCCN2016648557.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_only_man_qualified_to_be_Vice_President_-_Muskie_LCCN2016648557.jpg/255px-The_only_man_qualified_to_be_Vice_President_-_Muskie_LCCN2016648557.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_only_man_qualified_to_be_Vice_President_-_Muskie_LCCN2016648557.jpg/340px-The_only_man_qualified_to_be_Vice_President_-_Muskie_LCCN2016648557.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4987" data-file-height="7199" /></a><figcaption> A campaign poster for the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 presidential election</a>. </figcaption></figure> In 1968, Muskie was nominated for vice president on the Democratic ticket with sitting Vice President <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>. Humphrey asked Muskie to be his running mate because Muskie, in addition to being of Polish <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> heritage, had a more reserved personality that would contrast well with Humphrey's more ebullient style.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> The Humphrey-Muskie ticket narrowly lost the popular vote to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a>. Humphrey and Muskie received 42.7% of the popular vote and carried 13 states and 191 <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral votes</a>; Nixon and Agnew won 43.4% of the popular vote and carried 32 states and 301 electoral votes, while the <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">third party</a> ticket of <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a>, running as candidates of the <a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a>, took 14% of the popular vote and took five states in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> and their 46 votes in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral college</a>. Because Agnew seemed a weaker candidate than Muskie, Humphrey remarked that voters' uncertainties about whom to choose between the two major presidential candidates should be resolved by their attitudes toward the vice-presidential candidates.<a href="#cite_note-RN-112">[110]</a> While on the vice-presidential campaign trail in <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga, Tennessee</a>, Muskie was quoted as saying: <blockquote>The truth is that Americans, born in this great tradition of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>, still yield to prejudice and practice discrimination against other Americans. The truth is, having developed patterns and ways of living which reflect these shortcomings and weaknesses, we find it burdensome and difficult to – and all too often unacceptable to – do the uncomfortable things that we all must do to right the wrongs of our society.<a href="#cite_note-:043-20">[18]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1972_presidential_election">1972 presidential election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1972 presidential election">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Background_and_primaries">Background and primaries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Background and primaries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ed-Muskie-at-Earth-Day-1970-web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ed-Muskie-at-Earth-Day-1970-web.jpg/170px-Ed-Muskie-at-Earth-Day-1970-web.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ed-Muskie-at-Earth-Day-1970-web.jpg/255px-Ed-Muskie-at-Earth-Day-1970-web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Ed-Muskie-at-Earth-Day-1970-web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption> Muskie campaigning during the <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 presidential elections</a>. </figcaption></figure> Before the <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 election</a>, Muskie was viewed as a front-runner for the Democratic presidential nomination. Despite his strong polling, he continued to engage in tiring day-after-day speeches in various parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-:043-20">[18]</a> When asked during an August 17, 1969 appearance on <a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Press" title="Meet the Press">Meet the Press</a> whether he would be a candidate in 1972, Muskie said it would depend on his being convinced that he could meet the challenges as well as his comfort.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> On November 8, 1970, Muskie said he would declare himself a candidate only if he became convinced he was best suited to unify the country.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> An August 1971 opinion poll showed Muskie outperforming Nixon.<a href="#cite_note-'70s_298-115">[113]</a> In late 1971, Muskie gave an anti-war speech in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:043-20">[18]</a> The nation was at <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">war in Vietnam</a> and President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s foreign policy promised to be a major issue in the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-RN-112">[110]</a> The 1972 <a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a>, however, significantly altered the race for the presidential nomination. Senator <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> from <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, initially a <a href="/wiki/Dark_horse" title="Dark horse">dark horse</a> candidate, made a strong showing in the caucuses which gave his campaign national attention. Although Muskie won the Iowa caucuses, McGovern's campaign left Iowa with momentum. Muskie himself had never before participated in a primary election campaign. Muskie went on to win the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a>, but by a disappointingly small margin, and his campaign took a hit after the release of the "Canuck letter".<a href="#cite_note-RN-112">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Canuck_letter"">"Canuck letter"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: "Canuck letter"">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canuck_letter" title="Canuck letter">Canuck letter</a></div> On February 24, 1972, a staffer from the White House forwarded a letter about Muskie to the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Union-Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Union-Leader">Manchester Union-Leader</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">forged</a> letter, reportedly the successful <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> work of <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Re-Election_of_the_President" title="Committee for the Re-Election of the President">Committee for the Re-Election of the President</a> members <a href="/wiki/Donald_Segretti" title="Donald Segretti">Donald Segretti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_W._Clawson" title="Ken W. Clawson">Ken W. Clawson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> asserted that Muskie had made disparaging remarks about <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadians</a> which were likely to injure his support among the French-American population in northern <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-118">[116]</a> The letter contained reference to French Canadians as "<a href="/wiki/Canuck" title="Canuck">Canucks</a>," a term used affectionately by some Canadians,<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> but regarded as offensive when referring to French Canadians,<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> prompting journalists to refer to it as the "Canuck letter."<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> A day later, the same paper released an article that portrayed Muskie's wife, Jane as a drunkard and racially intolerant. On the morning of February 26, Muskie gave a speech to supporters outside of the Manchester Union-Leader offices in <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester, New Hampshire</a>. His speech was viewed as emotional and defensive; he called the newspaper's editor a "gutless coward."<a href="#cite_note-:7-118">[116]</a> Muskie gave the speech during a snowstorm, which made it appear that he was crying.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Though Muskie later claimed that the seeming tears were merely melted snowflakes, the press reported that Muskie broke down and cried, shattering the candidate's image as calm and reasoned.<a href="#cite_note-:1-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Evidence later came to light during the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a> investigation that, during the 1972 presidential campaign, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Re-Election_of_the_President" title="Committee for the Re-Election of the President">Nixon campaign committee</a> maintained a "dirty tricks" unit focused on discrediting Nixon's strongest challengers. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) investigators revealed that the Canuck Letter was a forged document as part of the dirty-tricks campaign against Democrats orchestrated by the Nixon campaign.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Nixon was also reported to have ordered men to follow Muskie around and gather information. He tried to connect Muskie's acquaintance with singer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> to an abuse of office. Muskie often flew on Sinatra's private plane while traveling around California.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1976_presidential_election">1976 presidential election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1976 presidential election">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 United States presidential election</a></div>In early July 1976, Muskie spoke with <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in a "productive" and "harmonious" discussion that was followed by Carter confirming that he considered Muskie qualified for the vice-presidential nomination.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Carter ultimately selected <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> as his running mate.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Secretary_of_State,_1980–1981">U.S. Secretary of State, 1980–1981</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: U.S. Secretary of State, 1980–1981">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Sixtus_Muskie,_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Edmund_Sixtus_Muskie%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jpg/170px-Edmund_Sixtus_Muskie%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Edmund_Sixtus_Muskie%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jpg/255px-Edmund_Sixtus_Muskie%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Edmund_Sixtus_Muskie%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jpg/340px-Edmund_Sixtus_Muskie%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2775" /></a><figcaption>Edmund Muskie in his office as Secretary of State, 1980<a href="#cite_note-133">[c]</a></figcaption></figure> In late April 1980, he was tapped by President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> to serve as secretary of state, following the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a>. Vance had opposed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a>, a secret rescue mission intended to rescue <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">American hostages held by Iran</a>. After that mission failed with the loss of eight U.S. servicemen, Vance resigned. Muskie was picked by Carter for his accomplishments with senatorial foreign policy. He was appointed and soon after <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">confirmed</a> by the Senate on May 8, 1980, by a margin of 94–2.<a href="#cite_note-mainemeetsworld.bangordailynews.com-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Draft_Muskie_movement">Draft Muskie movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Draft Muskie movement">edit</a>]</div> In June 1980, there was a "draft Muskie" movement among Democratic voters within the primaries of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1980">1980 presidential election</a>. President Carter was running against Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>, and opinion polls ranked Muskie more favorably against Kennedy. One poll showed that Muskie would be a more popular alternative to Carter than <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>, implying that the attraction was not so much to Kennedy as to the fact that he was not Carter. Moreover, Muskie was polled against Republican challenger Ronald Reagan at the time showing Carter seven points down.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> Due to a political allegiance with Carter, he backed out of the contention.<a href="#cite_note-:19-136">[133]</a> Pressured by the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter Administration</a>, Muskie released the following public statement to Democratic voters: "I accepted the appointment as secretary of state to serve the country and to serve the president. I continue to serve the president, and I will support him all the way! I have a commitment to the president. I don't make such commitments lightly, and I intend to keep it."<a href="#cite_note-:19-136">[133]</a> An article by <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> speculated that the move to back Muskie was a temporary flex of political power by the Democratic voter base to unease Carter.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Afghanistan">edit</a>]</div> In December 1979, <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan</a> which prompted <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> to trigger its ally contract.<a href="#cite_note-mainemeetsworld.bangordailynews.com-96">[94]</a> Muskie began his tenure as secretary of state five months into the invasion. He assigned Deputy Secretary <a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Warren Christopher</a> the tasks of managing the domestic side of the department while he participated in international deliberations.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-138">[135]</a> Muskie met with Soviet diplomat <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a> who categorically rejected a compromise that would secure the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">withdrawal</a> from Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-history.state.gov-139">[136]</a> Gromyko wanted the state department to formally recognize <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> as a part of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Mihalkanin_2004-140">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> Muskie was against the rapid accumulation of highly developed weaponry during the 1950s and 1960s as he thought that would inevitably lead to a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear arms race</a> that would erode international trust and cooperation. He spoke frequently with the government executives of <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> allies and that of the Soviet Union urging them to suspend their programs in pursuit of global security.<a href="#cite_note-mainemeetsworld.bangordailynews.com-96">[94]</a> Muskie's inclinations were confirmed during the early 1970s when Russia split from the U.S. and accumulated more <a href="/wiki/Warhead" title="Warhead">warheads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">anti-ballistic missile systems</a>. In November 1980, Muskie stated that Russia was interested in pursuing a "more stable, less confrontational' relationship with the United States."<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> He criticized the stances undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> multiple times during his presidential campaign expressing disdain for the calls to reject the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">SALT II treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> Muskie, throughout his political career, was deeply afraid of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">global nuclear war</a> with the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran_hostage_crisis">Iran hostage crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Iran hostage crisis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis_negotiations" title="Iran hostage crisis negotiations">Iran hostage crisis negotiations</a></div> On November 4, 1979, 52 American diplomats and citizens were held hostage by <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Student_Followers_of_the_Imam%27s_Line" title="Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line">an Iranian student group</a> in Tehran's <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United States, Tehran">U.S. Embassy</a>. After the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a> left a gap in the negotiations for the hostages, Muskie appealed to the United Nations (U.N.) and the government of Iran to release the hostages to little success. Already six months into the hostage crisis, he was pressed to reach a diplomatic solution.<a href="#cite_note-:22-144">[141]</a> Before he assumed the position, the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Force" title="Delta Force">Delta Force</a> rescue attempt called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a> resulted in the death of multiple soldiers, leaving military intervention a sensitive course of action for the American public. He established diplomatic ties with the Iranian government and attempted to have the hostages released yet was initially unsuccessful. On January 15, 1981, as Muskie was flying to address the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Senate" title="Maine Senate">Maine Senate</a> in Augusta, President Carter called him as his jet was touching down at <a href="/wiki/Andrews_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrews Field">Andrews Air Force Base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:20-145">[142]</a> Carter alerted him that there was a possible breakthrough in the negotiations conducted by his deputy secretary <a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Warren Christopher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:20-145">[142]</a> After the negotiations failed, Muskie instructed the state department to continue seeking an agreement for the hostages' release.<a href="#cite_note-Mihalkanin_2004-140">[137]</a> On January 20—the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">inauguration day of Ronald Reagan</a>—the fifty-two hostages were handed over to U.S. authorities, a solution that had eluded Muskie and the entire Carter administration for 444 days and contributed to Carter's defeat.<a href="#cite_note-:22-144">[141]</a> Muskie left office on January 18, 1981, two days before Carter's last day as president and the inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-138">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Later years">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Reagan_receiving_the_Tower_Commission_Report_in_the_Cabinet_Room_-_NARA_-_198581.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Photograph_of_President_Reagan_receiving_the_Tower_Commission_Report_in_the_Cabinet_Room_-_NARA_-_198581.jpg/257px-Photograph_of_President_Reagan_receiving_the_Tower_Commission_Report_in_the_Cabinet_Room_-_NARA_-_198581.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Photograph_of_President_Reagan_receiving_the_Tower_Commission_Report_in_the_Cabinet_Room_-_NARA_-_198581.jpg/386px-Photograph_of_President_Reagan_receiving_the_Tower_Commission_Report_in_the_Cabinet_Room_-_NARA_-_198581.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Photograph_of_President_Reagan_receiving_the_Tower_Commission_Report_in_the_Cabinet_Room_-_NARA_-_198581.jpg/514px-Photograph_of_President_Reagan_receiving_the_Tower_Commission_Report_in_the_Cabinet_Room_-_NARA_-_198581.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2070" /></a><figcaption>Muskie with <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tower" title="John Tower">John Tower</a> discussing the Tower Commission</figcaption></figure> Muskie retired to his home in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1981. He continued to work as a lawyer for some years. After leaving public office, he was a partner with Chadbourne & Parke, a law firm in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mihalkanin_2004-140">[137]</a> Muskie also served as the chairman of the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> as well as the chairman emeritus of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_National_Policy" title="Center for National Policy">Center for National Policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usm.maine.edu2-146">[143]</a> In 1981, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Laetare_Medal" title="Laetare Medal">Laetare Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>, considered the most prestigious award for <a href="/wiki/American_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="American Catholics">American Catholics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tower_Commission">Tower Commission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tower Commission">edit</a>]</div> In 1987, Muskie was appointed a member of the President's Special Review Board known as the "<a href="/wiki/Tower_Commission" title="Tower Commission">Tower Commission</a>" to investigate President Ronald Reagan's administration's role in the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran-Contra affair</a>. Muskie and the commission issued a highly detailed report of more than 300 pages that was critical of the president's actions and blamed the White House chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Regan" title="Donald Regan">Donald T. Regan</a>, for unduly influencing the president's activities. The panel was notable as the findings of the report were directly critical of the president who appointed the commission.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> Muskie was critical of the commission decrying the "over-obsession with secrecy," noting that "there are occasions when it's necessary to hold closely information about especially covert operations, but even possibly other operations of the Government. But every time that you are over-concerned about secrecy, you tend to abandon process."<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> While underfunded, the commission did find that the Reagan administration ran a parallel policy directive at the same time they were publicly condemning negotiating for hostages.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Death and funeral">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_071215-D-0653H-571_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Defense.gov_photo_essay_071215-D-0653H-571_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_071215-D-0653H-571_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Defense.gov_photo_essay_071215-D-0653H-571_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_071215-D-0653H-571_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Defense.gov_photo_essay_071215-D-0653H-571_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_071215-D-0653H-571_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption> Muskie's gravestone at the <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>, 2007 </figcaption></figure> Muskie died at 4:06 AM <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EST</a> on the morning of March 26, 1996, at the <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Medical_Center" title="Georgetown University Medical Center">Georgetown University Medical Center</a> in Washington, D.C., after seeking treatment for bouts of <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> He died two days shy of his 82nd birthday. Eight days prior he underwent a <a href="/wiki/Carotid_endarterectomy" title="Carotid endarterectomy">carotid endarterectomy</a> in his right neck.<a href="#cite_note-:12-152">[149]</a> His assistant reported that he had suffered a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-152">[149]</a> Some historians believe that his <a href="/wiki/Thrombus" title="Thrombus">blood clots</a> were brought on from frequent 8,421 mile (13,552 km) flights to <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>; he was asked to assist in stabilizing its government<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> on behalf of President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Press_Herald-78">[76]</a> Due to his service in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">United States Naval Reserve</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he was eligible to be buried at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County</a>, Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-:12-152">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> His ultimate rank of lieutenant had him placed in Section 25 of the cemetery.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> Although he died on March 26, his <a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">grave stone</a> initially noted that he died on the 25th. His wife, Jane, died on December 25, 2004, at age 77, due to health complications brought on by <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-32">[30]</a> She was buried next to Muskie and his grave stone was corrected to read "March 26, 1996".<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> Muskie was <a href="/wiki/Memorialization" title="Memorialization">memorialized</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Maine" title="Lewiston, Maine">Lewiston</a>, Maine, and <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda</a>, Maryland. At his Washington memorial, he was paid tribute to by a variety of U.S. senators and house representatives.<a href="#cite_note-:6-158">[155]</a> His alma mater—<a href="/wiki/Bates_College" title="Bates College">Bates College</a>—held a memorial presided over by its president, <a href="/wiki/Donald_West_Harward" title="Donald West Harward">Donald Harward</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-158">[155]</a> On March 30, 1996, a publicly broadcast, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> funeral was held in Bethesda at the Church of the Little Flower.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> He was <a href="/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">eulogized</a> by U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>; U.S. Senator, <a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">George J. Mitchell</a>; 20th United States Ambassador to the United Nations, <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a>; a political aide, Leon G. Billings; and one of Muskie's sons, Stephen.<a href="#cite_note-:6-158">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_evaluations">Historical evaluations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Historical evaluations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Muskie_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Edmund_Muskie_Statue.jpg/130px-Edmund_Muskie_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Edmund_Muskie_Statue.jpg/195px-Edmund_Muskie_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Edmund_Muskie_Statue.jpg/260px-Edmund_Muskie_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="2707" /></a><figcaption> Bronze <a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">bust</a> of Muskie looking upwards, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Campus_of_Bates_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Campus of Bates College">Edmund S. Muskie Archives</a>. </figcaption></figure> Historical evaluations of Edmund Muskie focus on the impact his actions and legislation had in the United States and the greater world.<a href="#cite_note-Press_Herald-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> His accomplishments in his home state have had him noted as one of the most influential politicians in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">the history of Maine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Senator_Angus_S._King,_Jr-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Press_Herald-78">[76]</a> Depending on the metric he is coupled with <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James Blaine</a> as the three most important politicians from Maine.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> Muskie occupied all offices available in <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Maine" title="Political party strength in Maine">the Maine political system</a> excluding <a href="/wiki/Maine_Senate" title="Maine Senate">state senator</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States representative</a>. His political status in Maine is generally perceived favorably.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> During his four-year term as Governor of Maine he initiated a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendment</a>, invested heavily in infrastructure, and institutionalized economic development—effectively bringing Maine into the <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Golden Age of Capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:21-166">[163]</a> Muskie ended the "<a href="/wiki/As_Maine_goes,_so_goes_the_nation" title="As Maine goes, so goes the nation">as Maine goes, so goes the nation</a>" political sentiment in the United States by moving Maine's general election date to November instead of September.<a href="#cite_note-:21-166">[163]</a> He preserved the cultural integrity of the state by endowing the <a href="/wiki/Maine_State_Museum" title="Maine State Museum">Maine State Museum</a> which was seen as critical to his public perception.<a href="#cite_note-:21-166">[163]</a> Although economic expansionism was historically seen negatively by the people of Maine, Muskie's policies were seen favorably as they were coupled with environmental provisions. His advocation for <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> increases, increased <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">labor protections</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales tax</a> exemptions boosted <a href="/wiki/Consumer_spending" title="Consumer spending">consumer spending</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:26-167">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> Muskie has been widely characterized as the catalyst for the political renaissance of the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Democratic Party in Maine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:043-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:433-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-56">[54]</a> His election to the governorship signaled a fracturing of the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Republican Party in the state</a> and nearly tripled the number of Democrats in Maine between 1954 and 1974.<a href="#cite_note-:26-167">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-MaineMemory-61">[59]</a> Since Muskie left office as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a>, writers, historians, scholars, political analysts and the general public have debated his legacy. Particular emphasis is placed on his impact in the environmentalist and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>; bureaucratic advancement, and diplomacy. Overall supporters of Muskie point to an expansion of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">preservation</a>, and security.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> Numerous historians have noted him as "the father of the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">1960s environmental movement</a> in America".<a href="#cite_note-Press_Herald-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-muskiefoundation.org2-90">[88]</a> His accomplishments in environmentalism established two of the foremost measures in U.S. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental policy</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act Amendments of 1972 and 1977</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 and 1977</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> His contributions to the Clean Air Act were so great that the bill was nicknamed the "Muskie Act".<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maine_History_Online-173">[170]</a> These two laws have been credited as the first major step to launching the wider environmentalism movement both in the U.S. and to some extent, the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Free_World" title="Free World">Free World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> Harvard University law professor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lazarus_(law_professor)" title="Richard Lazarus (law professor)">Richard Lazarus</a> summarized Muskie's legislative legacy with the following: <blockquote>Senator Muskie's environmental law legacy is no less than stunning in terms of positive impact on the nation's natural environment. It takes little imagination to speculate what our national landscape would now look like if the economic growth we witnessed in the past four decades had not been accompanied by the environmental protections for air, land, and water provided by the laws that Senator Muskie championed in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> </blockquote> Muskie's influence on <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">American diplomacy</a> was detailed by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a> with the following: "In the nine months Muskie served as Secretary of State, he conducted the first high-level meeting with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Soviet government</a> after its <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War#December_1979_–_February_1980:_Occupation_and_national_unrest" title="Soviet–Afghan War">December 1979 invasion of Afghanistan</a>. During these negotiations, Secretary Muskie unsuccessfully attempted to secure the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan. [He] also assisted President Carter in the implementation of the "<a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a>", which aimed to limit <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet expansion into the Middle East</a> and Persian Gulf. Finally, under Muskie's leadership, the State Department negotiated the release of the remaining <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">American hostages held by Iran</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Mihalkanin_2004-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> Many political commentators believed the bestowing of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> by Carter to be an affirmation of this assertion.<a href="#cite_note-:22-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> The public perception of his <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a> advancement has endured. A champion of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the United States, he publicly criticized <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>, which was at the time considered <a href="/wiki/Political_suicide" title="Political suicide">political suicide</a> as Hoover often spied and attempted to smear his opponents.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> Muskie also was instrumental in the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, the creation of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a>, and developed the reform of <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying in the United States">lobbying</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Press_Herald-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> His time as the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">Senate Budget Committee</a> from 1975 to 1980 include the formation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_budget_process" title="United States budget process">United States budget process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-9">[8]</a> Because of this, he is known as the "father of the federal budget process".<a href="#cite_note-:18-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Senator_Angus_S._King,_Jr-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_S._Broder" title="David S. Broder">David Broder</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, noted that Muskie's leadership of the Senate's intergovernmental relations subcommittee was, in part, responsible for countering <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Presidency">Imperial Presidency</a>" and advancing "<a href="/wiki/New_Federalism" title="New Federalism">New Federalism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Broder-108">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_and_political_image">Public and political image</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Public and political image">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ed_Muskie_speech_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ed_Muskie_speech_1972.jpg/170px-Ed_Muskie_speech_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ed_Muskie_speech_1972.jpg/255px-Ed_Muskie_speech_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ed_Muskie_speech_1972.jpg/340px-Ed_Muskie_speech_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption> Edmund Muskie in 1972 </figcaption></figure>Muskie's early political career was helped by his physical appearance. Voters could relate to his public persona in ways that translated to relatively high <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a>. <a href="/wiki/R._W._Apple_Jr." title="R. W. Apple Jr.">R. W. Apple Jr</a>. described Muskie as "long-jawed and craggy-faced" later noting that he "looked like the <a href="/wiki/New_England#Culture" title="New England">typical New Englander</a> [with] a classic <a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">Down East accent</a>."<a href="#cite_note-:15-160">[157]</a> Muskie's height has variously been recorded as 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) to 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m).<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> His height had him often compared to U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and referred to by voters and media alike as "Lincolnesque".<a href="#cite_note-:06-89">[87]</a> He was often seen as "towering over" political candidates creating symbolic superiority and power.<a href="#cite_note-:32-18">[16]</a> Known as a <a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">recluse</a>, he disliked public attention and media speculation. Voters often associated with his "trademark directness, homespun integrity, and <a href="/wiki/Apoliticism" title="Apoliticism">apolitical</a> candor".<a href="#cite_note-:043-20">[18]</a> However, political aides have described him as having a "hot temper" and being demanding.<a href="#cite_note-:06-89">[87]</a> A notorious <a href="/wiki/Micromanagement" title="Micromanagement">micro-manager</a>, Muskie often required his aides to have "every speech and every position researched, analyzed and reported directly back to him."<a href="#cite_note-:06-89">[87]</a> While reserved and polite in public, when roused, it was reported that Muskie "had the vocabulary of a sailor".<a href="#cite_note-:32-18">[16]</a> His ability to command an argument was taken positively by voters as it signaled good leadership ability. Political opponents noted his "cutting intellect" as in-conducive to lengthy debates and voters noted it as a good quality to possess when negotiating with foreign leaders.<a href="#cite_note-:06-89">[87]</a> An official publication by <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> commented on his political image by saying: "he will be remembered for the quality of his mind; the toughness, the rigor, the common sense; and for another quality: the courage to take risks for what he saw as right".<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> Known to be <a href="/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">punctual</a>, he was present 90% of Senate roll-call votes.<a href="#cite_note-:06-89">[87]</a> Although he was portrayed as socially rigid, he often broke from this mold and showed a personable side. While campaigning in cities, he often let students from the crowd run up to the stage and present a case for policy reform, unheard of at the time.<a href="#cite_note-:043-20">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internship_Program">Internship Program</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Internship Program">edit</a>]</div> The Edmund S. Muskie Internship Program is a professional exchange program supported by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> It provides summer internship placements, career training, and financial support to Eurasian scholars and graduate students studying in the United States. The program was established by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in 1992 <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year#United_States" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/102/138">102–138</a>, Sec. 227) and was named by the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Support_Act" title="Freedom Support Act">Freedom Support Act</a> of 1992 (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/102/511">102–511</a>, Sec. 801). The Muskie program with a renewed format and scope was launched by <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Vistas" title="Cultural Vistas">Cultural Vistas</a> in 2015. In the past, the program was administered by <a href="/wiki/International_Research_%26_Exchanges_Board" title="International Research & Exchanges Board">International Research & Exchanges Board</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Council_of_Teachers_of_Russian" title="American Council of Teachers of Russian">American Council of Teachers of Russian/American Council for Collaboration in Education and Language</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors_and_memorials">Honors and memorials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Honors and memorials">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_to_Edmund_Muskie_in_Rumford,_Maine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Memorial_to_Edmund_Muskie_in_Rumford%2C_Maine.jpg/170px-Memorial_to_Edmund_Muskie_in_Rumford%2C_Maine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Memorial_to_Edmund_Muskie_in_Rumford%2C_Maine.jpg/255px-Memorial_to_Edmund_Muskie_in_Rumford%2C_Maine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Memorial_to_Edmund_Muskie_in_Rumford%2C_Maine.jpg/340px-Memorial_to_Edmund_Muskie_in_Rumford%2C_Maine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to Edmund Muskie in his birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Rumford,_Maine" title="Rumford, Maine">Rumford</a>, Maine.</figcaption></figure>He was awarded the Guardian of Berlin's Freedom Award from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Berlin" title="United States Army Berlin">U.S. Army Berlin Command</a> in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-:25-189">[186]</a> In 1969, he was inducted in the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> At the conclusion of his political career, he held the highest political office by a <a href="/wiki/Polish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish American">Polish American</a> in U.S. history, and also was the only Polish American ever nominated by a major party for vice president.<a href="#cite_note-:14-191">[188]</a> On the 100th birthday of Edmund Muskie, U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Angus_King" title="Angus King">Angus King</a> spoke on the floor of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> in memoriam. King noted the following: "if you would see Ed Muskie's memorial, look around you. Take a deep breath. Experience our great rivers. Experience the environment that we now have in the country that we treasure."<a href="#cite_note-Senator_Angus_S._King,_Jr-7">[6]</a> Muskie received <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">the keys</a> to all three major cities in Maine: Portland, Lewiston, and Augusta.<a href="#cite_note-:25-189">[186]</a> He was given <a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizenship" title="Honorary citizenship">honorary citizenship</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">State of Texas</a> in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> Numerous days have been named "Edmund S. Muskie Day": September 25, 1968 (Michigan), January 20, 1980 (New York), March 28, 1988 (Maine), March 1928, 1994 (Maine), and March 20, 1995 (Maine).<a href="#cite_note-:25-189">[186]</a> In 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Legislature" title="Maine Legislature">Maine State Legislature</a> enacted Statute §A7 enacting "Edmund S. Muskie Day" on March 28. The statute was amended in 1989; Edmund S. Muskie Day is celebrated annually and is a public holiday in Maine.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maine_State_House_east_wall_portraits_Blaine_Muskie_and_Smith_and_bust_of_Baxter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maine_State_House_east_wall_portraits_Blaine_Muskie_and_Smith_and_bust_of_Baxter.jpg/220px-Maine_State_House_east_wall_portraits_Blaine_Muskie_and_Smith_and_bust_of_Baxter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maine_State_House_east_wall_portraits_Blaine_Muskie_and_Smith_and_bust_of_Baxter.jpg/330px-Maine_State_House_east_wall_portraits_Blaine_Muskie_and_Smith_and_bust_of_Baxter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maine_State_House_east_wall_portraits_Blaine_Muskie_and_Smith_and_bust_of_Baxter.jpg/440px-Maine_State_House_east_wall_portraits_Blaine_Muskie_and_Smith_and_bust_of_Baxter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Muskie's portrait (center) is seen at the Maine State House, alongside those of <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></figcaption></figure> Muskie was given honorary degrees from <a href="/wiki/Portland_University" title="Portland University">Portland University</a> (1955), <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_University" title="Suffolk University">Suffolk University</a> (1955), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maine" title="University of Maine">University of Maine</a> (1956), <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University of Buffalo</a> (1960), <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_College" title="St. Francis College">Saint Francis College</a> (1961), <a href="/wiki/Nasson_College" title="Nasson College">Nasson College</a> (1962), <a href="/wiki/Hanover_College" title="Hanover College">Hanover College</a> (1967), <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a> (1969), <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> (1969), <a href="/wiki/John_Carroll_University" title="John Carroll University">John Carroll University</a> (1969), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame University</a> (1969), <a href="/wiki/Middlebury_College" title="Middlebury College">Middlebury College</a> (1969), <a href="/wiki/Providence_College" title="Providence College">Providence College</a> (1969), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore_County" title="University of Maryland, Baltimore County">University of Maryland</a> (1969), <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> (1969), <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern University</a> (1969), <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William and Mary</a> (1970), <a href="/wiki/Ricker_College" title="Ricker College">Ricker College</a> (1970), <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_University" title="Saint Joseph's University">St. Joseph's College</a> (1970), <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire" title="University of New Hampshire">University of New Hampshire</a> (1970), <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anselm_College" title="Saint Anselm College">St. Anselm College</a> (1970), <a href="/wiki/Washington_%26_Jefferson_College" title="Washington & Jefferson College">Washington and Jefferson College</a> (1971), <a href="/wiki/Rivier_University" title="Rivier University">Rivier College</a> (1971), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_College" title="Thomas College">Thomas College</a> (1973), <a href="/wiki/Husson_University" title="Husson University">Husson College</a> (1974), <a href="/wiki/Unity_College_(Maine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unity College (Maine)">Unity College</a> (1975), <a href="/wiki/Marquette_University" title="Marquette University">Marquette University</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> (1986), Bates College (1986), <a href="/wiki/Washington_College" title="Washington College">Washington College</a> (1987), and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Maine" title="University of Southern Maine">University of Southern Maine</a> (1992).<a href="#cite_note-:25-189">[186]</a> Muskie was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>—the nation's highest honor—by President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> on January 16, 1981, for his work during the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a>, four days before stepping down from the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> In 1984, the House of Representatives designated the Edmund S. Muskie Federal Building in Augusta.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> honors lawyers who undertake <a href="/wiki/Pro_bono" title="Pro bono">pro bono</a> work with the annual Edmund S. Muskie Pro Bono Service Award.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> From 1993 to 2013, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> ran the <a href="/wiki/Edmund_S._Muskie_Graduate_Fellowship_Program" title="Edmund S. Muskie Graduate Fellowship Program">Edmund S. Muskie Graduate Fellowship Program</a> in an effort to increase international <a href="/wiki/Study_abroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Study abroad">study abroad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> In 1996, the Edmund S. Muskie Distinguished Public Service Award was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Truman_National_Security_Project" title="Truman National Security Project">Truman National Security Project</a> to honor current or former elected officials.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muskie_School_of_Public_Service_atrium_sign_at_the_University_of_Southern_Maine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Muskie_School_of_Public_Service_atrium_sign_at_the_University_of_Southern_Maine.jpg/220px-Muskie_School_of_Public_Service_atrium_sign_at_the_University_of_Southern_Maine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Muskie_School_of_Public_Service_atrium_sign_at_the_University_of_Southern_Maine.jpg/330px-Muskie_School_of_Public_Service_atrium_sign_at_the_University_of_Southern_Maine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Muskie_School_of_Public_Service_atrium_sign_at_the_University_of_Southern_Maine.jpg/440px-Muskie_School_of_Public_Service_atrium_sign_at_the_University_of_Southern_Maine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4021" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>Sign for the Muskie School at the University of Southern Maine</figcaption></figure> The Edmund S. Muskie School of Public Service at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Maine" title="University of Southern Maine">University of Southern Maine</a> was named in his honor in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-usm.maine.edu2-146">[143]</a> Muskie's papers and personal effects are kept at the <a href="/wiki/Campus_of_Bates_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Campus of Bates College">Edmund S. Muskie Archives</a> and Special Collections Library at <a href="/wiki/Bates_College" title="Bates College">Bates College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Maine" title="Lewiston, Maine">Lewiston</a>, Maine.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/26px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/39px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/52px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Maine" title="List of people from Maine">List of people from Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bates_College_people" title="List of Bates College people">List of Bates College people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cornell_University_alumni" title="List of Cornell University alumni">List of Cornell University people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Maine" title="List of governors of Maine">List of governors of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maine" title="List of United States senators from Maine">List of United States senators from Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">List of secretaries of state of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States presidential candidates">List of United States presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Response_to_the_State_of_the_Union_address" title="Response to the State of the Union address">Response to the State of the Union address</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> According to David (1970) and Witherell (2014) Muskie was born with the surname "Muskie"; his father changed his name to Muskie from "Marciszewski".<a href="#cite_note-Witherell_2014,_p._4-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-David_1970,_p._10-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> According to Baldwin (2015), King (2014), and Nevin (1970), Congress founded the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Budget_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Budget Committee">Senate Budget Committee</a> of which Muskie first presided over. Muskie developed the notions of direct spending, discretionary allowances, annual appropriations bills, and <a href="/wiki/Continuing_resolution" title="Continuing resolution">continuing resolutions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-6">[5]</a> Muskie ultimately approved of and shaped the formation of the modern <a href="/wiki/United_States_budget_process" title="United States budget process">United States budget process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Senator_Angus_S._King,_Jr-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-9">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Muskie did not receive an official portrait in his capacity as Secretary of State. This photo was a <a href="/wiki/Photo_op" title="Photo op">photo op</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Federal_Center" title="Southwest Federal Center">Southwest Federal Center</a> in Washington.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Witherell_2014,_p._4-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witherell_2014,_p._4_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witherell_2014,_p._4_1-1">b</a> Witherell (2014), p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-David_1970,_p._10-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_1970,_p._10_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_1970,_p._10_2-1">b</a> David (1970), p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJoyce2011" class="citation book cs1">Joyce, Philip G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUk8puVdcm0C&pg=PA20">The Congressional Budget Office: Honest Numbers, Power, and Policymaking</a>. Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589017580" title="Special:BookSources/978-1589017580"><bdi>978-1589017580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congressional+Budget+Office%3A+Honest+Numbers%2C+Power%2C+and+Policymaking&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1589017580&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=Philip+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUk8puVdcm0C%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/04/11/backstage-at-the-budget-committee/999c8876-6136-44fe-a3b3-133e199a00fd/">"Backstage at the Budget Committee"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. April 11, 1980. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Backstage+at+the+Budget+Committee&rft.date=1980-04-11&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1980%2F04%2F11%2Fbackstage-at-the-budget-committee%2F999c8876-6136-44fe-a3b3-133e199a00fd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_6-2">c</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/5MvDbnS8cf0">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151212141922/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MvDbnS8cf0">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Southern_Maine2014" class="citation cs2">University of Southern Maine (December 11, 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MvDbnS8cf0">Muskie Centennial Celebration (Part 1: Mark Shields)</a>, retrieved February 20, 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muskie+Centennial+Celebration+%28Part+1%3A+Mark+Shields%29&rft.date=2014-12-11&rft.au=University+of+Southern+Maine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D5MvDbnS8cf0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Senator_Angus_S._King,_Jr-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Senator_Angus_S._King,_Jr_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senator_Angus_S._King,_Jr_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senator_Angus_S._King,_Jr_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senator_Angus_S._King,_Jr_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senator_Angus_S._King,_Jr_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senator_Angus_S._King,_Jr_7-5">f</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/yY5IWOkRONc">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328234514/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yY5IWOkRONc&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngus_S._King_Jr.2014" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Angus S. King Jr. (March 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yY5IWOkRONc">Sen. King Honors Sen. Ed Muskie's Centennial Birthday</a>. Event occurs at [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Sound_recordings" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">time needed</a>]. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sen.+King+Honors+Sen.+Ed+Muskie%27s+Centennial+Birthday&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft.au=Angus+S.+King+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DyY5IWOkRONc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyres1979" class="citation news cs1">Ayres, B. Drummond Jr. (February 14, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/14/archives/budget-balancers-warned-by-muskie-he-says-amendment-would-result-in.html">"Budget Balancers Warned by Muskie"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Budget+Balancers+Warned+by+Muskie&rft.date=1979-02-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Ayres&rft.aufirst=B.+Drummond+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F02%2F14%2Farchives%2Fbudget-balancers-warned-by-muskie-he-says-amendment-would-result-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bates.edu/archives/edmund-s-muskie-and-his-legacy/research-help/chronology-of-muskies-life-and-work/">"Chronology of Muskie's life and work | Archives | Bates College"</a>. www.bates.edu. September 9, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bates.edu&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+Muskie%27s+life+and+work+%7C+Archives+%7C+Bates+College&rft.date=2016-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bates.edu%2Farchives%2Fedmund-s-muskie-and-his-legacy%2Fresearch-help%2Fchronology-of-muskies-life-and-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-20">u</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bates.edu/archives/edmund-s-muskie-and-his-legacy/research-help/chronology-of-muskies-life-and-work/">"Chronology of Muskie's life and work | Archives | Bates College"</a>. www.bates.edu. September 9, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bates.edu&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+Muskie%27s+life+and+work+%7C+Archives+%7C+Bates+College&rft.date=2016-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bates.edu%2Farchives%2Fedmund-s-muskie-and-his-legacy%2Fresearch-help%2Fchronology-of-muskies-life-and-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Polish_Eagle-13"><a href="#cite_ref-American_Polish_Eagle_13-0">^</a> ampoleagle.com/ann-mikoll-a-trailblazer-p10493-226.htm "Stephen Marciszewski, came to Buffalo in the early 1900s after leaving his birthplace in Jasionewka, Poland. That part of Poland was occupied by Russia, and Stephen's father sent him away so that he wouldn't be conscripted into the Russian Army." </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/muskie-edmund-sixtus">"Edmund Sixtus Muskie; People – Department History – Office of the Historian"</a>. history.state.gov. Retrieved January 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Edmund+Sixtus+Muskie%3B+People+%E2%80%93+Department+History+%E2%80%93+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Fpeople%2Fmuskie-edmund-sixtus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. viiii </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-edmund-muskie-1344324.html">"Obituary: Edmund Muskie"</a>. The Independent. March 27, 1996. Retrieved January 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Edmund+Muskie&rft.date=1996-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fobituary-edmund-muskie-1344324.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-:043-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:043_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:043_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:043_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:043_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:043_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:043_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:043_20-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:043_20-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:043_20-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:043_20-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:043_20-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:043_20-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:043_20-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:043_20-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:043_20-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:043_20-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:043_20-16">q</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevin1970" class="citation book cs1">Nevin, David (1970). Muskie of Maine. Ladd Library, Bates College: Random House, New York. p. 99. <q>... a man many deemed to be the single-most influential figure in Maine</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muskie+of+Maine&rft.place=Ladd+Library%2C+Bates+College&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Random+House%2C+New+York&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Nevin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bates.edu/150-years/bates-greats/edmund-s-muskie/">"Edmund S. Muskie | 150 Years | Bates College"</a>. www.bates.edu. March 22, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bates.edu&rft.atitle=Edmund+S.+Muskie+%7C+150+Years+%7C+Bates+College&rft.date=2010-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bates.edu%2F150-years%2Fbates-greats%2Fedmund-s-muskie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maineanencyclopedia.com/edmund-s-muskie/">"Muskie, Edmund S."</a> Maine: An Encyclopedia. April 24, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maine%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Muskie%2C+Edmund+S.&rft.date=2011-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaineanencyclopedia.com%2Fedmund-s-muskie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Witherell (2014), pp. 39, 42–45 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevin1970" class="citation book cs1">Nevin, David (1970). Muskie of Maine. Ladd Library, Bates College: Random House, New York. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muskie+of+Maine&rft.place=Ladd+Library%2C+Bates+College&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Random+House%2C+New+York&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Nevin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Witherell (2014), pp. 63–64 </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterville_1948_Annual_Report-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Waterville_1948_Annual_Report_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterville_(Me.)1948" class="citation book cs1">Waterville (Me.) (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/towndocs/4975/">Annual Report of the City of Waterville for the Year Ending December 31, 1948</a>. Maine Town Documents. pp. 18–21. Retrieved November 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+City+of+Waterville+for+the+Year+Ending+December+31%2C+1948&rft.pages=18-21&rft.pub=Maine+Town+Documents&rft.date=1948&rft.au=Waterville+%28Me.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.library.umaine.edu%2Ftowndocs%2F4975%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Witherell (2014), pp. 80–81 </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost.com-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A32670-2004Dec28.html">"Jane Muskie Dies; Husband's Emotional Defense Turned Race (washingtonpost.com)"</a>. www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved February 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Jane+Muskie+Dies%3B+Husband%27s+Emotional+Defense+Turned+Race+%28washingtonpost.com%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA32670-2004Dec28.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 82 </li> <li id="cite_note-:8x-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8x_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8x_34-1">b</a> Witherell (2014), p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Witherell (2014), pp. 68–69 </li> <li id="cite_note-Witherell_2014,_p._70-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witherell_2014,_p._70_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witherell_2014,_p._70_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witherell_2014,_p._70_37-2">c</a> Witherell (2014), p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-bates.edu-39"><a href="#cite_ref-bates.edu_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bates.edu/archives/edmund-s-muskie-and-his-legacy/biography/">"Biography | Archives | Bates College"</a>. www.bates.edu. December 21, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bates.edu&rft.atitle=Biography+%7C+Archives+%7C+Bates+College&rft.date=2016-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bates.edu%2Farchives%2Fedmund-s-muskie-and-his-legacy%2Fbiography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-Witherell_2014,_p._79-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witherell_2014,_p._79_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witherell_2014,_p._79_42-1">b</a> Witherell (2014), p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Witherell (2014), pp. 86–87 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-Witherell_2014,_p._99-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witherell_2014,_p._99_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witherell_2014,_p._99_47-1">b</a> Witherell (2014), p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-Witherell_2014,_p._109-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witherell_2014,_p._109_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witherell_2014,_p._109_48-1">b</a> Witherell (2014), p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-:333-51"><a href="#cite_ref-:333_51-0">^</a> Robert Mason, Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New Majority (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 2004), p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-:523-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:523_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:523_52-1">b</a> Blomquist 1999, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Blomquist 1999, pp. 92–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-:27-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:27_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_54-1">b</a> Blomquist 1999, pp. 93–94 </li> <li id="cite_note-:433-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:433_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:433_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:433_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomquist1999" class="citation web cs1">Blomquist, Robert (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1141&context=law_fac_pubs">"What is Past is Prologue: Senator Edmund S. Muskie's Environmental Policymaking Roots as Governor of Maine, 1955–58"</a>. Valparaiso University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Valparaiso+University&rft.atitle=What+is+Past+is+Prologue%3A+Senator+Edmund+S.+Muskie%27s+Environmental+Policymaking+Roots+as+Governor+of+Maine%2C+1955%E2%80%9358&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Blomquist&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.valpo.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1141%26context%3Dlaw_fac_pubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_56-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_56-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_56-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_56-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_56-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerTaylor1992" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Kenneth T.; Taylor, G. Thomas (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mainepoliticsgov00palm_0">Maine Politics & Government</a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mainepoliticsgov00palm_0/page/30">30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803287186" title="Special:BookSources/0803287186"><bdi>0803287186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maine+Politics+%26+Government&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0803287186&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+T.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+G.+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmainepoliticsgov00palm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Blomquist 1999, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Blomquist 1999, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-witherell23-59"><a href="#cite_ref-witherell23_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitherell2014" class="citation book cs1">Witherell, James L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhrCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT3">Ed Muskie: Made in Maine, The Early Years 1914–1960</a>. Thomaston, Maine: Tilbury House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0884483922" title="Special:BookSources/978-0884483922"><bdi>978-0884483922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ed+Muskie%3A+Made+in+Maine%2C+The+Early+Years+1914%E2%80%931960&rft.place=Thomaston%2C+Maine&rft.pub=Tilbury+House+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0884483922&rft.aulast=Witherell&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlhrCBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Blomquist 1999, pp. 101–02 </li> <li id="cite_note-MaineMemory-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MaineMemory_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaineMemory_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaineMemory_61-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainememory.net/sitebuilder/site/909/page/1320/print">"1946–1970 A Different Place"</a>. Maine History Online. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maine+History+Online&rft.atitle=1946%E2%80%931970+A+Different+Place&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainememory.net%2Fsitebuilder%2Fsite%2F909%2Fpage%2F1320%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFroot" class="citation web cs1">root. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_maine/col2-content/main-content-list/title_muskie_edmund.default.html">"Edmund Sixtus Muskie"</a>. www.nga.org. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nga.org&rft.atitle=Edmund+Sixtus+Muskie&rft.au=root&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.org%2Fcms%2Fhome%2Fgovernors%2Fpast-governors-bios%2Fpage_maine%2Fcol2-content%2Fmain-content-list%2Ftitle_muskie_edmund.default.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Blomquist 1999, p. 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Blomquist 1999, p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-:133-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:133_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:133_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:133_65-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFroot" class="citation web cs1">root. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_maine/col2-content/main-content-list/title_muskie_edmund.default.html">"Edmund Sixtus Muskie"</a>. www.nga.org. Retrieved January 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nga.org&rft.atitle=Edmund+Sixtus+Muskie&rft.au=root&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.org%2Fcms%2Fhome%2Fgovernors%2Fpast-governors-bios%2Fpage_maine%2Fcol2-content%2Fmain-content-list%2Ftitle_muskie_edmund.default.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Maine-state">"Maine | history – geography"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maine+%7C+history+%E2%80%93+geography&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FMaine-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bangordailynews.com/2013/07/17/politics/economic-development-in-maine/?ref=relatedSidebar">"Economic development plans in Maine, 1957–present"</a>. Bangor Daily News. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangor+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Economic+development+plans+in+Maine%2C+1957%E2%80%93present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbangordailynews.com%2F2013%2F07%2F17%2Fpolitics%2Feconomic-development-in-maine%2F%3Fref%3DrelatedSidebar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-69"><a href="#cite_ref-:24_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeFord2003" class="citation book cs1">DeFord, Deborah H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LYD-0NyDLMwC&pg=PA14">Maine: The Pine Tree State</a>. Gareth Stevens. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0836851519" title="Special:BookSources/978-0836851519"><bdi>978-0836851519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maine%3A+The+Pine+Tree+State&rft.pub=Gareth+Stevens&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0836851519&rft.aulast=DeFord&rft.aufirst=Deborah+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLYD-0NyDLMwC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 141 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 142 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Witherell (2014), pp. 101–02 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel-muskie-to-ru/141209795/">"Muskie To Run for Senate Seat"</a>. The Knoxville News-Sentinel. UP. March 20, 1958. p. 22. Retrieved February 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Knoxville+News-Sentinel&rft.atitle=Muskie+To+Run+for+Senate+Seat&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1958-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-knoxville-news-sentinel-muskie-to-ru%2F141209795%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/valley-times-demos-take-key-posts-in-ma/141210174/">"DEMOS. TAKE KEY POSTS IN MAINE VOTE"</a>. Valley Times. AP. September 9, 1958. p. 1. Retrieved February 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Valley+Times&rft.atitle=DEMOS.+TAKE+KEY+POSTS+IN+MAINE+VOTE&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1958-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fvalley-times-demos-take-key-posts-in-ma%2F141210174%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Mid_term_Revolution.htm">"U.S. Senate: Mid-term Revolution"</a>. www.senate.gov. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.senate.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+Mid-term+Revolution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fminute%2FMid_term_Revolution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Press_Herald-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Press_Herald_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Press_Herald_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Press_Herald_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Press_Herald_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Press_Herald_78-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Press_Herald_78-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressherald.com/2014/03/16/commentary__happy_100th__edmund_muskie_/">"Commentary: Happy 100th, Edmund Muskie"</a>. Press Herald. March 16, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Press+Herald&rft.atitle=Commentary%3A+Happy+100th%2C+Edmund+Muskie&rft.date=2014-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressherald.com%2F2014%2F03%2F16%2Fcommentary__happy_100th__edmund_muskie_%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CDOC-104sdoc17/pdf/CDOC-104sdoc17.pdf">"Edmund S. Muskie: Late A Senator of Maine"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edmund+S.+Muskie%3A+Late+A+Senator+of+Maine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FCDOC-104sdoc17%2Fpdf%2FCDOC-104sdoc17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_80-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollege" class="citation web cs1">College, Bates. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abacus.bates.edu/muskie-archives/ajcr/1970/Election%20Eve%20Speech.shtml">"Muskie Congressional Record: Election Eve Speech"</a>. abacus.bates.edu. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=abacus.bates.edu&rft.atitle=Muskie+Congressional+Record%3A+Election+Eve+Speech&rft.aulast=College&rft.aufirst=Bates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabacus.bates.edu%2Fmuskie-archives%2Fajcr%2F1970%2FElection%2520Eve%2520Speech.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kOkCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA41">New York Magazine</a>. New York Media, LLC. August 18, 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+Magazine&rft.pub=New+York+Media%2C+LLC&rft.date=1975-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkOkCAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooks2016" class="citation book cs1">Rooks, Douglas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4HkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212">Statesman: George Mitchell and the Art of the Possible</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608933983" title="Special:BookSources/978-1608933983"><bdi>978-1608933983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statesman%3A+George+Mitchell+and+the+Art+of+the+Possible&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1608933983&rft.aulast=Rooks&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4HkCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_83-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2010/10/31/the_muskie_moment_107780.html">"The Muskie Moment | RealClearPolitics"</a>. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Muskie+Moment+%7C+RealClearPolitics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Farticles%2F2010%2F10%2F31%2Fthe_muskie_moment_107780.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaughton1972" class="citation news cs1">Naughton, James M. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1972/01/04/archives/muskie-home-for-crucial-speech-in-maine-to-tape-the-tv-announcement.html">"Muskie Home for Crucial Speech"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Muskie+Home+for+Crucial+Speech&rft.date=1972&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Naughton&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1972%2F01%2F04%2Farchives%2Fmuskie-home-for-crucial-speech-in-maine-to-tape-the-tv-announcement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelascoCampbellHenry2016" class="citation book cs1">Velasco, Antonio de; Campbell, John Angus; Henry, David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SN24DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT240">Rethinking Rhetorical Theory, Criticism, and Pedagogy: The Living Art of Michael C. Leff</a>. MSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1628952735" title="Special:BookSources/978-1628952735"><bdi>978-1628952735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Rhetorical+Theory%2C+Criticism%2C+and+Pedagogy%3A+The+Living+Art+of+Michael+C.+Leff&rft.pub=MSU+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1628952735&rft.aulast=Velasco&rft.aufirst=Antonio+de&rft.au=Campbell%2C+John+Angus&rft.au=Henry%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSN24DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal70-1292439">"1970 Elections: Democrats Gain in House and Governorships"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1970+Elections%3A+Democrats+Gain+in+House+and+Governorships&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.cqpress.com%2Fcqalmanac%2Fdocument.php%3Fid%3Dcqal70-1292439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesingerIsraelFrent2002" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger, Arthur Meier; Israel, Fred L.; Frent, David J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGY1LX8b_QEC&q=jimmy+carter+election">The Election of 1976 and the Administration of Jimmy Carter</a>. Mason Crest Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590843635" title="Special:BookSources/978-1590843635"><bdi>978-1590843635</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Election+of+1976+and+the+Administration+of+Jimmy+Carter&rft.pub=Mason+Crest+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1590843635&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Meier&rft.au=Israel%2C+Fred+L.&rft.au=Frent%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsGY1LX8b_QEC%26q%3Djimmy%2Bcarter%2Belection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=m001121">"Muckie, Edmund Sixtus – Biographical Information"</a>. bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bioguide.congress.gov&rft.atitle=Muckie%2C+Edmund+Sixtus+%E2%80%93+Biographical+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3Dm001121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:06-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:06_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_89-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_89-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_89-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_89-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_89-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_89-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevin1970" class="citation book cs1">Nevin, David (1970). Muskie of Maine. Ladd Library, Bates College: Random House, New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muskie+of+Maine&rft.place=Ladd+Library%2C+Bates+College&rft.pub=Random+House%2C+New+York&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Nevin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-muskiefoundation.org2-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-muskiefoundation.org2_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-muskiefoundation.org2_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muskiefoundation.org/founder.html">"The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation – The Founder"</a>. www.muskiefoundation.org. Retrieved May 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.muskiefoundation.org&rft.atitle=The+Edmund+S.+Muskie+Foundation+%E2%80%93+The+Founder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muskiefoundation.org%2Ffounder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bates.edu/news/2006/05/17/muskie-legacy/">"Supreme Court affirms Muskie's environmental legacy"</a>. May 17, 2006. Retrieved May 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+affirms+Muskie%27s+environmental+legacy&rft.date=2006-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bates.edu%2Fnews%2F2006%2F05%2F17%2Fmuskie-legacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bates.edu/news/2014/03/27/muskie-100-birthday-six-things/">"On Ed Muskie's 100th birthday, six things everyone should know"</a>. March 27, 2014. Retrieved May 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+Ed+Muskie%27s+100th+birthday%2C+six+things+everyone+should+know&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bates.edu%2Fnews%2F2014%2F03%2F27%2Fmuskie-100-birthday-six-things%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528125629/https://usm.maine.edu/muskie/edmund-s-muskie">"Edmund S. Muskie | Muskie School of Public Service | University of Southern Maine"</a>. usm.maine.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usm.maine.edu/muskie/edmund-s-muskie">the original</a> on May 28, 2022. Retrieved February 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usm.maine.edu&rft.atitle=Edmund+S.+Muskie+%7C+Muskie+School+of+Public+Service+%7C+University+of+Southern+Maine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusm.maine.edu%2Fmuskie%2Fedmund-s-muskie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uschs.org/about/mission-and-history/">"Mission & History"</a>. The U.S. Capitol Historical Society. July 11, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+U.S.+Capitol+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Mission+%26+History&rft.date=2012-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuschs.org%2Fabout%2Fmission-and-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29181">"Remarks Upon Signing the Intergovernmental Cooperation Act"</a>. American Presidency Project. October 16, 1968.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+Upon+Signing+the+Intergovernmental+Cooperation+Act&rft.pub=American+Presidency+Project&rft.date=1968-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D29181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mainemeetsworld.bangordailynews.com-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mainemeetsworld.bangordailynews.com_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mainemeetsworld.bangordailynews.com_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mainemeetsworld.bangordailynews.com_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mainemeetsworld.bangordailynews.com_96-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710121301/https://mainemeetsworld.bangordailynews.com/2016/02/26/politics/the-mainer-at-the-center-of-the-cold-war/">"The Mainer at the Center of the Cold War | Maine Meets World"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mainemeetsworld.bangordailynews.com/2016/02/26/politics/the-mainer-at-the-center-of-the-cold-war/">the original</a> on July 10, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mainer+at+the+Center+of+the+Cold+War+%7C+Maine+Meets+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmainemeetsworld.bangordailynews.com%2F2016%2F02%2F26%2Fpolitics%2Fthe-mainer-at-the-center-of-the-cold-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/10/16/page/8/article/muskie-warns-protesters">"Muskie Warns Protestors"</a>. Chicago Tribune.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Muskie+Warns+Protestors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1969%2F10%2F16%2Fpage%2F8%2Farticle%2Fmuskie-warns-protesters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> "Early Implementation of the Clean Air Act of 1970 in California." EPA Alumni Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id=38">Video</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/2B9E3C6816EC9466.pdf#page=1">Transcript</a> (see p. 2). July 12, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFRASER2016" class="citation news cs1">FRASER, JAYME (April 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/progressive-montana-era-inspired-architect-of-clean-air-clean-water/article_2e04f311-303e-5fdb-abf8-812d4f20237f.html">"Progressive Montana era inspired architect of Clean Air, Clean Water Acts"</a>. The Missoulian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Missoulian&rft.atitle=Progressive+Montana+era+inspired+architect+of+Clean+Air%2C+Clean+Water+Acts&rft.date=2016-04-17&rft.aulast=FRASER&rft.aufirst=JAYME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmissoulian.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-and-regional%2Fprogressive-montana-era-inspired-architect-of-clean-air-clean-water%2Farticle_2e04f311-303e-5fdb-abf8-812d4f20237f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> "Early Implementation of the Clean Air Act of 1970 in California." EPA Alumni Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id=38">Video</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/2B9E3C6816EC9466.pdf#page=1">Transcript</a> (see p. 5). July 12, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Jim Hanlon, Mike Cook, Mike Quigley, Bob Wayland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/waterquality.pdf">"Water Quality: A Half Century of Progress."</a> EPA Alumni Association. March 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eenews.net/stories/1059971457">"Clean Water Act: Vetoes by Eisenhower, Nixon presaged today's partisan divide"</a>. www.eenews.net. Retrieved May 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eenews.net&rft.atitle=Clean+Water+Act%3A+Vetoes+by+Eisenhower%2C+Nixon+presaged+today%27s+partisan+divide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eenews.net%2Fstories%2F1059971457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Distillations-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Distillations_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinde2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rinde, Meir (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/richard-nixon-and-the-rise-of-american-environmentalism">"Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism"</a>. Distillations. 3 (1): 16–29. Retrieved April 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distillations&rft.atitle=Richard+Nixon+and+the+Rise+of+American+Environmentalism&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Rinde&rft.aufirst=Meir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Frichard-nixon-and-the-rise-of-american-environmentalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act">"History of the Clean Water Act"</a>. United States Environmental Protection Agency. February 22, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Clean+Water+Act&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Flaws-regulations%2Fhistory-clean-water-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528125629/https://usm.maine.edu/muskie/edmund-s-muskie">"Edmund S. Muskie | Muskie School of Public Service | University of Southern Maine"</a>. usm.maine.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usm.maine.edu/muskie/edmund-s-muskie">the original</a> on May 28, 2022. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usm.maine.edu&rft.atitle=Edmund+S.+Muskie+%7C+Muskie+School+of+Public+Service+%7C+University+of+Southern+Maine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusm.maine.edu%2Fmuskie%2Fedmund-s-muskie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-'70s_47-106"><a href="#cite_ref-'70s_47_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrum2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/47">How We Got Here: The '70s</a>. New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/47">47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7"><bdi>0-465-04195-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+Here%3A+The+%2770s&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-465-04195-7&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwegothere70sd00frum%2Fpage%2F47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muskiefoundation.org/founder.html">"The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation – The Founder"</a>. www.muskiefoundation.org. Retrieved February 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.muskiefoundation.org&rft.atitle=The+Edmund+S.+Muskie+Foundation+%E2%80%93+The+Founder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muskiefoundation.org%2Ffounder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broder-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broder_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broder_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroder1996" class="citation news cs1">Broder, David S. (March 31, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1996/03/31/muskie-reason-to-weep/439bb7d7-a118-415d-aed1-76e2d92a1d00/">"Muskie: Reason to Weep"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved February 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Muskie%3A+Reason+to+Weep&rft.date=1996-03-31&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Broder&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fopinions%2F1996%2F03%2F31%2Fmuskie-reason-to-weep%2F439bb7d7-a118-415d-aed1-76e2d92a1d00%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blomquist_1999,_p._261-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blomquist_1999,_p._261_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blomquist_1999,_p._261_109-1">b</a> Blomquist (1999), p. 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Blomquist (1999), p. 263 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2010" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Lewis L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0yPdDZsjjJ4C&pg=PA120">1968: The Election That Changed America</a>. Government Institutes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1566639101" title="Special:BookSources/978-1566639101"><bdi>978-1566639101</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1968%3A+The+Election+That+Changed+America&rft.pub=Government+Institutes&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1566639101&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Lewis+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0yPdDZsjjJ4C%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RN-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RN_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RN_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RN_112-2">c</a> Nixon, Richard. RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsasser1969" class="citation news cs1">Elsasser, Glen (August 18, 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/08/18/page/30/article/muskie-grim-on-party-unity">"Muskie Grim on Party Unity"</a>. Chicago Tribune.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Muskie+Grim+on+Party+Unity&rft.date=1969-08-18&rft.aulast=Elsasser&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1969%2F08%2F18%2Fpage%2F30%2Farticle%2Fmuskie-grim-on-party-unity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1970/11/09/page/3/article/presidential-bid-later-muskie">"Presidential Bid Later-Muskie"</a>. Chicago Tribune. November 9, 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Presidential+Bid+Later-Muskie&rft.date=1970-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1970%2F11%2F09%2Fpage%2F3%2Farticle%2Fpresidential-bid-later-muskie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-'70s_298-115"><a href="#cite_ref-'70s_298_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrum2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/298">How We Got Here: The '70s</a>. New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/298">298</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7"><bdi>0-465-04195-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+Here%3A+The+%2770s&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-465-04195-7&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwegothere70sd00frum%2Fpage%2F298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinWoodward2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bernstein" title="Carl Bernstein">Bernstein, Carl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Woodward, Bob</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allpresidentsmenbern">All the President's Men</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-89441-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-89441-2"><bdi>0-671-89441-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+President%27s+Men&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-671-89441-2&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Woodward%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallpresidentsmenbern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinWoodward1972" class="citation news cs1">Bernstein, Carl; Woodward, Bob (October 10, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/101072-1.htm">"FBI Finds Nixon Aides Sabotaged Democrats"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved May 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=FBI+Finds+Nixon+Aides+Sabotaged+Democrats&rft.date=1972-10-10&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Woodward%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fnational%2Flongterm%2Fwatergate%2Farticles%2F101072-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_118-1">b</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/nsRe2YHZYLg">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141204082105/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsRe2YHZYLg">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNHIOP2013" class="citation web cs1">NHIOP (July 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsRe2YHZYLg">"Edmund Muskie: Regarding the Canuck Letter (1972)"</a>. YouTube. Retrieved May 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Edmund+Muskie%3A+Regarding+the+Canuck+Letter+%281972%29&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft.au=NHIOP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DnsRe2YHZYLg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengBarlas2009" class="citation book cs1">Cheng, Pang Guek; Barlas, Robert (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QaJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA262">CultureShock! Canada: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette</a>. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. pp. 262–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4435-31-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4435-31-4"><bdi>978-981-4435-31-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CultureShock%21+Canada%3A+A+Survival+Guide+to+Customs+and+Etiquette&rft.pages=262-&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+International+Asia+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-981-4435-31-4&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Pang+Guek&rft.au=Barlas%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6QaJAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/canuck">"Canuck Definition & Meaning"</a>. Dictionary.com. Retrieved May 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canuck+Definition+%26+Meaning&rft.pub=Dictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fcanuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/gallery/2012/06/16-worst-political-dirty-tricks/000188-002247.html">"16 worst political dirty tricks – 3 of 16"</a>. Politico. Retrieved January 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=16+worst+political+dirty+tricks+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B3+of+16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fgallery%2F2012%2F06%2F16-worst-political-dirty-tricks%2F000188-002247.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xpressmagazine.org/2011/05/18/reality-itself-is-too-twisted/">"Reality Itself Is Too Twisted"</a>. XPress Magazine. Retrieved May 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=XPress+Magazine&rft.atitle=Reality+Itself+Is+Too+Twisted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxpressmagazine.org%2F2011%2F05%2F18%2Freality-itself-is-too-twisted%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-123"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_123-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/remember/muskie_3-26.html">Remembering Ed Muskie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990427124548/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/remember/muskie_3-26.html">Archived</a> April 27, 1999, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <a href="/wiki/The_NewsHour_with_Jim_Lehrer" class="mw-redirect" title="The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer">Online NewsHour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>, March 26, 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/101072-1.htm">"FBI Finds Nixon Aides Sabotaged Democrats"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved January 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=FBI+Finds+Nixon+Aides+Sabotaged+Democrats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fnational%2Flongterm%2Fwatergate%2Farticles%2F101072-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodwardBernstein2012" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Bob; Bernstein, Carl (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wpjqz9x2cJQC&pg=PT146">All the President's Men</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1471104664" title="Special:BookSources/978-1471104664"><bdi>978-1471104664</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+President%27s+Men&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1471104664&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWpjqz9x2cJQC%26pg%3DPT146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Theodore White, The Making of the President, 1972. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulsom2017" class="citation book cs1">Fulsom, Don (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">The Mafia's President: Nixon and the Mob</a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250119407" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250119407"><bdi>978-1250119407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mafia%27s+President%3A+Nixon+and+the+Mob&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1250119407&rft.aulast=Fulsom&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQNA3DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulsom2012" class="citation book cs1">Fulsom, Don (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiV1F_Guiy4C&pg=PT80">Nixon's Darkest Secrets: The Inside Story of America's Most Troubled President</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1429941365" title="Special:BookSources/978-1429941365"><bdi>978-1429941365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon%27s+Darkest+Secrets%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+America%27s+Most+Troubled+President&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1429941365&rft.aulast=Fulsom&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZiV1F_Guiy4C%26pg%3DPT80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohr1976" class="citation news cs1">Mohr, Charles (July 6, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/06/archives/carter-describes-muskie-as-qualified-for-ticket-carter-terms-muskie.html">"Carter Describes Muskie As Qualified for Ticket"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Carter+Describes+Muskie+As+Qualified+for+Ticket&rft.date=1976-07-06&rft.aulast=Mohr&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F07%2F06%2Farchives%2Fcarter-describes-muskie-as-qualified-for-ticket-carter-terms-muskie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2012/08/02/157784723/5-vice-presidential-picks-who-were-key-to-victory">"5 Vice Presidential Picks Who Were Key To Victory"</a>. NPR.org. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=5+Vice+Presidential+Picks+Who+Were+Key+To+Victory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2012%2F08%2F02%2F157784723%2F5-vice-presidential-picks-who-were-key-to-victory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/40810.htm">"Secretary of State Edmund Sixtus Muskie"</a>. 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2001-2009.state.gov&rft.atitle=Secretary+of+State+Edmund+Sixtus+Muskie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fsecretary%2Fformer%2F40810.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/9364837@N06/2367161090">"Edmund Sixtus Muskie, U.S. Secretary of State"</a>. Flickr. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flickr&rft.atitle=Edmund+Sixtus+Muskie%2C+U.S.+Secretary+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F9364837%40N06%2F2367161090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollege" class="citation web cs1">College, Bates. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abacus.bates.edu/muskie-archives/ajcr/1980/Confirmation.shtml">"Muskie Congressional Record: Confirmation"</a>. abacus.bates.edu. Retrieved January 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=abacus.bates.edu&rft.atitle=Muskie+Congressional+Record%3A+Confirmation&rft.aulast=College&rft.aufirst=Bates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabacus.bates.edu%2Fmuskie-archives%2Fajcr%2F1980%2FConfirmation.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/clinton-campaign-reminiscent-of-1980-race/">"Clinton Campaign Reminiscent of 1980 Race"</a>, The CBS News. </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoshkoReid1980" class="citation news cs1">Goshko, John M.; Reid, T. R. (July 30, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/07/30/muskie-backs-carter-but-does-not-rule-out-a-draft/a4bdad77-a21a-4004-aca7-6c0bc8db3b70/">"Muskie Backs Carter, but Does Not Rule Out a Draft"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Muskie+Backs+Carter%2C+but+Does+Not+Rule+Out+a+Draft&rft.date=1980-07-30&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Goshko&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.au=Reid%2C+T.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1980%2F07%2F30%2Fmuskie-backs-carter-but-does-not-rule-out-a-draft%2Fa4bdad77-a21a-4004-aca7-6c0bc8db3b70%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.newyorker.com/?i=1980-08-25#folio=022">"The New Yorker Digital Edition : Aug 25, 1980"</a>. archives.newyorker.com. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.newyorker.com&rft.atitle=The+New+Yorker+Digital+Edition+%3A+Aug+25%2C+1980&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.newyorker.com%2F%3Fi%3D1980-08-25%23folio%3D022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceD-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/muskie-edmund-sixtus">"Edmund Sixtus Muskie – People – Department History – Office of the Historian"</a>. history.state.gov. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Edmund+Sixtus+Muskie+%E2%80%93+People+%E2%80%93+Department+History+%E2%80%93+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Fpeople%2Fmuskie-edmund-sixtus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-history.state.gov-139"><a href="#cite_ref-history.state.gov_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/muskie-edmund-sixtus">"Edmund Sixtus Muskie – People – Department History – Office of the Historian"</a>. history.state.gov. Retrieved May 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Edmund+Sixtus+Muskie+%E2%80%93+People+%E2%80%93+Department+History+%E2%80%93+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Fpeople%2Fmuskie-edmund-sixtus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mihalkanin_2004-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mihalkanin_2004_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mihalkanin_2004_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mihalkanin_2004_140-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mihalkanin_2004_140-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihalkanin2004" class="citation book cs1">Mihalkanin, Edward S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c_ORomNygLcC&pg=PA553">American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313308284" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313308284"><bdi>978-0313308284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Statesmen%3A+Secretaries+of+State+from+John+Jay+to+Colin+Powell&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0313308284&rft.aulast=Mihalkanin&rft.aufirst=Edward+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc_ORomNygLcC%26pg%3DPA553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/11/23/Secretary-of-State-Edmund-Muskie-says-the-Soviet-Union/8991343803600/">"Secretary of State Edmund Muskie says the Soviet Union..."</a> UPI. Retrieved May 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Secretary+of+State+Edmund+Muskie+says+the+Soviet+Union...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1980%2F11%2F23%2FSecretary-of-State-Edmund-Muskie-says-the-Soviet-Union%2F8991343803600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/10/21/Secretary-of-State-Edmund-Muskie-says-the-Soviet-Union/2176340948800/">"Secretary of State Edmund Muskie says the Soviet Union..."</a> UPI. Retrieved May 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Secretary+of+State+Edmund+Muskie+says+the+Soviet+Union...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1980%2F10%2F21%2FSecretary-of-State-Edmund-Muskie-says-the-Soviet-Union%2F2176340948800%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Mitchell 2009: 641 </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_144-2">c</a> Mitchell 2009: 640 </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.com/archive/ed-muskies-hostage-struggle-is-over-but-the-families-courage-is-still-being-tested-vol-15-no-4/">"Ed Muskie's Hostage Struggle Is Over, but the Families' Courage Is Still Being Tested – Vol. 15 No. 4"</a>. People.com. February 2, 1981. Retrieved May 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People.com&rft.atitle=Ed+Muskie%27s+Hostage+Struggle+Is+Over%2C+but+the+Families%27+Courage+Is+Still+Being+Tested+%E2%80%93+Vol.+15+No.+4&rft.date=1981-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.com%2Farchive%2Fed-muskies-hostage-struggle-is-over-but-the-families-courage-is-still-being-tested-vol-15-no-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usm.maine.edu2-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usm.maine.edu2_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usm.maine.edu2_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014234642/https://usm.maine.edu/muskie/edmund-s-muskie">"Edmund S. Muskie | Muskie School of Public Service | University of Southern Maine"</a>. usm.maine.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usm.maine.edu/muskie/edmund-s-muskie">the original</a> on October 14, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usm.maine.edu&rft.atitle=Edmund+S.+Muskie+%7C+Muskie+School+of+Public+Service+%7C+University+of+Southern+Maine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusm.maine.edu%2Fmuskie%2Fedmund-s-muskie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laetare.nd.edu/recipients/#info1981">"Recipients"</a>. The Laetare Medal. University of Notre Dame. Retrieved July 31, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Laetare+Medal&rft.atitle=Recipients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaetare.nd.edu%2Frecipients%2F%23info1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1987" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Steven V. (February 27, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/27/world/white-house-crisis-tower-report-inquiry-finds-reagan-chief-advisers-responsible.html">"The White House Crisis: The Tower Report Inquiry Finds Reagan and Chief Advisors Responsible for 'Chaos' in Iran Arms Deals; Reagan Also Blamed"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved May 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+White+House+Crisis%3A+The+Tower+Report+Inquiry+Finds+Reagan+and+Chief+Advisors+Responsible+for+%27Chaos%27+in+Iran+Arms+Deals%3B+Reagan+Also+Blamed&rft.date=1987-02-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Steven+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F02%2F27%2Fworld%2Fwhite-house-crisis-tower-report-inquiry-finds-reagan-chief-advisers-responsible.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Mitchell 1997: 639 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201214214336/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/PS157/assignment%20files%20public/TOWER%20EXCERPTS.htm">"Tower Commission Report Excerpts"</a>. www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/PS157/assignment%20files%20public/TOWER%20EXCERPTS.htm">the original</a> on December 14, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.presidency.ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Tower+Commission+Report+Excerpts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2FPS157%2Fassignment%2520files%2520public%2FTOWER%2520EXCERPTS.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Witherell (2014) p. 250 </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_152-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple1996" class="citation news cs1">Apple, R. W. Jr. (March 27, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/27/us/edmund-s-muskie-81-dies-maine-senator-and-a-power-on-the-national-scene.html">"Edmund S. Muskie, 81, Dies; Maine Senator and a Power on the National Scene"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved January 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Edmund+S.+Muskie%2C+81%2C+Dies%3B+Maine+Senator+and+a+Power+on+the+National+Scene&rft.date=1996-03-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Apple&rft.aufirst=R.+W.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F03%2F27%2Fus%2Fedmund-s-muskie-81-dies-maine-senator-and-a-power-on-the-national-scene.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/16/archives/unstable-cambodia.html">"Unstable Cambodia"</a>. The New York Times. May 16, 1971. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Unstable+Cambodia&rft.date=1971-05-16&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F05%2F16%2Farchives%2Funstable-cambodia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangordailynews.com/2012/12/09/business/maines-worcester-wreaths-set-out-for-arlington-national-cemetery/">"Maine's Worcester Wreaths set out for Arlington National Cemetery"</a>. Bangor Daily News. Retrieved February 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangor+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Maine%27s+Worcester+Wreaths+set+out+for+Arlington+National+Cemetery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbangordailynews.com%2F2012%2F12%2F09%2Fbusiness%2Fmaines-worcester-wreaths-set-out-for-arlington-national-cemetery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgZtdXNraWUSBmVkbXVuZA--/">Burial Detail: Muskie, Edmund Sixtus</a> – ANC Explorer </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abmc.gov/learning-resources/lesson-plans/segregated-life-integrated-death">"Segregated in Life, Integrated in Death | American Battle Monuments Commission"</a>. www.abmc.gov. Retrieved February 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abmc.gov&rft.atitle=Segregated+in+Life%2C+Integrated+in+Death+%7C+American+Battle+Monuments+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abmc.gov%2Flearning-resources%2Flesson-plans%2Fsegregated-life-integrated-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnudsen2008" class="citation book cs1">Knudsen, Robert C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yxf9Dyds86kC&pg=PT170">A Living Treasure: Seasonal Photographs of Arlington National Cemetery</a>. Potomac Books, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1597972727" title="Special:BookSources/978-1597972727"><bdi>978-1597972727</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Living+Treasure%3A+Seasonal+Photographs+of+Arlington+National+Cemetery&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1597972727&rft.aulast=Knudsen&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxf9Dyds86kC%26pg%3DPT170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_158-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_rjFTyxkcUC">Memorial Tributes Delivered in Congress: Edmund S. Muskie, 1914–1996, Late a Senator from Maine</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorial+Tributes+Delivered+in+Congress%3A+Edmund+S.+Muskie%2C+1914%E2%80%931996%2C+Late+a+Senator+from+Maine&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY_rjFTyxkcUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?70893-1/senator-muskie-funeral">"Senator Muskie Funeral, Mar 30 1996 | Video | C-SPAN.org"</a>. C-SPAN.org. Retrieved February 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C-SPAN.org&rft.atitle=Senator+Muskie+Funeral%2C+Mar+30+1996+%7C+Video+%7C+C-SPAN.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F70893-1%2Fsenator-muskie-funeral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple1996" class="citation news cs1">Apple, R. W. Jr. (March 27, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/27/us/edmund-s-muskie-81-dies-maine-senator-and-a-power-on-the-national-scene.html">"Edmund S. Muskie, 81, Dies; Maine Senator and a Power on the National Scene"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Edmund+S.+Muskie%2C+81%2C+Dies%3B+Maine+Senator+and+a+Power+on+the+National+Scene&rft.date=1996-03-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Apple&rft.aufirst=R.+W.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F03%2F27%2Fus%2Fedmund-s-muskie-81-dies-maine-senator-and-a-power-on-the-national-scene.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Baldwin, Nicoll, Goldstien, et al. 2015: 214 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Witherell (2014), pp. 250–52 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maineanencyclopedia.com/edmund-s-muskie/">"Muskie, Edmund S."</a>. Maine: An Encyclopedia. April 24, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muskie%2C+Edmund+S.&rft.btitle=Maine%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2011-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaineanencyclopedia.com%2Fedmund-s-muskie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolde2006" class="citation book cs1">Rolde, Neil (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rVgaAQAAIAAJ">Continental Liar from the State of Maine: James G. Blaine</a>. Tilbury House, Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0884482864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0884482864"><bdi>978-0884482864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continental+Liar+from+the+State+of+Maine%3A+James+G.+Blaine&rft.pub=Tilbury+House%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0884482864&rft.aulast=Rolde&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrVgaAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitherell2014" class="citation book cs1">Witherell, James L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhrCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT150">Ed Muskie: Made in Maine</a>. Tilbury House Publishers and Cadent Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0884483922" title="Special:BookSources/978-0884483922"><bdi>978-0884483922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ed+Muskie%3A+Made+in+Maine&rft.pub=Tilbury+House+Publishers+and+Cadent+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0884483922&rft.aulast=Witherell&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlhrCBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_166-2">c</a> Witherell (2014) pp. 130–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-:26-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:26_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuddChurchillEastman1995" class="citation book cs1">Judd, Richard William; Churchill, Edwin A.; Eastman, Joel W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-8MMAAAAYAAJ">Maine: The Pine Tree State from Prehistory to the Present</a>. University of Maine Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0891010821" title="Special:BookSources/978-0891010821"><bdi>978-0891010821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maine%3A+The+Pine+Tree+State+from+Prehistory+to+the+Present&rft.pub=University+of+Maine+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0891010821&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Richard+William&rft.au=Churchill%2C+Edwin+A.&rft.au=Eastman%2C+Joel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-8MMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoan2017" class="citation book cs1">Coan, Ronald W. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2QCmDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT671">A History of American State and Local Economic Development: As Two Ships Pass in the Night</a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785366369" title="Special:BookSources/978-1785366369"><bdi>978-1785366369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+American+State+and+Local+Economic+Development%3A+As+Two+Ships+Pass+in+the+Night&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1785366369&rft.aulast=Coan&rft.aufirst=Ronald+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2QCmDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Witherell (2014) p. 251 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7645">"Jimmy Carter: Clean Air Act Amendments – Letter to Senator Edmund S. Muskie"</a>. www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.presidency.ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Jimmy+Carter%3A+Clean+Air+Act+Amendments+%E2%80%93+Letter+to+Senator+Edmund+S.+Muskie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D7645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muskiefoundation.org/muskiechafee.html">"The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation – Muskie-Chafee Award"</a>. www.muskiefoundation.org. Retrieved May 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.muskiefoundation.org&rft.atitle=The+Edmund+S.+Muskie+Foundation+%E2%80%93+Muskie-Chafee+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muskiefoundation.org%2Fmuskiechafee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muskiefoundation.org/baker.030905.html">"The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation"</a>. www.muskiefoundation.org. Retrieved May 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.muskiefoundation.org&rft.atitle=The+Edmund+S.+Muskie+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muskiefoundation.org%2Fbaker.030905.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maine_History_Online-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Maine_History_Online_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainememory.net/sitebuilder/site/330/display">"Clean Water: Muskie and the Environment"</a>. Maine History Online. Retrieved May 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maine+History+Online&rft.atitle=Clean+Water%3A+Muskie+and+the+Environment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainememory.net%2Fsitebuilder%2Fsite%2F330%2Fdisplay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomsbury.com" class="citation web cs1">Bloomsbury.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/a-peoples-history-of-environmentalism-in-the-united-states-9781441198686/">"A People's History of Environmentalism in the United States"</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.atitle=A+People%27s+History+of+Environmentalism+in+the+United+States&rft.au=Bloomsbury.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsbury.com%2Fus%2Fa-peoples-history-of-environmentalism-in-the-united-states-9781441198686%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/a-fierce-green-fire-timeline-of-environmental-movement/2988/">"A Fierce Green Fire | Timeline of Environmental Movement and History | American Masters | PBS"</a>. American Masters. April 15, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Masters&rft.atitle=A+Fierce+Green+Fire+%7C+Timeline+of+Environmental+Movement+and+History+%7C+American+Masters+%7C+PBS&rft.date=2014-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Famericanmasters%2Fa-fierce-green-fire-timeline-of-environmental-movement%2F2988%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockwood" class="citation news cs1">Lockwood, Alan H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/09/how-the-clean-air-act-has-saved-22-trillion-in-health-care-costs/262071/">"How the Clean Air Act Has Saved $22 Trillion in Health-Care Costs"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+the+Clean+Air+Act+Has+Saved+%2422+Trillion+in+Health-Care+Costs&rft.aulast=Lockwood&rft.aufirst=Alan+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fhealth%2Farchive%2F2012%2F09%2Fhow-the-clean-air-act-has-saved-22-trillion-in-health-care-costs%2F262071%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazarus" class="citation web cs1">Lazarus, Richard J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/rlazarus/docs/articles/LazarusRichardSenatorEdmundMuskiesEnduringLegacyInTheCourts2015.pdf">"Senator Edmund Muskie's Enduring Legacy in the Courts"</a> (PDF). www.law.harvard.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.law.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Senator+Edmund+Muskie%27s+Enduring+Legacy+in+the+Courts&rft.aulast=Lazarus&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.harvard.edu%2Ffaculty%2Frlazarus%2Fdocs%2Farticles%2FLazarusRichardSenatorEdmundMuskiesEnduringLegacyInTheCourts2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/muskie-edmund-sixtus">"Edmund Sixtus Muskie: People – Department History – Office of the Historian"</a>. history.state.gov. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Edmund+Sixtus+Muskie%3A+People+%E2%80%93+Department+History+%E2%80%93+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Fpeople%2Fmuskie-edmund-sixtus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214202718/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=44540">"Jimmy Carter: Presidential Medal of Freedom Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony"</a>. www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=44540">the original</a> on February 14, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.presidency.ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Jimmy+Carter%3A+Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom+Remarks+at+the+Presentation+Ceremony.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2F%3Fpid%3D44540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobias1999" class="citation book cs1">Tobias, Ted (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intribute00tedt">In Tribute: Eulogies of Famous People</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intribute00tedt/page/116">116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810835375" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810835375"><bdi>978-0810835375</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Tribute%3A+Eulogies+of+Famous+People&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0810835375&rft.aulast=Tobias&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintribute00tedt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/j-edgar-hoover">"J. Edgar Hoover – Facts & Summary"</a>. History.com. Retrieved May 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=J.+Edgar+Hoover+%E2%80%93+Facts+%26+Summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fj-edgar-hoover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckermanAckerman2011" class="citation news cs1">Ackerman, Kenneth D.; Ackerman, Kenneth D. (November 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/five-myths-about-j-edgar-hoover/2011/11/07/gIQASLlo5M_story.html">"Five myths about J. Edgar Hoover"</a>. The Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved May 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Five+myths+about+J.+Edgar+Hoover&rft.date=2011-11-07&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rft.au=Ackerman%2C+Kenneth+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Ffive-myths-about-j-edgar-hoover%2F2011%2F11%2F07%2FgIQASLlo5M_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuskie" class="citation web cs1">Muskie, Edmund S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/member/edmund-muskie/M001121">"Edmund S. Muskie"</a>. www.congress.gov. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.congress.gov&rft.atitle=Edmund+S.+Muskie&rft.aulast=Muskie&rft.aufirst=Edmund+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fmember%2Fedmund-muskie%2FM001121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muskiefoundation.org/founder.html">"The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation – The Founder"</a>. www.muskiefoundation.org. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.muskiefoundation.org&rft.atitle=The+Edmund+S.+Muskie+Foundation+%E2%80%93+The+Founder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muskiefoundation.org%2Ffounder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/03/26/Former-Sen-Edmund-Muskie-dies/6082827816400/">"Former Sen. Edmund Muskie dies"</a>. UPI. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Former+Sen.+Edmund+Muskie+dies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1996%2F03%2F26%2FFormer-Sen-Edmund-Muskie-dies%2F6082827816400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-edmund-muskie-1344324.html">"Obituary: Edmund Muskie"</a>. The Independent. March 27, 1996. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Edmund+Muskie&rft.date=1996-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fobituary-edmund-muskie-1344324.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2009" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, George J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1407&context=cilj">"The World Peace: The Legacy of Edmund S. Muskie"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Peace%3A+The+Legacy+of+Edmund+S.+Muskie&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=George+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.cornell.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1407%26context%3Dcilj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalvistas.org/muskie/">Official Edmund S. Muskie Internship Program website</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_189-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_189-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmund_Muskie_Archives2018" class="citation web cs1">Edmund Muskie Archives (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abacus.bates.edu/muskie-archives/EADFindingAids/MC105_XIII_B_Presentation_Commemoratives.pdf">"Presentation pieces, honors and commemoratives"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presentation+pieces%2C+honors+and+commemoratives&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Edmund+Muskie+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabacus.bates.edu%2Fmuskie-archives%2FEADFindingAids%2FMC105_XIII_B_Presentation_Commemoratives.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2009" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, James R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WEy-BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT81">Scientology</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199887118" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199887118"><bdi>978-0199887118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0199887118&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWEy-BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-191"><a href="#cite_ref-:14_191-0">^</a> Hirshon (2003), p. 274 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/tslac/20047/20047-P.html">"Texas Office of the Lieutenant Governor: An Inventory of the Records of William Pettus Hobby, Jr. at the Texas State Archives, 1917, 1924, 1931, 1947, 1953–1990, undated (bulk 1968–1990)"</a>. legacy.lib.utexas.edu. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legacy.lib.utexas.edu&rft.atitle=Texas+Office+of+the+Lieutenant+Governor%3A+An+Inventory+of+the+Records+of+William+Pettus+Hobby%2C+Jr.+at+the+Texas+State+Archives%2C+1917%2C+1924%2C+1931%2C+1947%2C+1953%E2%80%931990%2C+undated+%28bulk+1968%E2%80%931990%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegacy.lib.utexas.edu%2Ftaro%2Ftslac%2F20047%2F20047-P.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/1/title1sec130.html">"Title 1, §130: Edmund S. Muskie Day"</a>. legislature.maine.gov. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislature.maine.gov&rft.atitle=Title+1%2C+%C2%A7130%3A+Edmund+S.+Muskie+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegislature.maine.gov%2Fstatutes%2F1%2Ftitle1sec130.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muskiefoundation.org/muskiechafee.2000.html">"The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation – Muskie-Chafee Award"</a>. www.muskiefoundation.org. Retrieved May 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.muskiefoundation.org&rft.atitle=The+Edmund+S.+Muskie+Foundation+%E2%80%93+Muskie-Chafee+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muskiefoundation.org%2Fmuskiechafee.2000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressherald.com/2017/06/23/protesters-call-on-collins-to-reject-senate-health-bill/">"Protesters in Augusta call on Sen. Collins to reject Senate health bill"</a>. Press Herald. June 23, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Press+Herald&rft.atitle=Protesters+in+Augusta+call+on+Sen.+Collins+to+reject+Senate+health+bill&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressherald.com%2F2017%2F06%2F23%2Fprotesters-call-on-collins-to-reject-senate-health-bill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1984" class="citation web cs1">George, Mitchell (May 8, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/senate-bill/2460">"S.2460 – 98th Congress (1983–1984): A bill to designate a Federal building in Augusta, Maine, as the "Edmund S. Muskie Federal Building""</a>. www.congress.gov. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.congress.gov&rft.atitle=S.2460+%E2%80%93+98th+Congress+%281983%E2%80%931984%29%3A+A+bill+to+designate+a+Federal+building+in+Augusta%2C+Maine%2C+as+the+%22Edmund+S.+Muskie+Federal+Building%22.&rft.date=1984-05-08&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F98th-congress%2Fsenate-bill%2F2460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanbar.org/groups/tort_trial_insurance_practice/about_us/awards/muskie_nomination_info.html">"TIPS Edmund S. Muskie Award Nomination Information | Tort Trial and Insurance Practice Section"</a>. www.americanbar.org. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.americanbar.org&rft.atitle=TIPS+Edmund+S.+Muskie+Award+Nomination+Information+%7C+Tort+Trial+and+Insurance+Practice+Section&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbar.org%2Fgroups%2Ftort_trial_insurance_practice%2Fabout_us%2Fawards%2Fmuskie_nomination_info.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uz.usembassy.gov/education-culture/exchange-programs/edmund-s-muskie-graduate-fellowship-program/">"Edmund S. Muskie Graduate Fellowship Program | U.S. Embassy in Uzbekistan"</a>. U.S. Embassy in Uzbekistan. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Embassy+in+Uzbekistan&rft.atitle=Edmund+S.+Muskie+Graduate+Fellowship+Program+%7C+U.S.+Embassy+in+Uzbekistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuz.usembassy.gov%2Feducation-culture%2Fexchange-programs%2Fedmund-s-muskie-graduate-fellowship-program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220152602/http://trumanproject.org/home/2017-awards-dinner/">"2017 Awards Dinner Truman Project"</a>. trumanproject.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trumanproject.org/home/2017-awards-dinner/">the original</a> on February 20, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=trumanproject.org&rft.atitle=2017+Awards+Dinner+Truman+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrumanproject.org%2Fhome%2F2017-awards-dinner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Muskie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Witherell (2014), p. 251 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: General and cited references">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_works">Cited works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Cited works">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Anson, Cherrill A. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Edmund_S_Muskie_Democratic_Senator_from.html?id=h0cvAAAAYAAJ">Edmund S. Muskie, Democratic Senator from Maine</a>. Grossman Publishing.</li> <li>Baldwin, Samuel J.; Nicoll Donald E.; Goldstien Soel K. et al. (2015). The Legacy of U.S. Senator Edmund Muskie. Maine Law Review. Online.</li> <li>Blomquist, Robert F. (1999). What is Past is Prologue: Senator Edmund S. Muskie's Environmental Policymaking Roots as Governor of Maine, 1955–58. Valparaiso University School of Law.</li> <li>Hirshon, Robert E. (2003). "The Legacy of Senator Edmund Muskie". Maine Law Review. Online.</li> <li>King, Angus. (2014). "Sen. King Honors Sen. Ed Muskie's Centennial Birthday". Senator Angus S. King Jr. YouTube.</li> <li>Lippmann, Theo; Hansen Donald C. (1971). Muskie. W.W. Norton & Company [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000NQK5OM">B000NQK5OM</a>. Print.</li> <li>Mitchell George J. (1997). The World Peace: The Legacy of Edmund S. Muskie. Cornell Law Review. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> Press.</li> <li>Witherell, James L. (2014). Ed Muskie: Made in Maine: The Early Years, 1914–1960. Tilbury House Publishers. Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0884483924" title="Special:BookSources/0884483924">0884483924</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bates.edu/archives/">Edmund S. Muskie Archives and Special Collections Library Archives & Manuscripts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abacus.bates.edu/muskie-archives/EADFindingAids/MC105.html">Edmund Muskie personal papers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225021209/http://abacus.bates.edu/muskie-archives/EADFindingAids/MC105.html">Archived</a> February 25, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bates.edu/archives/edmund-s-muskie-and-his-legacy/online-legislative-record-of-senator-edmund-s-muskie/">Online legislative record</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001121">Biography</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muskiefoundation.org/">The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?2483">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319867#P2190" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_C._Oliver" title="James C. Oliver">James Oliver</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maine" title="Governor of Maine">Governor of Maine</a> <a href="/wiki/1954_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1954 Maine gubernatorial election">1954</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1956 Maine gubernatorial election">1956</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Clauson" title="Clinton Clauson">Clinton Clauson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_P._Dube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger P. Dube (page does not exist)">Roger Dube</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maine" title="List of United States senators from Maine">U.S. senator from Maine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 1</a>) <a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="1958 United States Senate election in Maine">1958</a>, <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="1964 United States Senate election in Maine">1964</a>, <a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="1970 United States Senate election in Maine">1970</a>, <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="1976 United States Senate election in Maine">1976</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">George Mitchell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New office </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a> 1967–1969 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J._Bennett_Johnston" title="J. Bennett Johnston">Bennett Johnston</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for Vice President of the United States <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Thomas Eagleton</a> Withdrew</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Dominick" title="Peter H. Dominick">Peter Dominick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin" title="Robert P. Griffin">Robert Griffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuchel" title="Thomas Kuchel">Thomas Kuchel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Mel Laird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Mathias" title="Bob Mathias">Bob Mathias</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Murphy" title="George Murphy">George Murphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Harding_Poff" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Harding Poff">Dick Poff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">Chuck Percy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Quie" title="Al Quie">Al Quie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Thompson_Reid" title="Charlotte Thompson Reid">Charlotte Reid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Hugh Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_A._Steiger" title="William A. Steiger">Bill Steiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Tower" title="John Tower">John Tower</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Response_to_the_State_of_the_Union_address" title="Response to the State of the Union address">Response to the State of the Union address</a> 1970 Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/Donald_M._Fraser" title="Donald M. Fraser">Donald Fraser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Scoop Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mike Mansfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_William_McCormack" class="mw-redirect" title="John William McCormack">John McCormack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Mink</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Proxmire" title="William Proxmire">Bill Proxmire</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mike Mansfield</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Carl Albert</a> <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Response_to_the_State_of_the_Union_address" title="Response to the State of the Union address">Response to the State of the Union address</a> <a href="/wiki/1976_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1976 State of the Union Address">1976</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">John Rhodes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Burton_M._Cross" title="Burton M. Cross">Burton Cross</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maine" title="Governor of Maine">Governor of Maine</a> 1955–1959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Haskell" title="Robert Haskell">Robert Haskell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> 1980–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_G._Payne" title="Frederick G. Payne">Frederick Payne</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Maine">U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Maine</a> 1959–1980 Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Hathaway" title="William Hathaway">Bill Hathaway</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">William Cohen</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">George Mitchel</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New office </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">Senate Budget Committee</a> 1975–1980 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">Fritz Hollings</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Maine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Maine" title="Template:Governors of Maine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Maine" title="Template talk:Governors of Maine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Maine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Maine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Maine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Maine" title="List of governors of Maine">Governors of Maine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_King_(governor)" title="William King (governor)">W. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Williamson" title="William D. Williamson">Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ames" title="Benjamin Ames">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rose_(politician)" title="Daniel Rose (politician)">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion_Parris" title="Albion Parris">Parris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Lincoln" title="Enoch Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Cutler" title="Nathan Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Hall" title="Joshua Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_G._Hunton" title="Jonathan G. Hunton">Hunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_E._Smith" title="Samuel E. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Dunlap" title="Robert P. Dunlap">Dunlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kent" title="Edward Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fairfield" title="John Fairfield">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Vose" title="Richard H. Vose">Vose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kent" title="Edward Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fairfield" title="John Fairfield">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kavanagh" title="Edward Kavanagh">Kavanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dunn_(Maine_politician)" title="David Dunn (Maine politician)">Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Anderson" title="Hugh J. Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Dana" title="John W. Dana">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hubbard_(Maine_politician)" title="John Hubbard (Maine politician)">Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Crosby" title="William G. Crosby">Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anson_Morrill" title="Anson Morrill">A. Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wells" title="Samuel Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Williams" title="Joseph H. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">L. Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Washburn_Jr." title="Israel Washburn Jr.">Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Coburn" title="Abner Coburn">Coburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cony" title="Samuel Cony">Cony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Chamberlain" title="Joshua Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Perham" title="Sidney Perham">Perham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Dingley_Jr." title="Nelson Dingley Jr.">Dingley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seldon_Connor" title="Seldon Connor">Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Garcelon" title="Alonzo Garcelon">Garcelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_F._Davis" title="Daniel F. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_M._Plaisted" title="Harris M. Plaisted">H. Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Robie" title="Frederick Robie">Robie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Bodwell" title="Joseph R. Bodwell">Bodwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Streeter_Marble" title="Sebastian Streeter Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_C._Burleigh" title="Edwin C. Burleigh">Burleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Cleaves" title="Henry B. Cleaves">Cleaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Powers" title="Llewellyn Powers">Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Cobb" title="William T. Cobb">Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_M._Fernald" title="Bert M. Fernald">Fernald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Plaisted" title="Frederick W. Plaisted">F. Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Haines" title="William T. Haines">Haines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakley_C._Curtis" title="Oakley C. Curtis">O. Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Milliken" title="Carl Milliken">Milliken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Hale_Parkhurst" title="Frederic Hale Parkhurst">Parkhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_P._Baxter" title="Percival P. Baxter">Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brewster" title="Owen Brewster">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tudor_Gardiner" title="William Tudor Gardiner">Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_J._Brann" title="Louis J. Brann">Brann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_O._Barrows" title="Lewis O. Barrows">Barrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner_Sewall" title="Sumner Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Hildreth" title="Horace Hildreth">Hildreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_G._Payne" title="Frederick G. Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_M._Cross" title="Burton M. Cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_M._Haskell" title="Nathaniel M. Haskell">N. Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_M._Cross" title="Burton M. Cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Haskell" title="Robert Haskell">R. Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Clauson" title="Clinton Clauson">Clauson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Reed" title="John H. Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">K. Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Longley" title="James B. Longley">Longley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Brennan" title="Joseph E. Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._McKernan_Jr." title="John R. McKernan Jr.">McKernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_King" title="Angus King">A. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baldacci" title="John Baldacci">Baldacci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_LePage" title="Paul LePage">LePage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Mills" title="Janet Mills">Mills</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Maine.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Maine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Maine.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Maine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Maine.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Maine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="260" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Maine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Maine" title="Template:United States senators from Maine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Maine" title="Template talk:United States senators from Maine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Maine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Maine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Maine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maine" title="List of United States senators from Maine">United States senators from Maine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Holmes_(Maine_politician)" title="John Holmes (Maine politician)">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion_Parris" title="Albion Parris">Parris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holmes_(Maine_politician)" title="John Holmes (Maine politician)">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ether_Shepley" title="Ether Shepley">Shepley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Dana" title="Judah Dana">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuel_Williams" title="Reuel Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fairfield" title="John Fairfield">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyman_B._S._Moor" title="Wyman B. S. Moor">Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Nourse" title="Amos Nourse">Nourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">E. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Johnson" title="Charles F. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hale_(U.S._senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Hale (U.S. senator)">F. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brewster" title="Owen Brewster">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_G._Payne" title="Frederick G. Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia_Snowe" title="Olympia Snowe">Snowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_King" title="Angus King">King</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Chandler" title="John Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Sprague_(Maine_politician)" title="Peleg Sprague (Maine politician)">Sprague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruggles" title="John Ruggles">Ruggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Evans_(American_politician)" title="George Evans (American politician)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Bradbury" title="James W. Bradbury">Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_A._Farwell" title="Nathan A. Farwell">Farwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Gardner" title="Obadiah Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_C._Burleigh" title="Edwin C. Burleigh">Burleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_M._Fernald" title="Bert M. Fernald">Fernald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_R._Gould" title="Arthur R. Gould">Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_H._White" title="Wallace H. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hathaway" title="William Hathaway">Hathaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Collins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_state" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Template:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Template talk:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_state" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">United States secretaries of state</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a> 1781–1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">R. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> 1789–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">J. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Upshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Stettinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">G. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Acheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Eagleburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Christopher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Warren_Christopher_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Madeleine_Albright_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Colin_Powell_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Condoleezza_Rice_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hillary_Clinton_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Hillary Clinton as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_John_Kerry_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by John Kerry as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Tillerson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Antony_Blinken_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Antony Blinken as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States">List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Budget_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Budget chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Budget_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Budget chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Budget_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Budget chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">United States Senate Committee on the Budget</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Domenici" title="Pete Domenici">Domenici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Chiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sasser" title="Jim Sasser">Sasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Domenici" title="Pete Domenici">Domenici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Conrad" title="Kent Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Domenici" title="Pete Domenici">Domenici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Conrad" title="Kent Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Nickles" title="Don Nickles">Nickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judd_Gregg" title="Judd Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Conrad" title="Kent Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enzi" title="Mike Enzi">Enzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Whitehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_VPOTUS_candidates" title="Template:Unsuccessful major party VPOTUS candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unsuccessful_major_party_VPOTUS_candidates" title="Template talk:Unsuccessful major party VPOTUS candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_VPOTUS_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful major party VPOTUS candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for Vice President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party candidates for Vice President of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">Thomas Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Jared Ingersoll</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eager_Howard" title="John Eager Howard">John E. Howard</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Nathan Sanford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Nathaniel Macon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">John Sergeant</a> (<a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Francis Granger</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen" title="Theodore Frelinghuysen">Theodore Frelinghuysen</a> (<a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">William O. Butler</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William A. Graham</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">Herschel V. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Francis P. Blair Jr.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">B. Gratz Brown</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">William H. English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Whitelaw Reid</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Arthur Sewall</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson I</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">Henry G. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">John W. Kern</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">Charles W. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Joseph T. Robinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">Charles L. McNary</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">John W. Bricker</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">John Sparkman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a> (<a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">William E. Miller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmund Muskie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Tim Walz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_vice-presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States vice-presidential candidates by year">All vice presidential candidates</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">Vice presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National conventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential tickets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/None</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate leaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and territorial parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1964)_1968_United_States_presidential_election_(1972_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1968 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1968 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1968 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1964)_1968_United_States_presidential_election_(1972_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">← 1964</a>) <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlson" title="Frank Carlson">Frank Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_P._Case" title="Clifford P. Case">Clifford P. Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Fong" title="Hiram Fong">Hiram Fong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Rhodes" title="Jim Rhodes">Jim Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Rockefeller" title="Winthrop Rockefeller">Winthrop Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Romney_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Romney 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">John A. Volpe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protests" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protests">protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmund Muskie</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Branigin" title="Roger D. Branigin">Roger D. Branigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Crommelin" title="John G. Crommelin">John G. Crommelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Fisher" title="Paul C. Fisher">Paul C. Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_from_the_1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election">withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Lynch" title="Thomas C. Lynch">Thomas C. Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Eugene McCarthy 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_K._Moore" title="Dan K. Moore">Dan K. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channing_E._Phillips" title="Channing E. Phillips">Channing E. Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smathers" title="George Smathers">George Smathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Young" title="Stephen M. Young">Stephen M. Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Candidates" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Wallace 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1968">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Charlene Mitchell</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Zagarell" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Zagarell">Michael Zagarell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fitzgerald_Dowd" title="Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd">Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henning_A._Blomen" title="Henning A. Blomen">Henning A. Blomen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Halstead" title="Fred Halstead">Fred Halstead</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Boutelle" title="Paul Boutelle">Paul Boutelle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Paulsen" title="Pat Paulsen">Pat Paulsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigasus_(politics)" title="Pigasus (politics)">Pigasus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1968 elections: <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1968 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1968 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1968)_1972_United_States_presidential_election_(1976_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1972 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1972 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1972 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1968)_1972_United_States_presidential_election_(1976_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">← 1968</a>) <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1972_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/John_M._Ashbrook" title="John M. Ashbrook">John M. Ashbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_McCloskey" title="Pete McCloskey">Pete McCloskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a> <ul><li>replacing <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Thomas Eagleton</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Fred R. Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Hartke" title="Vance Hartke">Vance Hartke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Hays" title="Wayne Hays">Wayne Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Mills" title="Wilbur Mills">Wilbur Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Mink</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmund Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Sanford" title="Terry Sanford">Terry Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Yorty" title="Sam Yorty">Sam Yorty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1972">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_G._Schmitz" title="John G. Schmitz">John G. Schmitz </a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Anderson_(author)" title="Thomas J. Anderson (author)">Thomas J. Anderson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Tyner" title="Jarvis Tyner">Jarvis Tyner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">John Hospers</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tonie_Nathan" title="Tonie Nathan">Tonie Nathan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock">Benjamin Spock</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Hobson" title="Julius Hobson">Julius Hobson </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fisher" title="Louis Fisher">Louis Fisher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Linda_Jenness" title="Linda Jenness">Linda Jenness</a> <ul><li>Alternate nominee: <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Reed" title="Evelyn Reed">Evelyn Reed</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pulley" title="Andrew Pulley">Andrew Pulley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Candidates: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Green_(ufologist)" title="Gabriel Green (ufologist)">Gabriel Green</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1972 elections: <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1972 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1972 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1972 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Jimmy_Carter_(1977–1981)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carter_cabinet" title="Template:Carter cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carter_cabinet" title="Template talk:Carter cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carter_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carter cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Jimmy_Carter_(1977–1981)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1977–1981)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimmy_Carter.jpg/100px-Jimmy_Carter.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimmy_Carter.jpg/150px-Jimmy_Carter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimmy_Carter.jpg/200px-Jimmy_Carter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="4109" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a> (1977–1980)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmund Muskie</a> (1980–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._Michael_Blumenthal" title="W. Michael Blumenthal">W. Michael Blumenthal</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">G. William Miller</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Harold Brown</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Griffin_Bell" title="Griffin Bell">Griffin Bell</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Civiletti" title="Benjamin Civiletti">Benjamin Civiletti</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Andrus" title="Cecil Andrus">Cecil Andrus</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bergland" title="Robert Bergland">Robert Bergland</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juanita_M._Kreps" title="Juanita M. Kreps">Juanita M. Kreps</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Klutznick" title="Philip Klutznick">Philip Klutznick</a> (1980–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Marshall" title="Ray Marshall">Ray Marshall</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Califano_Jr." title="Joseph A. Califano Jr.">Joseph A. Califano Jr.</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a> (1979–1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a> (1980–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Landrieu" title="Moon Landrieu">Moon Landrieu</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brock_Adams" title="Brock Adams">Brock Adams</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Goldschmidt" title="Neil Goldschmidt">Neil Goldschmidt</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Jr." title="Charles Duncan Jr.">Charles Duncan Jr.</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Hufstedler" title="Shirley Hufstedler">Shirley Hufstedler</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Lance" title="Bert Lance">Bert Lance</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._McIntyre" title="James T. McIntyre">James T. McIntyre</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Robert S. Strauss</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Reubin Askew</a> (1979–1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_McHenry" title="Donald McHenry">Donald McHenry</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Schultze" title="Charles Schultze">Charles Schultze</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hubert_Humphrey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hubert_Humphrey" title="Template:Hubert Humphrey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hubert_Humphrey" title="Template talk:Hubert Humphrey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hubert_Humphrey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hubert Humphrey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hubert_Humphrey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">38th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1965–1969) • <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator from Minnesota</a> (1949–1964, 1971–1978)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention#Hubert_Humphrey's_Address" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 Civil Rights speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey%E2%80%93Hawkins_Full_Employment_Act" title="Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act">Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Hubert_Humphrey" title="Electoral history of Hubert Humphrey">Electoral history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1948 United States Senate election in Minnesota">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1954 United States Senate election in Minnesota">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1960 United States Senate election in Minnesota">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1970 United States Senate election in Minnesota">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1976 United States Senate election in Minnesota">1976</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey#Presidential_and_vice-presidential_ambitions_(1952–1964)" title="Hubert Humphrey">1960 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1968 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity">protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Nixon transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey#1972_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey">1972 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign">1964 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1964 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey#1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey">1968 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_from_the_1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election">Johnson withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_(film)" title="Primary (film)">Primary (1960 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey_Metrodome" title="Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome">Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_School_of_Public_Affairs" title="Humphrey School of Public Affairs">Humphrey School of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey_Building" title="Hubert H. Humphrey Building">Hubert H. Humphrey Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family and personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Humphrey" title="Muriel Humphrey">Muriel Humphrey</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skip_Humphrey" title="Skip Humphrey">Hubert "Skip" Humphrey III</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">← Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hubert_Humphrey" title="Category:Hubert Humphrey">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319867#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319867#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319867#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110820879">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/109563714">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/44160/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgxrT3TXQBPMFBcqVdG73">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/172268966">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79118912">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123392291">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123392291">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01182595">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067622852">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90541092">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810677430805606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007578887605171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14302808">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02229192?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001121">US Congress</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083002219">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581724">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bc417s">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&oldid=1259569310">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&oldid=1259569310</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1914_births" title="Category:1914 births">1914 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1996_deaths" title="Category:1996 deaths">1996 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_lawyers" title="Category:20th-century American lawyers">20th-century American lawyers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1968_United_States_vice-presidential_candidates" title="Category:1968 United States vice-presidential candidates">1968 United States vice-presidential candidates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_environmentalists" title="Category:American environmentalists">American environmentalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_politicians_of_Polish_descent" title="Category:American politicians of Polish descent">American politicians of Polish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:American Roman Catholics">American Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bates_College_alumni" title="Category:Bates College alumni">Bates College alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery">Burials at Arlington National Cemetery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1972 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1972 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carter_administration_cabinet_members" title="Category:Carter administration cabinet members">Carter administration cabinet members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_politicians_from_Maine" title="Category:Catholic politicians from Maine">Catholic politicians from Maine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cornell_Law_School_alumni" title="Category:Cornell Law School alumni">Cornell Law School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_congestive_heart_failure" title="Category:Deaths from congestive heart failure">Deaths from congestive heart failure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_(United_States)_vice_presidential_nominees" title="Category:Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees">Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_United_States_senators_from_Maine" title="Category:Democratic Party United States senators from Maine">Democratic Party United States senators from Maine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_governors_of_Maine" title="Category:Democratic Party governors of Maine">Democratic Party governors of Maine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hubert_Humphrey" title="Category:Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Laetare_Medal_recipients" title="Category:Laetare Medal recipients">Laetare Medal recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maine_lawyers" title="Category:Maine lawyers">Maine lawyers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_members_of_the_Maine_House_of_Representatives" title="Category:Democratic Party members of the Maine House of Representatives">Democratic Party members of the Maine House of Representatives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_Maine" title="Category:Military personnel from Maine">Military personnel from Maine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Rumford,_Maine" title="Category:People from Rumford, Maine">People from Rumford, Maine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Waterville,_Maine" title="Category:Politicians from Waterville, Maine">Politicians from Waterville, Maine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_recipients" title="Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients">Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Navy_officers" title="Category:United States Navy officers">United States Navy officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Navy_personnel_of_World_War_II" title="Category:United States Navy personnel of World War II">United States Navy personnel of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Category:United States secretaries of state">United States secretaries of state</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Oxford_County,_Maine" title="Category:Politicians from Oxford County, Maine">Politicians from Oxford County, Maine</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_time_reference_citations_from_May_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing time reference citations from May 2018">Wikipedia articles needing time reference citations from May 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2022" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2022">Use mdy dates from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_missing_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with missing ISBNs">Pages with missing ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_appearing_on_C-SPAN" title="Category:People appearing on C-SPAN">People appearing on C-SPAN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 21:40 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Muskie&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-847495b4dd-p4vfd","wgBackendResponseTime":216,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.808","walltime":"3.177","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26536,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":527045,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":32866,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":607694,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2599.299 1 -total"," 37.09% 964.124 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.30% 449.554 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 17.02% 442.396 13 Template:Navbox"," 11.52% 299.383 29 Template:Cite_book"," 9.34% 242.781 55 Template:Cite_web"," 7.75% 201.496 40 Template:Cite_news"," 7.27% 188.908 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 6.13% 159.239 36 Template:Main_other"," 5.16% 134.100 19 Template:Party_color"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.413","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14724574,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","480","30.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","11.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","6.4"],["type","100","6.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.8"],["insert","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","2.6"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","2.6"],["[others]","360","23.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-847495b4dd-67zkz","timestamp":"20241128120340","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Edmund Muskie","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edmund_Muskie","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q319867","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q319867","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-30T15:30:27Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T21:40:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/91\/EdmundMuskie-GovMaine.jpg","headline":"American politician (1914\u20131996)"}</script> </body> </html>