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class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><p>In <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a>, a <b>cosmopolitan distribution</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Species_distribution" title="Species distribution">range</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> that extends across most or all of the surface of the Earth, in appropriate <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a>; most cosmopolitan species are known to be highly adaptable to a range of climatic and environmental conditions, though this is not always so. Killer whales (<a href="/wiki/Orcas" class="mw-redirect" title="Orcas">orcas</a>) are among the most well-known cosmopolitan species on the planet, as they maintain several different <a href="/wiki/Resident_orca" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident orca">resident</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transient_orca" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient orca">transient</a> (migratory) populations in every major oceanic body on Earth, from the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and every coastal and open-water region in-between. Such a taxon (usually a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>) is said to have a <i>cosmopolitan</i> distribution, or exhibit <b>cosmopolitanism</b>, as a species; another example, the <a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">rock dove</a> (commonly referred to as a '<a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeon</a>'), in addition to having been <a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">bred</a> domestically for centuries, now occurs in most urban areas around the world. </p><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><i><a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">Orcinus orca</a></i> and its range (in blue)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Killerwhales_jumping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Killerwhales_jumping.jpg/240px-Killerwhales_jumping.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Killerwhales_jumping.jpg/360px-Killerwhales_jumping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Killerwhales_jumping.jpg/480px-Killerwhales_jumping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1453"></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Killer_Whale_Range_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Killer_Whale_Range_Map.svg/240px-Killer_Whale_Range_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Killer_Whale_Range_Map.svg/360px-Killer_Whale_Range_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Killer_Whale_Range_Map.svg/480px-Killer_Whale_Range_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="438"></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The extreme opposite of a cosmopolitan species is an <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> (native) species, or one that is found only in a single geographical location. Endemism usually results in organisms with specific adaptations to one particular climate or region, and the species would likely face challenges if placed in a different environment. There are far more examples of endemic species than cosmopolitan species; one example being the <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopard</a>, a species found only in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> mountain ranges, an environment to which the cats have adapted over millions of years.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Qualification"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Qualification</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Related_terms_and_concepts"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Related terms and concepts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Oceanic_obstacles"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Oceanic obstacles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Ecological_delimitation"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Ecological delimitation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Regional_and_temporal_variation_in_populations"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Regional and temporal variation in populations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Examples"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Qualification">Qualification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Qualification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The caveat "in appropriate habitat" is used to qualify the term "cosmopolitan distribution", excluding in most instances polar regions, extreme altitudes, oceans, deserts, or small, isolated islands.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Housefly" title="Housefly">housefly</a> is highly cosmopolitan, yet is neither oceanic nor polar in its distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-RussellOtranto2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RussellOtranto2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Related_terms_and_concepts">Related terms and concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Related terms and concepts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The term <b>pandemism</b> also is in use, but not all authors are consistent in the sense in which they use the term; some speak of pandemism mainly in referring to diseases and <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemics</a>, and some as a term intermediate between endemism and cosmopolitanism, in effect regarding pandemism as <b>subcosmopolitanism</b>. This means near cosmopolitanism, but with major gaps in the <a href="/wiki/Species_distribution" title="Species distribution">distribution</a>, say, complete absence from Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HarperServais2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarperServais2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terminology varies, and there is some debate whether the true opposite of endemism is pandemism or cosmopolitanism.<sup id="cite_ref-Rapoport2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rapoport2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Oceanic_obstacles">Oceanic obstacles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oceanic obstacles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>A related concept in <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a> is that of <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanic</a> cosmopolitanism and endemism. Rather than allow ubiquitous travel, the <a href="/wiki/World_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="World Ocean">World Ocean</a> is complicated by physical obstacles such as temperature gradients.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These prevent migration of tropical species between the Atlantic and Indian/Pacific oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, the Northern marine regions and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> are separated by the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>, too warm for many species to traverse. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ecological_delimitation">Ecological delimitation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecological delimitation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Another aspect of cosmopolitanism is that of ecological limitations. A species that is apparently cosmopolitan because it occurs in all oceans might in fact occupy only <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">littoral zones</a>, or only particular ranges of depths, or only <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a>, for example. Analogously, <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion#Terrestrial" title="Ecoregion">terrestrial</a> species might be present only in forests, or mountainous regions, or sandy <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> regions or the like. Such distributions might be patchy, or extended, but narrow. Factors of such a nature are taken widely for granted, so they seldom are mentioned explicitly in mentioning cosmopolitan distributions. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Regional_and_temporal_variation_in_populations">Regional and temporal variation in populations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regional and temporal variation in populations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Cosmopolitanism of a particular species or variety should not be confused with cosmopolitanism of higher taxa. For example, the family <a href="/wiki/Antlion" title="Antlion">Myrmeleontidae</a> is cosmopolitan in the sense that every continent except Antarctica is home to some indigenous species within the Myrmeleontidae, but nonetheless no one species, nor even genus, of the Myrmeleontidae is cosmopolitan. Conversely, partly as a result of human introduction of unnatural <a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">apiculture</a> to the New World, <i><a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Apis mellifera</a></i> probably is the only cosmopolitan member of its family; the rest of the family <a href="/wiki/Apidae" title="Apidae">Apidae</a> have modest distributions. </p><p>Even where a cosmopolitan population is recognised as a single species, such as indeed <i>Apis mellifera</i>, there generally will be variation between regional sub-populations. Such variation commonly is at the level of <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">morphs</a>, whereas some variation is too slight or inconsistent for formal recognition. </p><p>For an example of subspecific variation, consider the <a href="/wiki/East_African_lowland_honey_bee" title="East African lowland honey bee">East African lowland honey bee</a> (<i>Apis mellifera scutellata</i>)—best known for being hybridized with various European subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">western honey bee</a> to create the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Africanized_bee" title="Africanized bee">African killer bee</a>"—and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_honey_bee" title="Cape honey bee">Cape bee</a>, which is the subspecies <i>Apis mellifera capensis</i>; both of them are in the same cosmopolitan species <i>Apis mellifera</i>, but their ranges barely overlap. </p><p>Other cosmopolitan species, such as the <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">house sparrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a>, present similar examples, but in yet other species there are less familiar complications: some migratory birds such as the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_tern" title="Arctic tern">Arctic tern</a> occur from the Arctic to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>, but at any one season of the year they are likely to be largely in passage or concentrated at only one end of the range. Also, some such species breed only at one end of the range. Seen purely as an aspect of cosmopolitanism, such distributions could be seen as temporal, seasonal variations. </p><p>Other complications of cosmopolitanism on a planet too large for local populations to interbreed routinely with each other include genetic effects such as <a href="/wiki/Ring_species" title="Ring species">ring species</a>, such as in the <i><a href="/wiki/Larus" title="Larus">Larus</a></i> gulls,<sup id="cite_ref-Kunz2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunz2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the formation of <a href="/wiki/Cline_(biology)" title="Cline (biology)">clines</a> such as in <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-KrimbasPowell1992_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KrimbasPowell1992-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg/150px-Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg/150px-Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg/225px-Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg/300px-Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Originally native to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fly_agaric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly agaric">fly agaric</a> (<i>Amanita muscaria</i>) has gained a cosmopolitan distribution as a result of being introduced to new areas in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cosmopolitan distributions can be observed both in extinct and extant species. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurus" title="Lystrosaurus">Lystrosaurus</a></i> was cosmopolitan in the Early Triassic after the <a href="/wiki/Permian-Triassic_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Permian-Triassic extinction event">Permian-Triassic extinction event</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBenton2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBenton2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the modern world, the <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orca</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a> all have cosmopolitan distribution, extending over most of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>. The wasp <i><a href="/wiki/Copidosoma_floridanum" title="Copidosoma floridanum">Copidosoma floridanum</a></i> is another example, as it is found around the world. Other examples, including species which have gained a cosmopolitan distribution as a result of human assistance, include <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">western honey bee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_rat" title="Brown rat">brown rats</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushroom</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the foliose <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Parmelia_sulcata" title="Parmelia sulcata">Parmelia sulcata</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusc</a> genus <i><a href="/wiki/Mytilus_(bivalve)" title="Mytilus (bivalve)">Mytilus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spellerberg_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spellerberg-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term can also apply to some diseases. It may result from a broad range of environmental tolerances<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from rapid <a href="/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">dispersal</a> compared to the time needed for <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">Ecoregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwanan_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondwanan distribution">Gondwanan distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holarctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holarctic">Holarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantropical" title="Pantropical">Pantropical</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZ._Jack_TsengXiaoming_WangGraham_J._SlaterGary_T._Takeuchi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Z. Jack Tseng; Xiaoming Wang; Graham J. Slater; Gary T. Takeuchi; Qiang Li; Juan Liu; Guangpu Xie (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/43600250">"Himalayan Fossils of the Oldest Known Pantherine Establish Ancient Origin of Big Cats"</a>. <i>Proceedings: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>281</b> (1774): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43600250">43600250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Himalayan+Fossils+of+the+Oldest+Known+Pantherine+Establish+Ancient+Origin+of+Big+Cats&rft.volume=281&rft.issue=1774&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43600250%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Z.+Jack+Tseng&rft.au=Xiaoming+Wang&rft.au=Graham+J.+Slater&rft.au=Gary+T.+Takeuchi&rft.au=Qiang+Li&rft.au=Juan+Liu&rft.au=Guangpu+Xie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43600250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JKTeiqPBpM4C&pg=PA164"><i>Encyclopedia of Ecology and Environmental Management</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. 15 July 2009. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1324-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1324-6"><bdi>978-1-4443-1324-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ecology+and+Environmental+Management&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-07-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1324-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJKTeiqPBpM4C%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RussellOtranto2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RussellOtranto2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_C._RussellDomenico_OtrantoRichard_L._Wall2013" class="citation book cs1">Richard C. Russell; Domenico Otranto; Richard L. Wall (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9QfhF_wQSV4C&pg=PA157"><i>The Encyclopedia of Medical and Veterinary Entomology</i></a>. CABI. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78064-037-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78064-037-2"><bdi>978-1-78064-037-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Medical+and+Veterinary+Entomology&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78064-037-2&rft.au=Richard+C.+Russell&rft.au=Domenico+Otranto&rft.au=Richard+L.+Wall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9QfhF_wQSV4C%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simpson2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simpson2010_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_G._Simpson2010" class="citation book cs1">Michael G. 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Riedel (eds.). <i>The Micropalaeontology of Oceans: Proceedings of the Symposium held in Cambridge from 10 to 17 September 1967 under the title 'Micropalaeontology of Marine Bottom Sediments'<span></span></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">91–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18748-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18748-0"><bdi>978-0-521-18748-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+distribution+of+marine+dinoflagellates+in+relation+to+physical+and+chemical+conditions&rft.btitle=The+Micropalaeontology+of+Oceans%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Symposium+held+in+Cambridge+from+10+to+17+September+1967+under+the+title+%27Micropalaeontology+of+Marine+Bottom+Sediments%27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-521-18748-0&rft.au=D.+B.+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcNutoYzqkY8C%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudit_Padisák2005" class="citation book cs1">Judit Padisák (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jsg4Cwp5-C0C&pg=PA285">"Phytoplankton"</a>. In Patrick E. O'Sullivan; Colin S. Reynolds (eds.). <i>Limnology and Limnetic Ecology</i>. The Lakes Handbook. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">251–</span>308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-04797-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-04797-0"><bdi>978-0-632-04797-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phytoplankton&rft.btitle=Limnology+and+Limnetic+Ecology&rft.series=The+Lakes+Handbook&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E308&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-632-04797-0&rft.au=Judit+Padis%C3%A1k&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djsg4Cwp5-C0C%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmopolitan+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_distribution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" 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id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A" title="التوزع العالمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التوزع العالمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolit_n%C3%B6vl%C9%99r" title="Kosmopolit növlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kosmopolit növlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Космополит (биология) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Космополит (биология)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolitsko_rasprostranjenje" title="Kosmopolitsko rasprostranjenje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kosmopolitsko rasprostranjenje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitisme_(biologia)" title="Cosmopolitisme (biologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cosmopolitisme (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolit" title="Kosmopolit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kosmopolit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolit_(Biologie)" title="Kosmopolit (Biologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kosmopolit (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopoliidid_(bioloogia)" title="Kosmopoliidid (bioloogia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kosmopoliidid (bioloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribuci%C3%B3n_cosmopolita" title="Distribución cosmopolita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Distribución cosmopolita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolita_distribuo_(biologio)" title="Kosmopolita distribuo (biologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosmopolita distribuo (biologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaketa_kosmopolita" title="Banaketa kosmopolita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Banaketa kosmopolita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پراکندگی جهان‌میهنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پراکندگی جهان‌میهنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9partition_cosmopolite" title="Répartition cosmopolite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Répartition cosmopolite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolityske_fersprieding" title="Kosmopolityske fersprieding – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kosmopolityske fersprieding" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1ileadh_cosmapolaiteach" title="Dáileadh cosmapolaiteach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dáileadh cosmapolaiteach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Կոսմոպոլիտներ (կենսաբանություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոսմոպոլիտներ (կենսաբանություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="सार्वत्रिक वितरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सार्वत्रिक वितरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribusi_kosmopolitan" title="Distribusi kosmopolitan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Distribusi kosmopolitan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribuzione_cosmopolita" title="Distribuzione cosmopolita – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Distribuzione cosmopolita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="קוסמופוליטיות (ביולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוסמופוליטיות (ביולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributio_cosmopolita" title="Distributio cosmopolita – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Distributio cosmopolita" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmopolita_%C3%A9l%C5%91l%C3%A9ny" title="Kozmopolita élőlény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kozmopolita élőlény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Космополитизам (биологија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Космополитизам (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolitische_verspreiding" title="Kosmopolitische verspreiding – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kosmopolitische verspreiding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%8E%E5%AD%98%E7%A8%AE" title="汎存種 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="汎存種" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolitisk_utbredelse" title="Kosmopolitisk utbredelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kosmopolitisk utbredelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolitisk_utbreiing" title="Kosmopolitisk utbreiing – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kosmopolitisk utbreiing" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolitlar" title="Kosmopolitlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kosmopolitlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatunek_kosmopolityczny" title="Gatunek kosmopolityczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gatunek kosmopolityczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_cosmopolita" title="Distribuição cosmopolita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Distribuição cosmopolita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolit_(biologie)" title="Cosmopolit (biologie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cosmopolit (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Космополитизм (биология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Космополитизм (биология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="සාර්වභෞමික ව්‍යාප්තිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සාර්වභෞමික ව්‍යාප්තිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cosmopolitan distribution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmopolit_(biogeografija)" title="Kozmopolit (biogeografija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kozmopolit (biogeografija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Космополит (биологија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Космополит (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopoliitti_(biologia)" title="Kosmopoliitti (biologia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kosmopoliitti (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopolit_(biologi)" title="Kosmopolit (biologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kosmopolit (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பல்வள இயைபுப் பரவல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பல்வள இயைபுப் பரவல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmopolit_da%C4%9F%C4%B1l%C4%B1m" title="Kozmopolit dağılım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kozmopolit dağılım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Космополітизм (біологія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Космополітизм (біологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_b%E1%BB%91_to%C3%A0n_c%E1%BA%A7u" title="Phân bố toàn cầu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân bố toàn cầu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="世界分布 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="世界分布" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 December 2024, at 04:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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