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class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="丕賱賲賵賯毓"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="丕賱賯丕卅賲丞丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">丕賱賯丕卅賲丞丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">丕賱賯丕卅賲丞丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">丕賳賯賱賱賱卮乇賷胤丕賱噩丕賳亘賷</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">兀禺賮</button> </div> <div id="p-encyclopedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-encyclopedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 丕賱賲賵爻賵毓丞 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a 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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>兀丨丿孬丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇丕鬲</span></a></li><li id="n-wrecentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9"><span>兀丨丿孬丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇丕鬲丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 鬲氐賮丨 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-subjects" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD"><span>丕賱賲賵丕囟賷毓</span></a></li><li id="n-index" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9"><span>兀亘噩丿賷</span></a></li><li id="n-portals" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD"><span>亘賵丕亘丕鬲</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="丨賲賱氐賮丨丞毓卮賵丕卅賷丞 [x]" accesskey="x"><span>賲賯丕賱丞毓卮賵丕卅賷丞</span></a></li><li id="n-Kiwix" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3"><span>鬲氐賮丨賲賳睾賷乇廿賳鬲乇賳鬲</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-contributing" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-contributing" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 賲卮丕乇賰丞 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7"><span>鬲賵丕氐賱賲毓賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="丨賷孬鬲噩丿丕賱賲爻丕毓丿丞"><span>賲爻丕毓丿丞</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86"><span>丕賱賲賷丿丕賳</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ar.svg" style="width: 7em; 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href=\"/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_2023\" title=\"鬲氐賳賷賮:賲匕丕亘丨禺賱丕賱丕賱丨乇亘丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷丞丕賱廿爻乇丕卅賷賱賷丞 2023\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱賯鬲賱丕賱賲丿賳賷賷賳\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E \n\u003Cb\u003E賱丕 \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A\" title=\"賲噩夭乇丞賲爻鬲卮賮賶丕賱賲毓賲丿丕賳賷\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱丕爻鬲賴丿丕賮丕賱賲爻鬲卮賮賷丕鬲賵丕賱賲丿丕乇爻\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E .... \u003Cb\u003E賱丕 \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89#丕賱丿毓丕賷丞_丕賱廿爻乇丕卅賷賱賷丞\" title=\"毓賲賱賷丞胤賵賮丕賳丕賱兀賯氐賶\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱賱鬲囟賱賷賱賵丕賱賰賷賱亘賲賰賷丕賱賷賳\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81_%D8%A5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9_2023\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"賵賯賮廿胤賱丕賯丕賱賳丕乇賮賷睾夭丞 2023\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:white\"\u003E兀賵賯賮賵丕丕賱丨乇亘\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E .... 賵丕賳卮乇賵丕丕賱爻賱丕賲丕賱毓丕丿賱賵丕賱卮丕賲賱\u003C/b\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\n\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="丕賱賲賵賯毓"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">丕賳賯賱賱賱卮乇賷胤丕賱噩丕賳亘賷</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">兀禺賮</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">丕賱賲賯丿賲丞</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-丕賱兀賴丿丕賮" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#丕賱兀賴丿丕賮"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>丕賱兀賴丿丕賮</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-丕賱兀賴丿丕賮-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-丕賱乇賵丕亘胤_丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#丕賱乇賵丕亘胤_丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>丕賱乇賵丕亘胤丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-丕賱乇賵丕亘胤_丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-賲乇丕噩毓" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#賲乇丕噩毓"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>賲乇丕噩毓</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-賲乇丕噩毓-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="鬲亘丿賷賱毓乇囟噩丿賵賱丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">鬲亘丿賷賱毓乇囟噩丿賵賱丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">賰賱賷丞卮乇胤丞丿亘賷</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="賴匕賴丕賱賲賯丕賱丞鬲鬲賵丕噩丿賮賯胤賮賷賴匕賴丕賱賱睾丞. 兀囟賮賴丕廿賱賶丕賱賱睾丕鬲丕賱兀禺乇賶." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">兀囟賮賱睾丕鬲</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12236138#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="廿囟丕賮丞賵氐賱丕鬲亘賷賳丕賱賱睾丕鬲" class="wbc-editpage">兀囟賮賵氐賱丕鬲</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="賳胤丕賯丕鬲"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="丕毓乇囟氐賮丨丞丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶 [c]" accesskey="c"><span>賲賯丕賱丞</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4:%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="賳賯丕卮氐賮丨丞丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶 (丕賱氐賮丨丞睾賷乇賲賵噩賵丿丞) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>賳賯丕卮</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="睾賷賾乇賱賴噩丞丕賱賱睾丞" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">丕賱毓乇亘賷丞</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="賲毓丕賷賳丞"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A"><span>丕賯乇兀</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A&action=edit" title="毓丿賱丕賱賰賵丿丕賱賲氐丿乇賷賱賴匕賴丕賱氐賮丨丞 [e]" accesskey="e"><span>毓丿賾賱</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A&action=history" title="丕賱賳爻禺丕賱爻丕亘賯丞賱賴匕賴丕賱氐賮丨丞 [h]" accesskey="h"><span>鬲丕乇賷禺</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="兀丿賵丕鬲丕賱氐賮丨丞"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="兀丿賵丕鬲" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">兀丿賵丕鬲</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">兀丿賵丕鬲</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">丕賳賯賱賱賱卮乇賷胤丕賱噩丕賳亘賷</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">兀禺賮</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="丕賱賲夭賷丿賲賳丕賱禺賷丕乇丕鬲" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 廿噩乇丕亍丕鬲 </div> <div 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.entete.water-polo{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Water_polo_pictogram.svg/40px-Water_polo_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67892660">@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sm_th{background-color:#27292d!important;color:#fff}}</style> <table class="infobox infobox_v2" cellspacing="3px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> <table style="text-align:center; width:100%; border-spacing:0px;"> <tbody><tr class="entete defaut" style="background-color:#E46B6B;"> <td style="width:10%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Picto_infobox_universit%C3%A9.png/40px-Picto_infobox_universit%C3%A9.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Picto_infobox_universit%C3%A9.png/60px-Picto_infobox_universit%C3%A9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Picto_infobox_universit%C3%A9.png/80px-Picto_infobox_universit%C3%A9.png 2x" data-file-width="91" data-file-height="45" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:80%; color:#FFFFFF;">賰賱賷丞卮乇胤丞丿亘賷 </td> <td style="width:10%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </th></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E1E1E1;color:#000000"> 賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 </th> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E1E1E1;color:#000000"> 丕賱賲賵賯毓丕賱噩睾乇丕賮賷 </th> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E1E1E1;color:#000000"> 廿丨氐丕亍丕鬲 </th> </tr><tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #D9464B dotted; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: left;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:right;"><a class="external text" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A&action=edit&section=0"><span style="color:var(--color-base--hover, #555);">鬲毓丿賷賱賲氐丿乇賷</span></a> - <a class="external text" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A&veaction=edit"><span style="color:var(--color-base--hover, #555);">鬲毓丿賷賱</span></a> </span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="胤丕賱毓鬲賵孬賷賯丕賱賯丕賱亘"><img alt="胤丕賱毓鬲賵孬賷賯丕賱賯丕賱亘" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞卮乇胤丞丿亘賷.</b> 兀賳卮卅鬲賮賷丕賱毓丕賲 1987 亘賲賯鬲囟賶丕賱賯丕賳賵賳乇賯賲 ( 1) 賱爻賳丞 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 亘丿兀鬲乇爻賲賷丕丕賱丿乇丕爻丞賮賷丕賱鬲丕爻毓毓卮乇賲賳爻亘鬲賲亘乇賱毓丕賲 1987 貙丕賳胤賱丕賯丕賲賳賲丿乇爻丞鬲丿乇賷亘丕賱卮乇胤丞亘廿丿丕乇丞丕賱胤賵丕乇卅賮賷丨賷賳賴廿賱賶兀賳丕賰鬲賲賱賲亘賳賶丕賱兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞賮賷卮賰賱賴丕賱丨丕賱賷. </p><p>丕賰鬲賲賱鬲丕賱亘賳賷丞丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞賱賱賰賱賷丞賮賷卮賴乇兀賰鬲賵亘乇賲賳毓丕賲 1988 賱丿賶廿氐丿丕乇丕賱賯乇丕乇乇賯賲 1 賱爻賳丞 1988 賮賷卮兀賳丕賱賱丕卅丨丞丕賱丿丕禺賱賷丞賱賰賱賷丞丕賱卮乇胤賭丞貙賵丕賮鬲鬲丨賭賭鬲丕賱賰賱賷丞乇爻賲賷丕賮賷丕賱兀賵賱賲賳兀亘乇賷賱毓丕賲 1989. </p><p>丕爻鬲賯亘賱鬲丕賱賰賱賷丞胤賱丕亘丕賲賳兀亘賳丕亍丿賵賱賲噩賱爻丕賱鬲毓丕賵賳賮賷丕賱毓丕賲丕賱丿乇丕爻賷 88 /89貙賵鬲賲賯亘賭賭賭賵賱胤賱丕亘賲賳兀亘賳丕亍亘毓囟丕賱丿賵賱丕賱毓乇亘賷丞賲孬賱丕賱噩賲賴賵乇賷丞丕賱毓乇亘賷丞丕賱賷賲賳賷丞賵丕賱爻賱胤丞丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷丞賮賷丕賱毓丕賲丕賱丿乇丕爻賷 96 / 97. </p><p>賵丕丨鬲賮賱鬲丕賱賰賱賷丞亘鬲禺乇賷噩丕賱丿賮毓丞丕賱兀賵賱賶賲賳丕賱囟亘丕胤丕賱賲乇卮丨賷賳賵丕賱囟亘丕胤丕賱賲鬲賮乇睾賷賳丕賱丨丕氐賱賷賳毓賱賶丿乇噩丞 <a href="/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="廿噩丕夭丞噩丕賲毓賷丞">丕賱賱賷爻丕賳爻</a> 賮賷 <a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="賯丕賳賵賳">丕賱賯丕賳賵賳</a> 賵毓賱賵賲丕賱卮乇胤丞賮賷丕賱孬賱丕孬賷賳賲賳兀賰鬲賵亘乇毓丕賲 1991. </p><p>鬲賲賲毓丕丿賱丞丿乇噩丞丕賱賱賷爻丕賳爻丕賱賲賲賳賵丨丞賲賳賰賱賷丞卮乇胤丞丿亘賷亘丿乇噩丞丕賱賱賷爻丕賳爻賮賷丕賱丨賯賵賯賵丕賱鬲賷鬲賲賳丨賴丕丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲丕賱賲賳丕馗乇丞亘丕賱噩丕賲毓丕鬲丕賱賲氐乇賷丞亘鬲丕乇賷禺 22/2/ 1992 貙賵鬲賲丕賱丕毓鬲乇丕賮乇爻賲賷丕亘兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞卮乇胤丞丿亘賷賲賳賯亘賱賵夭丕乇丞丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲丕賱毓丕賱賷賵丕賱亘丨孬丕賱毓賱賲賷賱賱毓賲賱賮賷賲噩丕賱丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲丕賱毓丕賱賷亘賲賵噩亘賯乇丕乇丕賱賵夭賷乇乇賯賲 (51) 賱爻賳丞 1994. </p><p>賵兀賳卮卅亘乇賳丕賲噩賱賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲丕賱毓賱賷丕賮賷丕賱賯丕賳賵賳賵毓賱賵賲丕賱卮乇胤丞賮賷丕賱毓丕賲丕賱丿乇丕爻賷 98 / 99 賵鬲賲胤乇丨 <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="賲丕噩爻鬲賷乇">賲丕噩爻鬲賷乇</a> 賮賷 <a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="賯丕賳賵賳毓丕賲">丕賱賯丕賳賵賳丕賱毓丕賲</a> 賵賲丕噩爻鬲賷乇賮賷 <a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5" title="賯丕賳賵賳禺丕氐">丕賱賯丕賳賵賳丕賱禺丕氐</a>. </p><p>鬲賲鬲睾賷賷乇賲爻賲賶丕賱賰賱賷丞廿賱賶兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞亘鬲丕乇賷禺 13 /12 /2001. 賰賲丕鬲賲廿囟丕賮丞賲丕噩爻鬲賷乇賮賷丕賱毓賱賵賲丕賱噩賳丕卅賷丞賮賷毓丕賲 2002. </p><p>賵丨氐賱鬲丕賱兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞毓賱賶丕毓鬲賲丕丿亘乇賳丕賲賭賭賭噩丕賱賲丕噩爻鬲賷乇賮賷丕賱賯丕賳賭賭賭賵賳賮賷丕賱毓丕賲丕賱丿乇丕爻賷 2003 / 2004 . 賵賮賷丕賱毓丕賲 2006 鬲賲廿囟丕賮丞亘乇丕賲噩賲丕噩爻鬲賷乇賮賷丕賱鬲禺氐氐丕鬲丕賱丌鬲賷丞 : 賲丕噩爻鬲賷乇賮賷 <a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="賯丕賳賵賳鬲噩丕乇賷">丕賱賯丕賳賵賳丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷</a> 賵丕賱丕爻鬲孬賲丕乇丕鬲丕賱丿賵賱賷丞貙賵賲丕噩爻鬲賷乇 <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9" title="毓賱賵賲丕賱卮乇胤丞">毓賱賵賲丕賱卮乇胤丞</a> 賮賷廿丿丕乇丞丕賱兀夭賲丕鬲丕賱兀賲賳賷丞貙賵賲丕噩爻鬲賷乇毓賱賵賲丕賱卮乇胤丞賮賷丕賱亘丨孬丕賱噩賳丕卅賷貙賵賮賷丕賱毓丕賲 2010 鬲賲丕毓鬲賲丕丿丿乇噩丞 <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87" title="丿賰鬲賵乇丕賴">丕賱丿賰鬲賵乇丕賴</a> 賮賷丕賱賯丕賳賵賳賵毓賱賵賲丕賱卮乇胤丞丕賱鬲賷鬲賲賳丨賴丕丕賱兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="丕賱兀賴丿丕賮"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A3.D9.87.D8.AF.D8.A7.D9.81"></span>丕賱兀賴丿丕賮</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A&action=edit&section=1" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 丕賱兀賴丿丕賮"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞卮乇胤丞丿亘賷亘丿兀鬲賮賷丕賱毓丕賲 1987 亘亘乇賳丕賲噩賯丕賳賵賳賷賵丕丨丿賯丿禺氐氐賱賱胤賱亘丞丕賱賲乇卮丨賷賳賲賳丕噩賱丕賱丨氐賵賱毓賱賶丿乇噩丞丕賱賱賷爻丕賳爻賮賷丕賱賯丕賳賵賳賵丿亘賱賵賲毓賱賵賲丕賱卮乇胤丞. 賵賲賳孬賲鬲賲賮鬲丨亘丕亘丕賱賯亘賵賱賱賱賲賵馗賮賷賳丕賱乇丕睾亘賷賳亘丕爻鬲賰賲丕賱丿乇丕爻鬲賴賲丕賱噩丕賲毓賷丞賱賱丨氐賵賱毓賱賶丿乇噩丞丕賱賱賷爻丕賳爻賮賷丕賱賯丕賳賵賳賱賷賰賵賳亘乇賳丕賲噩胤賱亘丞丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲丕賱賲爻丕卅賷丞賳賵丕丞賱鬲賱賰丕賱賲亘丕丿乇丞. </p><p>賵賮賷丕賱毓丕賲 1998貙兀胤賱賯鬲丕賱兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞亘乇賳丕賲噩丕賱賲丕噩爻鬲賷乇賮賷丕賱賯丕賳賵賳丕賱毓丕賲賵丕賱賯丕賳賵賳丕賱禺丕氐賱禺乇賷噩賷賱賰賱賷丕鬲丕賱賯丕賳賵賳毓賱賶賲爻鬲賵賶丕賱丿賵賱丞賵丿賵賱賲噩賱爻丕賱鬲毓丕賵賳. 賵賳馗乇丕賱賱夭賷丕丿丞丕賱賲囟胤乇丿丞賮賷毓丿丿丕賱禺乇賷噩賷賳賵毓丿丿丕賱胤賱亘丞丕賱乇丕睾亘賷賳賮賷賲賵丕氐賱丞丿乇丕爻丕鬲賴賲丕賱噩丕賲毓賷丞賱賱丨氐賵賱毓賱賶丿乇噩丞丕賱賲丕噩爻鬲賷乇賮賷丕賱賯丕賳賵賳鬲賲廿囟丕賮丞亘乇賳丕賲噩丕賱賲丕噩爻鬲賷乇賮賷丕賱毓賱賵賲丕賱噩賳丕卅賷丞賮賷毓丕賲 2003貙賵賲毓亘丿丕賷丞丕賱毓丕賲丕賱兀賰丕丿賷賲賷 2007貙兀胤賱賯鬲丕賱兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞亘乇賳丕賲噩賷丕賱賲丕噩爻鬲賷乇賮賷廿丿丕乇丞丕賱兀夭賲丕鬲丕賱兀賲賳賷丞賵丕賱亘丨孬丕賱噩賳丕卅賷賱鬲賱亘賷丞丕丨鬲賷丕噩丕鬲丕賱噩賴丕鬲丕賱兀賲賳賷丞亘丕賱丿賵賱丞賱賴匕賷賳丕賱鬲禺氐氐賷賳丕賱賲鬲賲賷夭賷賳貙賵賯丿賮丕賯丕賱毓丿丿丕賱賲鬲賯丿賲賱賱丕賳鬲馗丕賲亘丕賱丿乇丕爻丞賮賷鬲賱賰丕賱亘乇丕賲噩. </p><p>廿賳丕賱噩賴賵丿丕賱爻丕亘賯丞丕賱鬲賷賯丕賲鬲亘賴丕廿丿丕乇丞丕賱兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞賮賷爻毓賷賴丕賱廿胤賱丕賯亘乇丕賲噩兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞賲鬲賲賷夭丞貙鬲賵噩亘廿胤賱丕賯亘乇丕賲噩丕賱丿賰鬲賵乇丕賴賮賷丕賱賯丕賳賵賳賮賷毓丕賲 2009 賱鬲賰賵賳亘匕賱賰兀賵賱賰賱賷丞毓賱賶賲爻鬲賵賶丕賱丿賵賱丞賵毓賱賶賲爻鬲賵賶丿賵賱賲噩賱爻丕賱鬲毓丕賵賳賱廿胤賱丕賯匕賱賰丕賱亘乇賳丕賲噩丕賱匕賷丨馗賷亘丕毓鬲賲丕丿賴賷卅丞丕賱丕毓鬲賲丕丿丕賱兀賰丕丿賷賲賷亘丕賱丿賵賱丞. </p><p>廿賳丕爻鬲賲乇丕乇毓胤丕亍丕賱兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞毓賱賶賲丿丕乇丕賱禺賲爻賵毓卮乇賷賳毓丕賲丕丕賱賲丕囟賷丞賲丕賴賵廿賱丕賴賵丿賱賷賱毓賱賶賳噩丕丨乇丐賷丞賵廿爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷丞丕賱賯賷丕丿丞丕賱毓丕賲丞賱卮乇胤丞丿亘賷亘丕賱賳爻亘丞賱鬲兀賴賷賱賰賵丕丿乇賴丕丕賱亘卮乇賷丞賮賷爻毓賷賴丕丕賱丿丕卅賲賱賱鬲賲賷夭賮賷丕賱賲噩丕賱丕鬲丕賱鬲賷鬲禺丿賲兀賲賳丕賱賲賵丕胤賳賵丕賱丿賵賱丞. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="丕賱乇賵丕亘胤_丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B1.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.A8.D8.B7_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AE.D8.A7.D8.B1.D8.AC.D9.8A.D8.A9"></span>丕賱乇賵丕亘胤丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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