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<span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_section" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_section"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First section</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_section-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_section" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_section"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Second section</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_section-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_section" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_section"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chapultepec</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chapultepec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chapultepec" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chapultepec" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Chapultepec" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chapultepec" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chapultepec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%AF_%D5%A6%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB" title="Չապուլտեպեկ զբոսայգի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չապուլտեպեկ զբոսայգի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chapultepec" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chapultepec" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%A7" title="צ'פולטפק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'פולטפק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Capultepekas" title="Čapultepekas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čapultepekas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83" title="تشابولتيبيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشابولتيبيك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapultepec_(heuvel)" title="Chapultepec (heuvel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chapultepec (heuvel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%9A%E3%82%AF" title="チャプルテペク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャプルテペク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chapultepec" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chapultepec" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Чапультепек – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чапультепек" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chapultepec" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chapultepec" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chapultepec" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Чапультепек – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чапультепек" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chapultepec" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q523194#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chapultepec" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chapultepec&params=19_24_47_N_99_11_52_W_type:mountain_region:MX"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°24′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">99°11′52″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.41306°N 99.19778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19.41306; -99.19778</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Urban park in Mexico City</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city park. For the battle, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Battle of Chapultepec</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chapultepec (disambiguation)">Chapultepec (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #abdb75; line-height: 140%;">Chapultepec</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puerta_de_los_leones_en_Chapultepec_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Puerta_de_los_leones_en_Chapultepec_2.jpg/250px-Puerta_de_los_leones_en_Chapultepec_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Puerta_de_los_leones_en_Chapultepec_2.jpg/375px-Puerta_de_los_leones_en_Chapultepec_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Puerta_de_los_leones_en_Chapultepec_2.jpg/500px-Puerta_de_los_leones_en_Chapultepec_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6396" data-file-height="4264" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Puerta_de_los_Leones" title="Puerta de los Leones">Puerta de los Leones</a></i></span>, the main entrance into Chapultepec</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Mexico_City.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chapultepec is located in Mexico City"><img alt="Chapultepec is located in Mexico City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Location_map_Mexico_City.png/250px-Location_map_Mexico_City.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Location_map_Mexico_City.png/375px-Location_map_Mexico_City.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Location_map_Mexico_City.png/500px-Location_map_Mexico_City.png 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="727" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.762%;left:18.59%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chapultepec"><img alt="Chapultepec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Chapultepec</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Mexico City</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_States_blank_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chapultepec is located in Mexico"><img alt="Chapultepec is located in Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mexico_States_blank_map.svg/250px-Mexico_States_blank_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mexico_States_blank_map.svg/375px-Mexico_States_blank_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mexico_States_blank_map.svg/500px-Mexico_States_blank_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="1326" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.707%;left:59.945%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chapultepec"><img alt="Chapultepec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Chapultepec</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Mexico</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="category"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></td></tr><tr class="label"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Hidalgo borough">Miguel Hidalgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chapultepec</b>, more commonly called the "<b>Bosque de Chapultepec</b>" (Chapultepec Forest) in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, is one of the largest city parks in Mexico, measuring in total just over 686 hectares (1,700 acres). Centered on a rock formation called Chapultepec Hill, one of the park's main functions is as an ecological space in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Greater Mexico City</a>. It is considered the first and most important of Mexico City's "lungs". </p><p>The area encompassing modern-day Chapultepec has been inhabited and considered a landmark since the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian era</a>, when it became a retreat for <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> rulers. In the colonial period, <a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Castle" title="Chapultepec Castle">Chapultepec Castle</a> was built here, eventually becoming the official residence of Mexico's heads of state. It would remain so until 1934, when <a href="/wiki/Los_Pinos" title="Los Pinos">Los Pinos</a>, in another area of the park, became the presidential residence. </p><p>Bosque de Chapultepec is divided into four sections, with the first section being the oldest and most visited. This section contains most of the park's attractions, including the castle, the <a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Zoo" title="Chapultepec Zoo">Chapultepec Zoo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Nacional de Antropología">Museum of Anthropology</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Rufino_Tamayo,_Mexico_City" title="Museo Rufino Tamayo, Mexico City">Rufino Tamayo Museum</a>, among others. It receives an estimated 15 million visitors per year. This prompted the need for major rehabilitation efforts that began in 2005 and ended in 2010. The government has authorized the construction of business, offices, and big parking lots for cars. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapultepec&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapultepec_Hill_WDL6745.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chapultepec_Hill_WDL6745.png/220px-Chapultepec_Hill_WDL6745.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chapultepec_Hill_WDL6745.png/330px-Chapultepec_Hill_WDL6745.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chapultepec_Hill_WDL6745.png/440px-Chapultepec_Hill_WDL6745.png 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Chapultepec Hill as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Tovar_Codex" class="mw-redirect" title="Tovar Codex">Tovar Codex</a>. The scene shows the Aztec <a href="/wiki/Tlatoani" title="Tlatoani">tlatoani</a> <a href="/wiki/Huitzilihuitl" title="Huitzilihuitl">Huitzilihuitl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tepanec" title="Tepanec">Tepanecs</a> (right) about to be defeated by the warriors of <a href="/wiki/Xochimilco_(altepetl)" title="Xochimilco (altepetl)">Xochimilco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalco_(alt%C3%A9petl)" title="Chalco (altépetl)">Chalco</a> (left).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to studies, there has been human presence in the area since at least the pre-Classic period. The first identified culture archaeologists have evidence for is the Toltecs. The Toltecs named the area "grasshopper hill", which would later become <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> "Chapoltepēc" ("at the grasshopper hill"). Remains of a Toltec altar have been found on the hill's summit. In the Classic Period, the area was occupied by people of the Teotihuacan culture. When the Mexicans, or Aztecs arrived in the Valley of Mexico, it was inhabited by a people called the <a href="/wiki/Tepaneca" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepaneca">Tepanecas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Azcapotzalco_(altepetl)" title="Azcapotzalco (altepetl)">Azcapotzalco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-historiaorg_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiaorg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Aztecs took over the Valley of Mexico, they considered the hill as both a sacred and strategic site. They began to use the area as a repository for the ashes of their rulers, and the area's springs became an important source of fresh water for the capital of Tenochtitlan.<sup id="cite_ref-historiaorg_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiaorg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the area became a retreat strictly limited to the ruling and religious elite. In the 1420s, ruler Nezahualcoyotl was the first to build a palace in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indaabin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indaabin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a> built reservoirs to raise exotic fish and to store water. He also had trees and plants from various parts of the Aztec Empire planted here. In 1465, <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_I" title="Moctezuma I">Moctezuma I</a> ordered his portrait carved into a rock at the foot of the hill and constructed the Tlaxpana aqueduct, which measured three km.<sup id="cite_ref-historiaorg_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiaorg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nocturno_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nocturno-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folding_screen._Sarao_in_a_garden_of_Chapultepec._18th_century._Museo_Nacional_de_Historia._Castle_of_Chapultepec_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Folding_screen._Sarao_in_a_garden_of_Chapultepec._18th_century._Museo_Nacional_de_Historia._Castle_of_Chapultepec_%28cropped%29.png/300px-Folding_screen._Sarao_in_a_garden_of_Chapultepec._18th_century._Museo_Nacional_de_Historia._Castle_of_Chapultepec_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Folding_screen._Sarao_in_a_garden_of_Chapultepec._18th_century._Museo_Nacional_de_Historia._Castle_of_Chapultepec_%28cropped%29.png/450px-Folding_screen._Sarao_in_a_garden_of_Chapultepec._18th_century._Museo_Nacional_de_Historia._Castle_of_Chapultepec_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Folding_screen._Sarao_in_a_garden_of_Chapultepec._18th_century._Museo_Nacional_de_Historia._Castle_of_Chapultepec_%28cropped%29.png/600px-Folding_screen._Sarao_in_a_garden_of_Chapultepec._18th_century._Museo_Nacional_de_Historia._Castle_of_Chapultepec_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dbu" title="Byōbu">Biombo</a>. <i>Sarao</i> [party] <i>in a garden of Chapultepec</i>, anonymous painter, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>–1790, Mexico City. <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Historia" title="Museo Nacional de Historia">National Museum of History</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Castle" title="Chapultepec Castle">Chapultepec Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, one of the last battles between the Spanish and ruler <a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Cuauhtémoc">Cuauhtémoc</a> occurred at Chapultepec Hill in 1521.<sup id="cite_ref-historiaorg_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiaorg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> built a small hermitage over the indigenous altar on Chapultepec Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-indaabin_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indaabin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> appropriated Chapultepec and granted the northern portion to Captain Juan Jaramillo, who would become the husband of <a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">La Malinche</a>. However, in 1530, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> decreed the area as the property of the Mexico City and open to it to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-historiaorg_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiaorg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish continued to use the Aztec aqueduct, but in 1771, another one was deemed necessary for the growing population of Mexico City. The <a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_aqueduct" title="Chapultepec aqueduct">Chapultepec aqueduct</a> led water from the springs of the forest to an area in what was the south of the city, called Salto del Agua. It flowed over 904 arches and 3,908 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-historiaorg_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiaorg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1785, the Franciscan hermitage was demolished to make way for the Chapultepec Castle, converting the hill and the forest around it into a summer retreat for colonial viceroys. The area was walled off from the general public and was the scene of elegant parties.<sup id="cite_ref-indaabin_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indaabin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pulmonverde_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulmonverde-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahuehuetes_en_Chapultepec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ahuehuetes_en_Chapultepec.jpg/220px-Ahuehuetes_en_Chapultepec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ahuehuetes_en_Chapultepec.jpg/330px-Ahuehuetes_en_Chapultepec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ahuehuetes_en_Chapultepec.jpg/440px-Ahuehuetes_en_Chapultepec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>An 1875 painting, <i>Ahuehuetes en Chapultepec</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Velasco_G%C3%B3mez" title="José María Velasco Gómez">José María Velasco Gómez</a> depicting the <a href="/wiki/Ahuehuete" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahuehuete">ahuehuetes</a> by the lake in Chapultepec. It is possible this is a view from Chapultepec Castle.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>After Mexico achieved independence in 1821, the Castle became the official residence of the head of state. A number of these, especially Emperor Maximilian I and his wife, embellished and expanded the castle as well as the forest area around it.<sup id="cite_ref-indaabin_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indaabin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hill was also the site of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Battle of Chapultepec</a> in 1847, <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">between Mexican and U.S.</a> troops led by General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>. Once the overwhelming attack was imminent, a band of cadets was ordered to retreat by their superiors, but they chose to stay and defend the castle. Six of them died in the battle, leading them to be known as <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes" title="Niños Héroes">"los Niños Héroes,"</a> and their story is celebrated in Mexico as an example of exemplary patriotism. Many myths have been woven around the story of "los Niños Héroes," the most famous being that of Juan Escutia, who allegedly jumped to his death wrapped in the Mexican flag rather than surrendering to the American troops. Although this is the most commonly known version of the story, many historians believe it wasn't possible. The six cadets are honored by a monument near where the alleged remains of the cadets were found. A hundred years after the war, it is believed that Mexico's president, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Miguel Alemán Valdés">Miguel Alemán</a>, planted the remains. This was to give more relevance to the patriotic story after a visit from then-president <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry Truman</a> to honor the fallen 100 years after the war wasn't well received.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The castle remained the official residence of Mexican presidents until 1940, when this function was moved to the Los Pinos residence, and the Castle was converted into a museum.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then, the park has been expanded twice, adding the second section in 1964<sup id="cite_ref-2seccion_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2seccion-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the third section ten years later.<sup id="cite_ref-3seccion_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3seccion-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the focus has been on the maintenance of the area. By 1998, the paths of the park, especially in the first section, were saturated with over 3,000 peddlers with few regulations or norms.<sup id="cite_ref-satura_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satura-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the first section of the park was closed for renovations, effectively evicting all vendors from the area. When it reopened months later, permits for selling were strictly limited, and police began to crack down on vendors in the park. However, some vendors continue to operate illegally and exchange information on the police's steps with radio communication equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-acceso_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acceso-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the entrances to the park, where the vendor restrictions are not in place, some vendors sometimes block the entrances and cover signs so that visitors are forced to pass through their stands.<sup id="cite_ref-laberinto_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laberinto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maintenance issues have closed parts of the park from time to time. In 1985, the park was closed to exterminate rats and other pests.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the park was filled with trees in poor condition, had scum in the lakes, and had trash piles in several locations, including fountains.<sup id="cite_ref-breathe_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breathe-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From that year until 2010, the park was closed section by section for restoration and rehabilitation projects. The first section was closed for eight months in 2005, for work that included dredging lakes, pruning and removing trees, picking up tons of debris, and expelling hundreds of vendors.<sup id="cite_ref-breathe_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breathe-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, projects on the second and third sections of the park began, mostly to control or eliminate rats, feral dogs and cats, pigeons, and other introduced species.<sup id="cite_ref-entrara_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrara-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, migratory birds began to make a comeback at the park with the eradication and relocation of introduced species such as geese and ducks, which were aggressive to other species. The park hosts more than 100 species of this kind of bird, with some reproducing here for the first time in decades. Other native mammals returned in 2005, including the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Virginia opossum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cacomistle" title="Cacomistle">cacomistle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fauna_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fauna-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, projects included renovating jogging tracks, and planting more than 800 trees, including <a href="/wiki/Senegalia_afra" title="Senegalia afra">acacia café</a>, pino azul, pino peñonero, holm oak, pino moctezuma, pino prieto and grevilia, as well as the removal of dead or severely infected trees. These rehabilitation efforts of the 2000s were funded by a combination of government and private funds from groups like Probosque.<sup id="cite_ref-saneamiento_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saneamiento-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapultepec&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lago_de_Chapultepec_V.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lago_de_Chapultepec_V.jpg/220px-Lago_de_Chapultepec_V.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lago_de_Chapultepec_V.jpg/330px-Lago_de_Chapultepec_V.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lago_de_Chapultepec_V.jpg/440px-Lago_de_Chapultepec_V.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Overlooking the lake towards <a href="/wiki/Polanco,_Mexico_City" title="Polanco, Mexico City">Polanco</a> from Chapultepec Castle</figcaption></figure> <p>Chapultepec Park is the second largest city park in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Metropolitan_Park" title="Santiago Metropolitan Park">Santiago Metropolitan Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, measuring in total just over 686 hectares (1,700 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-historiaorg_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiaorg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3seccion_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3seccion-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-entrara_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrara-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is classed as one of the world's largest and most visited urban parks, along with <a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne" title="Bois de Boulogne">Bois de Boulogne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Imperial Gardens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Chapultepec" means "at the grasshopper hill" in <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> and refers to a large rock formation that is the center of the park's first section. Originally, this area was a forest outside of <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a>, once considered sacred in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">pre-Columbian times</a>, but today it is entirely within the city (mostly in the borough of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo,_D.F." class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Hidalgo, D.F.">Miguel Hidalgo</a>), surrounded by some of its primary business and commercial districts.<sup id="cite_ref-historiaorg_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiaorg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-herrera_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herrera-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park is divided into three sections, the first and oldest surrounded by fencing and closed at night, with the other two left open. It contains nine museums, amusement parks, winding paths, commemorative sculptures, lakes and fountains.<sup id="cite_ref-historiaorg_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiaorg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paseo_de_la_Reforma" title="Paseo de la Reforma">Paseo de la Reforma</a> passes most of the park and cuts through a portion on the north side.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the park's main functions is to be an ecological space for <a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Greater Mexico City</a>. It is considered the first and most important of Mexico City's "lungs", with trees that replenished oxygen to the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico" title="Valley of Mexico">Valley of Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-entrara_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrara-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-saneamiento_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saneamiento-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a large unpaved area that allows for aquifer recharge, ameliorates the "heat-island" effect, and attracts rain.<sup id="cite_ref-entrara_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrara-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a refuge for migratory birds from Canada, the U.S. and other regions of Mexico, including the <a href="/wiki/Cooper_hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooper hawk">Cooper hawk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Harris%27s_hawk" title="Harris's hawk">Harris's hawk</a>, wild ducks, and Vireos, Warblers and Kingfishers.<sup id="cite_ref-entrara_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrara-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anywhere from 20 to 60 species of birds can be found here during one morning birding, including some native non-migratory species such as the Berylline Hummingbird, Lesser Goldfinch, House Finch, Rufous-backed Robin, Black-backed Oriole, Cinnamon-bellied Flowerpiercer and breeding colonies of Great Egret and Black-crowned Night Heron <sup id="cite_ref-entrara_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrara-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also more than a dozen species of reptiles and amphibians,<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a number of species of various types that are in danger of extinction, including the <a href="/wiki/Axolotl" title="Axolotl">axolotl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goodeidae" title="Goodeidae">Goodeidae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alandria" title="Alandria">alandria</a> moths.<sup id="cite_ref-entrara_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrara-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park is home to a large number of <a href="/wiki/Taxodium_mucronatum" title="Taxodium mucronatum">Montezuma cypress</a>, locally called "ahuehuete" trees, with some hundreds of years old. Many of them were planted by the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a>. There are also 165 other species, mostly in the third section.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated by city authorities that <a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">MXN</a>$100 million are needed annually to maintain the ecology of the park.<sup id="cite_ref-entrara_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrara-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RESTOS_DE_ALBERCA_CHAPULTEPEC_CDMEXICO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/RESTOS_DE_ALBERCA_CHAPULTEPEC_CDMEXICO.jpg/220px-RESTOS_DE_ALBERCA_CHAPULTEPEC_CDMEXICO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/RESTOS_DE_ALBERCA_CHAPULTEPEC_CDMEXICO.jpg/330px-RESTOS_DE_ALBERCA_CHAPULTEPEC_CDMEXICO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/RESTOS_DE_ALBERCA_CHAPULTEPEC_CDMEXICO.jpg/440px-RESTOS_DE_ALBERCA_CHAPULTEPEC_CDMEXICO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="1225" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Chapultepec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baths of Chapultepec (page does not exist)">Baths of Chapultepec</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For Mexico City residents, the park is valued as a cultural and historic area as well as green space.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area has vestiges showing human presence as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltecs</a> with a number ruins from the pre-Columbian through to the colonial period.<sup id="cite_ref-entrara_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrara-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archeological studies have unearthed and identified tombs associated with <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a>, a Toltec altar on the summit of Chapultepec Hill, remains of a <a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_aqueduct" title="Chapultepec aqueduct">colonial era aqueduct</a>, paths associated with <a href="/wiki/Nezahualcoyotl_(tlatoani)" title="Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)">Nezahualcoyotl</a>, and an area where Aztec priests ingested <a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">peyote</a> as part of religious rites.<sup id="cite_ref-entrara_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrara-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One notable site is the Baths of Moctezuma, which was a systems of tanks, reservoirs, canals and waterfalls constructed by the Aztecs.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia" title="Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia">Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia</a> has the park, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Castle" title="Chapultepec Castle">Castle of Chapultepec</a> on the hill, listed as Mexican heritage sites. They submitted the area for consideration as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1seccion_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1seccion-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cerro_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cerro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The park received an estimated 15 million visitors each year, and daily visits exceed 250,000.<sup id="cite_ref-entrara_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrara-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-daran_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daran-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunday is the most popular day to visit because the museums are free, and visitors may spend the entire day in one or more sections viewing the attractions, picnicking, or grilling.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its local popularity, however, foreign visitors usually only see the small fraction of the park near the museums.<sup id="cite_ref-entrara_16-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrara-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park is easy to get to via public transportation. <a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_metro_station" title="Chapultepec metro station">Chapultepec metro station</a> provides easy access to the park from <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_1" title="Mexico City Metro Line 1">Mexico City Metro Metro Line 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metrob%C3%BAs_Line_7" title="Mexico City Metrobús Line 7">Mexico City Metrobús Line 7</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Constituyentes_metro_station" title="Constituyentes metro station">Constituyentes metro station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auditorio_metro_station" title="Auditorio metro station">Auditorio metro station</a> provide access from <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_7" title="Mexico City Metro Line 7">Mexico City Metro Line 7</a>. There is also access have stations at park entrances to the east and south respectively. Several bus lines along Paseo de la Reforma.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esquema_de_Chapultepec_Mexico_DF.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Esquema_de_Chapultepec_Mexico_DF.svg/700px-Esquema_de_Chapultepec_Mexico_DF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Esquema_de_Chapultepec_Mexico_DF.svg/1050px-Esquema_de_Chapultepec_Mexico_DF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Esquema_de_Chapultepec_Mexico_DF.svg/1400px-Esquema_de_Chapultepec_Mexico_DF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1829" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>General scheme of the three sections Chapultepec, Panteón Civil de Dolores, and Tacubaya, Polanco in Miguel Hidalgo delegation, in Spanish</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_section">First section</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapultepec&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_Nacional_de_Antropologia_(5605429532).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Museo_Nacional_de_Antropologia_%285605429532%29.jpg/220px-Museo_Nacional_de_Antropologia_%285605429532%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Museo_Nacional_de_Antropologia_%285605429532%29.jpg/330px-Museo_Nacional_de_Antropologia_%285605429532%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Museo_Nacional_de_Antropologia_%285605429532%29.jpg/440px-Museo_Nacional_de_Antropologia_%285605429532%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4013" data-file-height="2718" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Anthropology_(Mexico)" title="National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)">National Museum of Anthropology</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MX_TV_JARD%C3%8DN_BOT%C3%81NICO_DEL_BOSQUE_DE_CHAPULTEPEC_-_51224163890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/MX_TV_JARD%C3%8DN_BOT%C3%81NICO_DEL_BOSQUE_DE_CHAPULTEPEC_-_51224163890.jpg/220px-MX_TV_JARD%C3%8DN_BOT%C3%81NICO_DEL_BOSQUE_DE_CHAPULTEPEC_-_51224163890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/MX_TV_JARD%C3%8DN_BOT%C3%81NICO_DEL_BOSQUE_DE_CHAPULTEPEC_-_51224163890.jpg/330px-MX_TV_JARD%C3%8DN_BOT%C3%81NICO_DEL_BOSQUE_DE_CHAPULTEPEC_-_51224163890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/MX_TV_JARD%C3%8DN_BOT%C3%81NICO_DEL_BOSQUE_DE_CHAPULTEPEC_-_51224163890.jpg/440px-MX_TV_JARD%C3%8DN_BOT%C3%81NICO_DEL_BOSQUE_DE_CHAPULTEPEC_-_51224163890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Path through the <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> in the first section</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest and most visited portion of the park is called the "first section".<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the most developed area, and it has a wrought iron fence and gates that extend around its perimeter.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nocturno_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nocturno-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fences mostly separate it from the streets that form its boundaries: <a href="/wiki/Avenida_Constituyentes" title="Avenida Constituyentes">Avenida Constituyentes</a> (<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenida_Constituyentes_(Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico)" class="extiw" title="es:Avenida Constituyentes (Ciudad de México)">es</a>), Paseo de la Reforma, Calzada Chivatito, and the <a href="/wiki/Anillo_Perif%C3%A9rico" title="Anillo Periférico">Anillo Periférico</a>. The interior measures 274.03 hectares (677.1 acres), with 182 hectares (450 acres) of this being undeveloped green space.<sup id="cite_ref-1seccion_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1seccion-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains most of the best known of the park's attractions, such as the Lago Menor (Small Lake), the Nezahuacoyotl Fountain, the Fuente de las Ranas, the Quixote Fountain, the Templanza Fountain, the Altar a la Patria, the <a href="/wiki/Obelisco_a_los_Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes" title="Obelisco a los Niños Héroes">Obelisco a los Niños Héroes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monumento_a_las_%C3%81guilas_Ca%C3%ADdas" class="mw-redirect" title="Monumento a las Águilas Caídas">Monumento a las Águilas Caídas</a> (Monument to Fallen Eagles), The Ahuehuete, and the Baths of Moctezuma. The best-known museums in the park are in this section, including <a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Castle" title="Chapultepec Castle">Museo Nacional de Historia-Chapultepec Castle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Casa_del_Lago_Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Arreola" title="Casa del Lago Juan José Arreola">Casa del Lago</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Auditorium" class="mw-redirect" title="National Auditorium">National Auditorium</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centro_Cultural_del_Bosque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centro Cultural del Bosque (page does not exist)">Centro Cultural del Bosque</a> (<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Cultural_del_Bosque_(Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico)" class="extiw" title="es:Centro Cultural del Bosque (Ciudad de México)">es</a>), the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Anthropology_(Mexico)" title="National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)">National Museum of Anthropology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Rufino_Tamayo,_Mexico_City" title="Museo Rufino Tamayo, Mexico City">Rufino Tamayo Museum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_Moderno" title="Museo de Arte Moderno">Museo de Arte Moderno</a> (Modern Art Museum). It also contains the <a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Zoo" title="Chapultepec Zoo">Chapultepec Zoo</a>, the Jardín de la Tercera Edad, and the Audiorama.<sup id="cite_ref-1seccion_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1seccion-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are connected by various paved paths, many of which have names such as the Avenue of the Poets, which is lined with bronze busts of famous literary figures.<sup id="cite_ref-breathe_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breathe-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pathway also has trees that are hundreds of years old.<sup id="cite_ref-1seccion_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1seccion-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This section of the park also contains the geological formation that gave the park/forest its name: Chapultepec Hill. It is a formation of volcanic rock and <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a>, which is common in the Valley of Mexico and contains small caves and sand deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-cerro_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cerro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Chapultepec" in Nahuatl means "grasshopper hill" but it is not clear whether the "Chapul" (grasshopper) part refers to the shape of the hill, or the abundance of grasshoppers in the surrounding woods.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hill was considered special during the pre-Hispanic period from the Toltecs in the 12th century to the Aztecs up to the time of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Conquest by the Spanish</a>. Remains of a Toltec altar have been found at the top of the hill, a number of burials and its use was reserved only for <a href="/wiki/Tlatoani" title="Tlatoani">Aztec emperors</a> and other elite.<sup id="cite_ref-cerro_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cerro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indaabin_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indaabin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Conquest, a small chapel dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Michael">Archangel Michael</a> was built on the hill by <a href="/wiki/Claudio_de_Arciniega" title="Claudio de Arciniega">Claudio de Arciniega</a> in the middle of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-cerro_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cerro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century, the Spanish built the Chapultepec Castle, which initially was a summer retreat for <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indaabin_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indaabin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Independence</a>, the Castle remained for the elite, becoming the official residence of Mexico's heads of state, including the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico">Emperor Maximilian</a>, who had the Paseo de la Reforma built to connect this area with the historic center of the city. During this time, the Castle and the gardens around it were enlarged and embellished a number of times, giving the Castle a floorspace of 10,000 m<sup>2</sup> (110,000 sq ft). The most outstanding of the patios and garden is the Alcázar.<sup id="cite_ref-cerro_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cerro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indaabin_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indaabin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940, the president's residence was moved to the nearby <a href="/wiki/Los_Pinos" title="Los Pinos">Los Pinos</a> complex, and the castle was converted into the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Historia" title="Museo Nacional de Historia">National Museum of History</a>, under the auspices of the federal government, along with the rest of the hill.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cerro_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cerro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum contains twelve rooms which are open to the public, many of which as they were when the Emperor Maximilian lived there. It also contains a collection of furniture from the colonial period to the 19th century, utensils, suits, coins, manuscripts, sculptures in clay ivory and silver, and many other art works. A number of items belonged to figures such as <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos_y_Pav%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="José María Morelos y Pavón">José María Morelos y Pavón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín de Iturbide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-nocturno_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nocturno-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there are murals by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco" title="José Clemente Orozco">José Clemente Orozco</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_O%27Gorman" title="Juan O'Gorman">Juan O'Gorman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cerro_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cerro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the foot of the hill, there is a large monument to the Niños Héroes (also called the Altar a la Patria), who reportedly threw themselves to their death at the Castle rather than surrendering to <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">invading US troops in 1847</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This monument consist of six marble columns surrounding a mausoleum with the remains of the six cadets, and a figure of a woman who represents Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-rincones6470_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones6470-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_tribute_to_the_children_heroes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/A_tribute_to_the_children_heroes.jpg/220px-A_tribute_to_the_children_heroes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/A_tribute_to_the_children_heroes.jpg/330px-A_tribute_to_the_children_heroes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/A_tribute_to_the_children_heroes.jpg/440px-A_tribute_to_the_children_heroes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3640" data-file-height="2656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monumento_a_los_Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes" title="Monumento a los Niños Héroes">Monumento a los Niños Héroes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Chapultepec Zoo is the most visited attraction of the park, especially on Sundays. It is estimated that half of all park visitors come to the zoo.<sup id="cite_ref-pulmonverde_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulmonverde-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zoo was established by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_L._Herrera" title="Alfonso L. Herrera">Alfonso L. Herrera</a>, a biologist, and opened in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-herrera_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herrera-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herrera's intention was to reestablish the zoo tradition of the old Aztec emperors and improve upon it. He began with species native to Mexico and then added others from the rest of the world. He modeled the zoo after the <a href="/wiki/Bioparco_di_Roma" title="Bioparco di Roma">Bioparco di Roma</a> in Rome, Italy. Between 1950 and 1960, the zoo expanded and added new species. In 1975, the zoo obtained two <a href="/wiki/Panda" class="mw-redirect" title="Panda">pandas</a> from China. Since then, at least eight panda cubs have been born at the zoo, making it the first institution outside of China to breed the species. From 1992 to 1994, the zoo was completely remodeled, categorizing exhibits by habitat rather than type of species. Some of the most important Mexican species at the facility include a rabbit native to only a few volcanoes in Mexico, the <a href="/wiki/Volcano_rabbit" title="Volcano rabbit">volcano rabbit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_wolf" title="Mexican wolf">Mexican wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">ocelot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axolotl" title="Axolotl">axolotl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-herrera_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herrera-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zoohistoria_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zoohistoria-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, it has 16,000 animals of 270 species, separated into four sections according to habitat: tropical forest, temperate forest, desert, and grassland. About one third of the animals are native to Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-pulmonverde_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulmonverde-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the museums in the first section are located along Paseo de la Reforma.<sup id="cite_ref-pulmonverde_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulmonverde-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of all of the museums in the park, the most famous is the National Museum of Anthropology, considered one of the most famous archeological museums in the world. The museum has a number of antecedents beginning from the colonial period, but the current institution was created in the 1960s with the building and grounds designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Ram%C3%ADrez_V%C3%A1zquez" title="Pedro Ramírez Vázquez">Pedro Ramírez Vázquez</a>. This museum has an area of 44,000 m<sup>2</sup> (470,000 sq ft) and 25 exhibit halls with sections devoted to each of the major pre-Hispanic civilizations in Mexico, including the Aztec, <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a>, Toltec, and <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rincones6470_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones6470-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The permanent collection is quite large, and many visitors spend several hours seeing it. There are also temporary exhibits displayed year-round.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rufino Tamayo Museum is in the first section on Paseo de la Reforma. The permanent collection mostly focuses on the namesake, but there are also works by other Mexican and foreign artists that Tamayo donated.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his lifetime, Tamayo collected one of the most important collections of 20th-century art, which included art works from <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso">Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mir%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Miró">Miró</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Botero" title="Fernando Botero">Fernando Botero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magritte" class="mw-redirect" title="Magritte">Magritte</a>, and about 100 others.<sup id="cite_ref-rincones6470_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones6470-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_Chapultepec_(Museo_Nacional_de_Historia).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Castillo_de_Chapultepec_%28Museo_Nacional_de_Historia%29.JPG/220px-Castillo_de_Chapultepec_%28Museo_Nacional_de_Historia%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Castillo_de_Chapultepec_%28Museo_Nacional_de_Historia%29.JPG/330px-Castillo_de_Chapultepec_%28Museo_Nacional_de_Historia%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Castillo_de_Chapultepec_%28Museo_Nacional_de_Historia%29.JPG/440px-Castillo_de_Chapultepec_%28Museo_Nacional_de_Historia%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Castle" title="Chapultepec Castle">Chapultepec Castle</a> on top of Chapultepec Hill</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_Moderno" title="Museo de Arte Moderno">Museo de Arte Moderno</a> (Museum of Modern Art) is located on Paseo de la Reforma and Calle Gandhi, and it hosts various temporary exhibits.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum's complex was constructed using modern architecture techniques, which consisted of two circular buildings surrounding a sculpture garden. It contains one of the leading collections of modern art of the 20th century of Mexico. Artists include <a href="/wiki/Dr._Atl" title="Dr. Atl">Dr. Atl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a>, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and <a href="/wiki/Remedios_Varo" title="Remedios Varo">Remedios Varo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rincones6470_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones6470-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Casa de Cultura Quinta Colorada was originally a former accommodation for the forest rangers of the area in the early 20th century. The house was made using European style architecture techniques. It hosts various cultural activities for visitors and has a small planetarium.<sup id="cite_ref-rincones6470_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones6470-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the foot of the Chapultepec Hill is an extension of the Museum of History called the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Caracol" title="Museo del Caracol">Museo del Caracol</a> (Snail Museum). This museum narrates the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">history of Mexico</a> in the winding form of a snail, the shape of the building from which its name comes.<sup id="cite_ref-rincones6470_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones6470-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Luis_Barrag%C3%A1n_House_and_Studio" title="Luis Barragán House and Studio">Luis Barragán House and Studio</a> is the former home of architect <a href="/wiki/Luis_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Luis Barragán">Luis Barragán</a>. The house was kept nearly intact since 1948, including the workshop. It also exhibits artworks from the 19th and 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-rincones6470_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones6470-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most popular features in the first section is an artificial lake called the Lago Menor (Smaller Lake).<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cerro_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cerro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of two lakes in the park; the larger one, Lago Mayor, is in the second section. Lagor Menor, however, attracts more visitors than the other. Visitors can rent paddleboats and small rowboats at the lake. The Lago Menor was created in the late 19th century, when the first section (then the entire park) was redesigned. At the same time Lago Menor was created, the Casa del Lago was constructed. It is shallow with an average depth of a little over one meter.<sup id="cite_ref-pulmonverde_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulmonverde-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Casa del Lago, also called the Restaurante del Lago, is now a restaurant that serves continental food and some Mexican dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NezaMonumentFountainChapultepec3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NezaMonumentFountainChapultepec3.JPG/250px-NezaMonumentFountainChapultepec3.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NezaMonumentFountainChapultepec3.JPG/375px-NezaMonumentFountainChapultepec3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NezaMonumentFountainChapultepec3.JPG/500px-NezaMonumentFountainChapultepec3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nezahualcoyotl_(tlatoani)" title="Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)">Nezahualcoyotl</a> Fountain in Chapultepec Park</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the lake, there are a number of large fountains. The Quixote Fountain is surrounded by four benches covered in tile with images of <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a>. To the side of this plaza, there are two columns. On the right there is a figure of Quixote with the face of <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> and on the other side, there is a depiction of <a href="/wiki/Sancho_Panza" title="Sancho Panza">Sancho Panza</a> with the face of <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a>. Both statues were made of bronze by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Urbina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José María Fernández Urbina (page does not exist)">José María Fernández Urbina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nocturno_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nocturno-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fuente de las Ranas (Fountain of the Frogs) was created in the 1920s, by Miguel Alessio Robles in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-nocturno_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nocturno-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nezahualcoyotl Fountain was inaugurated in 1956. It measures 1,250 m<sup>2</sup> (13,500 sq ft) and surrounds a statue of the Aztec ruler nine meters tall in black stone.<sup id="cite_ref-rincones6470_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones6470-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the first section, there are different kinds of trees; the most common one is the Montezuma cypress, locally called "ahuehuetes". A number of these are hundreds of years old, although there are far fewer due to a past disease epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pulmonverde_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulmonverde-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One dead specimen is called the Ahuehuete of Moctezuma, commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/El_Sargento" title="El Sargento">El Sargento</a> (The Sargeant) or as the Centinela (Sentinel). The last two names were given by cadets of the <a href="/wiki/Heroic_Military_Academy_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroic Military Academy (Mexico)">Heroic Military Academy</a> during the 19th century. The 500-year-old tree remains as a monument to the area's history, measuring 50 metres (160 ft) high, forty in circumference. Another tree of the species, still living, is El Tlatoani, which is more than 700 years old and is the oldest tree in the park. In addition to these trees, there are sequoias, cedars, palms, <a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplars</a>, pines, <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">ginkgos</a>, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-pulmonverde_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulmonverde-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Los Pinos has been the official residence of the presidents of Mexico since 1941. Though the presidential residence is inside the park, there is no public access to it. The residence is made up of white stucco structures; this architecture can be seen from Molino del Rey, a former millhouse and site of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Molino_del_Rey" title="Battle of Molino del Rey">a battle of the Mexican–American War in 1847</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Los Pinos is on one edge of the park.<sup id="cite_ref-pulmonverde_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulmonverde-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Auditorium is one of Mexico City's principal arenas. It primarily hosts musical ensembles and dance troupes. Singers from Mexico and abroad perform there yearlong.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park hosts a number of cultural events during the year. One of them is the performance of <i><a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake" title="Swan Lake">Swan Lake</a></i>, which is conducted on a stage in Lago Menor. This performance has been given since 1978 in warmer months.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rincones6470_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones6470-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Night tours by train that go around the park are popular around Christmas time, when many of the attractions are lit for the season. The <a href="/wiki/Ballet_Folkl%C3%B3rico_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Ballet Folklórico de México">Ballet Folklórico de México</a> also holds performances on occasion at Chapultepec Castle.<sup id="cite_ref-nocturno_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nocturno-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_section">Second section</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapultepec&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gente_corriendo,_El_Sope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gente_corriendo%2C_El_Sope.jpg/220px-Gente_corriendo%2C_El_Sope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gente_corriendo%2C_El_Sope.jpg/330px-Gente_corriendo%2C_El_Sope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gente_corriendo%2C_El_Sope.jpg/440px-Gente_corriendo%2C_El_Sope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>People running at "El Sope" public track, second section of Chapultepec</figcaption></figure> <p>The second section of the park was created in 1964 by expanding over former farmlands. This section is separated by Anillo Periférico road and measures 160.02 hectares. It is not as developed as the first section, but it is also dedicated to recreational activities. Lago Mayor overlaps with the second section; this part of the lake contains the Monumental Fountain, the largest one in Latin America. It is surrounded by several restaurants and cafés. Nearby are the Compositores, Xochipilli and Las Serpientes fountains.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2seccion_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2seccion-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area contains jogging trails, places for yoga and karate, and other exercise facilities on the tree areas. Around 1,000 people each day go to this section to exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nosera_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nosera-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jogging trails were doubled from 2 km to 4 km in the late 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-trabajos_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trabajos-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One part of this section was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/La_Feria_Chapultepec_M%C3%A1gico" class="mw-redirect" title="La Feria Chapultepec Mágico">Feria de Chapultepec</a> amusement park, located near the Lago Mayor, just off the Anillo Periférico. The park had a capacity of 15,000 people and was visited by about two million each year. It includes several roller coasters, including the <a href="/wiki/Quimera" class="mw-redirect" title="Quimera">Quimera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-laferia_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laferia-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park closed in 2019 after a fatal incident on Quimera. The park will be replaced by Atzlan Parque Urbana, a more verdant park with a larger focus on live entertainment and themed to Mexico City's neighborhood. It will feature a few rides and is expected to open in the next few years. </p><p>This section contains museums such as <a href="/wiki/Papalote_Museo_del_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Papalote Museo del Niño">Papalote Museo del Niño</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museo_de_Historia_Natural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museo de Historia Natural (page does not exist)">Museo de Historia Natural</a> (<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_de_Historia_Natural_(M%C3%A9xico)" class="extiw" title="es:Museo de Historia Natural (México)">es</a>). El Papalote Museo del Niño is an interactive children's museum which invites children to touch and manipulate the exhibits. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carcacomochapultepec.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Carcacomochapultepec.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Carcacomochapultepec.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Carcacomochapultepec.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Carcacomochapultepec.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Carcacomochapultepec.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Carcacomochapultepec.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Cárcamo</i> and Tlaloc's fountain</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1rcamo_de_Dolores" title="Cárcamo de Dolores">Cárcamo de Dolores</a> hydraulic structure, found in this section, was built between 1942 and 1952 to capture water sent to the Valley of Mexico from the <a href="/wiki/Lerma_River" title="Lerma River">Lerma River</a> basin in the <a href="/wiki/Toluca_Valley" title="Toluca Valley">Toluca Valley</a>. The major parts open to the public consist of a pavilion, covered with an orange half cupola and a fountain with an image of <a href="/wiki/Tlaloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlaloc">Tlaloc</a>. Originally, the water was stored underground and pumped to the surface when needed. The main building has serpent heads on the four corners and there is a mural painted by Diego Rivera called <i>El agua: origen de la vida</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rincones6470_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones6470-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2seccion_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2seccion-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the second section of the park underwent rehabilitation, funded in part by a private charity group called Probosque de Chapultepec. Most of the work was done on the jogging track, the Tlaloc Fountain, the Cárcamo de Dolores building, the <i>El agua: origen de la vida</i> mural, and the construction of an <a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">agora</a>. These works together form the Museo Jardín del Agua (Water Garden Museum). In addition, a large number of dead trees were removed and about 800 new ones planted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-trabajos_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trabajos-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a carousel located in this area, having been relocated from the now defunct Charlestowne Mall in St. Charles, IL, after the mall closed down in 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_section">Third section</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapultepec&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Third section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Familia_Gogy_Farias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/La_Familia_Gogy_Farias.jpg/220px-La_Familia_Gogy_Farias.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/La_Familia_Gogy_Farias.jpg/330px-La_Familia_Gogy_Farias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/La_Familia_Gogy_Farias.jpg/440px-La_Familia_Gogy_Farias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2547" data-file-height="3268" /></a><figcaption><i>La Familia</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gogy_Far%C3%ADas" title="Gogy Farías">Gogy Farias</a> (1980), located in the third section of Bosque de Chapultepec</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElGobernanteGogy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ElGobernanteGogy.jpg/220px-ElGobernanteGogy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ElGobernanteGogy.jpg/330px-ElGobernanteGogy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ElGobernanteGogy.jpg/440px-ElGobernanteGogy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3917" data-file-height="2962" /></a><figcaption><i>The Ruler</i> (1980), by Gogy Farias, located in the Third Section</figcaption></figure> <p>The third section of the park is located on the west side of the second and was inaugurated in 1974. It has a surface area of 242.9 hectares. It is the least developed and least visited; it is filled with trees and wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-3seccion_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3seccion-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some recreational activities such as archery and horseback riding are practiced there, the importance of this area is primarily as an ecological preserve for various species of flora and fauna, such as snakes and lizards.<sup id="cite_ref-3seccion_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3seccion-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-entrara_16-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrara-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-microcosm_2-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, it was decreed as a Protected Natural Area.<sup id="cite_ref-3seccion_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3seccion-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, there were reports of feral dogs attacking visitors in the third section. Approximately 150 feral dogs were living in the small canyon areas of this section that year.<sup id="cite_ref-brigada_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brigada-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fourth_section">Fourth section</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapultepec&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fourth section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fourth section is the westernmost zone and it was inaugurated in 2021. It has a surface of 74 hectares. It was donated by the <a href="/wiki/SEDENA" class="mw-redirect" title="SEDENA">SEDENA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapultepec&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Peace_Accords" title="Chapultepec Peace Accords">Chapultepec Peace Accords</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapultepec&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-historiaorg-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historiaorg_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historiaorg_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historiaorg_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historiaorg_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historiaorg_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historiaorg_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historiaorg_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historiaorg_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historiaorg_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101114082249/http://www.chapultepec.org.mx/web2010/chapultepec/historia/historia.php">"Historia del Bosque de Chapultepec"</a> [History of the Forest of Chapultepc] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Dirección del Bosque de Chapultepec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chapultepec.org.mx/web2010/chapultepec/historia/historia.php">the original</a> on November 14, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historia+del+Bosque+de+Chapultepec&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Direcci%C3%B3n+del+Bosque+de+Chapultepec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chapultepec.org.mx%2Fweb2010%2Fchapultepec%2Fhistoria%2Fhistoria.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-microcosm-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microcosm_2-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Rother1987" class="citation news cs1">Larry Rother (December 13, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/13/travel/chapultepec-park-mexico-in-microcosm.html">"Chapultepec Park: Mexico in Microcosm"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. New York. p. A15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chapultepec+Park%3A+Mexico+in+Microcosm&rft.pages=A15&rft.date=1987-12-13&rft.au=Larry+Rother&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F12%2F13%2Ftravel%2Fchapultepec-park-mexico-in-microcosm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indaabin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indaabin_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indaabin_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indaabin_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indaabin_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indaabin_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indaabin_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indaabin_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722230036/http://www.indaabin.gob.mx/dgpif/historicos/bosque.htm">"Bosque de Chapultepec"</a> (in Spanish). Mexico: INDAABIN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indaabin.gob.mx/dgpif/historicos/bosque.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bosque+de+Chapultepec&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pub=INDAABIN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indaabin.gob.mx%2Fdgpif%2Fhistoricos%2Fbosque.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nocturno-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nocturno_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nocturno_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nocturno_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nocturno_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nocturno_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nocturno_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlos_Perez_Gallardo2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carlos Perez Gallardo (December 14, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inah.gob.mx/index.php/especiales/232-nocturno-a-chapultepec-">"Nocturno a Chapultepec"</a> (in Spanish). Mexico: INAH<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nocturno+a+Chapultepec&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pub=INAH&rft.date=2009-12-14&rft.au=Carlos+Perez+Gallardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inah.gob.mx%2Findex.php%2Fespeciales%2F232-nocturno-a-chapultepec-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediateca.inah.gob.mx/islandora_74/islandora/object/objetohistorico%3A2286">"Biombo. Sarao en un jardín de Chapultepec"</a>. <i>Multimedia Library of the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia" title="Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia">Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Multimedia+Library+of+the+Instituto+Nacional+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa+e+Historia&rft.atitle=Biombo.+Sarao+en+un+jard%C3%ADn+de+Chapultepec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmediateca.inah.gob.mx%2Fislandora_74%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fobjetohistorico%253A2286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_Manuel_Ruiz_Naupal2002" class="citation book cs1">Victor Manuel Ruiz Naupal (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030120321/http://www.tierradeideas.com/centro/local/chapultepec/doc_07.pdf"><i>Los jardines de Chapultepec y sus reflejos novohispanos</i></a> [<i>The Chapultepec Gardens and its New Spanish reflections</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 10. <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia" title="Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia">Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0188-8218">0188-8218</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierradeideas.com/centro/local/chapultepec/doc_07.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+jardines+de+Chapultepec+y+sus+reflejos+novohispanos&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa+e+Historia&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0188-8218&rft.au=Victor+Manuel+Ruiz+Naupal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tierradeideas.com%2Fcentro%2Flocal%2Fchapultepec%2Fdoc_07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|magazine=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pulmonverde-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pulmonverde_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pulmonverde_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pulmonverde_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pulmonverde_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pulmonverde_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pulmonverde_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pulmonverde_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pulmonverde_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003050431/http://www.esmas.com/fundaciontelevisa/televisaverde/pages/probosque.html">"Chapultepec es el pulmón verde más importante, representa el 52% de áreas verdes de nuestra ciudad"</a> [Chapultepec is the most important "green lung" representing 52% of green areas in our city]. <i>Televisa</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City. May 31, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esmas.com/fundaciontelevisa/televisaverde/pages/probosque.html">the original</a> on October 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Televisa&rft.atitle=Chapultepec+es+el+pulm%C3%B3n+verde+m%C3%A1s+importante%2C+representa+el+52%25+de+%C3%A1reas+verdes+de+nuestra+ciudad.&rft.date=2010-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esmas.com%2Ffundaciontelevisa%2Ftelevisaverde%2Fpages%2Fprobosque.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/ahuehuetes-de-chapultepec-jos%C3%A9-mar%C3%ADa-velasco/CAENGG6FnkJSeQ?hl=en&avm=4">"Ahuehuetes en Chapultepec - José María Velasco"</a>. <i>Google Arts & Culture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Arts+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Ahuehuetes+en+Chapultepec+-+Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa+Velasco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fasset%2Fahuehuetes-de-chapultepec-jos%25C3%25A9-mar%25C3%25ADa-velasco%2FCAENGG6FnkJSeQ%3Fhl%3Den%26avm%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-62857252">"Los mitos sobre los Niños Héroes que murieron en la guerra contra EE.UU. por la que México perdió la mitad de su territorio"</a>. <i>BBC News Mundo</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Mundo&rft.atitle=Los+mitos+sobre+los+Ni%C3%B1os+H%C3%A9roes+que+murieron+en+la+guerra+contra+EE.UU.+por+la+que+M%C3%A9xico+perdi%C3%B3+la+mitad+de+su+territorio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fmundo%2Fnoticias-62857252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2seccion-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2seccion_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2seccion_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2seccion_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100824171525/http://www.chapultepec.org.mx/web2010/chapultepec/2secc/2seccion.php">"2ª Seccion del Bosque de Chapultepec"</a> [Second section of the Forest of Chapultepec] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Dirección del Bosque de Chapultepec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chapultepec.org.mx/web2010/chapultepec/2secc/2seccion.php">the original</a> on August 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2%C2%AA+Seccion+del+Bosque+de+Chapultepec&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Direcci%C3%B3n+del+Bosque+de+Chapultepec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chapultepec.org.mx%2Fweb2010%2Fchapultepec%2F2secc%2F2seccion.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3seccion-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-3seccion_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-3seccion_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-3seccion_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-3seccion_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-3seccion_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100824171525/http://www.chapultepec.org.mx/web2010/chapultepec/2secc/2seccion.php">"3ª Seccion del Bosque de Chapultepec"</a> [Third section of the Forest of Chapultepec] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Dirección del Bosque de Chapultepec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chapultepec.org.mx/web2010/chapultepec/2secc/2seccion.php">the original</a> on August 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3%C2%AA+Seccion+del+Bosque+de+Chapultepec&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Direcci%C3%B3n+del+Bosque+de+Chapultepec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chapultepec.org.mx%2Fweb2010%2Fchapultepec%2F2secc%2F2seccion.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-satura-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-satura_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanca_Estela_Botello1998" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blanca Estela Botello (May 22, 1998). "Satura Chapultepec a avance de ambulentes" [Chapultepec is saturated with peddlers]. <i>Reforma</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reforma&rft.atitle=Satura+Chapultepec+a+avance+de+ambulentes&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1998-05-22&rft.au=Blanca+Estela+Botello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acceso-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-acceso_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariel_Ibarra2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mariel Ibarra (July 22, 2007). "Vigilan acceso a bosque" [Watching access to the forest]. <i>Reforma</i> (in Spanish). 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Mexico City. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reforma&rft.atitle=Laberinto+en+el+bosque&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2007-07-15&rft.au=Mariel+Ibarra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-breathe-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-breathe_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-breathe_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-breathe_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed_Johnson2005" class="citation news cs1">Reed Johnson (June 15, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jun-15-fg-park15-story.html">"Residents Breathe Deep as Mexico City Park Reopens"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. Los Angeles.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Residents+Breathe+Deep+as+Mexico+City+Park+Reopens&rft.date=2005-06-15&rft.au=Reed+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2005-jun-15-fg-park15-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-entrara-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-entrara_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entrara_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entrara_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entrara_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entrara_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entrara_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entrara_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entrara_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entrara_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entrara_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entrara_16-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entrara_16-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-entrara_16-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224559/http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?idc=188847">"Entrará el Bosque de Chapultepec en nueva etapa de rehabilitación"</a> [Chapultepec Forest will enter a new stage of rehabilitation]. <i>El Cronica de Hoy</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City. June 26, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?idc=188847">the original</a> on September 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Cronica+de+Hoy&rft.atitle=Entrar%C3%A1+el+Bosque+de+Chapultepec+en+nueva+etapa+de+rehabilitaci%C3%B3n&rft.date=2005-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cronica.com.mx%2Fnota.php%3Fidc%3D188847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fauna-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fauna_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvan_Sosa2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ivan Sosa (June 9, 2005). "Recuperan fauna de Chapultepec" [Fauna recuperates in Chapultepec]. <i>Reforma</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reforma&rft.atitle=Recuperan+fauna+de+Chapultepec&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2005-06-09&rft.au=Ivan+Sosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saneamiento-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saneamiento_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saneamiento_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertha_Sola2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bertha Sola (July 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110122002718/http://www.cronica.com.mx/especial.php?id_tema=1146&id_nota=522105">"Termina saneamiento del Bosque de Chapultepec"</a> [The Chapultepec forest finishes healing]. <i>La Cronica de Hoy</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cronica.com.mx/especial.php?id_tema=1146&id_nota=522105">the original</a> on Jan 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Cronica+de+Hoy&rft.atitle=Termina+saneamiento+del+Bosque+de+Chapultepec&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft.au=Bertha+Sola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cronica.com.mx%2Fespecial.php%3Fid_tema%3D1146%26id_nota%3D522105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herrera-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-herrera_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-herrera_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-herrera_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100824152647/http://www.chapultepec.org.mx/web2010/chapultepec/1secc/1secc_sitios/zoo.php">"Zoólogico de Chapultepec "Alfonso Herrera"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Alfonso Herrera Chapultepec Zoo] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Dirección del Bosque de Chapultepec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chapultepec.org.mx/web2010/chapultepec/1secc/1secc_sitios/zoo.php">the original</a> on 2010-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mexico City: Dirección del Bosque de Chapultepec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chapultepec.org.mx/web2010/chapultepec/1secc/1seccion.php">the original</a> on August 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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May 11, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dar%C3%A1n+nueva+imagen+al+Bosque+de+Chapultepec&rft.date=2010-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diariodemexico.com.mx%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D13539%3Aplantilla-con-foto%26catid%3D21%3Adistrito-federal%26Itemid%3D157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rincones6470-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rincones6470_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rincones6470_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rincones6470_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rincones6470_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rincones6470_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rincones6470_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rincones6470_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rincones6470_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rincones6470_24-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rincones6470_24-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJimenez_Gonzalez2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jimenez Gonzalez, Victor Manuel, ed. 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Mexico City: Government of Mexico City. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chapultepec.df.gob.mx/historia/index.php">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zoologico+de+Chapultepec&rft.atitle=Historia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chapultepec.df.gob.mx%2Fhistoria%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nosera-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nosera_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernando_Ríos2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fernando Ríos (July 23, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oem.com.mx/elsoldetoluca/notas/n1718182.htm">"El Bosque de Chapultepec no será privatizado"</a> [Chapultepec Forest will not be privatized]. <i>El Sol de Toluca</i> (in Spanish). Toluca, Mexico<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Sol+de+Toluca&rft.atitle=El+Bosque+de+Chapultepec+no+ser%C3%A1+privatizado&rft.date=2010-07-23&rft.au=Fernando+R%C3%ADos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oem.com.mx%2Felsoldetoluca%2Fnotas%2Fn1718182.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trabajos-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trabajos_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trabajos_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioformula.com.mx/notas.asp?Idn=113562">"Inician trabajos de restauración en segunda sección del Bosque de Chapultepec"</a> [Begin restoration work in the second section of Chapultepec Forest]. <i>Radio Formula</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City. May 31, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Formula&rft.atitle=Inician+trabajos+de+restauraci%C3%B3n+en+segunda+secci%C3%B3n+del+Bosque+de+Chapultepec&rft.date=2010-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioformula.com.mx%2Fnotas.asp%3FIdn%3D113562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laferia-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-laferia_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chapultepec.com.mx/visita.asp?Lugar=8">"La Feria de Chapultepec"</a> (in Spanish). Mexico City: Direccion de Chapultepec<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Feria+de+Chapultepec&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Direccion+de+Chapultepec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chapultepec.com.mx%2Fvisita.asp%3FLugar%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brigada-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brigada_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirna_Servín_Vega2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mirna Servín Vega (March 4, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/03/04/index.php?section=capital&article=038n2cap">"Brigada Animal vigilará Bosque de Chapultepec"</a> [Animal Brigade will watch the Chapultepec Forest]. <i>Periódico La Jornada</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peri%C3%B3dico+La+Jornada&rft.atitle=Brigada+Animal+vigilar%C3%A1+Bosque+de+Chapultepec&rft.date=2010-03-04&rft.au=Mirna+Serv%C3%ADn+Vega&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jornada.unam.mx%2F2010%2F03%2F04%2Findex.php%3Fsection%3Dcapital%26article%3D038n2cap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/arteseideas/La-Cuarta-Seccion-del-Bosque-de-Chapultepec-abre-los-fines-de-semana-20210704-0093.html">"La Cuarta Sección del Bosque de Chapultepec abre los fines de semana"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Economista_(Mexico)" title="El Economista (Mexico)">El Economista</a></i> (in Spanish). 4 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Economista&rft.atitle=La+Cuarta+Secci%C3%B3n+del+Bosque+de+Chapultepec+abre+los+fines+de+semana&rft.date=2021-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eleconomista.com.mx%2Farteseideas%2FLa-Cuarta-Seccion-del-Bosque-de-Chapultepec-abre-los-fines-de-semana-20210704-0093.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapultepec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapultepec&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Moerer, Andrea Kristine. "Changing Chapultepec: construction, consumption, and cultural politics in a Mexico City Forest, 1934-1944." PhD Dissertation, University of Minnesota (2013). (pp. 100-102)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapultepec&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapultepec_Park" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapultepec Park">Chapultepec Park</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mexico_City/Chapultepec#Q523194" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Mexico City/Chapultepec">Mexico City/Chapultepec</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chapultepec.org.mx/">Website with current event schedules and historical articles & images about Chapultepec</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=19.421768,-99.184613&spn=0.019571,0.029273&t=k&hl=en">Satellite picture of Chapultepec Park by Google Maps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=19.419993,-99.18199&spn=0.002798,0.007194&t=k&z=18">Satellite picture of Chapultepec Castle by Google Maps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=19.415926,-99.19111&spn=0.002798,0.005155&t=k&z=17">Satellite picture of Los Pinos by Google Maps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chapultepec" title="Template:Chapultepec"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chapultepec" title="Template talk:Chapultepec"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chapultepec" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chapultepec"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chapultepec" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chapultepec</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditorio_metro_station" title="Auditorio metro station">Auditorio metro station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditorio_Nacional_(Mexico)" title="Auditorio Nacional (Mexico)">Auditorio Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Chapultepec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baths of Chapultepec (page does not exist)">Baths of Chapultepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Battle of Chapultepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_the_Lions" title="Bridge of the Lions">Bridge of the Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1rcamo_de_Dolores" title="Cárcamo de Dolores">Cárcamo de Dolores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_del_Lago_Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Arreola" title="Casa del Lago Juan José Arreola">Casa del Lago Juan José Arreola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Cultura_Digital" title="Centro de Cultura Digital">Centro de Cultura Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Castle" title="Chapultepec Castle">Chapultepec Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_metro_station" title="Chapultepec metro station">Chapultepec metro station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Peace_Accords" title="Chapultepec Peace Accords">Chapultepec Peace Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Zoo" title="Chapultepec Zoo">Chapultepec Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituyentes_metro_station" title="Constituyentes metro station">Constituyentes metro station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Sargento" title="El Sargento">El Sargento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estela_de_Luz" title="Estela de Luz">Estela de Luz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Feria_de_Chapultepec" title="La Feria de Chapultepec">La Feria de Chapultepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Barrag%C3%A1n_House_and_Studio" title="Luis Barragán House and Studio">Luis Barragán House and Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Victims_of_Violence_in_Mexico" title="Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico">Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monta%C3%B1a_Rusa_(La_Feria_Chapultepec_M%C3%A1gico)" title="Montaña Rusa (La Feria Chapultepec Mágico)">Montaña Rusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumento_a_los_Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes" title="Monumento a los Niños Héroes">Monumento a los Niños Héroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_Moderno" title="Museo de Arte Moderno">Museo de Arte Moderno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Caracol" title="Museo del Caracol">Museo del Caracol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Anthropology_(Mexico)" title="National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)">National Museum of Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Rufino_Tamayo,_Mexico_City" title="Museo Rufino Tamayo, Mexico City">Museo Rufino Tamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisco_a_los_Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes" title="Obelisco a los Niños Héroes">Obelisco a los Niños Héroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pante%C3%B3n_de_Dolores" title="Panteón de Dolores">Panteón de Dolores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papalote_Museo_del_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Papalote Museo del Niño">Papalote Museo del Niño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerta_de_los_Leones" title="Puerta de los Leones">Puerta de los Leones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(Mexico_City)" title="Statue of Franklin D. Roosevelt (Mexico City)">Statue of Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington,_Mexico_City_(1916)" title="Statue of George Washington, Mexico City (1916)">Statue of George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Le%C3%B3n_Felipe,_Mexico_City" title="Statue of León Felipe, Mexico City">Statue of León Felipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templanza_Fountain" title="Templanza Fountain">Templanza Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuna_Monumental" title="Tribuna Monumental">Tribuna Monumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Valleto%27s_Handwritten_Letter_to_the_Treasury_Secretary" title="Guillermo Valleto's Handwritten Letter to the Treasury Secretary">Guillermo Valleto's Handwritten Letter to the Treasury Secretary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Chapultepec" title="Category:Chapultepec">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapultepec_Park" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapultepec Park">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Miguel_Hidalgo,_Mexico_City" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Miguel_Hidalgo,_Mexico_City" title="Template:Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Miguel_Hidalgo,_Mexico_City" title="Template talk:Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Miguel_Hidalgo,_Mexico_City" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Miguel_Hidalgo,_Mexico_City" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo,_Mexico_City" title="Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City">Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosques_de_las_Lomas" title="Bosques de las Lomas">Bosques de las Lomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomas_de_Chapultepec" title="Lomas de Chapultepec">Lomas de Chapultepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Polanco" title="Nuevo Polanco">Nuevo Polanco (Granada, Ampl. Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paseo_de_la_Reforma" title="Paseo de la Reforma">Paseo de la Reforma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Pensil" title="Colonia Pensil">Pensil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polanco,_Mexico_City" title="Polanco, Mexico City">Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_Chapultepec" title="San Miguel Chapultepec">San Miguel Chapultepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuba,_Mexico_City" title="Tacuba, Mexico City">Tacuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacubaya" title="Tacubaya">Tacubaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro" title="Mexico City Metro">Metro</a><br />stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditorio_metro_station" title="Auditorio metro station">Auditorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuitl%C3%A1huac_metro_station" title="Cuitláhuac metro station">Cuitláhuac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Militar_metro_station" title="Colegio Militar metro station">Colegio Militar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituyentes_metro_station" title="Constituyentes metro station">Constituyentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanacatl%C3%A1n_metro_station" title="Juanacatlán metro station">Juanacatlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_metro_station" title="Normal metro station">Normal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panteones_metro_station" title="Panteones metro station">Panteones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotismo_metro_station" title="Patriotismo metro station">Patriotismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polanco_metro_station" title="Polanco metro station">Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popotla_metro_station" title="Popotla metro station">Popotla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Joaqu%C3%ADn_metro_station_(Mexico_City)" title="San Joaquín metro station (Mexico City)">San Joaquín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuba_metro_station" title="Tacuba metro station">Tacuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacubaya_metro_station" title="Tacubaya metro station">Tacubaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acuario_Inbursa" title="Acuario Inbursa">Acuario Inbursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenida_Presidente_Masaryk" title="Avenida Presidente Masaryk">Avenida Presidente Masaryk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Victims_of_Violence_in_Mexico" title="Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico">Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Sabatina" title="La Sabatina">La Sabatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Pinos" title="Los Pinos">Los Pinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Economic_and_Cultural_Office_in_Mexico" title="Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Mexico">Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Castle" title="Chapultepec Castle">Chapultepec Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Historia" title="Museo Nacional de Historia">Museo Nacional de Historia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_Moderno" title="Museo de Arte Moderno">Museo de Arte Moderno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Anthropology_(Mexico)" title="National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)">National Museum of Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Barrag%C3%A1n_House_and_Studio" title="Luis Barragán House and Studio">Luis Barragán House and Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Soumaya" title="Museo Soumaya">Museo Soumaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chapultepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_Lincoln" title="Parque Lincoln">Parque Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_Lira" title="Parque Lira">Parque Lira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Educaci%C3%B3n_Media_Superior_del_Distrito_Federal" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto de Educación Media Superior del Distrito Federal">IEMS</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escuela_Preparatoria_Miguel_Hidalgo_%22Carmen_Serd%C3%A1n%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escuela Preparatoria Miguel Hidalgo "Carmen Serdán" (page does not exist)">Escuela Preparatoria Miguel Hidalgo "Carmen Serdán"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Franco-Mexicain" title="Lycée Franco-Mexicain">Lycée Franco-Mexicain</a> <small>Polanco campus</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterson_Schools" title="Peterson Schools">Peterson Schools</a> <small>Lomas Campus</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westhill_Institute" title="Westhill Institute">Westhill Institute</a> <small>(Two campuses)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Colegio Ciudad de México">Colegio Ciudad de México</a> <small>Plantel Polanco</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wingate_School_(Mexico)" title="The Wingate School (Mexico)">The Wingate School</a> <small>Lomas campus (primary school)</small> (opening 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Alem%C3%A1n_Alexander_von_Humboldt_(Mexico_City)" title="Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt (Mexico City)">Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt</a> <small>Plantel Kindergarten Prado Norte</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_School_(Mexico_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eton School (Mexico City)">Eton School</a> <small>(Preschool and toddler center)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Sierra_Nevada" title="Escuela Sierra Nevada">Escuela Sierra Nevada</a> <small>two locations</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shopping centers<br />and mixed-use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antara_Polanco" title="Antara Polanco">Antara Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyana_(Mexico_City)" title="Miyana (Mexico City)">Miyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parques_Polanco" title="Parques Polanco">Parques Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Carso" title="Plaza Carso">Plaza Carso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Miguel_Hidalgo,_Mexico_City" title="Category:Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City">Borough of Miguel Hidalgo topics</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This list is incomplete.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paseo_de_la_Reforma" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paseo_de_la_Reforma" title="Template:Paseo de la Reforma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paseo_de_la_Reforma" title="Template talk:Paseo de la Reforma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paseo_de_la_Reforma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paseo de la Reforma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paseo_de_la_Reforma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paseo_de_la_Reforma" title="Paseo de la Reforma">Paseo de la Reforma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditorio_Nacional_(Mexico)" title="Auditorio Nacional (Mexico)">Auditorio Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Uno_R509" title="Chapultepec Uno R509">Chapultepec Uno R509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Cultura_Digital" title="Centro de Cultura Digital">Centro de Cultura Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_San_Hip%C3%B3lito" title="Church of San Hipólito">Church of San Hipólito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Mexico_City" title="Embassy of the United States, Mexico City">Embassy of the United States in Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edificio_El_Moro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edificio El Moro (page does not exist)">Edificio El Moro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Lottery_for_Public_Assistance" title="National Lottery for Public Assistance">National Lottery for Public Assistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquina_de_la_Informaci%C3%B3n" title="Esquina de la Información">Esquina de la Información</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSBC_Tower,_Mexico_City" title="HSBC Tower, Mexico City">HSBC Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Stock_Exchange" title="Mexican Stock Exchange">Mexican Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_Moderno" title="Museo de Arte Moderno">Museo de Arte Moderno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Rufino_Tamayo,_Mexico_City" title="Museo Rufino Tamayo, Mexico City">Museo Rufino Tamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Anthropology_(Mexico)" title="National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)">National Museum of Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforma_222" title="Reforma 222">Reforma 222</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheraton_Mexico_City_Maria_Isabel_Hotel" title="Sheraton Mexico City Maria Isabel Hotel">Sheraton Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_St._Regis_Mexico_City" title="The St. Regis Mexico City">St. Regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_BBVA_M%C3%A9xico" title="Torre BBVA México">Torre BBVA México</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_del_Caballito" title="Torre del Caballito">Torre del Caballito</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Servicio_de_Administraci%C3%B3n_Tributaria" title="Servicio de Administración Tributaria">Servicio de Administración Tributaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Diana" title="Torre Diana">Torre Diana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_MAPFRE" title="Torre MAPFRE">Torre MAPFRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Mayor" title="Torre Mayor">Torre Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Reforma" title="Torre Reforma">Torre Reforma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Reforma_Latino" title="Torre Reforma Latino">Torre Reforma Latino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formerly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cine_Latino" title="Cine Latino">Cine Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Aerom%C3%A9xico_Headquarters_Building" title="Former Aeroméxico Headquarters Building">Former Aeroméxico Headquarters Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorieta_del_Caballito" title="Glorieta del Caballito">Glorieta del Caballito</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Equestrian statue of Charles IV of Spain">Equestrian statue of Charles IV of Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Christopher_Columbus_(Charles_Cordier)" title="Monument to Christopher Columbus (Charles Cordier)">Monument to Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumento_a_los_Indios_Verdes" title="Monumento a los Indios Verdes">Monumento a los Indios Verdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Heydar_Aliyev,_Mexico_City" title="Statue of Heydar Aliyev, Mexico City">Statue of Heydar Aliyev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks, monuments<br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_on_Paseo_de_la_Reforma" title="List of statues on Paseo de la Reforma">statues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_Independence" title="Angel of Independence">Angel of Independence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antimonumento_%2B43" title="Antimonumento +43">Antimonumento +43</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antimonumento_%2B72" title="Antimonumento +72">Antimonumento +72</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_the_Huntress_Fountain" title="Diana the Huntress Fountain">Diana the Huntress Fountain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_%C3%81ngel_de_la_Seguridad_Social" title="El Ángel de la Seguridad Social">El Ángel de la Seguridad Social</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Caballito_(Sebasti%C3%A1n)" title="El Caballito (Sebastián)">El Caballito</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Estela_de_Luz" title="Estela de Luz">Estela de Luz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fuente_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Fuente de la República">Fuente de la República</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorieta_de_la_Palma" title="Glorieta de la Palma">Glorieta de la Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorieta_de_las_mujeres_que_luchan" title="Glorieta de las mujeres que luchan">Glorieta de las mujeres que luchan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_Doth_the_Little_Crocodile_(Carrington)" title="How Doth the Little Crocodile (Carrington)">How Doth the Little Crocodile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Monument to Cuauhtémoc">Monument to Cuauhtémoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_Monument,_Mexico_City" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Monument, Mexico City">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Monument</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puerta_1808" title="Puerta 1808">Puerta 1808</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Woman_of_Amajac" title="The Young Woman of Amajac">The Young Woman of Amajac</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nearby</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avenida_Bucareli" title="Avenida Bucareli">Avenida Bucareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenida_de_los_Insurgentes" title="Avenida de los Insurgentes">Avenida de los Insurgentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_the_Lions" title="Bridge of the Lions">Bridge of the Lions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chapultepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Victims_of_Violence_in_Mexico" title="Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico">Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumento_a_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n" title="Monumento a la Revolución">Monumento a la Revolución</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumento_a_los_Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes" title="Monumento a los Niños Héroes">Monumento a los Niños Héroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_of_the_Holy_Child_of_Peace" title="Parish of the Holy Child of Peace">Parish of the Holy Child of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerta_de_los_Leones" title="Puerta de los Leones">Puerta de los Leones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditorio_metro_station" title="Auditorio metro station">Auditorio metro station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_/_Lagunilla_metro_station" title="Garibaldi / Lagunilla metro station">Garibaldi / Lagunilla metro station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_metro_station" title="Hidalgo metro station">Hidalgo metro station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metrob%C3%BAs_Line_7" title="Mexico City Metrobús Line 7">Mexico City Metrobús Line 7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mexico_City_Learjet_crash" title="2008 Mexico City Learjet crash">2008 Mexico City Learjet crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Rosenzweig" title="Ferdinand von Rosenzweig">Ferdinand von Rosenzweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Marathon" title="Mexico City Marathon">Mexico City Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Paseo_(Kansas_City,_Missouri)" title="The Paseo (Kansas City, Missouri)">The Paseo (Kansas City, Missouri)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tlalli" title="Tlalli">Tlalli</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chapultepec&params=19_24_47_N_99_11_52_W_type:mountain_region:MX"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°24′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">99°11′52″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.41306°N 99.19778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19.41306; -99.19778</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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