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Jackie Robinson Parkway - Wikipedia
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id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Highway in New York</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the parkway. For the park, see <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_Park" title="Jackie Robinson Park">Jackie Robinson Park</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.header-NOR{background:#f2a900}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div style="text-align:center;"><div style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"></div><div style="margin:0 0 0.1em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackie_Robinson_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jackie Robinson Parkway marker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jackie_Robinson_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg/72px-Jackie_Robinson_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jackie_Robinson_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg/108px-Jackie_Robinson_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jackie_Robinson_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg/144px-Jackie_Robinson_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div><div style="margin:0.1em;">Jackie Robinson Parkway</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 290px; height: 240px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="290" data-height="240" data-overlays="["_3ac45aefbfc8263441c01debba89b830fb03d1c0"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,290x240.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&revid=1259797228&groups=_3ac45aefbfc8263441c01debba89b830fb03d1c0" width="290" height="240" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,290x240@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&revid=1259797228&groups=_3ac45aefbfc8263441c01debba89b830fb03d1c0 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div><div class="infobox-caption">Jackie Robinson Parkway highlighted in red</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header header-USA">Route information</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Maintained by <a href="/wiki/NYSDOT" class="mw-redirect" title="NYSDOT">NYSDOT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">4.95 mi<sup id="cite_ref-2007tdr_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007tdr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (7.97 km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Existed</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">1935<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Restrictions</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">No commercial vehicles</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header header-USA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Major junctions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">West end</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Avenue" title="Jamaica Avenue">Jamaica Avenue</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue_(Brooklyn)" title="Pennsylvania Avenue (Brooklyn)">Pennsylvania Avenue</a> / Bushwick Avenue in <a href="/wiki/East_New_York,_Brooklyn" title="East New York, Brooklyn">East New York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">East end</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/I-678.svg/30px-I-678.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/I-678.svg/45px-I-678.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/I-678.svg/60px-I-678.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg/24px-Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg/36px-Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg/48px-Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_678_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 678 (New York)">I-678</a> / <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Parkway" title="Grand Central Parkway">Grand Central Parkway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens,_Queens" title="Kew Gardens, Queens">Kew Gardens</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header header-USA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Counties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header header-USA">Highway system</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_New_York" title="Numbered highways in New York">New York Highways</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Interstate_Highways_in_New_York" title="List of Interstate Highways in New York">Interstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._Routes_in_New_York" title="List of U.S. Routes in New York">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_routes_in_New_York" title="List of state routes in New York">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reference_routes_in_New_York" title="List of reference routes in New York">Reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkways_in_New_York" title="Parkways in New York">Parkways</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Jackie Robinson Parkway</b> (originally the <b>Interboro Parkway</b>) is a 4.95-mile (7.97 km) <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access</a> <a href="/wiki/Parkways_in_New_York" title="Parkways in New York">parkway</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough (New York City)">New York City boroughs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>. The western terminus of the parkway is at <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Avenue" title="Jamaica Avenue">Jamaica Avenue</a> in the Brooklyn neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/East_New_York,_Brooklyn" title="East New York, Brooklyn">East New York</a>. It runs through Highland Park, along the north side of <a href="/wiki/Ridgewood_Reservoir" title="Ridgewood Reservoir">Ridgewood Reservoir</a>, and through <a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_(Queens)" title="Forest Park (Queens)">Forest Park</a>. The eastern terminus is at the <a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens_Interchange" title="Kew Gardens Interchange">Kew Gardens Interchange</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens,_Queens" title="Kew Gardens, Queens">Kew Gardens</a>, Queens, where the Jackie Robinson Parkway meets the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Parkway" title="Grand Central Parkway">Grand Central Parkway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_678" title="Interstate 678">Interstate 678</a> (I-678, the Van Wyck Expressway). It is designated <b>New York State Route 908B</b> (NY 908B), an unsigned <a href="/wiki/Reference_route_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference route (New York)">reference route</a>. </p><p>The Interboro Parkway was first proposed in 1901 as part of an extension of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Parkway" title="Eastern Parkway">Eastern Parkway</a>. There were multiple attempts to construct the parkway between the 1900s and the 1920s, which failed due to a lack of funding and various disagreements over land acquisition. The parkway's route was finalized in 1930, and work on the central section through <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel_Cemetery_(Queens)" title="Mount Carmel Cemetery (Queens)">Mount Carmel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hills_Cemetery" title="Cypress Hills Cemetery">Cypress Hills</a> cemeteries began in 1931. Construction on the rest of the parkway did not begin until 1933. Most of the parkway opened to traffic in July 1935, but the westernmost section was not completed until that September. Over the years, the Interboro Parkway gained a reputation for being dangerous because of its sharp turns and narrow lanes. The Interboro Parkway was renamed for <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> player <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a> in 1997. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Route_description">Route description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Route description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jackie Robinson Parkway starts at an intersection with <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Avenue" title="Jamaica Avenue">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue_(Brooklyn)" title="Pennsylvania Avenue (Brooklyn)">Pennsylvania</a>, and Bushwick avenues in the <a href="/wiki/East_New_York,_Brooklyn" title="East New York, Brooklyn">East New York</a> neighborhood in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>. The westernmost four exits are located within the <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cemetery Belt">Cemetery Belt</a>, near Brooklyn's border with <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCityMap_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCityMap-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parkway runs east from Bushwick Avenue to <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Highland Park (Brooklyn)">Highland Park</a>, where it curves around the north side of the <a href="/wiki/Ridgewood_Reservoir" title="Ridgewood Reservoir">Ridgewood Reservoir</a>. Exit 1, Highland Boulevard, is a westbound exit and eastbound entrance. The parkway passes Mount Judah Cemetery before exit 2 at Vermont Place and Cypress Avenue, which lead to Highland Park and the Hungarian Cemetery. The parkway then continues through <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel_Cemetery_(Queens)" title="Mount Carmel Cemetery (Queens)">Mount Carmel Cemetery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hills_Cemetery" title="Cypress Hills Cemetery">Cypress Hills Cemetery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYCityMap_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCityMap-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where there are retaining walls on both sides of the highway.<sup id="cite_ref-n159546726_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159546726-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exit 3, Cypress Hills Street, leads to Cypress Hills Cemetery, where <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a> is buried.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCityMap_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCityMap-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At exit 4, Forest Park Drive, the parkway enters <a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_(Queens)" title="Forest Park (Queens)">Forest Park</a> in Queens. Exit 5 is Myrtle Avenue and <a href="/wiki/Woodhaven_Boulevard" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodhaven Boulevard">Woodhaven Boulevard</a>. At exit 6, Metropolitan Avenue, <a href="/wiki/Union_Turnpike_(New_York)" title="Union Turnpike (New York)">Union Turnpike</a> straddles the parkway, but there is no access to or from Union Turnpike.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCityMap_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCityMap-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google_maps_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google_maps-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parkway and Union Turnpike then exit Forest Park and go under <a href="/wiki/Queens_Boulevard" title="Queens Boulevard">Queens Boulevard</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25" title="New York State Route 25">NY 25</a>) and above the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line" title="IND Queens Boulevard Line">IND Queens Boulevard Line</a>. Union Turnpike shares a diamond interchange with Queens Boulevard, but there is no access from the parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-n107521737_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n107521737-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exits 7 and 8, both at the <a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens_Interchange" title="Kew Gardens Interchange">Kew Gardens Interchange</a> at the Jackie Robinson Parkway's eastern end, are both eastbound-only. Exit 7 goes to the <a href="/wiki/Van_Wyck_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Wyck Expressway">Van Wyck Expressway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interstate" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate">I-678</a>) northbound (there is no access southbound), while exits 8E and 8W lead to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Parkway" title="Grand Central Parkway">Grand Central Parkway</a>'s eastbound and westbound lanes, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCityMap_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCityMap-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google_maps_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google_maps-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The parkway has several sharp curves throughout its route, particularly within the cemeteries.<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_z348_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh_z348-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1997_k296_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1997_k296-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The curves exist because, at the time of the parkway's construction, planners wished to disturb as few graves as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-n159546726_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159546726-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As designed, the curves limited the <a href="/wiki/Design_speed" title="Design speed">design speed</a> of the Interboro Parkway to 35 miles per hour (56 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-NYC_Parks_c210_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYC_Parks_c210-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The curves are particularly hazardous; <i>The New York Times</i> wrote in 1997 that the parkway has been nicknamed "Suicide Row", "Slaughter Parkway" and "Death Alley" throughout the years.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1997_k296_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1997_k296-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A junction at the eastern end of the parkway was placed on the list of New York State's most dangerous roads in 2007, based on accident data from 2004–2006.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning"><span class="anchor" id="History"></span>Planning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interboro_Kew_G_Interchange_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Interboro_Kew_G_Interchange_jeh.JPG/220px-Interboro_Kew_G_Interchange_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Interboro_Kew_G_Interchange_jeh.JPG/330px-Interboro_Kew_G_Interchange_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Interboro_Kew_G_Interchange_jeh.JPG/440px-Interboro_Kew_G_Interchange_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3846" data-file-height="2922" /></a><figcaption>Just east of <a href="/wiki/Queens_Boulevard" title="Queens Boulevard">Queens Boulevard</a>, approaching the eastern terminus. <a href="/wiki/Union_Turnpike_(New_York)" title="Union Turnpike (New York)">Union Turnpike</a> straddles the road here.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvert_Vaux" title="Calvert Vaux">Calvert Vaux</a>, who designed <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Prospect Park (Brooklyn)">Prospect Park</a>, had suggested the construction of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Parkway" title="Eastern Parkway">Eastern Parkway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Parkway_(Brooklyn)" title="Ocean Parkway (Brooklyn)">Ocean Parkway</a> in 1866; the two parkways extended east and south of Prospect Park, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern Parkway was completed in the mid-1870s<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and originally terminated at Ralph Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1890s, Brooklyn officials proposed extending the parkway northeast to near <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_the_Evergreens" title="Cemetery of the Evergreens">Cemetery of the Evergreens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Highland Park (Brooklyn)">Highland Park</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ridgewood_Reservoir" title="Ridgewood Reservoir">Ridgewood Reservoir</a> along Brooklyn and Queens' <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cemetery Belt">Cemetery Belt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle_1891_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle_1891-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Standard_Union_1895_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Standard_Union_1895-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern Parkway itself was extended as far as Bushwick Avenue, and another road called Highland Boulevard continued eastward from Bushwick Avenue to Highland Park.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle_18952_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle_18952-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor <a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> signed legislation to authorize the parkway's extension in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eastern Parkway Extension, along with Highland Boulevard, had been completed by 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Times_Union_1897_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times_Union_1897-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What became Jackie Robinson Parkway originated from plans to extend Eastern Parkway even further.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweekly-1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweekly-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_plans">Early plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1890s_and_1900s_proposals">1890s and 1900s proposals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1890s and 1900s proposals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the consolidation of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Greater_New_York" title="City of Greater New York">City of Greater New York</a> in 1898, there were proposals to extend Eastern Parkway further east to <a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_(Queens)" title="Forest Park (Queens)">Forest Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newsweekly-1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweekly-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooklyn officials suggested a further extension as far east as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_Harbor_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dry Harbor Road (page does not exist)">Dry Harbor Road</a> and then toward <a href="/wiki/Queens_Boulevard" title="Queens Boulevard">Hoffman Boulevard</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Queens_Boulevard" title="Queens Boulevard">Queens Boulevard</a>). An extension of Eastern Parkway following a similar route was suggested in 1899 by the Queens County Topographical Bureau, the extension running through Cypress Hills Cemetery and Forest Park to Dry Harbor Road.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweekly-1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweekly-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1901, Brooklyn surveyor Noyes F. Palmer had proposed extending Eastern Parkway another 2 miles (3.2 km) eastward into Forest Park.<sup id="cite_ref-n158940618_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n158940618-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n158941844_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n158941844-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, state legislators proposed amending the <a href="/wiki/Rural_Cemetery_Act" title="Rural Cemetery Act">Rural Cemetery Act</a> to allow the construction of a road through the Cemetery Belt;<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweekly-1_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweekly-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n158941844_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n158941844-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was the first bill to propose what would become the Interborough Parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1923_v879_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1923_v879-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n159482594_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159482594-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though nearby property owners supported the parkway's extension,<sup id="cite_ref-n158941937_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n158941937-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the cemeteries' owners opposed it.<sup id="cite_ref-n158942282_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n158942282-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n158942331_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n158942331-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents said the roadway would displace about 300 graves and that it would divide the cemeteries,<sup id="cite_ref-n158942282_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n158942282-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Cypress Hills Cemetery Corporation later claimed that the bodies physically could not be removed.<sup id="cite_ref-n159003143_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159003143-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill passed both houses of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York State Legislature</a>, only to be vetoed by mayor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_Van_Wyck" title="Robert Anderson Van Wyck">Robert Anderson Van Wyck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-n159002539_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159002539-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legislation for a road through the Cemetery Belt was reintroduced in the state legislature in 1902<sup id="cite_ref-n159002539_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159002539-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in every year thereafter, but it failed to pass for most of the 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweekly-1_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweekly-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wagner_(New_York_politician)" title="Joseph Wagner (New York politician)">Joseph Wagner</a>, who had introduced the bill in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">State Senate</a>, proposed investigating the trustees of Cypress Hills Cemetery after the trustees opposed the legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the bill was reintroduced in 1903, the <i>Brooklyn Citizen</i> wrote that the lands to be seized for the parkway were nearly empty;<sup id="cite_ref-n159002872_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159002872-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the time, many local politicians, residents, and civic groups favored the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-n159003225_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159003225-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An opposing bill, passed in 1904, prohibited the construction of public roads through any cemetery in New York state unless a supermajority of the cemetery's trustees and lot owners supported the project. This effectively banned any further extension of Eastern Parkway through the Cemetery Belt to Forest Park.<sup id="cite_ref-n159008013_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159008013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of Eastern Parkway's extension continued to advocate their case. In 1906, a <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a> member from Queens introduced a bill, which would allow a parkway to be built through Cypress Hills Cemetery with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Aldermen" title="New York City Board of Aldermen">New York City Board of Aldermen</a>'s consent,<sup id="cite_ref-n159008714_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159008714-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it failed by a two-vote margin.<sup id="cite_ref-n159008524_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159008524-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar bill was introduced in the State Senate in 1907;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it received less opposition than the previous bills for the road had.<sup id="cite_ref-n159009268_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159009268-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation for the Cemetery Belt road was finally passed in 1908,<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweekly-1_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweekly-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p574833400_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p574833400-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1914_f159_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1914_f159-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> permitting the construction of a 150-foot-wide (46 m) road through the cemeteries.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1923_v879_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1923_v879-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n159482594_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159482594-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill also authorized the Board of Estimate to survey the route's <a href="/wiki/Right_of_way" title="Right of way">right-of-way</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1923_v879_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1923_v879-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n159482594_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159482594-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of the project said that the parkway's construction would not entail disturbing any graves at Cypress Hills Cemetery, since the Eastern Parkway extension would traverse the cemetery on three viaducts.<sup id="cite_ref-n159009550_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159009550-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queens's deputy commissioner of public works, Alfred Denton, proposed extending the road as far east as Hoffman Boulevard without traveling through the Cemetery Belt.<sup id="cite_ref-n159386987_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159386987-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city surveyed the route of the proposed Eastern Parkway extension, but work stopped due to a lack of money for construction.<sup id="cite_ref-p574833400_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p574833400-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1910s_proposals">1910s proposals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1910s proposals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295897323.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295897323.jpg/220px-Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295897323.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295897323.jpg/330px-Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295897323.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295897323.jpg/440px-Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295897323.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>View of the Queens section of the parkway</figcaption></figure> <p>Plans to construct a road through the Cemetery Belt were revived in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-p574833400_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p574833400-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The New York Times</i> wrote that the proposed road would "open up a most pleasant and easy way of getting to and from Queens by automobile by way of Brooklyn".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1910_h904_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1910_h904-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, very few streets connected southern Brooklyn and Queens.<sup id="cite_ref-p574833400_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p574833400-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1910_h904_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1910_h904-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Estimate" title="New York City Board of Estimate">New York City Board of Estimate</a> failed to allocate the required funds for the extension,<sup id="cite_ref-n159392766_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159392766-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though city officials held informal meetings about the roadway.<sup id="cite_ref-n159482594_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159482594-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1914_f159_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1914_f159-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1913, the plans called for about 2 miles (3.2 km) of new roadway,<sup id="cite_ref-n159393564_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159393564-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the parkway had been narrowed to 100 feet (30 m).<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1923_v879_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1923_v879-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n159482594_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159482594-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The road would have split from Highland Boulevard, run to the north of <a href="/wiki/Ridgewood_Reservoir" title="Ridgewood Reservoir">Ridgewood Reservoir</a>, then continued eastward to <a href="/wiki/Union_Turnpike_(New_York)" title="Union Turnpike (New York)">Union Turnpike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-n159449682_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159449682-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city government discussed the plans with the operators of Cypress Hills and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel_Cemetery_(Queens)" title="Mount Carmel Cemetery (Queens)">Mount Carmel</a> cemeteries, from which it planned to acquire land.<sup id="cite_ref-n159452368_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159452368-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p847017113_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p847017113-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Cypress Hills Cemetery's trustees were willing to sell their land for $1 per square foot ($11/m<sup>2</sup>). more than what the city was willing to pay, Mount Carmel Cemetery's trustees were unwilling to sell their land at all.<sup id="cite_ref-n159452763_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159452763-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city government agreed to acquire 11.2 acres (4.5 ha) from the two cemeteries,<sup id="cite_ref-n159452368_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159452368-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the cemeteries' presidents were ready to accept the plans for the parkway by late 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-p847017113_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p847017113-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cypress Hills Cemetery's trustees agreed to sell their land for $0.35 per square foot ($3.8/m<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-n159452890_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159452890-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By February 1914, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Estimate" title="New York City Board of Estimate">New York City Board of Estimate</a> was ready to consider plans for the parkway. At the time, the road was variously called the Cemetery Road, Interborough Parkway, or Eastern Parkway Extension.<sup id="cite_ref-n159454456_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159454456-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Queens government appointed a committee of three men to determine what was needed for construction to begin,<sup id="cite_ref-n159394045_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159394045-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Queens Chamber of Commerce endorsed the parkway's construction.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1914_x118a_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1914_x118a-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Board of Estimate approved plans for the parkway that July;<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it also prepared a report on the parkway, which took more than a year to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the parkway's route was approved, Queens's park department began growing 15,000 trees that were to be planted along the parkway,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Queens Chamber of Commerce appointed a special committee to oversee the parkway's construction.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parkway was to be constructed in three sections: the westernmost portion in Highland Park, the central portion next to Cypress Avenue and the Ridgewood Reservoir, and the eastern section through Cypress Hills and Mount Carmel cemeteries.<sup id="cite_ref-n159479993_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159479993-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Board of Estimate also asked its Committee on Assessment to determine who should pay for the parkway, but this process had not been finalized by 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-n159478888_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159478888-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, the parkway's cost was estimated at $500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-n159479666_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159479666-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One proposal called for the cost to be divided evenly between the New York City, Brooklyn, and Queens governments.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another proposal called for the city to pay half the cost and the Brooklyn and Queens governments to split the other half;<sup id="cite_ref-n159479993_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159479993-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n159479666_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159479666-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Committee of Assessments recommended using this cost breakdown.<sup id="cite_ref-n159479993_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159479993-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work still had not started by 1919, when the Queens Chamber of Commerce and the Queens borough president asked the parkway's construction to be expedited.<sup id="cite_ref-n159480856_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159480856-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p575559452_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p575559452-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, the Cypress Hills Cemetery's trustees were selling burial plots right next to the path of the proposed parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-n159480856_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159480856-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s_plans">1920s plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1920s plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revised_proposal_and_approval">Revised proposal and approval</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Revised proposal and approval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little progress on the Interborough Parkway's construction had occurred by 1921, in part because Mount Carmel Cemetery burial-plot owners opposed constructing the parkway through that cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbis also opposed the parkway's construction because it would require moving hundreds of corpses from Mount Carmel and Cypress Hills cemeteries, including the bodies of many Jews, whose disinterment would violate Jewish tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-n159482767_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159482767-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the presence of motor vehicles was increasing, by 1923, local civic associations were pressuring the government to build the road.<sup id="cite_ref-n159482594_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159482594-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p100278119_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p100278119-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The associations requested that the city government build the Interborough Parkway all the way east to the New York City border, connecting with another parkway in <a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau County</a> (later the <a href="/wiki/Northern_State_Parkway" title="Northern State Parkway">Northern State Parkway</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-p1237297817a_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1237297817a-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Board of Estimate proposed to construct the road if local residents financed the construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweekly-1_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweekly-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, Board of Estimate chief engineer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_S._Tuttle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur S. Tuttle (page does not exist)">Arthur S. Tuttle</a> received a revised proposal for the parkway's routing in Brooklyn, which would follow the border between Mount Carmel and Cypress Hills cemeteries. As opposed to the routing approved in 1914, which would have included a gradual curve to the northeast of Cypress Hills Street, this proposal would introduce a sharp curve about 450 feet (140 m) east of Cypress Hills Street.<sup id="cite_ref-n159484924_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159484924-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1924, Governor <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> signed a bill authorizing the city government to construct the parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation required Tuttle to create a report on the parkway within one year.<sup id="cite_ref-p1112661780_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1112661780-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuttle recommended that 45% of the cost be covered by New York City, 35% by Brooklyn, 15% by Queens, and 5% by local residents.<sup id="cite_ref-n159485617_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159485617-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amid continued opposition from religious groups, the Board of Estimate approved a revised plan for the parkway in May 1926,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would relocate 432 graves in Mount Carmel and Cypress Hills cemeteries.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuttle sent the revised plan to Cypress Hills Cemetery's trustees for review that November.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trustees agreed to cede land for the parkway on the condition that work begin before January 1, 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweekly-1_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweekly-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the Board of Estimate's claims that the project may delayed because of a lack of local interest,<sup id="cite_ref-n159681205_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159681205-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> four civic groups asked the Board of Estimate to begin construction as soon as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-p1113040080_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1113040080-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbis continued to oppose the project due to the disinterments,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Brooklyn's borough president <a href="/wiki/James_J._Byrne" title="James J. Byrne">James J. Byrne</a> objected to the proposed cost breakdown for the parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-n159485617_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159485617-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Board of Estimate authorized the parkway's construction in February 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-n159486624_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159486624-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next month, they convened to discuss the cost estimates for the parkway, which was projected to cost $3.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweekly-1_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweekly-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Board of Estimate voted to adopt the cost breakdown that Tuttle had proposed,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it recommended that land condemnation begin before the end of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1927, New York Supreme Court justice <a href="/wiki/James_Church_Cropsey" title="James Church Cropsey">James Church Cropsey</a> authorized the city government to begin acquiring land for the Interborough Parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work was delayed further because the city government had to prepare a "damage map", indicating how much compensation each landowner should receive;<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this map was finished in late 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Board of Estimate approved a routing for the Interborough Parkway in January 1928, though local rabbis continued to object to the parkway's routing through the Cemetery Belt.<sup id="cite_ref-n159512219_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159512219-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last step required before the parkway's construction could start, an agreement over a sewer line near Cypress Hills Cemetery, was approved that April.<sup id="cite_ref-n159512549_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159512549-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Land_condemnation_and_further_delays">Land condemnation and further delays</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Land condemnation and further delays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1928, the damage maps for the parkway were forwarded to the city's corporation counsel, which in turn petitioned the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">New York Supreme Court</a> for permission to begin acquiring the land.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city government was authorized to condemn the land the next month,<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweekly-1_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweekly-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and officials published notices about the condemnation proceedings in <a href="/wiki/The_City_Record" title="The City Record"><i>The City Record</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-n159512999_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159512999-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> City officials were supposed to have obtained <a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title</a> to the right-of-way no later than September 15,<sup id="cite_ref-n159512999_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159512999-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p1113482258_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1113482258-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the city government acquired the land that month.<sup id="cite_ref-n159538688_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159538688-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the start of work was subsequently delayed to mid-1929 while the city determined how to route the parkway through the cemeteries,<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweekly-2_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweekly-2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as miscommunications about the construction of a storm sewer under the parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The section between Cypress Hills Street and Forest Park was also delayed while the city government and Cypress Hills Cemetery's trustees resolved some legal issues over the routing.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweekly-2_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweekly-2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Board of Estimate approved $774,000 for preliminary work along the parkway's right-of-way in October 1928,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Queens park commissioner requested $289,000 for the parkway's Forest Park section the following January.<sup id="cite_ref-n159538088_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159538088-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A proposed state law, which would have implemented a <a href="/wiki/Gas_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas tax">gas tax</a> to pay for the parkway's construction, was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-n159681205_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159681205-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city government approved plans for sewers on the right-of-way in March 1929,<sup id="cite_ref-n159681205_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159681205-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Queens borough president <a href="/wiki/George_U._Harvey" title="George U. Harvey">George U. Harvey</a> requested that July that the Board of Estimate authorize the grading of the parkway's right-of-way.<sup id="cite_ref-n159538688_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159538688-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n159539683_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159539683-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the board was still awaiting a final report from Tuttle.<sup id="cite_ref-n159539683_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159539683-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another public hearing had to be hosted for the parkway after Tuttle determined that the work would cost $89,000 more than originally predicted.<sup id="cite_ref-n159539365_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159539365-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An overpass between the cemeteries had also been added to the plans, which required public review as well.<sup id="cite_ref-n159539365_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159539365-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n159542914_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159542914-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1929, the Board of Estimate approved the specifications for the parkway, which called for two 30-foot-wide (9.1 m) roadways, separated by a 18-foot-wide (5.5 m) median.<sup id="cite_ref-n159542531_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159542531-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> City officials submitted a revised agreement on the proposed disinterments of bodies to Mount Carmel and Cypress Hills cemeteries' officials the next month.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After cemetery officials agreed to the changes, the Board of Estimate approved final plans in June 1930,<sup id="cite_ref-n159542371_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159542371-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a state judge authorized the disinterment of corpses within the cemeteries.<sup id="cite_ref-n159546726_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159546726-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce requested that Mayor <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Walker" title="Jimmy Walker">Jimmy Walker</a> expedite the parkway's construction.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work had still not started by October because the bodies had to be removed from the cemeteries before any work on the parkway could begin.<sup id="cite_ref-n159543591_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159543591-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the state government tentatively offered to pay for the Interboro Parkway's construction if the right-of-way was increased to 190 feet (58 m), the city government declined the offer, especially since it would have required further land condemnation.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweekly-2_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweekly-2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As mapped out, the parkway's western end was at Highland Park, while its eastern end was at Union Turnpike; a connection between Eastern and Interboro parkways was made via Bushwick Avenue and Highland Boulevard.<sup id="cite_ref-n159544536_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159544536-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> City officials anticipated that the parkway would help relieve congestion on <a href="/wiki/Queens_Boulevard" title="Queens Boulevard">Queens Boulevard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hillside_Avenue_(Queens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillside Avenue (Queens)">Hillside Avenue</a><sup id="cite_ref-n159544536_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159544536-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Parkway" title="Grand Central Parkway">Grand Central Parkway</a>, which was to run from the Interboro's eastern end toward <a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau County, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p1115125911_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1115125911-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_section">Central section</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Central section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295897657.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295897657.jpg/220px-Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295897657.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295897657.jpg/330px-Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295897657.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295897657.jpg/440px-Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295897657.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Curved section of the parkway. There are double-white lines between the two lanes, indicating that drivers are prohibited from changing lanes in this section.</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1931, Harvey began reviewing bids for the parkway's construction.<sup id="cite_ref-p1115125911_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1115125911-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n159546110_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159546110-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Welsh Brothers Construction Company submitted the lowest bid for grading the Interboro Parkway's right-of-way.<sup id="cite_ref-n159546110_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159546110-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work on the parkway itself began April 6, 1931, after 365 corpses had been relocated.<sup id="cite_ref-n159546479_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159546479-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first part of the parkway to be constructed was the central section through Cypress Hills and Mount Carmel cemeteries, which was the hardest to construct.<sup id="cite_ref-n159546726_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159546726-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mid-1931, one of the three overpasses over the parkway's central section had been completed, having been built in one day,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and grading of the parkway's central section was half-finished.<sup id="cite_ref-n159547552_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159547552-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brooklyn borough president's office had also received permission to begin grading the parkway's western section.<sup id="cite_ref-n159547552_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159547552-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other aspects of the project were delayed by rainy weather and unusually muddy soil.<sup id="cite_ref-n159546726_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159546726-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavation and concrete work for the central section was nearly finished by October.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central section, costing $463,000, was mostly completed that December,<sup id="cite_ref-n159547224_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159547224-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> five months ahead of schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the parkway remained closed because it was not paved and because its eastern terminus was a dead end.<sup id="cite_ref-n159547224_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159547224-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A temporary 250-foot-long (76 m) road was constructed to connect the central section's eastern terminus with Forest Park Drive starting in January 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-n159668329_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159668329-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers leveled a hill in Forest Park, infilled a hollow, and built the road atop the hollow.<sup id="cite_ref-n49135233_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n49135233-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same month, the city government awarded a contract for the construction of a pumping plant on the Interboro Parkway to prevent the road from flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By March, the temporary road was nearly complete.<sup id="cite_ref-n159633666_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159633666-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n49135233_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n49135233-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Queens borough president's office had solicited bids for the construction of concrete barriers along the parkway,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the New York Supreme Court had begun compensating burial-plot owners whose land had been seized for the parkway's construction.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central section was still unpaved by that June,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it remained unopened even in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-n159737865_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159737865-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delays">Delays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Delays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, the Board of Estimate allocated $27,000 for surveys and maps of the parkway's right-of-way in November 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-p1114156296_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1114156296-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same month, Queens park commissioner Albert C. Benninger requested $288,000 to grade the parkway's eastern section;<sup id="cite_ref-n159548664_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159548664-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Benninger claimed that the city had failed to approve the funding request for several months, Walker said he had not been aware of the request.<sup id="cite_ref-n159546183_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159546183-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also plans to widen and pave part of Union Turnpike to provide a direct connection between Interboro and Grand Central parkways,<sup id="cite_ref-n159547224_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159547224-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n159548515_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159548515-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the city was acquiring a 140-foot-wide (43 m) strip of land from Queens Boulevard to Austin Street for that purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-n159624250_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159624250-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The connector included an underpass carrying the parkway under Queens Boulevard,<sup id="cite_ref-n159624641_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159624641-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which measured 80 feet (24 m) wide and was built by <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-n159641209_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159641209-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Queens borough president's office was to oversee the construction of the eastern section within Forest Park,<sup id="cite_ref-p1115125911_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1115125911-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was to cost an estimated $500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-p1114281355_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1114281355-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An overpass and two pedestrian underpasses would be built, and Forest Park's golf course was to be reconfigured.<sup id="cite_ref-p1114281355_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1114281355-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engineers also wanted to build the western section near Ridgewood Reservoir by December 1931, but they had to wait for the city's water department to relocate <a href="/wiki/Water_main" class="mw-redirect" title="Water main">water mains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-n159547224_113-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159547224-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By May 1932, there were plans to extend the parkway from Highland Boulevard to Bushwick Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-n159668526_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159668526-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One option called for the parkway to extend southwest to Pennsylvania Avenue, while another option would bring the parkway in a more westerly direction toward Eastern Parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-n159669353_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159669353-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans for the Interboro Parkway and two others in New York state were modified in July 1932 because they had gone over budget.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That December, the Board of Estimate's chief engineer published a report estimating that it would cost $2 million to complete the Interboro Parkway,<sup id="cite_ref-n159633919_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159633919-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the board deferred a decision on the report following opposition from Manhattan's and Staten Island's borough presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the plans called for an additional 11 bridges and 5 pedestrian overpasses along the parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-n159634671_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159634671-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was further delayed by opposition from the city's controller.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/John_P._O%27Brien" title="John P. O'Brien">John P. O'Brien</a> was inaugurated as the city's new mayor at the beginning of 1933, civic groups asked him to approve the plans,<sup id="cite_ref-n159677195_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159677195-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he also moved to delay the parkway's completion, citing a lack of money.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work on the Queens Boulevard underpass had also stalled due to a lack of money.<sup id="cite_ref-n159683329_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159683329-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That May, the Board of Estimate approved the acquisition of land for the parkway<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_State_Park_Commission" title="Long Island State Park Commission">Long Island State Park Commission</a> (LISPC) chairman <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses">Robert Moses</a> asked the board to reconsider the plans.<sup id="cite_ref-n159683624_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159683624-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the board's approval, the LISPC agreed to hire only contractors from New York state, and it had to employ laborers from the city.<sup id="cite_ref-n159683845_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159683845-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Board of Estimate also modified the parkway's funding breakdown so that the city government would pay 48% of the cost, Brooklyn would pay 35%, Queens would pay 15%, and Cypress Hills and Mount Carmel cemeteries would pay 1.5% each.<sup id="cite_ref-n159677668_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159677668-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same month, the board approved the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Public_Works" title="New York State Department of Public Works">New York State Department of Public Works</a>' plans to construct the rest of the parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-n159684225_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159684225-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state and U.S. federal governments promised to allocate $4.7 million for the completion of the Interborough and <a href="/wiki/Laurelton_Parkway" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurelton Parkway">Laurelton</a> parkways if the city government acquired title to the land.<sup id="cite_ref-p1115113467_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1115113467-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resumption_of_work">Resumption of work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Resumption of work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Board of Estimate approved the parkway's completion through Forest Park, 400 people were hired to clear the right-of-way,<sup id="cite_ref-n159677772_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159677772-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two beer gardens there had to be demolished for the parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 200-year-old homestead at the parkway's eastern end also had to be demolished.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1933, the board voted to approve the damage maps for the parkway's eastern section.<sup id="cite_ref-p1336985971_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1336985971-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board also voted to acquire two strips of land along the parkway's eastern section,<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the project could not receive federal and state funding if the city did not take title to the land.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Queens officials asked the city government to repair streets that connected with the parkway,<sup id="cite_ref-n159735526_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159735526-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and workers subsequently repaved one of these streets, Cypress Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-n159744877_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159744877-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prevent congestion on Cypress Avenue, the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation" title="Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation">Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation</a> proposed replacing the streetcars on that avenue with buses.<sup id="cite_ref-n159737372_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159737372-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the city had formally acquired the parkway's route, it formally began soliciting bids for the construction of bridges on the parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-n159737704_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159737704-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first contract for the eastern section was awarded in August 1933, when contractors began constructing three bridges to carry local traffic across the Interboro Parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contract had to be completed within two months<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was delayed due to inclement weather.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Board of Estimate reviewed and approved contracts for three additional segments of the Interboro Parkway's eastern section, between Woodhaven Boulevard and Metropolitan Avenue, that September.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By November, contracts for 11 bridges along the Interboro Parkway's eastern section were being awarded;<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further contracts for bridges along the parkway were awarded the next month.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the construction of bridges, the project required relocating utilities, rerouting Union Turnpike's eastbound lanes, and constructing a water-pumping station.<sup id="cite_ref-n159739769_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159739769-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several houses along the right-of-way had to be cut back or even demolished entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-n159740365_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159740365-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the parkway's construction, several landowners claimed that workers were damaging their lawns.<sup id="cite_ref-n159740084_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159740084-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents and merchants in central Queens also complained that the project was disrupting businesses and causing hazardous conditions for pedestrians, prompting construction contractors to expedite the parkway's completion.<sup id="cite_ref-n159743603_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159743603-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work on the eastern section was delayed in late 1933 and early 1934 due to snowy weather.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_extension_and_completion">Western extension and completion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Western extension and completion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295898271.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295898271.jpg/220px-Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295898271.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295898271.jpg/330px-Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295898271.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295898271.jpg/440px-Jackie_Robinson_Parkway_-_New_York_-_4295898271.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The western terminus of the parkway at Bushwick, Pennsylvania, and Jamaica avenues</figcaption></figure> <p>Moses announced in December 1933 that the parkway was to be extended further west from Highland Boulevard to Bushwick Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-p1114676558a_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1114676558a-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this plan, an additional mile of road was to be constructed, requiring the condemnation of 7.5 acres (3.0 ha) in the <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_the_Evergreens" title="Cemetery of the Evergreens">Cemetery of the Evergreens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweekly-2_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweekly-2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p1114676558a_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1114676558a-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the parkway would replace an existing roadway,<sup id="cite_ref-n159834349_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159834349-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this tract of land did not require disinterments, as had been the case with Cypress Hills and Mount Carmel cemeteries.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweekly-2_92-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweekly-2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State engineers rejected a proposal to construct a tunnel under the parkway, which would have avoided the need to disturb the cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-n159741398_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159741398-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LISPC also received bids for four bridges along the parkway's route in January 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state legislature passed a law the next month, allowing the Cemetery of the Evergreens to transfer ownership of land for the parkway's right-of-way.<sup id="cite_ref-p1240095691_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1240095691-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Governor <a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Herbert H. Lehman</a> signed the bill,<sup id="cite_ref-p1240105541_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1240105541-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n159741398_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159741398-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Board of Estimate initially failed to approve the acquisition of the land because Manhattan borough president <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Levy_(politician)" title="Samuel Levy (politician)">Samuel Levy</a> opposed it.<sup id="cite_ref-n159743712a_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159743712a-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Moses initially claimed that local streets could adequately handle traffic to and from the parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-n159833064_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159833064-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board finally agreed to buy the land in March 1934, over Levy's continued objections.<sup id="cite_ref-n159834349_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159834349-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The LISPC began receiving bids for the construction of a bridge above the parkway at Myrtle Avenue, as well as the replacement of a superintendent's house at Ridgewood Reservoir, in March 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-n159741622_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159741622-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterward, State Supreme Court justice <a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Lockwood" title="Charles C. Lockwood">Charles C. Lockwood</a> ruled that the city government was to give $1,756,599 in compensation to 170 landowners whose land had been seized for the parkway. This was less than half the $4 million that the landowners had originally requested.<sup id="cite_ref-p1242986547_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1242986547-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city government also issued corporate stock to pay for the acquisition of land for the Interboro Parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-p101021858_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p101021858-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Progress on the rest of the parkway was stalled by inclement weather, but several contracts for the eastern section were being completed by mid-1934, including bridges at Metropolitan Avenue and Woodhaven Boulevard.<sup id="cite_ref-n159744173_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n159744173-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moses presented plans for an entrance plaza at the intersection of Bushwick, Pennsylvania, and Jamaica avenues, where the parkway's western terminus was to be located, in June 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Board of Estimate approved plans for the parkway's westward extension that month.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Interboro Parkway was scheduled to open to traffic on November 1, 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweekly-2_92-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweekly-2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Interboro Parkway opened to traffic in July 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it remained unfinished until the completion of the Highland Boulevard-Bushwick Avenue extension in September 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweekly-2_92-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweekly-2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A formal dedication ceremony for the parkway took place on November 12, 1935, at the Highland Boulevard overpass;<sup id="cite_ref-p1221717394_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1221717394-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a special exhibit about the parkway was displayed at the Brooklyn Automobile Show to celebrate the opening.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s_to_1950s">1930s to 1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1930s to 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Issues with the parkway designed plagued its usefulness, as declared by the New York City Planning Department in 1941. One issue was the presence of "bad curves" at two sections of the parkway. These curves, as viewed by the department, were a "serious hazard" to drivers, but rectifying the problem would prove difficult due to the parkway's location through cemeteries. Furthermore, the department criticized a lack of highway connections at the parkway's western terminus in Brooklyn. The department suggested that the proposed Cross Brooklyn Express Highway would connect to the Interboro Parkway, rectifying this problem.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCRoads_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCRoads-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the proposed Cross Brooklyn Express Highway was never constructed as it was canceled by mayor <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a> in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s_and_1970s">1960s and 1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1960s and 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An extension to <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Bay" title="Jamaica Bay">Jamaica Bay</a> was proposed in 1963. This extension, proposed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses">Robert Moses</a>, would run 3.4 miles through southern Brooklyn, specifically <a href="/wiki/East_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="East New York">East New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Lots" class="mw-redirect" title="New Lots">New Lots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starrett_City" title="Starrett City">Starrett City</a>. Pennsylvania Avenue was presumed to serve as a service road for the extended parkway. Construction cost was estimated at $30 million and scheduled for completion in 1976. However, the extension was cancelled in the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCRoads_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCRoads-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 12, 1972, Transportation Administrator Constantine Sidamon-Eristoff announced that the New York City Board of Estimate approved a contract for the design of a $1,472,000 project to improve safety on the dangerous 3,700 feet (1,100 m)-long curved section of the roadway between Cypress Hills Street and Forest Park Drive. Work was expected to begin in summer 1973. The project would realign the roadway where possible to ease S-curves, resurface pavement, install water-filled plastic buffers at accident-prone locations, create spaces along the road for disabled vehicles, and replace 16-inch high barriers in the median of the roadway with three-foot tall concrete barriers. Engineers would also look into the feasibility of widening the roadway, though the retaining walls for cemeteries abutting both sides of the S-curve section posed a challenge to doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-straighten_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-straighten-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was also in the process of applying for federal funds for an overall project to modernize the roadway along its entire length, which was expected to cost between $60 million and $75 million. Additional safety hazards on the roadway included many small-radius curves, inadequate median separation barriers, and exits and entrances without acceleration or deceleration lanes. Simon-Eristoff also said that he wanted the roadway to be incorporated into either the federal highway or state arterial systems, which would require state legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-straighten_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-straighten-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This legislation was proposed and signed into law by Governor <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Wilson_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm Wilson (governor)">Malcolm Wilson</a> in May 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-valley_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valley-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 4, 1974, the parkway was closed as work began on reconstruction of a 4,100 feet (1,200 m) section of the highway between Cypress Hills Street and Forest Park Drive, where at least ten people were killed and many more were injured in this section over the previous five years. The one-year $1.7 million project would install a reinforced center divider, smooth out asphalt, and bank the S-curves of the roadway. Water-filled plastic containers would be placed at the dangerous westbound exit to Cypress Hills Street to lessen the impact of crashes, and four parking spots would be completed along the roadway with police telephones for stranded drivers. State and city officials estimated it would cost over $70 million to make the entire parkway safe.<sup id="cite_ref-valley_187-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valley-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of the original parkway contract included the construction of a pair of service stations just west of exit 6 (Metropolitan Avenue) in Forest Park. The stone-faced gas stations, which were located along the eastbound and westbound lanes of the parkway, were torn down in the late 1970s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s_to_present">1980s to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1980s to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The New York State Department of Transportation began reconstructing parts of the parkway in 1987. Ramps along the parkway were rebuilt, converting the junction with Metropolitan Avenue at Exit 6 from a tight <a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">cloverleaf interchange</a> to a four-ramp diamond interchange. The road was rebuilt as well, installing a concrete median and new lighting along the route. Speed limits were decreased at the swerving curve at the Cypress Hills Cemetery and at the curve beneath the Queens Boulevard underpass, problem spots noted earlier in the 1941 report by the New York City Planning Department.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCRoads_184-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCRoads-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project cost $43.1 million and took place between 1989 and 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-n158940236_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n158940236-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1997, mayor <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a> announced that the parkway would be renamed in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers" title="Brooklyn Dodgers">Brooklyn Dodgers</a> player <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a>, who had broken the <a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">baseball color line</a> fifty years prior.<sup id="cite_ref-n158940236_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n158940236-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to playing for the Dodgers, Robinson resided and owned property in the area along the parkway, and his gravesite is located in Cypress Hills Cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_l197_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_l197-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State assemblyman <a href="/wiki/Jeffrion_L._Aubry" title="Jeffrion L. Aubry">Jeffrion L. Aubry</a> sponsored legislation to rename the parkway,<sup id="cite_ref-p367964185_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p367964185-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Giuliani and governor <a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">George Pataki</a> signed the legislation later that month.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_l197_190-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_l197-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n158940355_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n158940355-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some street maps, such as the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Taxi_and_Limousine_Commission" title="New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission">New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission</a>'s official map, bore the older name for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-p279615879_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p279615879-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2018, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Transportation" title="New York City Department of Transportation">New York City Department of Transportation</a> installed new black-on-white <a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">route designation</a> signs on the Jackie Robinson Parkway as part of a program to replace route-designation signs across New York City's parkways. The signs contain an image of Robinson at bat, wearing a jersey with the number 42.<sup id="cite_ref-DeJesus_i869_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeJesus_i869-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barone_g178_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barone_g178-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-five signs were installed, replacing the old white-on-green signs.<sup id="cite_ref-Barone_g178_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barone_g178-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exit_list">Exit list</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Exit list"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="plainrowheaders wikitable"> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Borough</th><th scope="col">Location</th><th scope="col">mi<sup id="cite_ref-2007tdr_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007tdr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google_maps_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google_maps-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><th scope="col">km</th><th scope="col">Exit</th><th scope="col">Destinations</th><th scope="col">Notes</th></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/East_New_York,_Brooklyn" title="East New York, Brooklyn">East New York</a></td><th scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:right">0.00</th><td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right;background-color:#eaecf0">0.00</td><td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">–</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Avenue" title="Jamaica Avenue">Jamaica Avenue</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue_(Brooklyn)" title="Pennsylvania Avenue (Brooklyn)">Pennsylvania Avenue</a> / Bushwick Avenue</td><td rowspan="1">Western terminus; <a href="/wiki/At-grade_intersection" class="mw-redirect" title="At-grade intersection">at-grade intersection</a></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"><th scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:right">0.30</th><td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right;background-color:#eaecf0">0.48</td><td rowspan="1" title="Incomplete access" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdddd">1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" title="Incomplete access" style="background-color:#ffdddd">Highland Boulevard</td><td rowspan="1" title="Incomplete access" style="background-color:#ffdddd">Westbound exit and eastbound entrance</td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"><td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a></td><td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland Park, Brooklyn">Highland Park</a></td><th scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:right">0.90</th><td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right;background-color:#eaecf0">1.45</td><td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Cypress Avenue / Vermont Place – <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland Park, Brooklyn">Highland Park</a></td><td rowspan="1"></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Queens" title="Glendale, Queens">Glendale</a></td><th scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:right">1.42</th><td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right;background-color:#eaecf0">2.29</td><td rowspan="1" title="Incomplete access" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdddd">3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" title="Incomplete access" style="background-color:#ffdddd">Cypress Hills Street</td><td rowspan="1" title="Incomplete access" style="background-color:#ffdddd">No westbound entrance</td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"><th scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:right">2.10–<br />2.50</th><td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right;background-color:#eaecf0">3.38–<br />4.02</td><td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">4</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Forest Park Drive</td><td rowspan="1"></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"><th scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:right">2.80</th><td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right;background-color:#eaecf0">4.51</td><td rowspan="1" title="Incomplete access" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdddd">5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" title="Incomplete access" style="background-color:#ffdddd">Myrtle Avenue / <a href="/wiki/Union_Turnpike_(New_York)" title="Union Turnpike (New York)">Union Turnpike</a></td><td rowspan="1" title="Incomplete access" style="background-color:#ffdddd">No westbound exit</td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"><td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Forest_Hills,_Queens" title="Forest Hills, Queens">Forest Hills</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens,_Queens" title="Kew Gardens, Queens">Kew Gardens</a><br />line</td><th scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:right">4.02</th><td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right;background-color:#eaecf0">6.47</td><td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">6</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Metropolitan Avenue</td><td rowspan="1"></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"><th scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:right">4.95</th><td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right;background-color:#eaecf0">7.97</td><td rowspan="1" title="Incomplete access" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdddd">7</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" title="Incomplete access" style="background-color:#ffdddd"><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 0; text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/North_plate_blue.svg/24px-North_plate_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/North_plate_blue.svg/36px-North_plate_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/North_plate_blue.svg/48px-North_plate_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="301" /></span></span><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/I-678.svg/30px-I-678.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/I-678.svg/45px-I-678.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/I-678.svg/60px-I-678.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_678_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 678 (New York)">I-678</a> north (<a href="/wiki/Van_Wyck_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Wyck Expressway">Van Wyck Expressway</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Whitestone_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitestone Bridge">Whitestone Bridge</a></td><td rowspan="1" title="Incomplete access" style="background-color:#ffdddd">Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; exit 7 on I-678</td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"><th scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:right">5.10</th><td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right;background-color:#eaecf0">8.21</td><td rowspan="1" title="Incomplete access" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdddd">8W</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" title="Incomplete access" style="background-color:#ffdddd"><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 0; text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/West_plate.svg/24px-West_plate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/West_plate.svg/36px-West_plate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/West_plate.svg/48px-West_plate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="301" /></span></span><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg/24px-Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg/36px-Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg/48px-Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span></span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Airport_Sign.svg/24px-Airport_Sign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Airport_Sign.svg/36px-Airport_Sign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Airport_Sign.svg/48px-Airport_Sign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="613" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Parkway" title="Grand Central Parkway">Grand Central Parkway</a> west – <a href="/wiki/RFK_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="RFK Bridge">RFK Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport" title="LaGuardia Airport">LaGuardia Airport</a></td><td rowspan="1" title="Incomplete access" style="background-color:#ffdddd">Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; exit 14 on Grand Central Parkway</td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left"><th scope="row" rowspan="1" style="text-align:right">5.40</th><td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right;background-color:#eaecf0">8.69</td><td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">8E</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 0; text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/East_plate.svg/24px-East_plate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/East_plate.svg/36px-East_plate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/East_plate.svg/48px-East_plate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="301" /></span></span><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg/24px-Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg/36px-Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg/48px-Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield_free.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Parkway" title="Grand Central Parkway">Grand Central Parkway</a> east – <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Long_Island,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Long Island, New York">Eastern Long Island</a></td><td rowspan="1">Eastern terminus</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="7" class="jct-bottom notheme"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129796324">.mw-parser-output .jct-bottom{text-align:center;background-color:#eaecf0}.mw-parser-output .jct-bottom-legend{margin-left:1.6em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .jct-bottom-legend ul{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .jct-bottom-legend-color{border:1px solid #000}</style>1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist jct-bottom-legend"><ul><li><span class="jct-bottom-legend-color" style="background-color: #ffdddd">    </span>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Complete_and_incomplete_interchanges" title="Interchange (road)">Incomplete access</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_New_York_City" title="Transportation in New York City">Transportation in New York City</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson_Parkway&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2007tdr-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2007tdr_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2007tdr_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120612094059/https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/hds-respository/Traffic%20Data%20Report%202007.pdf">"2007 Traffic Data Report for New York State"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York State Department of Transportation. July 25, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/hds-respository/Traffic%20Data%20Report%202007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2007+Traffic+Data+Report+for+New+York+State&rft.pub=New+York+State+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2008-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dot.ny.gov%2Fdivisions%2Fengineering%2Ftechnical-services%2Fhds-respository%2FTraffic%2520Data%2520Report%25202007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoleke" class="citation web cs1">Roleke, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410152416/http://queens.about.com/cs/transportation/g/jackie_robinson.htm">"Jackie Robinson Pkwy (Interboro Pkwy)"</a>. <i>About.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://queens.about.com/cs/transportation/g/jackie_robinson.htm">the original</a> on April 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com&rft.atitle=Jackie+Robinson+Pkwy+%28Interboro+Pkwy%29&rft.aulast=Roleke&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqueens.about.com%2Fcs%2Ftransportation%2Fg%2Fjackie_robinson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCityMap-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYCityMap_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCityMap_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCityMap_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCityMap_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCityMap_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.nyc.gov/">"NYCityMap"</a>. <i>NYC.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Information_Technology_and_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications">New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150524114059/http://maps.nyc.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NYC.gov&rft.atitle=NYCityMap&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaps.nyc.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n159546726-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n159546726_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n159546726_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n159546726_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n159546726_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n159546726_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteutel1931" class="citation web cs1">Steutel, Thomas Roger (June 28, 1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-eagle-the-3500000-parkway/159546726/">"The $3,500,000 Parkway"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Eagle</i>. p. 65<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=City+Pushes+Plan+for+Queens+Roads%3B+%2427%2C000+Authorized+for+First+Steps+Toward+%242%2C000%2C000+Parkways+and+Extensions.&rft.date=1931-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1931%2F11%2F07%2Farchives%2Fcity-pushes-plan-for-queens-roads-27000-authorized-for-first-steps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n159548664-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n159548664_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-288000-wanted-to-speed-quee/159548664/">"$288,000 Wanted to Speed Queens Parkway Work"</a>. <i>New York Daily News</i>. November 13, 1931. p. 707. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2692-1251">2692-1251</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=%24288%2C000+Wanted+to+Speed+Queens+Parkway+Work&rft.pages=707&rft.date=1931-11-13&rft.issn=2692-1251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fdaily-news-288000-wanted-to-speed-quee%2F159548664%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-eagle-parkway-delay-seen-in-tie/159548684/">"Parkway Delay Seen in Tieup of Link Funds"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Eagle</i>. November 10, 1931. pp. 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-eagle-parkway-delay-seen-in-tie/159548725/">3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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September 27, 1931. p. C8. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1114281355">1114281355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Boulevard+Plan+In+Forest+Park+Is+Relief+Link%3A+Project+To+Be+Carried+Into+Queens+Boulevard+Called+Great+Aid+for+Traffic+Start+of+Broad+Highway+in+Big+Project+on+Long+Island&rft.pages=C8&rft.date=1931-09-27&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n159668526-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n159668526_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-vast-roadway-plan-o/159668526/">"Vast Roadway Plan Outlined by Commission"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Citizen</i>. 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April 9, 1933. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2692-1251">2692-1251</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=2+Famous+Landmarks+of+Queens+to+Be+Razed&rft.pages=81&rft.date=1933-04-09&rft.issn=2692-1251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fdaily-news-2-famous-landmarks-of-queens%2F159682781%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-200-year-queens-mansion-raise/159738812/">"200-Year Queens Mansion Raised to Make Room for New Highway"</a>. <i>New York Daily News</i>. September 21, 1933. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2692-1251">2692-1251</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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July 25, 1933. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2692-1251">2692-1251</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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February 9, 1934. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1240105541">1240105541</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Lehman+Signs+Bills+to+Extend+City+Parkways%3A+Measures+Enable+Moses+to+Complete+Two+Projects+Under+Way+in+Queens+Paternity+Tests+Favored+Wald+Proposal+Would+Authorize+Blood+Analyses&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1934-02-09&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1934/02/09/archives/2-parkway-bills-signed-by-lehman-they-permit-steps-to-hasten-the-in.html">"2 Parkway Bills Signed by Lehman; They Permit Steps to Hasten the Interborough and Grand Central Routes in Queens"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. February 9, 1934<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=2+Parkway+Bills+Signed+by+Lehman%3B+They+Permit+Steps+to+Hasten+the+Interborough+and+Grand+Central+Routes+in+Queens&rft.date=1934-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1934%2F02%2F09%2Farchives%2F2-parkway-bills-signed-by-lehman-they-permit-steps-to-hasten-the-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n159743712a-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n159743712a_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-interboro-land-buy-blocked-by/159743712/">"Interboro Land Buy Blocked by Levy's Refusal to Vote"</a>. <i>New York Daily News</i>. March 6, 1934. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2692-1251">2692-1251</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Interboro+Land+Buy+Blocked+by+Levy%27s+Refusal+to+Vote&rft.pages=307&rft.date=1934-03-06&rft.issn=2692-1251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fdaily-news-interboro-land-buy-blocked-by%2F159743712%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-eagle-aldermen-bar-savings-may/159744671/">"Aldermen Bar Savings—Mayor"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Eagle</i>. February 16, 1934. pp. 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-eagle-aldermen-bar-savingsmayo/159744715/">2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Eagle&rft.atitle=Aldermen+Bar+Savings%E2%80%94Mayor&rft.pages=1%2C+2&rft.date=1934-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fbrooklyn-eagle-aldermen-bar-savings-may%2F159744671%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n159833064-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n159833064_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-moses-bans-plan-to-build-park/159833064/">"Moses Bans Plan to Build Parkway Across Cemetery"</a>. <i>New York Daily News</i>. March 18, 1934. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2692-1251">2692-1251</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Moses+Bans+Plan+to+Build+Parkway+Across+Cemetery&rft.pages=180&rft.date=1934-03-18&rft.issn=2692-1251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fdaily-news-moses-bans-plan-to-build-park%2F159833064%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n159741622-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n159741622_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-park-commission-to-receive-bi/159741622/">"Park Commission to Receive Bids on Paving Today"</a>. <i>New York Daily News</i>. March 2, 1934. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2692-1251">2692-1251</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Park+Commission+to+Receive+Bids+on+Paving+Today&rft.pages=335&rft.date=1934-03-02&rft.issn=2692-1251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fdaily-news-park-commission-to-receive-bi%2F159741622%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1242986547-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p1242986547_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"$1,756,599 Awards Set For Parkway Property: Court Slashes $4,037,272 Price Sought by Owners". <i>New York Herald Tribune</i>. April 23, 1934. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1242986547">1242986547</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=%241%2C756%2C599+Awards+Set+For+Parkway+Property%3A+Court+Slashes+%244%2C037%2C272+Price+Sought+by+Owners&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1934-04-23&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-interboro-pkwy-awards-by-co/159744591/">"Interboro Pkwy. Awards by Court Total $1,756,599"</a>. <i>Times Union</i>. April 23, 1934. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Union&rft.atitle=Interboro+Pkwy.+Awards+by+Court+Total+%241%2C756%2C599&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1934-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Ftimes-union-interboro-pkwy-awards-by-co%2F159744591%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1934/04/23/archives/1756599-awards-made-for-parkway-lockwood-after-8-months-of-trials.html">"$1,756,599 Awards Made for Parkway; Lockwood, After 8 Months of Trials, Asks City to Prepare Decree as of Last July 1"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. April 23, 1934<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%241%2C756%2C599+Awards+Made+for+Parkway%3B+Lockwood%2C+After+8+Months+of+Trials%2C+Asks+City+to+Prepare+Decree+as+of+Last+July+1&rft.date=1934-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1934%2F04%2F23%2Farchives%2F1756599-awards-made-for-parkway-lockwood-after-8-months-of-trials.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p101021858-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p101021858_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Municipal Loans". <i>The New York Times</i>. April 18, 1934. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/101021858">101021858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Municipal+Loans&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1934-04-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n159744173-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n159744173_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-construction-speeded-up-on-in/159744173/">"Construction Speeded Up on Interboro Parkway"</a>. <i>New York Daily News</i>. April 8, 1934. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2692-1251">2692-1251</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Construction+Speeded+Up+on+Interboro+Parkway&rft.pages=93&rft.date=1934-04-08&rft.issn=2692-1251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fdaily-news-construction-speeded-up-on-in%2F159744173%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-eagle-board-to-get-parkway-plea/159745417/">"Board to Get Parkway Plea"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Eagle</i>. June 21, 1934. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Eagle&rft.atitle=Board+to+Get+Parkway+Plea&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1934-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fbrooklyn-eagle-board-to-get-parkway-plea%2F159745417%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-brooklyn-link-with-interboro/159834639/">"Brooklyn Link With Interboro Parkway O.K.'d"</a>. <i>Times Union</i>. June 22, 1934. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Union&rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Link+With+Interboro+Parkway+O.K.%27d&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1934-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Ftimes-union-brooklyn-link-with-interboro%2F159834639%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-eagle-how-interboro-parkway-ext/159834663/">"How Interboro Parkway Extension Is Planned"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Eagle</i>. June 22, 1934. p. 13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Eagle&rft.atitle=How+Interboro+Parkway+Extension+Is+Planned&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1934-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fbrooklyn-eagle-how-interboro-parkway-ext%2F159834663%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackie+Robinson+Parkway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180817001017/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/07/12/95083452.pdf">"OFFICIALS INSPECT NEW CITY HIGHWAY; Park and Bridge Executives See Interborough Parkway, Soon to Be Ready"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 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New York State Department of Transportation. August 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Template:Jackie_Robinson" title="Template:Jackie Robinson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jackie_Robinson" title="Template talk:Jackie Robinson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jackie_Robinson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jackie Robinson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jackie_Robinson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_Day" title="Jackie Robinson Day">Jackie Robinson Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_House" title="Jackie Robinson House">Jackie Robinson House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_Foundation" title="Jackie Robinson Foundation">Jackie Robinson Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_Museum" title="Jackie Robinson Museum">Jackie Robinson Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural<br />depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jackie_Robinson_Story" title="The Jackie Robinson Story">The Jackie Robinson Story</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Court-Martial_of_Jackie_Robinson" title="The Court-Martial of Jackie Robinson">The Court-Martial of Jackie Robinson</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soul_of_the_Game" title="Soul of the Game">Soul of the Game</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/42_(film)" title="42 (film)">42</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_(miniseries)" title="Jackie Robinson (miniseries)">Jackie Robinson</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_First_(musical)" title="The First (musical)"><i>The First</i></a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_to_Win_(musical)" title="Play to Win (musical)"><i>Play to Win</i></a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Rickey_Calls_a_Meeting" title="Mr. Rickey Calls a Meeting">Mr. Rickey Calls a Meeting</a></i> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Handshake_for_the_Century" title="A Handshake for the Century">A Handshake for the Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reese_and_Robinson_Monument" title="Reese and Robinson Monument">Reese and Robinson Monument</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealing_Home_(statue)" title="Stealing Home (statue)"><i>Stealing Home</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Jackie_Robinson_(Wichita,_Kansas)" title="Statue of Jackie Robinson (Wichita, Kansas)">Statue of Jackie Robinson (Wichita, Kansas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Jackie_Robinson_(Jersey_City)" title="Statue of Jackie Robinson (Jersey City)">Statue of Jackie Robinson (Jersey City)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology_Associates_Field_at_Jackie_Robinson_Ballpark" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiology Associates Field at Jackie Robinson Ballpark">Jackie Robinson Ballpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_Stadium" title="Jackie Robinson Stadium">Jackie Robinson Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_Park" title="Jackie Robinson Park">Jackie Robinson Park</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jackie Robinson Parkway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Robinson" title="Rachel Robinson">Rachel Robinson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mack_Robinson_(athlete)" title="Mack Robinson (athlete)">Mack Robinson</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_Rickey" title="Branch Rickey">Branch Rickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Smith_(sportswriter)" title="Wendell Smith (sportswriter)">Wendell Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Sukeforth" title="Clyde Sukeforth">Clyde Sukeforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_March" title="New Year's Day March">New Year's Day March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_congressional_hearings" title="Paul Robeson congressional hearings">Paul Robeson congressional hearings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7678f45bf4‐4b5m2 Cached time: 20241203070802 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.799 seconds Real time usage: 2.090 seconds Preprocessor visited 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