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content="#e90606"/><title>What the Luddites Can Teach Us About Artificial Intelligence | TIME</title><meta name="description" content="Author Brian Merchant says understanding the real history of the Luddites can help workers grappling with the rise of AI."/><meta name="application-name" content="nextgen"/><link rel="author" href="https://time.com/author/billy-perrigo/"/><meta name="author" content="Billy Perrigo"/><link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.webmanifest" crossorigin="use-credentials"/><meta name="creator" content="Billy Perrigo"/><meta name="category" content="Tech"/><meta name="fb:app_id" content="991230477954201"/><meta name="fb:pages" content="10606591490"/><meta name="primary-tag" content="books"/><meta name="article:opinion" content="false"/><meta name="article:content_tier" content="free"/><meta name="article:published_time" content="2023-09-26T14:25:09"/><meta name="pinterest:url" content="https://time.com/6317437/luddites-ai-blood-in-the-machine-merchant/"/><meta 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uppercase leading-4 tracking-wider after:mx-1.5 after:inline-block after:h-1 after:w-1 after:-translate-y-1/2 after:rounded-full after:bg-time-red"><a href="https://time.com/section/tech" aria-label="Tech">Tech</a></li><li class="font-roboto-condensed text-xs font-bold uppercase leading-4 tracking-wider "><a href="https://time.com/tag/books" aria-label="Books">Books</a></li><li class="hidden">What the Luddites Can Teach Us About Artificial Intelligence</li></ul><div class="mb-4 mt-2 lg:mb-[1.4625rem]"><h1 class="text-center text-[1.75rem] font-medium leading-[1.875rem] tracking-0.5px lg:text-[2.4375rem] lg:leading-[2.9375rem] font-zilla-slab self-baseline">What the Luddites Can Teach Us About Artificial Intelligence</h1><div class="mt-2 text-center font-roboto-condensed text-sm font-bold uppercase tracking-[0.6px] text-time-gray-3 md:text-base ">6 minute read</div></div></header></div><div id="article-content" class="flex w-full justify-center lg:justify-between lg:gap-5"><div id="article-content-main" class="flex w-full max-w-article-featured-media flex-col items-center"><div class="featured-media w-full max-w-full" data-type="image"><figure class="block h-auto w-full featured-image m-auto undefined" style="max-width:1024px" arial-label="media" data-block="gutenberg-custom-blocks/featured-media" data-original-width="1024" data-original-height="879" data-original-src="https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/GettyImages-1185854652.jpg?quality=85" data-caption="Luddites destroying a piece of clothworking machinery" data-credit="Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images&mdash;API/GAMMA-RAPHO" data-copyright="API/GAMMA-RAPHO" data-sizes="100vw"><picture class="flex max-w-full flex-col items-center"><img alt="Luddites" id="6317441" url="https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/GettyImages-1185854652.jpg" title="Destruction de machines par les Luddites" fetchPriority="high" loading="eager" width="1024" height="879" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="h-auto w-full max-w-full" style="color:transparent" sizes="100vw" srcSet="https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/GettyImages-1185854652.jpg?quality=85&w=640 640w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/GettyImages-1185854652.jpg?quality=85&w=750 750w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/GettyImages-1185854652.jpg?quality=85&w=828 828w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/GettyImages-1185854652.jpg?quality=85&w=1080 1080w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/GettyImages-1185854652.jpg?quality=85&w=1200 1200w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/GettyImages-1185854652.jpg?quality=85&w=1440 1440w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/GettyImages-1185854652.jpg?quality=85&w=1690 1690w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/GettyImages-1185854652.jpg?quality=85&w=1920 1920w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/GettyImages-1185854652.jpg?quality=85&w=2400 2400w" src="https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/GettyImages-1185854652.jpg?quality=85&w=2400"/></picture><figcaption class="block max-w-full bg-white px-4 pt-2 font-roboto text-[.813rem] lg:px-0"><span aria-hidden="false" class="inline leading-tight text-time-black">Luddites destroying a piece of clothworking machinery</span><span aria-hidden="false" class="ml-2 inline text-xs text-time-gray-5">Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images—API/GAMMA-RAPHO</span></figcaption></figure></div><article id="article-body" class="flex w-full max-w-article-body-centered flex-col lg:max-w-article-body"><div class="my-6 w-full px-4 lg:pl-[6.5rem] lg:pr-14"><div class="font-zilla-slab text-xs uppercase leading-6 tracking-[0.01563em] text-time-gray-4 text-center lg:text-left"><div class="block lg:mr-3 lg:inline-block">By <a href="/author/billy-perrigo/" class="font-bold">Billy Perrigo</a><a href="https://twitter.com/billyperrigo" class="relative top-[-0.0625rem] ml-1.5 inline-block [&>svg]:inline" aria-label="Author Twitter Link"><svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 1200 1227" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="black"></path></svg></a></div><div class="block lg:inline-block"><time dateTime="2023-09-26T14:25:09.000Z">September 26, 2023 10:25 AM EDT</time></div></div></div><div id="article-body-main" class="flex w-full flex-col gap-7 [&>*:not(.inline-image)]:px-4 [&>*:not(.inline-image)]:lg:pl-[6.5rem] [&>*:not(.inline-image)]:lg:pr-14 [&>.inline-image]:sm:px-4 [&>.inline-image]:lg:pl-[6.5rem] [&>.inline-image]:lg:pr-14"><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">The Luddites have a bad reputation.</p><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">These days, the word is most commonly used as an insult—shorthand for somebody who doesn’t understand new technology, is skeptical of progress, and wants to remain stuck in the ways of the past.</p><div class="component webflix-player-container block"><div class="webflix-reel" data-partner-key="1d483486-fd58-4aac-bfc2-d711b4ced387" data-property-key="68045ddd-9c78-4646-87d8-3858555b3f5f"></div></div><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">That perception couldn’t be more wrong, according to Brian Merchant. In his new book, <em>Blood in the Machine</em>, Merchant argues that understanding the true history of the Luddites is vital for workers today grappling with the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and automation in the workplace. </p><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">“At least in my lifetime, the Luddites have never been more relevant,” Merchant, 39, tells TIME. “We are confronting a series of cases where technology is being used by tech companies and executives in different industries as a means of trying to drive down wages and worsen conditions so that the entrepreneurial class can make more money.”</p><div class="native-ad flex w-full flex-col items-center justify-center"><div id="native-ad-inline-1" class="ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center overflow-hidden bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex " role="complementary" aria-label="Advertisement" data-native="false"></div></div><h3 class="text-[1.17rem] font-bold tracking-0.5px font-zilla-slab self-baseline">More From TIME</h3><div class="video-wrapper"><div class="w-full bg-time-black aspect-video"><div id="jwplayer-:Rh6pjt9btttsba:"></div></div></div><h2 class="text-2xl font-bold tracking-0.5px font-zilla-slab self-baseline">Who were the Luddites?</h2><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">If you know anything about the Luddites, you probably know that they were English textile workers who, at the dawn of the industrial revolution, resisted the introduction of new machinery. They would sneak into factories in the dead of night and destroy the power-looms they believed were threatening their jobs.</p><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">That much is true. But, as Merchant’s book outlines in detail, it is an incomplete picture. The Luddites were not anti-machinery; many of them were machine experts and welcomed the introduction of new equipment that made their work easier. What they opposed was a choice—presented as an inevitability—made by a class of factory owners in the early 19th century. Instead of seeing machines as a way to support their expert workers, they introduced industrial machinery that could make large quantities of textiles faster and more cheaply than clothworkers working by hand. These simple new machines meant factory owners began employing more lower-skilled and therefore lower-waged workers—often child laborers—instead of skilled clothworkers with years of training. The cloth these machines produced was lower quality, but it was so cheap to churn out, and there was so much of it, that the factory owners still turned a profit. </p><div id="inline-ad-1" class="ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex " role="complementary" aria-label="Advertisement" data-native="false"></div><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">The Luddites correctly recognized that this shift was not only debasing their art and depressing their wages, but also changing the very nature of what it meant to work. In the place of a “cottage industry” where clothworkers, often working from home, could work as many or as few hours in the day as suited them, a new institution was arising: the factory. Inside the factory, workers would work long hours at dangerous machinery, be fed meager meals, and submit to the punitive authority of the foreman. The Luddites saw that the winners from this technological “progress” would not be workers—neither the expert textile makers losing their jobs, nor the exploited children replacing them. The winners were the factory owners who, having found a new way to disempower their workers, were able to amass a greater share of the profits those workers generated.</p><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">Labor organizing at the time was illegal, so workers had few legal means of protest. The Luddites decided, instead of going after factory owners, to destroy the machines. But not any machines. They would target only the factories whose owners they believed were using new machinery as a pretense to erode their livelihoods. They would warn them in advance, giving them a chance to change their practices; some owners took it. Eventually, however, industrialists and the state came together, and British troops were sent to violently crush the Luddite movement.</p><div id="inline-ad-2" class="ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex " role="complementary" aria-label="Advertisement" data-native="false"></div><h2 class="text-2xl font-bold tracking-0.5px font-zilla-slab self-baseline">How are the Luddites relevant today?</h2><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">Merchant is far from the first to argue the Luddites are deserving of a historical reappraisal. The social historian E.P. Thompson documented their movement in the 1960s and argued it was the first time industrial workers began to conceive of themselves being members of a single political group: the working class. But where <em>Blood in the Machine</em> is unique is in the parallels it draws with the 21st century economy. </p><figure class="block h-auto w-full inline-image self-center max-w-full" arial-label="media" data-block="gutenberg-custom-blocks/inline-image" data-media-size="portrait_small_2x" data-original-width="2143" data-original-height="3000" data-original-src="https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/BrianMerchant_web-19.jpg?quality=85" data-caption="The story of the Luddites has never been more relevant, says Brian Merchant, author of 'Blood in the Machine.'" data-credit="Jaclyn Campanaro, courtesy Brian Merchant" data-sizes="(max-width: 768px) 90vw, (max-width: 1024px) 75vw, (max-width: 1280px) 55vw, 800px"><picture class="flex max-w-full flex-col items-center"><img index="17" id="6317448" url="https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/BrianMerchant_web-19.jpg?w=560" loading="lazy" width="560" height="784" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="h-auto w-full max-w-full" style="color:transparent" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 90vw, (max-width: 1024px) 75vw, (max-width: 1280px) 55vw, 800px" srcSet="https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/BrianMerchant_web-19.jpg?quality=75&w=384 384w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/BrianMerchant_web-19.jpg?quality=75&w=640 640w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/BrianMerchant_web-19.jpg?quality=75&w=750 750w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/BrianMerchant_web-19.jpg?quality=75&w=828 828w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/BrianMerchant_web-19.jpg?quality=75&w=1080 1080w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/BrianMerchant_web-19.jpg?quality=75&w=1200 1200w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/BrianMerchant_web-19.jpg?quality=75&w=1440 1440w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/BrianMerchant_web-19.jpg?quality=75&w=1690 1690w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/BrianMerchant_web-19.jpg?quality=75&w=1920 1920w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/BrianMerchant_web-19.jpg?quality=75&w=2400 2400w" src="https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/BrianMerchant_web-19.jpg?quality=75&w=2400"/></picture><figcaption class="block max-w-full bg-white px-4 pt-2 font-roboto text-[.813rem] sm:px-0"><span aria-hidden="false" class="inline leading-tight text-time-black">The story of the Luddites has never been more relevant, says Brian Merchant, author of 'Blood in the Machine.'</span><span aria-hidden="false" class="ml-2 inline text-xs text-time-gray-5">Jaclyn Campanaro, courtesy Brian Merchant</span></figcaption></figure><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">Those parallels, Merchant says, are visible across industries: from the art world—where AI-generated imagery is depressing illustrators’ wages—to transit, where ride-hailing services like Uber and Lyft have turned taxi-driving into an unprofitable and insecure profession. And in the entertainment industry, Merchant notes, writers and actors have been <a href="https://time.com/6317199/wga-strike-tentative-agreement/">striking</a> to protest attempts by studios to use AI to degrade their pay and job stability.</p><div id="inline-ad-3" class="ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex " role="complementary" aria-label="Advertisement" data-native="false"></div><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">“If you look at the writers and the actors who are on strike today, they're not worried that AI is going to write the next Martin Scorsese movie,” Merchant told TIME on Sept. 13. “They're worried that it's going to churn out something deemed good enough by the studios, who will then send it to the writers for a rewrite fee, and not give them full ownership of the script, and the writers will make less money. That technology is being used deliberately as leverage against the workers. And that pattern is eerily similar to what was happening in the Luddite day: the way that technology doesn't really replace workers, because it can't, but it is used to degrade their livelihoods, to cut down their wages, and to break their power.”</p><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px"><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://time.com/6300942/ai-progress-charts/"><em>4 Charts That Show Why AI Progress Is Unlikely to Slow Down</em></a></p><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">The Luddites, of course, failed. Automated machinery of the kind they were resisting kicked off the industrial revolution—and while many millions of people were immiserated in factories as a result, there is no denying that this process made goods cheaper and more accessible, driving up the average standard of living. But in the process, Merchant argues, the ruling classes popularized the pejorative definition of Luddism that exists to this day, not only to discourage workers from coming together and threatening their property, but also to dilute their wider political message. That message? That if new technologies erode wages and increase wealth inequality, it’s a result of a political choice by the owners of that technology, <em>not</em> a result of the inevitable and unstoppable march of progress. And that therefore, a more equitable way forward is possible—keeping the benefits of technology, but sharing its proceeds more widely. As Merchant puts it: “we can absolutely decide <em>how</em> we want technology to be used.” </p><div id="inline-ad-4" class="ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex " role="complementary" aria-label="Advertisement" data-native="false"></div><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">It’s that political message, not the machine-smashing, that <em>Blood in the Machine </em>attempts to rehabilitate. (Not that destroying AI or other forms of automation would even be possible in most cases, Merchant notes, given that taking a hammer to globally-distributed software corporations is pretty difficult.) The book casts Luddites not as backward technophobes, but as a prescient movement from whom a new generation of worker activists can learn plenty. “We should be Luddites,” Merchant says. “The Luddites were making a powerful complaint. If we reclaim what they were <em>actually </em>trying to say, we can apply the lessons of their story to today, and prevent a lot of misery.”</p></div></article><div class="mt-11 flex w-full max-w-article-body-centered flex-col gap-8 px-4 lg:max-w-article-body lg:pl-[6.5rem] lg:pr-14"><div class="inline-article-recirc md:relative"><h2 class="left-0 top-[-0.813rem] bg-white pb-1 text-center font-roboto-condensed text-xl font-bold uppercase md:absolute md:pr-2.5">More Must-Reads from TIME</h2><ul class="list-outside list-disc border-t border-t-time-gray-7 pl-5 pt-2 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-relaxed tracking-0.5px md:pt-6"><li><span>Why </span><a href="https://time.com/7175758/hispanic-men-us-election-trump/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20230202" class="font-bold">Trump’s Message </a><span>Worked on Latino Men</span></li><li><span>What Trump’s Win Could </span><a href="https://time.com/7176549/what-donald-trump-win-could-mean-for-housing/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20230202" 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[\u0026\u003e.inline-image]:sm:px-4 [\u0026\u003e.inline-image]:lg:pl-[6.5rem] [\u0026\u003e.inline-image]:lg:pr-14\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"The Luddites have a bad reputation.\"}}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"These days, the word is most commonly used as an insult—shorthand for somebody who doesn’t understand new technology, is skeptical of progress, and wants to remain stuck in the ways of the past.\"}}],[\"$\",\"$L40\",\"block-webflix-player-2\",{\"block\":{\"name\":\"webflix-player\"},\"index\":2}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"That perception couldn’t be more wrong, according to Brian Merchant. In his new book, \u003cem\u003eBlood in the Machine\u003c/em\u003e, Merchant argues that understanding the true history of the Luddites is vital for workers today grappling with the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and automation in the workplace.\u0026nbsp;\"}}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"“At least in my lifetime, the Luddites have never been more relevant,” Merchant, 39, tells TIME. “We are confronting a series of cases where technology is being used by tech companies and executives in different industries as a means of trying to drive down wages and worsen conditions so that the entrepreneurial class can make more money.”\"}}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"native-ad flex w-full flex-col items-center justify-center\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"id\":\"native-ad-inline-1\",\"className\":\"ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center overflow-hidden bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex \",\"role\":\"complementary\",\"aria-label\":\"Advertisement\",\"data-native\":false}]}],[\"$\",\"h3\",null,{\"className\":\"text-[1.17rem] font-bold tracking-0.5px font-zilla-slab self-baseline\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"More From TIME\"}}],[\"$\",\"$L41\",\"block-gutenberg-custom-blocks/video-jw-7\",{\"block\":{\"__typename\":\"ContentBlock\",\"innerBlocks\":[],\"attributes\":[{\"__typename\":\"ContentBlockAttribute\",\"name\":\"mediaId\",\"value\":\"RPvBT23K\"},{\"__typename\":\"ContentBlockAttribute\",\"name\":\"autostart\",\"value\":\"true\"}],\"innerHTML\":\"[video id=RPvBT23K autostart=\\\"viewable\\\"]\",\"name\":\"gutenberg-custom-blocks/video-jw\",\"tagName\":\"div\"},\"index\":7,\"mediaId\":\"RPvBT23K\",\"autostart\":true}],[\"$\",\"h2\",null,{\"className\":\"text-2xl font-bold tracking-0.5px font-zilla-slab self-baseline\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"Who were the Luddites?\"}}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"If you know anything about the Luddites, you probably know that they were English textile workers who, at the dawn of the industrial revolution, resisted the introduction of new machinery. They would sneak into factories in the dead of night and destroy the power-looms they believed were threatening their jobs.\"}}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"That much is true. But, as Merchant’s book outlines in detail, it is an incomplete picture. The Luddites were not anti-machinery; many of them were machine experts and welcomed the introduction of new equipment that made their work easier. What they opposed was a choice—presented as an inevitability—made by a class of factory owners in the early 19th century. Instead of seeing machines as a way to support their expert workers, they introduced industrial machinery that could make large quantities of textiles faster and more cheaply than clothworkers working by hand. These simple new machines meant factory owners began employing more lower-skilled and therefore lower-waged workers—often child laborers—instead of skilled clothworkers with years of training. The cloth these machines produced was lower quality, but it was so cheap to churn out, and there was so much of it, that the factory owners still turned a profit. \"}}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"id\":\"inline-ad-1\",\"className\":\"ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex \",\"role\":\"complementary\",\"aria-label\":\"Advertisement\",\"data-native\":false}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"The Luddites correctly recognized that this shift was not only debasing their art and depressing their wages, but also changing the very nature of what it meant to work. In the place of a “cottage industry” where clothworkers, often working from home, could work as many or as few hours in the day as suited them, a new institution was arising: the factory. Inside the factory, workers would work long hours at dangerous machinery, be fed meager meals, and submit to the punitive authority of the foreman. The Luddites saw that the winners from this technological “progress” would not be workers—neither the expert textile makers losing their jobs, nor the exploited children replacing them. The winners were the factory owners who, having found a new way to disempower their workers, were able to amass a greater share of the profits those workers generated.\"}}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"Labor organizing at the time was illegal, so workers had few legal means of protest. The Luddites decided, instead of going after factory owners, to destroy the machines. But not any machines. They would target only the factories whose owners they believed were using new machinery as a pretense to erode their livelihoods. They would warn them in advance, giving them a chance to change their practices; some owners took it. Eventually, however, industrialists and the state came together, and British troops were sent to violently crush the Luddite movement.\"}}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"id\":\"inline-ad-2\",\"className\":\"ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex \",\"role\":\"complementary\",\"aria-label\":\"Advertisement\",\"data-native\":false}],[\"$\",\"h2\",null,{\"className\":\"text-2xl font-bold tracking-0.5px font-zilla-slab self-baseline\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"How are the Luddites relevant today?\"}}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"Merchant is far from the first to argue the Luddites are deserving of a historical reappraisal. The social historian E.P. Thompson documented their movement in the 1960s and argued it was the first time industrial workers began to conceive of themselves being members of a single political group: the working class. But where \u003cem\u003eBlood in the Machine\u003c/em\u003e is unique is in the parallels it draws with the 21st century economy.\u0026nbsp;\"}}],[\"$\",\"figure\",null,{\"className\":\"block h-auto w-full inline-image self-center max-w-full\",\"style\":{},\"arial-label\":\"media\",\"data-size-slug\":\"$undefined\",\"data-block\":\"gutenberg-custom-blocks/inline-image\",\"data-link-destination\":\"$undefined\",\"data-srcset\":\"$undefined\",\"data-media-size\":\"portrait_small_2x\",\"data-original-width\":\"2143\",\"data-original-height\":\"3000\",\"data-original-src\":\"https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/BrianMerchant_web-19.jpg?quality=85\",\"data-caption\":\"The story of the Luddites has never been more relevant, says Brian Merchant, author of 'Blood in the Machine.'\",\"data-credit\":\"Jaclyn Campanaro, courtesy Brian Merchant\",\"data-copyright\":\"$undefined\",\"data-sizes\":\"(max-width: 768px) 90vw, (max-width: 1024px) 75vw, (max-width: 1280px) 55vw, 800px\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"picture\",null,{\"className\":\"flex max-w-full flex-col items-center\",\"children\":[[],[\"$\",\"$L3d\",null,{\"src\":\"https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/BrianMerchant_web-19.jpg?quality=85\",\"alt\":\"$undefined\",\"width\":560,\"height\":784,\"loading\":\"lazy\",\"quality\":75,\"sizes\":\"(max-width: 768px) 90vw, (max-width: 1024px) 75vw, (max-width: 1280px) 55vw, 800px\",\"loader\":\"$3e\",\"className\":\"h-auto w-full max-w-full\",\"index\":17,\"id\":\"6317448\",\"url\":\"https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/BrianMerchant_web-19.jpg?w=560\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"figcaption\",null,{\"className\":\"block max-w-full bg-white px-4 pt-2 font-roboto text-[.813rem] sm:px-0\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"aria-hidden\":\"false\",\"className\":\"inline leading-tight text-time-black\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"The story of the Luddites has never been more relevant, says Brian Merchant, author of 'Blood in the Machine.'\"}}],[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"aria-hidden\":\"false\",\"className\":\"ml-2 inline text-xs text-time-gray-5\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"Jaclyn Campanaro, courtesy Brian Merchant\"}}]]}]]}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"Those parallels, Merchant says, are visible across industries: from the art world—where AI-generated imagery is depressing illustrators’ wages—to transit, where ride-hailing services like Uber and Lyft have turned taxi-driving into an unprofitable and insecure profession. And in the entertainment industry, Merchant notes, writers and actors have been \u003ca href=\\\"https://time.com/6317199/wga-strike-tentative-agreement/\\\"\u003estriking\u003c/a\u003e to protest attempts by studios to use AI to degrade their pay and job stability.\"}}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"id\":\"inline-ad-3\",\"className\":\"ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex \",\"role\":\"complementary\",\"aria-label\":\"Advertisement\",\"data-native\":false}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"“If you look at the writers and the actors who are on strike today, they're not worried that AI is going to write the next Martin Scorsese movie,” Merchant told TIME on Sept. 13. “They're worried that it's going to churn out something deemed good enough by the studios, who will then send it to the writers for a rewrite fee, and not give them full ownership of the script, and the writers will make less money. That technology is being used deliberately as leverage against the workers. And that pattern is eerily similar to what was happening in the Luddite day: the way that technology doesn't really replace workers, because it can't, but it is used to degrade their livelihoods, to cut down their wages, and to break their power.”\"}}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"\u003cstrong\u003eRead more:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003ca href=\\\"https://time.com/6300942/ai-progress-charts/\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e4 Charts That Show Why AI Progress Is Unlikely to Slow Down\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\"}}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"$42\"}}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"id\":\"inline-ad-4\",\"className\":\"ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex \",\"role\":\"complementary\",\"aria-label\":\"Advertisement\",\"data-native\":false}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"It’s that political message, not the machine-smashing, that \u003cem\u003eBlood in the Machine \u003c/em\u003eattempts to rehabilitate. (Not that destroying AI or other forms of automation would even be possible in most cases, Merchant notes, given that taking a hammer to globally-distributed software corporations is pretty difficult.) The book casts Luddites not as backward technophobes, but as a prescient movement from whom a new generation of worker activists can learn plenty. “We should be Luddites,” Merchant says. “The Luddites were making a powerful complaint. 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