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It belongs to the family ''Filoviridae.'' Four different types of Ebola virus can cause a severe [[disease]] which is often fatal. Ebola infection causes [[hemorrhagic]] [[fever]] which starts suddenly. "Hemorrhagic" means that the victim will [[Bleeding|bleed]] a lot, inside and outside of their body. The virus attacks almost every [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]] and [[tissue]] of the [[human body]], causing multiple organs to fail at once. Out of every 100 people who get Ebola, on average 25 to 90 die. The virus was first found in [[Sudan]]. It is mostly found in [[Africa]], with very few cases in [[Europe]] and the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/2/12-0524_article|title=Ebola virus antibodies in fruit bats, Bangladesh|publisher=CDC|year=2013|journal=Emerging Infectious Disease|volume=19|issue=2|authors=Kevin J. Olival|pages=270–273|display-authors=etal|doi=10.3201/eid1902.120524|pmid=23343532|pmc=3559038|access-date=2014-08-12|archive-date=2014-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205340/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/2/12-0524_article|url-status=dead |issn=1080-6040}}</ref> == Transmission == [[File:SAG Ebola.jpg|thumb|264x264px|A 3D medical animation still of Ebola Virus]] The Ebola virus that makes people sick lives in the [[blood]] and other liquids and organs in some kinds of non-human animals without killing them. Scientists think the animals it lives in are mainly some kinds of monkeys or [[fruit bat]]s. When people touch animals that have the virus, or secretions that came out of those animals, they can get sick.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease Fact sheet N°103|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=April 12, 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Ebola cannot be caught through the air, or by being near sick people.<ref name="WHOAir2014">{{cite web|title=2014 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=August 3, 2014|date=April 21, 2014}}</ref> The virus can only go from [[liquid]]s into people's bodies. This means Ebola can be caught by touching a sick person's [[blood]], [[saliva]], [[mucus]], [[semen]], [[diarrhea]], [[vomit]], or other fluids that come out of a sick person's body. If a person does not die from the disease, he can still give other people the infection by having [[sex]] for nearly another two months after they stop being sick. This is because the virus can still be in the man's [[semen]] after a long time. 1. Once the virus enters the human body via mucosal surfaces, abrasions or injuries in the skin or by direct parental transmission, it fuses with the cells lining the respiratory tract, eyes, or body cavities. 2. It invades the macrophages and dendritic immune cells and releases its genetic content. The cell explosion triggers the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines initiating a ‘cytokine storm’. The genetic material takes over the cell machinery to replicate itself; new copies of the virus are formed and released into the system. 3. The virus then, goes on to attack spleen, kidneys and even the [[brain]]. The blood vessels leak blood and fluid into the surrounding tissues. This atypical clotting and bleeding at the same time manifests externally in the form of rashes. 4. The virus causes the shutdown of other vital organs such as liver and lungs too. In fact, it is able to invade almost all human cells through different attachment mechanisms for each cell type (except for lymphocytes). The very cells that are meant to fight infection are used as carriers to spread infection to other body parts 5. It has been found that the ebola-infected cells do not undergo normal apoptosis, but exhibit vacuolization and signs of necrosis. == Symptoms == The symptoms of Ebola disease can develop between 2 to 21 days after a person is infected with the virus.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-07-18|title=Signs and Symptoms of Ebola Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/signs-symptoms/index.html|access-date=2024-10-31|website=Ebola|language=en-us}}</ref> When people get Ebola, the first [[symptom]]s may look like other diseases. People may develop "dry" symptoms such as [[fever]], fatigue, weakness, sore throat, joint pain and headache.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-07-18|title=Signs and Symptoms of Ebola Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/signs-symptoms/index.html|access-date=2024-10-31|website=Ebola|language=en-us}}</ref> Sometimes, people think they may have [[malaria]] or [[typhoid fever]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-07-18|title=Signs and Symptoms of Ebola Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/signs-symptoms/index.html|access-date=2024-10-31|website=Ebola|language=en-us}}</ref>. Eventually, individuals get much sicker and experience "wet" symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and belly pain<ref>{{Citation|last=Chappell|first=Bradley|title=Abdominal Pain, Nausea, Vomiting, and Diarrhea|date=2018|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-46215-0.00006-9|work=Urgent Care Medicine Secrets|pages=23–28|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-323-46215-0|access-date=2024-10-31}}</ref>. They may also start to have unexplained bleeding inside and outside the body which can include having [[blood]] in the stool, blood in [[vomit]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-06-25|title=Clinical Signs of Ebola Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/hcp/clinical-signs/index.html|access-date=2024-10-31|website=Ebola|language=en-us}}</ref>As the disease progresses, people can go into [[Shock (circulatory)|shock]] from excess fluid loss which which mean low [[blood pressure]], fast pulse ([[heart]] rate), and low [[circulatory system|blood circulation]] to the body leading to [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]] failure.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-06-25|title=Clinical Signs of Ebola Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/hcp/clinical-signs/index.html|access-date=2024-10-31|website=Ebola|language=en-us}}</ref> == Treatment == Currently there are two medications approved by the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) to treat Ebola Disease: Inmazeb and Ebanga<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-06-24|title=Clinical Guidance for Ebola Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/hcp/clinical-guidance/index.html#cdc_clinical_guidance_selecting_medicine-treatment-options|access-date=2024-10-31|website=Ebola|language=en-us}}</ref>. These medications are made up of monoclonal antibodies<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-06-24|title=Clinical Guidance for Ebola Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/hcp/clinical-guidance/index.html#cdc_clinical_guidance_selecting_medicine-treatment-options|access-date=2024-10-31|website=Ebola|language=en-us}}</ref>. Monoclonal antibodies are a type of protein that are made in the lab. When these medications are used to treat Ebola, they help the body's natural defense system to stop the virus from multiplying in the body<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-06-24|title=Clinical Guidance for Ebola Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/hcp/clinical-guidance/index.html#cdc_clinical_guidance_selecting_medicine-treatment-options|access-date=2024-10-31|website=Ebola|language=en-us}}</ref>. People with Ebola also need supportive care to relieve symptoms. Lots of fluid and electrolytes are given to replace the fluids lost from [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]], and bleeding. Fluid can be given by mouth or through an IV which is a special tube that goes into veins the arm. This process of giving fluid back into the body is called fluid replacement therapy. It is also important to give blood transfusions and medicine in the case of low [[blood pressure]] which is a complication of fluid loss.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sreenivas|first=Shishira|last2=Painter|first2=Kim|title=Ebola Virus Disease|url=https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ebola-fever-virus-infection|access-date=2024-10-31|website=WebMD|language=en}}</ref> Medicines can also be given to stop vomiting and diarrhea and to help reduce fever and pain<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sreenivas|first=Shishira|last2=Painter|first2=Kim|title=Ebola Virus Disease|url=https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ebola-fever-virus-infection|access-date=2024-10-31|website=WebMD|language=en}}</ref>. == Prevention == To prevent the spread of the Ebola virus during ongoing outbreaks, it is important to practice hand washing and avoid coming into close contact with the body fluids of infected individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-07-12|title=Ebola Disease Basics|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/about/index.html|access-date=2024-10-30|website=Ebola|language=en-us}}</ref>This includes blood, tears, saliva, semen, sweat, vomit, urine, feces, breast milk and fluid from infected women during labor<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sreenivas|first=Shishira|last2=Painter|first2=Kim|title=Ebola Virus Disease|url=https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ebola-fever-virus-infection|access-date=2024-10-31|website=WebMD|language=en}}</ref>. In addition, people should avoid contact with items that may have been contaminated with body fluids such as, utensils, clothes, bedding, needles, and medical tools.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-07-12|title=Ebola Disease Basics|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/about/index.html|access-date=2024-10-30|website=Ebola|language=en-us}}</ref> Individuals with the virus can be separated from those without the virus to reduce the spread of the disease. When in close contact with a person infected with the virus, it is recommended to wear special protective clothing known as personal protective equipment (PPE). The personal protective equipment requires wearing gloves, gowns, protective eye wear, masks and closed-toe shoes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-06-25|title=PPE FAQs|url=https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/guidance/ppe-faqs.html#:~:text=The%20CDC%20guidance%20recommends%20PAPRs,efficiency%20or%20higher%20are%20an|access-date=2024-10-30|website=Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs)|language=en-us}}</ref> Many Ebola vaccine candidates had been developed in the decade prior to the West African Ebola epidemic in 2014, but none had yet been approved for use in humans. The Ebola Zaire vaccine also known by its brand name ERVEBO was the first vaccine approved by the FDA in December 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ebola virus disease: Vaccines|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/ebola-vaccines#:~:text=Ervebo%20was%20licensed%20in%20November,the%20vaccine%20in%20December%202019.|access-date=2024-10-31|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. FDA Approves Merck’s ERVEBO® (Ebola Zaire Vaccine, Live) for Use in Children 12 Months of Age and Older|url=https://www.merck.com/news/u-s-fda-approves-mercks-ervebo-ebola-zaire-vaccine-live-for-use-in-children-12-months-of-age-and-older/|access-date=2024-10-30|website=Merck.com|language=en-US}}</ref>The vaccine helps to protect against the Zaire Ebola virus, one of the virus types that causes deadly Ebola Disease<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Woolsey|first=Courtney|last2=Geisbert|first2=Thomas W.|date=2021-12-09|title=Current state of Ebola virus vaccines: A snapshot|url=https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1010078|journal=PLOS Pathogens|language=en|volume=17|issue=12|pages=e1010078|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1010078|issn=1553-7374|pmc=PMC8659338|pmid=34882741}}</ref>. ERVEBO is a single dose vaccine and is safe for individuals aged 12 months and older who at risk of infection<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-08-12|title=Ebola Vaccine Product Information|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/hcp/vaccines/index.html|access-date=2024-10-31|website=Ebola|language=en-us}}</ref>. Although the vaccine has been given to pregnant and breastfeeding women in past outbreaks, the vaccine has not been approved for these specific groups.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ebola virus disease: Vaccines|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/ebola-vaccines|access-date=2024-10-31|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> Several countries in Africa have successfully used the vaccine since it was approved including Zambia, Burundi, Ghana, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Another approved vaccine is Zabdeno / Mvabea. This vaccine is a combination vaccine also used against the Zaire Ebola virus.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-23|title=Zabdeno {{!}} European Medicines Agency (EMA)|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zabdeno|access-date=2024-10-31|website=www.ema.europa.eu|language=en}}</ref> == Research == [[World Community Grid]] is a computing project that is seeking possible drug treatments. 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