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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historiese_agtergrond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiese_agtergrond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historiese agtergrond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiese_agtergrond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inleiding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inleiding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Inleiding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inleiding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aanval_op_Stalingrad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aanval_op_Stalingrad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aanval op Stalingrad</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aanval_op_Stalingrad-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Aanval op Stalingrad subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aanval_op_Stalingrad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gevegte_in_die_stad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gevegte_in_die_stad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gevegte in die stad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gevegte_in_die_stad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lugaanvalle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lugaanvalle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lugaanvalle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lugaanvalle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sowjet-teenaanvalle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sowjet-teenaanvalle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sowjet-teenaanvalle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sowjet-teenaanvalle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Sowjet-teenaanvalle subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sowjet-teenaanvalle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Swak_verdediging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swak_verdediging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Swak verdediging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swak_verdediging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operasie_Uranus:_Die_Sowjet-offensief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operasie_Uranus:_Die_Sowjet-offensief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Operasie Uranus: Die Sowjet-offensief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operasie_Uranus:_Die_Sowjet-offensief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-6de_Leër_omsingel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#6de_Leër_omsingel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>6de Leër omsingel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-6de_Leër_omsingel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_einde_van_die_slag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_einde_van_die_slag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Die einde van die slag</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Die_einde_van_die_slag-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Die einde van die slag subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Die_einde_van_die_slag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operasie_Klein_Saturnus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operasie_Klein_Saturnus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Operasie Klein Saturnus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operasie_Klein_Saturnus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sowjet-oorwinning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sowjet-oorwinning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sowjet-oorwinning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sowjet-oorwinning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nabetragting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nabetragting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Nabetragting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nabetragting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Nabetragting subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nabetragting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verliese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verliese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Verliese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verliese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dwang_in_die_Rooi_Leër" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dwang_in_die_Rooi_Leër"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Dwang in die Rooi Leër</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dwang_in_die_Rooi_Leër-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vroue_se_rol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vroue_se_rol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Vroue se rol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vroue_se_rol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Betekenis_van_die_slag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Betekenis_van_die_slag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Betekenis van die slag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Betekenis_van_die_slag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bronne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Slag van Stalingrad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 99 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Stalingrado" title="Batalla de Stalingrado – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Batalla de Stalingrado" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="معركة ستالينغراد – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة ستالينغراد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="معركة ستالينجراد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معركة ستالينجراد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Stalingr%C3%A1u" title="Batalla de Stalingráu – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Batalla de Stalingráu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinqrad_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Stalinqrad döyüşü – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stalinqrad döyüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="ایستالینقراد دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایستالینقراد دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Сталинград алышы – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сталинград алышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patempuran_Stalingrad" title="Patempuran Stalingrad – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Patempuran Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сталінградская бітва – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сталінградская бітва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сталінградзкая бітва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сталінградзкая бітва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Битка при Сталинград – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Сталинград" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="স্তালিনগ্রাদের যুদ্ধ – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্তালিনগ্রাদের যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emgann_Stalingrad" title="Emgann Stalingrad – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emgann Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Staljingrad" title="Bitka za Staljingrad – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bitka za Staljingrad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Stalingrad" title="Batalla de Stalingrad – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangka_sa_Stalingrad" title="Sangka sa Stalingrad – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sangka sa Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="شەڕی ستالینگراد – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی ستالینگراد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Stalingradu" title="Bitva u Stalingradu – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Stalingradu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brwydr_Stalingrad" title="Brwydr Stalingrad – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brwydr Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Stalingrad" title="Slaget om Stalingrad – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget om Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Stalingrad" title="Schlacht von Stalingrad – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Μάχη του Στάλινγκραντ – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη του Στάλινγκραντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Battle of Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_%C4%89e_Stalingrado" title="Batalo ĉe Stalingrado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo ĉe Stalingrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Stalingrado" title="Batalla de Stalingrado – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Stalingrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingradi_lahing" title="Stalingradi lahing – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stalingradi lahing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingradeko_Gudua" title="Stalingradeko Gudua – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Stalingradeko Gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="نبرد استالینگراد – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد استالینگراد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingradin_taistelu" title="Stalingradin taistelu – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stalingradin taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Stalingrad" title="Bataille de Stalingrad – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slach_om_Stalingrad" title="Slach om Stalingrad – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slach om Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_Stalingrad" title="Cath Stalingrad – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cath Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A0r_Stalingrad" title="Blàr Stalingrad – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Blàr Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Stalingrado" title="Batalla de Stalingrado – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla de Stalingrado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%93" title="קרב סטלינגרד – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב סטלינגרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="स्टालिनग्राड का युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्टालिनग्राड का युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Staljingrad" title="Bitka za Staljingrad – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka za Staljingrad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szt%C3%A1lingr%C3%A1di_csata" title="Sztálingrádi csata – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sztálingrádi csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Ստալինգրադի ճակատամարտ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստալինգրադի ճակատամարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Stalingrad" title="Pertempuran Stalingrad – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalio_di_Stalingrad" title="Batalio di Stalingrad – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Batalio di Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrustan_um_Stal%C3%ADngrad" title="Orrustan um Stalíngrad – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orrustan um Stalíngrad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Stalingrado" title="Battaglia di Stalingrado – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Stalingrado" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E6%94%BB%E9%98%B2%E6%88%A6" title="スターリングラード攻防戦 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スターリングラード攻防戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Stalingrad" title="Perang Stalingrad – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="სტალინგრადის ბრძოლა – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტალინგრადის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Сталинград шайқасы – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сталинград шайқасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸ್ಟಾಲಿನ್‌ಗ್ರಾಡ್ ಸಮರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಟಾಲಿನ್‌ಗ್ರಾಡ್ ಸಮರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%B0%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="스탈린그라드 전투 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스탈린그라드 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parastina_Stal%C3%AEngrad%C3%AA" title="Parastina Stalîngradê – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Parastina Stalîngradê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugna_Stalingradensis" title="Pugna Stalingradensis – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pugna Stalingradensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schluecht_vu_Stalingrad" title="Schluecht vu Stalingrad – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schluecht vu Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalia_de_Stalingrad" title="Batalia de Stalingrad – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Batalia de Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C3%A0ia_de_Stalingrado" title="Batàia de Stalingrado – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Batàia de Stalingrado" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingrado_m%C5%AB%C5%A1is" title="Stalingrado mūšis – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stalingrado mūšis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sta%C4%BCingradas_kauja" title="Staļingradas kauja – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Staļingradas kauja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сталинградска битка – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сталинградска битка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сталинградын тулалдаан – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сталинградын тулалдаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="स्टालिनग्राडची लढाई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्टालिनग्राडची लढाई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Stalingrad" title="Pertempuran Stalingrad – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="စတာလင်ဂရက်တိုက်ပွဲ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စတာလင်ဂရက်တိုက်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slacht_vun_Stalingrad" title="Slacht vun Stalingrad – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Slacht vun Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_om_Stalingrad" title="Slag om Stalingrad – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag om Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Stalingrad" title="Slaget om Stalingrad – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slaget om Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Stalingrad" title="Slaget om Stalingrad – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget om Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_d%27Stalingrad" title="Batalha d'Stalingrad – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha d'Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਸਤਾਲਿਨਗਰਾਦ ਦੀ ਲੜਾਈ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਤਾਲਿਨਗਰਾਦ ਦੀ ਲੜਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_stalingradzka" title="Bitwa stalingradzka – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa stalingradzka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="سٹالن گراڈ دی لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سٹالن گراڈ دی لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د ستالینګراد جګړه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ستالینګراد جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Stalingrado" title="Batalha de Stalingrado – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Stalingrado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Stalingrad" title="Bătălia de la Stalingrad – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сталинградская битва – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сталинградская битва" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%95%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B" title="Сталинградтааҕы кыргыһыы – Sakhaans" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сталинградтааҕы кыргыһыы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakhaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_o_Stalingrad" title="Battle o Stalingrad – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Battle o Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Staljingrad" title="Bitka za Staljingrad – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka za Staljingrad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B1" title="ස්ටාලින්ග්‍රාඩ් සටන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්ටාලින්ග්‍රාඩ් සටන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battle of Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_o_Stalingrad" title="Bitka o Stalingrad – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka o Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Stalingrad" title="Bitka za Stalingrad – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka za Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beteja_e_Stalingradit" title="Beteja e Stalingradit – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Beteja e Stalingradit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Битка за Стаљинград – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка за Стаљинград" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patempuran_Stalingrad" title="Patempuran Stalingrad – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Patempuran Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Stalingrad" title="Slaget vid Stalingrad – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapigano_ya_Stalingrad" title="Mapigano ya Stalingrad – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mapigano ya Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="சுடாலின்கிராட் சண்டை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுடாலின்கிராட் சண்டை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Набарди Сталинград – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Набарди Сталинград" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="ยุทธการที่สตาลินกราด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุทธการที่สตาลินกราด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labanan_sa_Stalingrado" title="Labanan sa Stalingrado – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Labanan sa Stalingrado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingrad_Muharebesi" title="Stalingrad Muharebesi – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stalingrad Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Сталинград сугышы – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сталинград сугышы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сталінградська битва – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сталінградська битва" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%82_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="معرکۂ استالن گراد – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معرکۂ استالن گراد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingrad_jangi" title="Stalingrad jangi – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Stalingrad jangi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Stalingrad" title="Trận Stalingrad – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragway_ha_Stalingrad" title="Aragway ha Stalingrad – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aragway ha Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="斯大林格勒战役 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斯大林格勒战役" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="斯大林格勒战役 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯大林格勒战役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%AA%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="史太林格勒戰役 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="史太林格勒戰役" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38789#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width: 315px; border-spacing: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Slag van Stalingrad </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Deel van die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.25em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0613-308,_Russland,_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0613-308%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0613-308%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0613-308%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg/450px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0613-308%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0613-308%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg/600px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0613-308%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="574" /></a></span><br />Sowjetse soldate in Stalingrad (Januarie 1943). </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="infobox" width="100%" style="margin: 0; cellpadding: 0; padding: 0; border: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding-right: 1em;">Datum </th> <td><a href="/wiki/23_Augustus" title="23 Augustus">23 Augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a> – <a href="/wiki/2_Februarie" title="2 Februarie">2 Februarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a> <br />(5 maande, 1 week en 3 dae) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right: 1em;">Ligging </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolgograd" title="Wolgograd">Stalingrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russiese_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russiese SFSR">Russiese SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right: 1em;">Resultaat </th> <td>Sowjet-oorwinning<sup id="cite_ref-Bellamy2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellamy2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Strydende partye </th></tr> <tr> <td width="50%" style="border-right: 1px dotted #aaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Germany_(1933%E2%80%931935).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Duitsland" title="Nazi-Duitsland">Nazi-Duitsland</a><br /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië">Roemenië</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Hungary_(1915-1918,_1919-1946).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hongarye" title="Hongarye">Hongarye</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Croatia_(1941%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3020" data-file-height="2020" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kroasi%C3%AB" title="Kroasië">Kroasië</a> </p> </td> <td width="50%" style="padding-left: 0.25em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Aanvoerders </th></tr> <tr> <td width="50%" style="border-right: 1px dotted #aaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Germany_(1933%E2%80%931935).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></b><br /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Germany_(1933%E2%80%931935).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Germany_(1933%E2%80%931935).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" 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class="new" title="Petre Dumitrescu (bladsy bestaan nie)">Petre Dumitrescu</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=C._Constantinescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. Constantinescu (bladsy bestaan nie)">C. Constantinescu</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Italo_Gariboldi" title="Italo Gariboldi">Italo Gariboldi</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Hungary_(1915-1918,_1919-1946).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guszt%C3%A1v_J%C3%A1ny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gusztáv Jány (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gusztáv Jány</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Croatia_(1941%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3020" data-file-height="2020" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Pavi%C4%8Di%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktor Pavičić (bladsy bestaan nie)">Viktor Pavičić</a> </p> </td> <td width="50%" style="padding-left: 0.25em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a></b><br /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Zjoekof" title="Georgi Zjoekof">Georgi Zjoekof</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Woronof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Woronof (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nikolai Woronof</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Wasiljefski" title="Aleksandr Wasiljefski">A.M. Wasiljefski</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Jerjomenko" title="Andrei Jerjomenko">Andrei Jerjomenko</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Chroesjtsjof" title="Nikita Chroesjtsjof">Nikita Chroesjtsjof</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazi_Aslanof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hazi Aslanof (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hazi Aslanof</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossofski" title="Konstantin Rokossofski">Konstantin Rokossofski</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Watoetin" title="Nikolai Watoetin">Nikolai Watoetin</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wasili_Tsjoeikof" title="Wasili Tsjoeikof">Wasili Tsjoeikof</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Ongevalle en verliese </th></tr> <tr> <td width="50%" style="border-right: 1px dotted #aaa;">Sien <a href="#Verliese">#Verliese</a> </td> <td width="50%" style="padding-left: 0.25em;">Sien <a href="#Verliese">#Verliese</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Die <b>Slag van Stalingrad</b> (<a href="/wiki/23_Augustus" title="23 Augustus">23 Augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a> – <a href="/wiki/2_Februarie" title="2 Februarie">2 Februarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was ’n groot en belangrike slag van die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> waarin <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Duitsland" title="Nazi-Duitsland">Nazi-Duitsland</a> en sy bondgenote teen die <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a> geveg het om beheer van die stad <a href="/wiki/Wolgograd" title="Wolgograd">Stalingrad (nou Wolgograd)</a> in die suidweste van die Sowjetunie. </p><p>Dit is gekenmerk deur gewelddadige konflikte op kort afstand en direkte aanvalle op burgerlikes deur die <i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i>, en word dikwels beskou as die grootste en bloedigste konflik in die geskiedenis van <a href="/wiki/Oorlog" title="Oorlog">oorlogvoering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die swaar verliese van die <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i> maak dit waarskynlik een van die mees strategies beslissende gevegte van die hele oorlog.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit was ’n keerpunt vir Europa – die Duitse magte het nooit weer die inisiatief in die ooste teruggewen nie en het ’n groot militêre mag aan die weste onttrek om op te maak vir hul verliese.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellamy2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellamy2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die Duitse aanval deur die 6de Leër en elemente van die 4de Pantserleër op Stalingrad het in die laatsomer van 1942 begin. Die aanval is gerugsteun deur intensiewe lugbomaanvalle wat ’n groot deel van die stad in puin gelê het. Die stryd het later ontaard in gevegte van gebou tot gebou en albei partye het versterkings na die stad gestuur. Teen die middel van November 1942 het die <a href="/wiki/Duitsers" title="Duitsers">Duitsers</a> die Sowjet-verdedigers teruggedryf in smal sones aan die wesoewer van die <a href="/wiki/Wolga" title="Wolga">Wolgarivier</a>. </p><p>Op 19 November 1942 het die <a href="/wiki/Rooi_Le%C3%ABr" title="Rooi Leër">Rooi Leër</a> <a href="#Operasie_Uranus:_Die_Sowjet-offensief">Operasie Uranus</a> van stapel laat loop – met aanvalle op die swakker <a href="/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië">Roemeense</a> en <a href="/wiki/Hongarye" title="Hongarye">Hongaarse</a> magte wat die flanke van die Duitse 6de Leër beskerm het.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die magte van die <a href="/wiki/Spilmoondhede" title="Spilmoondhede">Spilmoondhede</a> aan die flanke is oorrompel en die 6de Leër is in die Stalingrad-gebied afgesny en omsingel. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> het opdrag gegee dat die leër in Stalingrad bly en het geen poging aangewend om hulle aan die gebied te onttrek nie; in plaas daarvan is pogings aangewend om die leër per lug van voorraad te voorsien en die omsingeling van buite te verbreek. Hewige gevegte het nog twee maande voortgeduur. Teen die begin van Februarie 1943 was die Spilmoondhede in Stalingrad se ammunisie en kos op en het die oorblywende deel van die 6de Leër hulle oorgegee.<sup id="cite_ref-Shirer1990_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirer1990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.932</sup> Die slag het vyf maande, een week en drie dae geduur. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiese_agtergrond">Historiese agtergrond</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Historiese agtergrond" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historiese agtergrond"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teen die lente van 1942, ondanks die mislukking van <a href="/wiki/Operasie_Barbarossa" title="Operasie Barbarossa">Operasie Barbarossa</a> om die Sowjetunie in ’n enkele aanslag te oorwin, het die oorlog goed afgeloop vir die Duitsers: die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_die_Atlantiese_Oseaan_(1939%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slag van die Atlantiese Oseaan (1939–1945) (bladsy bestaan nie)">U-bootaanval</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Atlantiese_Oseaan" title="Atlantiese Oseaan">Atlantiese Oseaan</a> was baie suksesvol en <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Rommel</a> het pas <a href="/wiki/Tobroek" title="Tobroek">Tobroek</a> oorrompel.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw2000_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.522</sup> In die ooste het hulle hul front gestabiliseer in ’n linie van <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> in die noorde tot <a href="/wiki/Rostof_aan_die_Don" title="Rostof aan die Don">Rostof aan die Don</a> in die suide. Daar was ’n paar <a href="/wiki/Uitloper" title="Uitloper">uitlopers</a> in die linie waar die Sowjetunie die Duitsers teruggedryf het (veral noordwes van <a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a> en suid van <a href="/wiki/Charkof" class="mw-redirect" title="Charkof">Charkof</a>), maar dit het nie ’n groot bedreiging ingehou nie. Hitler was oortuig daarvan dat hy die Rooi Leër teen die winter van 1942 sou verslaan, want ondanks <i>Heeresgruppe Mitte</i> se terugslae wes van Moskou die vorige winter, was 65% van sy <a href="/wiki/Infanterie" title="Infanterie">infanterie</a> uitgerus en toegerus omdat hulle nie aan gevegte deelgeneem het nie. Nie Leërgroep Noord of Leërgroep Suid was in die winter onder groot druk nie.<sup id="cite_ref-TaylorClark1974_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaylorClark1974-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.144</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a> het verwag die grootste someroffensief sou weer teen Moskou gerig wees.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellamy2007_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellamy2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.498</sup> Die Duitsers het egter besluit om hul somerveldtog op die suide van die Sowjetunie toe te spits. Die aanvanklike doel van die aanval op Stalingrad was die vernietiging van die nywerheidvermoëns van die stad en die ontplooiing van magte om die Wolga te blokkeer. Die rivier was ’n belangrike roete van die <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Kaspiese_See" title="Kaspiese See">Kaspiese See</a> na Sentraal-Rusland. Die val van die stad sou die handelsverkeer op die rivier ontwrig. Die Duitsers het die pyplyn van die olievelde afgesny toe hulle Rostof op 23 Julie ingeneem het. Die oorname van Stalingrad sou die aflewering van voorraad van die <a href="/wiki/Leen-en-pagwet" title="Leen-en-pagwet">Leen-en-pagwet</a> deur die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persiese_Korridor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persiese Korridor (bladsy bestaan nie)">Persiese Korridor</a> bemoeilik.<sup id="cite_ref-Shirer1990_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirer1990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:909</sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die Duitse operasies was aanvanklik baie geslaagd. Op 23 Julie 1942 het Hitler persoonlik die operasiedoelwitte vir die 1942-veldtog herskryf en dit grootliks uitgebrei om die beleg van Stalingrad in te sluit. Albei kante het groot propagandawaarde aan die stad begin heg omdat dit na die leier van die Sowjetunie genoem is. Daar is aangeneem die val van die stad sou ook die noordelike en westelike flanke van die Duitse leërs beveilig terwyl hulle na <a href="/wiki/Bakoe" title="Bakoe">Bakoe</a> beweeg met die doel om daardie strategiese <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum">petroleumbronne</a> vir Duitsland in te palm.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw2000_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.528</sup> Die aanval was gebaseer op ’n oorwinningskoors en ’n onderskatting van die Sowjet-reserwes.<sup id="cite_ref-walsh2000_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walsh2000-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die Sowjetunie het besef hy is onder geweldige druk wat tyd en hulpbronne betref en het opdrag gegee dat enigiemand wat sterk genoeg was om ’n geweer vas te hou, gestuur word om te veg.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.94</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inleiding">Inleiding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Inleiding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Inleiding"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="quotebox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:20%; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <div class="" style="position: relative; text-align: center;"> <div style="margin:0px 2em;"> <p>As ek nie die olie van Maikop en Grozni kry nie, moet ek hierdie oorlog beëindig.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw2000_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;">“</div> <div style="position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;">”</div></div> <div style="text-align: center;">– <b>Adolf Hitler</b></div> </div> <p>Leërgroep Suid is gekies om deur die <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Suid-Russiese</a> <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> te breek tot in die Kaukasus om die belangrike Sowjet-olievelde daar oor te neem. Die beplande someroffensief is <i>Fall Blau</i> (Geval Blou) genoem. Dit sou die Duitse 6de, 17de, 4de Pantser- en 1ste Pantserleër insluit. Leërgroep Suid het die <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFense_Sosialistiese_Sowjetrepubliek" title="Oekraïense Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek">Oekraïense Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek</a> in 1941 ingeneem. Dit was in die Oos-<a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne">Oekraïne</a>, en sou die aanval lei. </p><p>Hitler het egter tussenbeide getree en die Leërgroep gelas om in twee te verdeel. Leërgroep Suid (A), onder die bevel van Wilhelm List, moes soos beplan saam met die 17de Lëer en 1ste Patserleër suidwaarts bly beweeg na die Kaukasus, terwyl Leërgroep Suid (B), insluitende die 6de Lëer en 4de Pantserleër, ooswaarts moes beweeg na die Wolga en Stalingrad. </p><p>Die begin van <i>Blau</i> is vir laat in Mei 1942 beplan. ’n Paar Duitse en Roemeense eenhede wat daaraan moes deelneem, was egter besig om <a href="/wiki/Sewastopol" title="Sewastopol">Sewastopol</a> op die <a href="/wiki/Krim" title="Krim">Krim</a> te beleër. Weens vertragings om die beleg af te handel, is die datum vir <i>Blau</i> verskeie kere uitgestel; die stad is eers einde Junie verower. ’n Kleiner aanval is intussen geloods, waarin ’n Sowjet-oorloper in die Tweede Slag van Charkof afgesny is, en dit het gelei tot die ontplooiing van ’n groot Sowjet-mag op 22 Mei. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:German_Summer_Offensive,_7_May-23_July_1942.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/German_Summer_Offensive%2C_7_May-23_July_1942.PNG/220px-German_Summer_Offensive%2C_7_May-23_July_1942.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/German_Summer_Offensive%2C_7_May-23_July_1942.PNG/330px-German_Summer_Offensive%2C_7_May-23_July_1942.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/German_Summer_Offensive%2C_7_May-23_July_1942.PNG/440px-German_Summer_Offensive%2C_7_May-23_July_1942.PNG 2x" data-file-width="3711" data-file-height="2877" /></a><figcaption>Die Duitse leër se optog na die Don tussen 7 Mei en 23 Julie.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Blau</i> het eindelik op 28 Junie 1942 begin met ’n aanval deur Leërgroep Suid in Suid-Rusland. Aanvanklik het dit goed gegaan met die Duitsers. Die Sowjet-magte het min weerstand gebied op die groot, oop steppe en het ooswaarts begin beweeg. Verskeie pogings om ’n verdedigingslinie te hervestig het misluk terwyl die Duitse eenhede hulle van die kante af aangeval het. Intussen het die Hongaarse 2de Leër en die Duitse 4de Pantserleër die stad <a href="/wiki/Woronezj" title="Woronezj">Woronezj</a> op 5 Julie verower. </p><p>Die aanvanklike inval van die 6de Leër was so suksesvol dat Hitler tussenbeide getree en die 4de Pantserleër opdrag gegee het om by Leërgroep Suid (A) in die suide aan te sluit. ’n Groot verkeersknoop het ontstaan toe die 4de en 1ste Pantserleër albei die paar paaie in die streek probeer gebruik. Albei leërs is in hul spore gestuit terwyl hulle die opeenhoping van voertuie probeer uitsorteer het. Die oponthoud was lank, en daar word geglo dit het die inval met minstens ’n week gestuit. Hitler het weer van plan verander en besluit die 4de Pantserleër moet hulle weer op Stalingrad toespits. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B28822,_Russland,_Kampf_um_Stalingrad,_Infanterie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B28822%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B28822%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B28822%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B28822%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B28822%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B28822%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Voetsoldate met ’n StuG III op pad na Stalingrad.</figcaption></figure> <p>Teen einde Julie het die Duitsers die Russe oor die <a href="/wiki/Don" title="Don">Donrivier</a> teruggedryf. In dié tyd was die Don en Wolga net 65 km uitmekaar en die Duitsers het hul belangrikste voorraaddepots wes van die Don gelos. Dit sou later in die slag belangrike gevolge hê. </p><p>Die Duitsers het die leërs van hul <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italiaanse</a>, Hongaarse en Roemeense bondgenote begin gebruik om hul (noordelike) linkerflank te beskerm. Die Duitse 6de Leër was net ’n paar dosyn kilometer van Stalingrad, en die 4de Pantserleër, wat nou suid van hulle was, het noordwaarts gekeer om die stad te help inneem. In die suide het Leërgroep A ver in die Kaukasus inbeweeg, maar hul inval is vertraag deur die groot druk op hul voorraadlinies. Die twee Duitse leërgroepe was weens die groot afstande nie in staat om mekaar te ondersteun nie. </p><p>Nadat dit in Julie 1942 duidelik geword het wat die Duitsers beplan, het <a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a> maarskalk <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Jerjomenko" title="Andrei Jerjomenko">Andrei Jerjomenko</a> op 1 Augustus 1942 as bevelvoerder van die suidoosfront aangestel en kommissaris <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Chroesjtsjof" title="Nikita Chroesjtsjof">Nikita Chroesjtsjof</a> het opdrag gekry om die verdediging van Stalingrad te behartig.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig73_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig73-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.25, 48</sup> Die oosgrens van Stalingrad was die breë Wolgarivier en bykomende Russiese magte is oorkant die rivier ontplooi. Dié eenhede het die nuwe 62ste Leër geword, en Jerjomenko het luitenant-generaal <a href="/wiki/Wasili_Tsjoeikof" title="Wasili Tsjoeikof">Wasili Tsjoeikof</a> op 11 September 1942 in bevel daarvan geplaas. Dit was nie ’n maklike taak nie en toe hy gevra is hoe hy sy opdrag beskou, het hy gesê: "Ons sal die stad verdedig of sterf terwyl ons probeer."<sup id="cite_ref-Beevor1998_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beevor1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.127</sup> Die 62ste Leër se opdrag was om Stalingrad tot elke prys te verdedig. Tsjoeikof se leierskap in die slag het hom een van sy twee toekennings as <a href="/wiki/Held_van_die_Sowjetunie" title="Held van die Sowjetunie">Held van die Sowjetunie</a> besorg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aanval_op_Stalingrad">Aanval op Stalingrad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Aanval op Stalingrad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Aanval op Stalingrad"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:German_Summer_Offensive,_24_July-18_November.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/German_Summer_Offensive%2C_24_July-18_November.PNG/310px-German_Summer_Offensive%2C_24_July-18_November.PNG" decoding="async" width="310" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/German_Summer_Offensive%2C_24_July-18_November.PNG/465px-German_Summer_Offensive%2C_24_July-18_November.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/German_Summer_Offensive%2C_24_July-18_November.PNG/620px-German_Summer_Offensive%2C_24_July-18_November.PNG 2x" data-file-width="3711" data-file-height="2879" /></a><figcaption>Die Duitse optog na Stalingrad tussen 24 Julie en 18 November.</figcaption></figure> <p>Op 23 Augustus het die 6de Leër die buitewyke van Stalingrad bereik op die spoor van die Sowjetunie se 62ste en 64ste Leër. Veldmaarskalk <a href="/wiki/Ewald_von_Kleist" title="Ewald von Kleist">Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist</a> het later van die oorlog gesê:<sup id="cite_ref-Clark,_Lloyd_2011,_page_157_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark,_Lloyd_2011,_page_157-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p> "Die verowering van Stalingrad was ondergeskik aan ons hoofdoel. Dit was net van belang as ’n gerieflike plek, in die bottelnek tussen die Don en die Wolga, waar ons ’n aanval deur Russiese magte uit die ooste op ons flank kon afkeer. Aan die begin was Stalingrad vir ons niks meer as ’n naam op die kaart nie."<sup id="cite_ref-Clark,_Lloyd_2011,_page_157_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark,_Lloyd_2011,_page_157-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Die Sowjet-magte het genoeg waarskuwing gehad van die Duitsers se opmars om graan, beeste en spoorwegtrokke oor die Wolga en buite bereik van die Duitsers te kry, maar die meeste burgerlike inwoners het agtergebly. Die verwydering van voorraad het die stad sonder genoeg kos gelaat nog voor die Duitse aanval begin het. Voor die landmagte die stad bereik het, het die <i>Luftwaffe</i> die Wolga, wat noodsaaklik was om voorraad in die stad in te bring, onbegaanbaar gemaak vir Sowjet-skepe. Tussen 25 en 31 Julie is 32 skepe verwoes en nog nege erg beskadig.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.69</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-168-618,_Russland,_Kampf_um_Stalingrad,_Soldat_mit_MPi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-168-618%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Soldat_mit_MPi.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-168-618%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Soldat_mit_MPi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-168-618%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Soldat_mit_MPi.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-168-618%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Soldat_mit_MPi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-168-618%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Soldat_mit_MPi.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-168-618%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Soldat_mit_MPi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>’n Duitse offisier met ’n Russiese <a href="/wiki/PPSh-41" title="PPSh-41">PPSh-41</a>-<a href="/wiki/Submasjiengeweer" title="Submasjiengeweer">submasjiengeweer</a> wat hy oorgeneem het, soos dikwels gebeur het indien moontlik omdat die Russiese wapens doeltreffender op kort afstande was as die Duitse wapens.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die geveg het begin met die bombardering van die stad deur kolonel-generaal Wolfram von Richthofen se <i>Luftflotte 4</i>, wat in die somer en herfs van 1942 die sterkste lugformasie in die wêreld was. Sowat 1 000 ton bomme is binne 48 uur op die stad gegooi, meer as op <a href="/wiki/Londen" title="Londen">Londen</a> tydens die hoogtepunt van die <i><a href="/wiki/Blitz" title="Blitz">Blitz</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.122</sup> ’n Groot deel van die stad is gou in puin gelê hoewel ’n paar fabrieke produksie voortgesit het terwyl hul werkers aan die gevegte deelgeneem het. Die 369ste Versterking-infaterieregiment van <a href="/wiki/Kroasi%C3%AB" title="Kroasië">Kroasië</a> was die enigste nie-Duitse eenheid<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wat deur die <i>Wehrmacht</i> gekies is om die stad tydens die aanval binne te gaan. Dit het deel gevorm van die 100ste Jäger-divisie. </p><p>Stalin het alle beskikbare troepe na die oosoewer van die Wolga gehaas, party van so ver as <a href="/wiki/Siberi%C3%AB" title="Siberië">Siberië</a>. Al die gewone veerbote is gou deur die <i>Luftwaffe</i> vernietig, en daarna het hulle hulle toegespits op troepedraers wat stadig deur sleepbote oor die rivier getrek is. </p> <div class="quotebox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:30%; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <div class="" style="position: relative; text-align: center;"> <div style="margin:0px 2em;"> <p>Wanneer soldate by dié plek [Stalingrad] aangekom het, het hulle gesê: 'Ons gaan nou die hel binne.' En nadat hulle een of twee dae hier deurgebring het, sê hulle: 'Nee, dit is nie die hel dié nie; dit is tien maal erger as die hel.'<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;">“</div> <div style="position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;">”</div></div> <div style="text-align: center;">– <b>Wasili Tsjoeikof</b></div> </div> <p>’n Omvattende Duitse strategiese bomaanval op 23 Augustus het ’n <a href="/wiki/Vuurstorm" title="Vuurstorm">vuurstorm</a> veroorsaak waarin duisende inwoners dood is en wat Stalingrad verander het in ’n uitgestrekte gebied van rommel en verbrande ruïnes. Sowat 90 persent van die huise in die Worosjilofski-gebied is vernietig. Daar is beweer Stalin het burgerlikes gekeer om die stad te verlaat omdat hy geglo het hul teenwoordigheid sou die stad se verdedigers aanmoedig om groter weerstand te bied.<sup id="cite_ref-Beevor1998_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beevor1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.106</sup> Burgerlikes, onder andere vroue en kinders, is aangesê om <a href="/wiki/Loopgraaf" title="Loopgraaf">loopgrawe</a> te grawe en verdedigingsversterkings te bou. Volgens Sowjet-verslae tussen 23 en 26 Augustus is 955 mense in die bomaanval dood en nog 1 181 gewond.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.73</sup> Daarna is ongevalle nie aangeteken nie weens die lugaanvalle. </p><p>Die Sowjet-lugmag, die <i>Wojenno-Wozdoesjnije Sili</i> (WWS), is deur die <i>Luftwaffe</i> verwoes. Die WWS-basisse in die omtrek het tussen 23 en 31 Augustus 201 vliegtuie verloor, en ondanks versterkings van nog 100 vliegtuie in Augustus, het dit net 192 bruikbare vliegtuie oorgehad, waarvan 57 vegvliegtuie was.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.74</sup> Die Sowjetunie het aangehou om lugversterking in laat September na Stalingrad te bring, maar het steeds kwaai verliese gely; die <i>Luftwaffe</i> het algehele beheer oor die lug uitgeoefen. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Germans_in_Stalingrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Germans_in_Stalingrad.jpg/220px-Germans_in_Stalingrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Germans_in_Stalingrad.jpg/330px-Germans_in_Stalingrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Germans_in_Stalingrad.jpg/440px-Germans_in_Stalingrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Duitse soldate op pa na Stalingrad.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die aanvanklike taak om die stad te verdedig, het gerus op die skouers van die 1077ste Teenvliegtuigregiment,<sup id="cite_ref-Beevor1998_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beevor1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.106</sup> ’n eenheid van hoofsaaklik jong vroulike vrywilligers sonder voldoende opleiding. Tog het hulle, sonder enige hulp van ander eenhede, op hul pos gebly en die naderende pantsers die hoof gebied. Die Duitse 16de Pantserdivisie moes na berig word "skoot vir skoot" teen die 1077ste Regiment se artilleriste veg totdat al die teenvliegtuigwapens vernietig was. Die Duitsers was geskok toe hulle uitvind hulle het teen vroue geveg.<sup id="cite_ref-Beevor1998_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beevor1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.108</sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In die vroeë stadium van die slag het die <a href="/wiki/FSB" title="FSB">NKWD</a> swak toegeruste werkers wat nie direk by oorlogsproduksie betrokke was nie, gestuur om te veg. Hulle het dikwels geen gewere gehad nie.<sup id="cite_ref-Beevor1998_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beevor1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.109</sup> Personeellede en studente van die plaaslike tegniese universiteit het eenhede gevorm wat by die trekkerfabriek tenks aanmekaargesit het van oorskietonderdele. Hierdie tenks is net so, ongeverf en sonder visiere, reguit na die slagvelde gestuur. Soldate kon net op nabygeleë teikens korrel vat deur die tenks se loop.<sup id="cite_ref-Beevor1998_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beevor1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.110</sup> </p><p>Teen 1 September kon die Sowjetunie net hul magte versterk en van voorraad voorsien in haglike omstandighede, deur die Wolga onder konstante Duitse skutgevuur oor te steek. Op 5 September het die Sowjetunie se 24ste en 66ste Leër ’n groot aanval teen die 14de Patserkorps geloods. Die <i>Luftwaffe</i> het die aanval egter help afkeer deur die Sowjet-magte op die grond aan te val. Die Sowjet-troepe is gedwing om ná net ’n paar uur te onttrek. Hulle het 30 van hul 120 tenks in die lugaanval verloor.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.75</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Streetfight_Stralingrad01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Streetfight_Stralingrad01.jpg/220px-Streetfight_Stralingrad01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Streetfight_Stralingrad01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>’n Geveg in die strate van Stalingrad.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sowjet-operasies is voortdurend deur die <i>Luftwaffe</i> gestuit. Op 18 September het die Sowjetunie se 1ste Wagtekorps en 24ste Leër die Duitse 8ste Leërkorps by Kotloeban aangeval. Die 8ste Fliegerkorps het vlaag ná vlaag <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Stuka</a>-duikbomwerpers op die Sowjet-magte afgestuur en die aanval is afgeweer. Die Stukas het 41 van die 106 Sowjet-tenks vernietig terwyl bykomende <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Bf 109</a>'s 77 Sowjet-vliegtuie verwoes het.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.80</sup> </p><p>Die Sowjetunie se 62ste en 64ste Leër het in die stad se huise en fabrieke stelling ingeneem. Die gevegte in die stad was woes en verbete. Luitenant-generaal Aleksander Rodimtsef was in beheer van die 13de Wagtedivisie en het een van die twee <a href="/wiki/Held_van_die_Sowjetunie" title="Held van die Sowjetunie">Held van die Sowjetunie</a>-toekennings gekry vir sy dapperheid. Volgens Stalin se Verordening No. 227 van 27 Julie 1942 sou alle bevelvoerders wat ongematigde bevele gee om terug te val, moes verantwoording doen aan ’n militêre hof.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit was egter die NKWD wat die gewone soldate opdragte gegee en opgelei het. Hulle het duisende drosters en vermeende skynsiekes tereggestel om die troepe te dissiplineer en aan te spoor om dapper te wees. Net in Stalingrad is 14 000 soldate van die Rooi Leër tereggestel.<sup id="cite_ref-G.F.Krivosheev1997_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G.F.Krivosheev1997-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die slagspreuke was "Nie ’n tree agteruit nie!" en "Daar is geen land anderkant die Wolga nie!" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gevegte_in_die_stad">Gevegte in die stad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Gevegte in die stad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Gevegte in die stad"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teen 12 September, toe die Sowjet-soldate in die stad terugtrek, het die 62ste Leër net 90 tenks, 700 <a href="/wiki/Mortier" title="Mortier">mortiere</a> en 20 000 troepe gehad.<sup id="cite_ref-Beevor1998_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beevor1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Duitsers het probeer om die stad vinnig oor te neem. Een infanteriedivisie het die Mamajef Koergan, die heuwel wat oor die stad uitkyk, aangeval, een die sentrale treinstasie en een die sentrale landingsplek aan die Wolga. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0526,_Russland,_Scharfsch%C3%BCtze_in_Stellung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0526%2C_Russland%2C_Scharfsch%C3%BCtze_in_Stellung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0526%2C_Russland%2C_Scharfsch%C3%BCtze_in_Stellung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0526%2C_Russland%2C_Scharfsch%C3%BCtze_in_Stellung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0526%2C_Russland%2C_Scharfsch%C3%BCtze_in_Stellung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0526%2C_Russland%2C_Scharfsch%C3%BCtze_in_Stellung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0526%2C_Russland%2C_Scharfsch%C3%BCtze_in_Stellung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>’n Duitse skerpskutter in Stalingrad.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Sowjetunie se 13de Wagtedivisie het swaar verliese gely in ’n teenaanval by die Mamajef Koergan en sentrale treinstasie. Meer as 30 persent van die soldate het in die eerste 24 uur gesneuwel, en net 320 van die oorspronklike 10 000 het die hele geveg oorleef. Albei stellings is teruggeneem, maar net tydelik. Die treinstasie het in ses uur 14 keer van oorwinnaar verander. Teen die volgende aand het die 13de Wagtedivisie nie meer bestaan nie. Die Sowjet-verliese was so groot dat die lewensverwagting van ’n soldaat wat nuut opgedaag het, minder as ’n dag was; die lewensverwagting van ’n Russiese offisier was drie dae. </p><p>Gevegte het drie dae lank voortgeduur by die reusagtige graansuier in die suide van die stad. Sowat 50 Sowjet-verdedigers, wat van voorraad afgesny was, het die posisie vyf dae lank verdedig en 10 verskillende aanvalle afgeweer voordat hul ammunisie en water opgeraak het. Hulle het groot voorrade graan tydens hul terugval verbrand om te keer dat die vyandelike magte toegang tot kos kry. </p><p>Sommige Sowjet-bevelvoerders het die taktiek begin gebruik om hul frontlinie so naby as moontlik aan die Duitsers te hou. Tsjoeikof het dit die "omhelsing" van die Duitsers genoem. Dit het die Duitsers in ’n groot mate teruggehou.<sup id="cite_ref-russiatoday_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russiatoday-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die Rooi Leër het die grondposisies in die stad so lank as moontlik probeer hou. Hulle het in woonstelblokke, fabrieke, pakhuise, hoekwonings en kantoorblokke stelling ingeneem met klein eenhede van sowat vyf tot tien soldate.<sup id="cite_ref-russiatoday_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russiatoday-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vars soldate is voortdurend van oor die Wolga ingebring. Wanneer hulle ’n stelling moes afstaan, het hulle dadelik probeer om dit terug te wen met behulp van vars troepe. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Stalingrad_-_ruined_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Stalingrad_-_ruined_city.jpg/220px-Stalingrad_-_ruined_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Stalingrad_-_ruined_city.jpg/330px-Stalingrad_-_ruined_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Stalingrad_-_ruined_city.jpg/440px-Stalingrad_-_ruined_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Sowjet-soldate in die Rooi Oktober-fabriek.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gevegte het voortgeduur in elke gebou denkbaar en selfs in die stad se rioolwerk. Die Duitsers, wat hierdie soort oorlogvoering <i>Rattenkrieg</i> ("rotte-oorlog") genoem het,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> het bitter daaroor gespot dat hulle die kombuis verower het, maar nog veg om die sit- en slaapkamer. Geboue is kamer vir kamer deursoek te midde van die rommel wat oral rondgelê het. In sommige hoë geboue wat voorheen deur die Duitsers in daklose doppe verander is, het verskillende magte op verskillende verdiepings deur gate in die vloer op mekaar geskiet.<sup id="cite_ref-russiatoday_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russiatoday-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Pavlov%27s_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pavlov%27s_House.jpg/220px-Pavlov%27s_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pavlov%27s_House.jpg/330px-Pavlov%27s_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pavlov%27s_House.jpg/440px-Pavlov%27s_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Die Pawlof-huis (1943).</figcaption></figure> <p>In een deel van die stad het ’n eenheid onder bevel van sersant Jakof Pawlof ’n gebou van vier verdiepings beset. Dit het uitgekyk oor ’n plein van 300 vierkante meter en is later die Pawlof-huis herdoop. Die soldate het dit omring met landmyne en die gebied rondom die gebou met masjiengewere verdedig.<sup id="cite_ref-Beevor1998_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beevor1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hulle het twee maande lank daar gebly en het nie veel versterkings gekry nie. Die Duitsers het dit op hul kaarte gemerk as <i>Festung</i> ("fort"). Sersant Pawlof het die toekenning Held van die Sowjetunie vir sy dapperheid gekry. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg/220px-Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg/330px-Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg/440px-Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Sowjet-seesoldate land aan die wesoewer van die Wolga.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Duitsers het stadig maar seker deur die stad gevorder. Hulle het lugaanvalle, tenks en swaargeskut gebruik, met wisselende mates van sukses. Hulle kon egter nooit sleutelpunte aan die Wolga inneem nie. Die Sowjet-magte het ’n groot aantal artillerie-afdelings aan die oosoewer van die Wolga gevestig. Van hier het hulle op die Duitsers geskiet of ten minste hul aanvalle afgeweer. </p><p>Albei kante het skerpskutters gebruik. Die beroemdste Sowjet-skerpskutter in Stalingrad was <a href="/wiki/Wasili_Zaitsef" title="Wasili Zaitsef">Wasili Zaitsef</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wat 225 bevestigde Duitse soldate geskiet het. Teikens was dikwels soldate wat kos of water vir ander soldate gebring het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lugaanvalle">Lugaanvalle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Lugaanvalle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Lugaanvalle"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J20510,_Russland,_Kampf_um_Stalingrad,_Luftangriff_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J20510%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff_crop.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J20510%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J20510%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff_crop.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J20510%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J20510%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff_crop.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J20510%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Junkers Ju 87 <i>Stuka</i>-bomwerpers oor die gebied wes van die Rooi Oktober-fabriek.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vasbeslote om die Sowjet-weerstand te verbeek, het <i>Luftflotte</i> 4 se <i>Stukawaffe</i> op 5 Oktober altesaam 900 individuele krygsvlugte teen Sowjet-posisies in die Dzerzjinski-trekkerfabriek uitgevoer. Verskeie Sowjet-regimente is uitgewis; al die troepe van die Sowjetunie se 339ste Infanterie-regiment is die volgende oggend tydens ’n lugaanval gedood.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.83</sup> </p><p>Middel Oktober het die <i>Luftwaffe</i> hul aanvalle vermeerder op posisies van die Rooi Leër aan die wesoewer. <i>Luftflotte</i> 4 het op 14 Oktober altesaam 2 000 strydvlugte uitgevoer en bomme van 550 ton is gegooi terwyl die Duitse infanterie die drie fabrieke omsingel het. <i>Stukageschwader</i> 1, 2 en 77 het ’n einde gebring aan die Sowjet-vuur aan die oosoewer en hulle daarna toegespits op die Sowjet-skepe op die rivier. Die 62ste Leër is in twee groepe geskei en vanweë die intensiewe lugaanvalle op hul voorraadveerbote het hulle baie minder materiële steun gekry. Die Sowjet-magte is tot in ’n klein strook land van 1 km breed aan die wesoewer teruggedryf en meer as 1 208 <i>Stuka</i>-sendings is uitgevoer om hulle finaal te probeer uitskakel.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.84</sup> </p><p>Die <i>Luftwaffe</i> het tot in November die lug oorheers, veral bedags. Omdat die Sowjet-bomwerpers, die <i>Awiatsija Dalnego Deistwija</i> (ADD), in die vorige 18 maande groot verliese gelei het, was hulle teen dié tyd net snags bedrywig. Hulle het tussen 17 Julie en 19 November altesaam 11 317 strydvlugte in die nag oor Stalingrad uitgevoer, maar het baie min uitgerig.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.82</sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:265</sup> </p><p>Op 8 November is ’n groot deel van <i>Luftflotte</i> 4 onttrek om in <a href="/wiki/Noord-Afrika" title="Noord-Afrika">Noord-Afrika</a> te gaan veg. Die Duitse lugmag was dun versprei oor <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> en het gesukkel om hul mag te behou in die ander suidelike sektore van die Sowjet-Duitse front. Die Sowjet-magte het ook hulp van die <a href="/wiki/VSA" class="mw-redirect" title="VSA">Amerikaanse</a> regering begin kry danksy die Leen-en-pagwet; in die laaste kwart van 1942 het Amerika vir die Sowjetunie 45 000 ton plofstof en 230 000 ton lugvaartbrandstof gestuur.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.404</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sowjet-teenaanvalle">Sowjet-teenaanvalle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Sowjet-teenaanvalle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Sowjet-teenaanvalle"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/260px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/390px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/520px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Sowjet-soldate val ’n huis aan, Februarie 1943.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Sowjet-magte het besef die Duitse troepe was swak voorberei op aanvalle in die winter van 1942 en dat baie van hulle na ander dele van die suidelike sektor van die oosfront gestuur is. Hulle het besluit om tussen 19 November 1942 en 2 Februarie 1943 ’n klompie aanvalle uit te voer. Hierdie operasies het die winterveldtog van 1942–1943 (19 November 1942 – 3 Maart 1943) ingelui. Altesaam 15 leërs was op verskeie fronte bedrywig. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swak_verdediging">Swak verdediging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Swak verdediging" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Swak verdediging"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tydens die aanval op Stalingrad het die leërs van Duitsland se bondgenote Italië, Hongarye en Roemenië Leërgroep B se flanke beskerm. Hongaarse en Roemeense leërs het ’n strook van 200 km van die grens noord van Stalingrad verdedig tussen die Italiaanse leër en Woronezj. Dit het ’n baie smal linie tot gevolg gehad, met stroke van 1–2 km wat soms deur ’n enkele peloton verdedig is. Die soldate het ook nie doeltreffende wapens teen tenks gehad nie. </p><p>Vanweë die algehele fokus op die stad het die magte van die Spilmoondhede maande lank nie hul posisies langs die natuurlike verdedigingslinies van die <a href="/wiki/Don" title="Don">Donrivier</a> gekonsolideer nie. Die Sowjet-magte was in staat om vastrapplekke aan die regteroewer te behou van waar aanvalle vinnig geloods kon word. Dit het by nabetragting ’n groot bedreiging vir Leërgroep B ingehou.<sup id="cite_ref-Shirer1990_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirer1990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.915</sup> </p><p>Aan die suidelike flank van die Stalingrad-sektor is die front suidwes van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kotelnikowo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotelnikowo (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kotelnikowo</a> verdedig deur net die Roemeense 7de Leërkorps en die deel daaragter deur ’n enkele Duitse divisie, die 16de Infanteriedivisie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operasie_Uranus:_Die_Sowjet-offensief">Operasie Uranus: Die Sowjet-offensief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Operasie Uranus: Die Sowjet-offensief" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Operasie Uranus: Die Sowjet-offensief"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Map_Battle_of_Stalingrad-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_Battle_of_Stalingrad-en.svg/220px-Map_Battle_of_Stalingrad-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_Battle_of_Stalingrad-en.svg/330px-Map_Battle_of_Stalingrad-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_Battle_of_Stalingrad-en.svg/440px-Map_Battle_of_Stalingrad-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="1806" /></a><figcaption>Die Sowjet-teenoffensief by Stalingrad, 19–28 November <span style="margin:0px; padding-bottom:1px; font-size:90%; display:block;"><span style="border-width:0; border-top:2px dotted #000; border-top:solid#dd0000 2px; font-size:40%;">                    </span> Duitse front, 19 November</span> <span style="margin:0px; padding-bottom:1px; font-size:90%; display:block;"><span style="border-width:0; border-top:2px dotted #000; border-top:solid#ff6600 2px; font-size:40%;">                    </span> Duitse front, 12 Desember</span> <span style="margin:0px; padding-bottom:1px; font-size:90%; display:block;"><span style="border-width:0; border-top:2px dotted #000; border-top:solid #009a00 2px; font-size:40%;">                    </span> Duitse front, 24 Desember</span> <span style="margin:0px;font-size:90%; display: block;"><span style="border:solid grey 1px;background-color:#c3c3c3;color:#c3c3c3;">██</span> Sowjet-aanval, 19–28 November</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In die herfs het die Sowjet-generaals <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Zjoekof" title="Georgi Zjoekof">Georgi Zjoekof</a> en Aleksandr Wasiljefski, wat vir strategiese beplanning in die Stalingrad-gebied verantwoordelik was, hul magte in die <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> noord en suid van die stad gekonsentreer. Die plan was om deur die uitgestrekte en swak verdedigde Hongaarse en Roemeense posisies te breek en die Duitse magte in die Stalingrad-gebied te omsingel. Dit is Operasie Uranus genoem. </p><p>Operasie Uranus het op 19 November 1942 begin. Die aanvallende Sowjet-eenhede onder bevel van generaal Nikolai Watoetin het bestaan uit drie volle leërs, die 1ste Wagteleër, die 5de Tenkleër en die 21ste Lëer. Dit het ingesluit 18 infanteriedivisies, 8 tenkbrigades, twee voertuigbrigades, 5 kavalleriedivisies en ’n teentenkbrigade. Die voorbereidings vir die aanval kon deur die <a href="/wiki/Roemene" title="Roemene">Roemene</a> gehoor word en hulle het versterkings gevra, wat hulle geweier is. </p><p>Die Roemeense 3de Leër noord van Stalingrad is maklik oorrompel deur die Sowjet-magte, wat van daar af suid beweeg het na Kalatsj, ’n dorp wes van Stalingrad. Op 20 November, in ’n tweede Sowjet-offensief met twee leërs, is die Roemeense 4de Leër van hoofsaaklik voetsoldate suid van Stalingrad oorrompel deur Sowjet-tenks, wat van daar af noord na Kalatsj beweeg het. Die onderskeie Sowjet-groepe het mekaar op 23 November ontmoet en so die omsingeling van Stalingrad voltooi.<sup id="cite_ref-Shirer1990_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirer1990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.926</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="6de_Leër_omsingel"><span id="6de_Le.C3.ABr_omsingel"></span>6de Leër omsingel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: 6de Leër omsingel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: 6de Leër omsingel"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:German_pows_stalingrad_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/German_pows_stalingrad_1943.jpg/220px-German_pows_stalingrad_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/German_pows_stalingrad_1943.jpg/330px-German_pows_stalingrad_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/German_pows_stalingrad_1943.jpg/440px-German_pows_stalingrad_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Duitse oorlogsgevangenes. Op die agtergrond is Stalingrad se groot graansuier.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27,_Russland-S%C3%BCd,_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Roemeense soldate naby Stalingrad.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sowat 265 000 Duitse, Roemeense en Italiaanse soldate<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en sowat 40 000 Sowjet-vrywilligers wat vir die Duitsers geveg het, was in die stad vasgekeer. Daar was ook sowat 10 000 Sowjet-burgerlikes en verskeie duisende soldate wat die Duitsers gevange geneem het. </p><p>Die Rooi Leër het dadelik twee verdedigingsfronte geskep: een na binne en een na buite. Die Duitse veldmaarskalk Erich von Manstein het Hitler geadviseer om nie die 6de Leër opdrag te gee om uit te breek nie en gesê hy kon deur die Sowjet-linies breek om die leër te bevry.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volgens die Amerikaanse historici Williamson Murray en Alan Millet was dit Manstein se boodskap aan Hitler op 24 November, tesame met <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> se stelling dat die <i>Luftwaffe</i> die Duitse soldate van voorraad kon voorsien, "... wat die lot van die 6de Leër beslis het".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Ná 1945 het Manstein beweer sy raad aan Hitler was dat die 6de Leër wel moet uitbreek.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Wolfram von Richthofen van <i>Luftflotte</i> 4 het Hitler probeer oorreed om van plan te verander. Die magte van die 6de Leër was amper twee keer so groot as ’n gewone Duitse weermageenheid en daar was boonop ’n korps van die 4de Pantserleër ook in Stalingrad vasgekeer. Die maksimum voorraad van 107 ton wat hulle per dag per vliegtuig kon aflewer, was veel minder as die minimum voorraad van 750 ton wat nodig was. Manstein het hierna in ’n verslag gesê die <i>Luftwaffe</i> kon nie die Duitse soldate van die nodige voorraad voorsien nie. Hy het voorgestel as ’n nou deurgang na die 6de Leër geskep kon word, kon dit gebruik word om die soldate te bevry. Hy het erken hoe sleg dit vir die Duitse moreel sou wees om Stalingrad te verloor, maar hulle sou so ten minste die 6de Leër kon red en hul vegkrag behou.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler het egter besluit die 6de Leër sou in Stalingrad bly en dat hulle per lug van voorraad voorsien moes word totdat die Duitsers deur die Sowjet-omsirkeling kon breek. </p><p>Eindelik kon die <i>Luftwaffe</i> net sowat 85 ton voorraad verskaf. Klem is op brandstof gelê bo kos en ammunisie omdat geglo is die soldate sou eindelik uit die stad kon breek.<sup id="cite_ref-walsh2000_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walsh2000-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.153</sup> Siek en gewonde soldate is ook uit die stad gevlieg. Bronne verskil oor die getal, maar dit was tussen 25 000 en 35 000. Omdat vragvliegtuie te min was, is ook bomwerpers gebruik om voorraad af te lewer. </p><p>Die tol op die Duitse Weermag was hoog. Honderde vliegtuie is deur die Sowjet-magte verwoes of erg beskadig en sowat 1 000 hoogs gekwalifiseerde bomwerpersoldate het gesneuwel.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.310</sup> Die verliese was so groot dat vier van <i>Luftflotte</i> 4 se vervoereenhede hierna amptelik ontbind is<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.122</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_einde_van_die_slag">Die einde van die slag</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Die einde van die slag" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Die einde van die slag"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operasie_Klein_Saturnus">Operasie Klein Saturnus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Operasie Klein Saturnus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Operasie Klein Saturnus"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:OperationLittleSaturn.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/OperationLittleSaturn.PNG/280px-OperationLittleSaturn.PNG" decoding="async" width="280" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/OperationLittleSaturn.PNG/420px-OperationLittleSaturn.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/OperationLittleSaturn.PNG/560px-OperationLittleSaturn.PNG 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Die gebied (in blou) wat die Sowjet-magte teruggeneem het in Operasie Klein Saturnus.</figcaption></figure> <p>Op 16 Desember het die Sowjetunie Operasie Klein Saturnus geloods. Dit was ’n poging om deur die Spilmoondhede se magte, hoofsaaklik Italiaanse soldate, aan die Don te breek om <a href="/wiki/Rostof_aan_die_Don" title="Rostof aan die Don">Rostof aan die Don</a> oor te neem. Vanaf die Sowjet-vastrapplek by Mamon het 15 afdelings, met minstens 100 tenks, die <a href="/wiki/Italianers" title="Italianers">Italianers</a> aangeval. Hoewel laasgenoemde aanvanklik goed weerstand gebied het, was die Sowjet-mag te groot en op 19 Desember het die Italianers opdrag gekry om terug te val.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die Sowjet-magte het hul posisies hierna om Stalingrad gekonsolideer. Die Duitsers, wie se Operasie Winterstorm om die vasgekeerde 6de Leër in die suide te red, aanvanklik suksesvol was, was teen 19 Desember binne 48 km van die leër. Op 23 Desember moes die Duitse soldate egter die hernude Sowjet-aanvalle afweer en die poging om die leër te red is laat vaar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sowjet-oorwinning">Sowjet-oorwinning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Sowjet-oorwinning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Sowjet-oorwinning"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Medal_defense_of_Stalingrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Medal_defense_of_Stalingrad.jpg/120px-Medal_defense_of_Stalingrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Medal_defense_of_Stalingrad.jpg/180px-Medal_defense_of_Stalingrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Medal_defense_of_Stalingrad.jpg/240px-Medal_defense_of_Stalingrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Altesaam 759 560 Sowjet-soldate het dié medalje vir die verdediging van Stalingrad ontvang.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Duitsers binne Stalingrad het van die voorstede na die stad self teruggeval. Die verlies van twee vliegvelde op 16 Januarie 1943<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> het beteken hulle kon nie meer voorraad per vliegtuig ontvang of gewondes uit die oorlogsgebied verwyder nie.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.98</sup> Die laaste vliegveld wat die Duitsers kon gebruik, by die Stalingrad-vliegskool, is op 22–23 Januarie vir die laaste keer gebruik.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0316-0204-005,_Russland,_Paulus_in_Kriegsgefangenschaft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0316-0204-005%2C_Russland%2C_Paulus_in_Kriegsgefangenschaft.jpg/190px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0316-0204-005%2C_Russland%2C_Paulus_in_Kriegsgefangenschaft.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0316-0204-005%2C_Russland%2C_Paulus_in_Kriegsgefangenschaft.jpg/285px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0316-0204-005%2C_Russland%2C_Paulus_in_Kriegsgefangenschaft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0316-0204-005%2C_Russland%2C_Paulus_in_Kriegsgefangenschaft.jpg/380px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0316-0204-005%2C_Russland%2C_Paulus_in_Kriegsgefangenschaft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Veldmaarskalk Friedrich Paulus (links) en sy stafhoof, generaal Arthur Schmidt (middel), en adjudant, Wilhelm Adam, nadat hulle oorgegee het.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Duitsers was nie net uitgehonger nie, maar hul ammunisie het ook begin opraak. Hulle het egter bly voortveg, deels omdat hulle geglo het die Sowjet-magte sou hulle doodmaak indien hulle gevange geneem word. Veral die Sowjet-burgers wat vir die Duitsers geveg het, het geen illusie oor hul lot gehad as hulle gevang sou word nie. Bloedige gevegte het weer in Stalingrad uitgebreek. </p><p>Die Duitsers het teen dié tyd nie meer bruikbare tenks oorgehad nie. Die Sowjet-magte het ’n boodskap na die 6de Leër se Paulus gestuur dat hul veiligheid gewaarborg sou word as hulle oorgee en dat hulle mediese sorg en kos sou kry. Paulus het nie gereageer nie vanweë Hitler se opdrag om nie oor te gee nie.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.283</sup> </p><p>Op 22 Januarie het Paulus wel gevra of hy mag oorgee, maar Hitler het dit verwerp. Hy het vir die Duitse soldate ’n telegraafboodskap gestuur waarin hy sê hulle het ’n historiese bydrae gelewer tot die grootste slag in die Duitse geskiedenis en dat hulle moes voortveg "tot die laaste soldaat en die laaste koeël".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Op 26 Januarie 1943 was die Duitse soldate in twee verdeel: een deel was in die noorde naby die trekkerfabriek vasgekeer en ’n kleiner deel suid, naby die middestad. Die noordelike groep is aangevoer deur generaal Walter Heitz en die suidelike groep deur Paulus. </p><p>Op 30 Januarie 1943, die 10de herdenking van Hitler se bewind, het Hitler Paulus tot die rang van veldmaarskalk bevorder. Geen Duitse veldmaarskalk het al oorgegee nie en die boodskap was duidelik: as Paulus oorgee, sou hy ’n skande oor homself bring en die Duitse offisier met die hoogste rang word wat nog gevange geneem is. Hitler het geglo Paulus sou óf tot die bitter einde veg óf selfmoord pleeg.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paulus het egter opgemerk:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Für so einen Schweinehund wie den böhmischen Gefreiten erschieße ich mich nicht!</i> (<i>Ek sal myself nie skiet vir so ’n swynhond soos hierdie Boheemse korporaal nie!</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die volgende dag het die Sowjet-magte die suidelike groep onder Paulus onverwags oorrompel. Toe die Sowjet-magte hom ondervra, het Paulus ontken dat hy oorgegee het en gesê hy is onkant betrap. Hy het ontken dat hy die bevelvoerder van die noordelike groep is en het geweier om opdrag te gee dat dié groep oorgee.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vier Sowjet-leërs het die noordelike groep aangeval en vroeg die oggend van 2 Februarie is generaal Strecker ingelig een van sy eie offisiere het na die Sowjet-soldate gegaan om vir ’n oorgawe te onderhandel. Die generaal het besef daar is geen ander uitweg nie en het oorgegee. Sowat 91 000 moeë, siek, gewonde en verhongerde soldate is gevange geneem. Onder hulle was 3 000 Roemeense soldate<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en 22 generaals. Hitler was woedend en het gesê Paulus "kon homself leed gespaar en hom verhef het tot nasionale onsterflikheid, maar hy het verkies om na Moskou te gaan".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nabetragting">Nabetragting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Nabetragting" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Nabetragting"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg/220px-Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg/330px-Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg/440px-Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>Stalingrad ná die maande lange gevegte.</figcaption></figure> <p>Stalingrad was die eerste keer dat die Nazi-regering ’n neerlaag in die openbaar erken het; dit was nie net hul eerste groot terugslag nie, maar ’n reusagtige neerlaag met ’n ongekende verlies aan menselewens. Op 31 Januarie is die gereelde programme oor die Duitse staatsradio vervang met die somber Adagio-beweging uit <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a> se Simfonie No. 7, gevolg deur die aankondiging van die neerlaag by Stalingrad.<sup id="cite_ref-Lose_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lose-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volgens Sowjet-rekords het meer as 10 000 soldate aan die Duitse kant nog ’n maand lank in geïsoleerde groepe bly veg. Teen vroeg Maart 1943 het die oorblywende groepe soldate oorgegee. </p><p>Van die byna 110 000 Duitse soldate wat in Stalingrad gevange geneem is, het net sowat 5 000 na Duitsland teruggekeer.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die oorlogsgevangenes, reeds verswak deur siektes, verhongering, koue en gebrek aan mediese sorg, is op dodemarse gestuur na gevangenekampe en later <a href="/wiki/Goelag" title="Goelag">strafkampe</a> regdeur die Sowjetunie (75 000 is binne drie maande van hul gevangeneming dood). Sommige is in Stalingrad gehou om die stad te help herbou. </p><p>’n Paar offisiere is na Moskou geneem en vir propagandadoeleindes gebruik. Paulus het tot in 1952 in die Sowjetunie gebly, en is toe na <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oos-Duitsland" class="mw-redirect" title="Oos-Duitsland">Oos-Duitsland</a>, waar hy sy optrede by Stalingrad bly verdedig het. Volgens hom was <a href="/wiki/Kommunisme" title="Kommunisme">kommunisme</a> die beste hoop vir die na-oorlogse Europa.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig73_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig73-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.280</sup> </p><p>Hy het ook in die <a href="/wiki/Neurenberg" title="Neurenberg">Neurenbergverhore</a> getuig. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verliese">Verliese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Verliese" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Verliese"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011,_Russland,_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>’n Sowjet-soldaat marsjeer ’n Duitse soldaat na gevangenskap.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die berekening van verliese in die Slag van Stalingrad hang af van die beskouing van die omvang van die slag. Dit kan gesien word as net die veldslae binne die stad en sy voorstede, of as al die gevegte aan die suidelike kant van die Sowjet-Duitse front van die lente van 1942 af tot aan die einde van die gevegte in die stad self in die winter van 1943. </p><p>Die <a href="/wiki/Spilmoondhede" title="Spilmoondhede">Spilmoondhede</a> het 850 000 soldate verloor in al die takke van die Duitse weermag en sy bondgenote; 400 000 Duitsers, 200 000 Roemene, 130 000 Italianers en 120 000 <a href="/wiki/Hongare" title="Hongare">Hongare</a> is gewond, gedood of gevange geneem.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die Duitsers het ook 900 vliegtuie verloor (insluitende 274 vragvliegtuie en 165 bomwerpers), asook 500 tenks en 6 000 stukke geskut.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:122–123</sup> Volgens ’n Sowjet-verslag van destyds het die Sowjet-magte beslag gelê op 5 762 stukke geskut, 1 312 mortiere, 12 701 swaarmasjiengewere, 80 438 submasjiengewere, 156 987 ander gewere, 10 722 vragmotors, 744 vliegtuie, 1 666 tenks, 261 ander pantservoertuie, 571 halfkruipbandvoertuie en 10 679 motorfietse.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die verliese aan die Hongaarse, Italiaanse en Roemeense kant is nie bekend nie. </p><p>Die USSR het volgens argiefsyfers 478 741 soldate verloor en 650 878 is gewond of was siek.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daarby is aan die Sowjet-kant 4 341 tenks, 15 728 stukke geskut en 2 769 vegvliegtuie verloor.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tussen 25 000 en 40 000 Sowjet-burgerlikes is in Stalingrad en sy voorstede dood in een week van bomaanvalle deur <i>Luftflotte</i> 4 toe die Duitsers die stad genader het.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die totale getal sterftes onder burgerlikes is onbekend. </p><p>Die verliese aan albei kante word geraam op sowat 1,7 miljoen tot 2 miljoen mense. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dwang_in_die_Rooi_Leër"><span id="Dwang_in_die_Rooi_Le.C3.ABr"></span>Dwang in die Rooi Leër</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Dwang in die Rooi Leër" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Dwang in die Rooi Leër"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>’n Belangrike historiese debat gaan oor die mate van terreur in die Rooi Leër. Vir die Britse historikus Antony Beevor was die "sinistere" boodskap van die Stalingrad-front se politieke departement op 8 Oktober 1942 dat "die gevoel van nederlaag feitlik uitgewis is en die voorvalle van verraad minder word", ’n voorbeeld van die soort dwang wat die soldate van die Rooi Leër ervaar het.<sup id="cite_ref-Beevor2004_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beevor2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.154–168</sup> Aan die ander kant dink hy nie terreur alleen kon verantwoordelik gewees het vir die Sowjet-soldate se buitengewone selfopoffering nie.<sup id="cite_ref-Beevor1998_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beevor1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:bl.154–168</sup> </p><p>Richard Overy meen ook hoewel dit maklik is om op die dwang in die Rooi Leër te konsentreer, "is dit ’n verdraaiing van ons siening van die Sowjet-oorlogvoering."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ná honderde onderhoude met Sowjet-veterane oor terreur in die Rooi Leër – en veral Verordening No. 227 ("Nie ’n tree agteruit nie!") – het Catherine Merridale gemeen die soldate se reaksie daarop was dikwels verligting."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die voetsoldaat Lef Lwowitsj se verduideliking is byvoorbeeld tipies van dié onderhoude. Hy het onthou: "Dit was ’n nodige en belangrike stap. Ons het almal geweet waar ons staan nadat ons dit gehoor het. En ons almal het – dit is waar – beter gevoel. Ja, ons het beter gevoel."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vir beide Stalin en Hitler was Stalingrad ’n kwessie van aansien ver groter as die stad se strategiese belang.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die druk op militêre aanvoerders was geweldig: Paulus het ’n onbeheerbare spiertrekking in sy oog ontwikkel wat eindelik die linkerkant van sy gesig aangetas het, en Tsjoeikof het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekseem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekseem (bladsy bestaan nie)">ekseem</a> ontwikkel wat tot gevolg gehad het dat sy hande heeltemal met verbande toegedraai moes word. Die stres van gevegte van naby het sy merk gelaat op soldate aan albei kante.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vroue_se_rol">Vroue se rol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Vroue se rol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Vroue se rol"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baie vroue het aan die Sowjet-kant geveg. Generaal Tsjoeikof het gesê: "As ek terugdink aan die verdediging van Stalingrad, kan ek nie die rol van vroue onderskat nie – in die agter- maar ook in die voorhoede. Hulle het saam met die mans geveg tot in Berlyn."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aan die begin van die Slag van Stalingrad was daar 75 000 vroue van die stad wat hul militêre en mediese opleiding voltooi het, en hulle het almal ingespring om te help.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vroue was direk betrokke in die gevegte of het gewonde soldate onder die vyand se geweervuur na hospitale gebring.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baie van die telefoon- en radio-operateurs was vroue wat dikwels groot verliese gelei het wanneer hul poste aangeval is.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hulle het masjiengewere beman, mortiere gevuur en verkenning gedoen.<sup id="cite_ref-Pennington_bl._197_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pennington_bl._197-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hulle was ook skerpskutters.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drie lugregimente in Stalingrad het net uit vroue bestaan.<sup id="cite_ref-Pennington_bl._197_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pennington_bl._197-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Betekenis_van_die_slag">Betekenis van die slag</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Betekenis van die slag" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Betekenis van die slag"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stalingrad is al beskryf as die grootste neerlaag in die geskiedenis van die Duitse weermag.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit word dikwels genoem as die keerpunt aan die oosfront, en in die oorlog teen Duitsland in die algemeen, en selfs as die grootste keerpunt in die hele <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a>. </p><p>Voor Stalingrad het die Duitsers die een ná die ander oorwinning behaal, met ’n beperkte terugslag in die winter van 1941–1942. Ná Stalingrad het hulle geen belangrike veldslae gewen nie, selfs in die somer.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Rooi Leër het ’n voorsprong gehad en die Duiters het teruggewyk. ’n Jaar se verowerings in Geval Blou is verloor. Duitsland se 6de Leër is uitgewis en die magte van Duitsland se Europese bondgenote, behalwe dié van <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, is verwoes.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ’n toespraak op 9 November 1944 het Hitler self Stalingrad blameer vir Duitsland se komende ondergang.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5.%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5.%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/250px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5.%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5.%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/375px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5.%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5.%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/500px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5.%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5133" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Die Ewige Vlam by die Mamajef Koergan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sommige historici reken die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Moskou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slag van Moskou (bladsy bestaan nie)">Slag van Moskou</a> en van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Koersk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slag van Koersk (bladsy bestaan nie)">Koersk</a> was strategies meer beslissend. Daar is egter min twyfel dat die Slag van Stalingrad ’n morele waterskeiding was. Duitsland se neerlaag het sy aansien as onoorwinlik vernietig. Dit het die Duitse moreel geweldig skade berokken. Toe 10 jaar van Hitler se bewind op 30 Januarie 1943 gevier is, het hy nie ’n toespraak gehou nie. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> het sy toespraak oor die radio voorgelees. Daarin word geskimp dat Duitsland op die verdediging was. Die Duitse publiek was swaarmoedig, depressief, beangs en moeg vir die oorlog. ’n Algehele neerlaag het Duitsland in die gesig gestaar.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aan die Sowjet-kant was die gevoel die teenoorgestelde. Daar was ’n opwelling van vertroue en geloof in die oorlog. ’n Algemene sêding was: "Jy kan nie ’n weermag stuit wat vir Stalingrad verantwoordelik was nie." Stalin is as ’n held beskou en ’n maarskalk van die Sowjetunie gemaak.<sup id="cite_ref-P.M.H._Bell,_2011,_bl._106_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P.M.H._Bell,_2011,_bl._106-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945 het Stalingrad die titel <a href="/wiki/Held_van_die_Sowjetunie" title="Held van die Sowjetunie">Heldestad van die Sowjetunie</a> gekry danksy die vasberadenheid van sy verdedigers. ’n Reusagtige standbeeld, <a href="/wiki/Die_Moederland_Roep" title="Die Moederland Roep">Die Moederland Roep</a>, is in 1967 opgerig by die Mamajef Koergan, die heuwel wat oor die stad uitkyk, en bene en geroeste stukke metaal kan steeds daar gesien word.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit vorm deel van die gedenkkompleks, wat die ruïnes van die Graansuier en Pawlof se Huis insluit. </p><p>Die nuus oor die slag het die hele wêreld bereik en baie mense het nou geglo die Duitse neerlaag was onafwendbaar.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Sowjetunie het geen gras onder sy voete laat groei om voordeel uit hul oorwinning te trek nie. Die aansien van Stalin, die Sowjetunie en die wêreldwye kommunistiese beweging was enorm, en hul politieke posisie is aansienlik versterk.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bellamy2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bellamy2007_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bellamy2007_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bellamy2007_1-2">1,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Bellamy, (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McDougal Littell, (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts (2006: 143)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Biesinger (2006: 699): "On August 23, 1942, the Germans began their attack."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">"Battle of Stalingrad". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Stalingrad&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ASlag+van+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLuhn2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Luhn (8 Junie 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/08/stalingrad-name-may-return-to-russian-city">"Stalingrad name may return to city in wave of second world war patriotism"</a>. <i>theguardian.com</i> (in Engels). The Guardian. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412122514/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/08/stalingrad-name-may-return-to-russian-city">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 12 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">16 Februarie</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=theguardian.com&rft.atitle=Stalingrad+name+may+return+to+city+in+wave+of+second+world+war+patriotism&rft.date=2014-06-08&rft.au=Luhn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fjun%2F08%2Fstalingrad-name-may-return-to-russian-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ASlag+van+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (1998) Vol IV, bl. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beevor (1998: 239)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shirer1990-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shirer1990_9-0">9,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shirer1990_9-1">9,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shirer1990_9-2">9,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shirer1990_9-3">9,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Shirer (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kershaw2000-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw2000_10-0">10,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw2000_10-1">10,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw2000_10-2">10,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TaylorClark1974-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-TaylorClark1974_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor en Clark, (1974)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P.M.H. Bell, <i>Twelve Turning Points of the Second World War</i>, Yale University Press, New Haven en Londen, 2011, p 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walsh2000-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-walsh2000_13-0">13,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-walsh2000_13-1">13,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Walsh, Stephen. (2000). <i>Stalingrad 1942–1943 The Infernal Cauldron</i>. London, New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0743209168" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7432-0916-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonald (1986)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craig73-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Craig73_15-0">15,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Craig73_15-1">15,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Craig, (1973)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beevor1998-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Beevor1998_16-0">16,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Beevor1998_16-1">16,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Beevor1998_16-2">16,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Beevor1998_16-3">16,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Beevor1998_16-4">16,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Beevor1998_16-5">16,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Beevor1998_16-6">16,6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Beevor1998_16-7">16,7</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Beevor1998_16-8">16,8</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Beevor (1998), 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark,_Lloyd_2011,_page_157-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Clark,_Lloyd_2011,_page_157_17-0">17,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Clark,_Lloyd_2011,_page_157_17-1">17,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, Lloyd, <i>Kursk: The Greatest Battle: Eastern Front 1943</i>, 2011, bl. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergstrom2007-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-0">18,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-1">18,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-2">18,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-3">18,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-4">18,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-5">18,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-6">18,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-7">18,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-8">18,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-9">18,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_18-10">18,10</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergström, Christer, (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_19-0">19,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_19-1">19,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Pojić, Milan. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naklada-ljevak.hr/knjiga/show/id/2079">Hrvatska pukovnija 369. na Istočnom bojištu 1941. – 1943.</a></i>. Kroatiese Staatsargiewe. Zagreb, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, Lloyd, <i>Kursk: The greatest battle: Eastern Front 1943</i>, 2011, page 164–165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stalingrad-info.com/stalingrad1942.htm">"Stalingrad 1942"</a> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515180425/http://stalingrad-info.com/stalingrad1942.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 15 Mei 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">31 Januarie</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stalingrad+1942&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstalingrad-info.com%2Fstalingrad1942.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ASlag+van+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beevor (1998), 84-5, 97, 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G.F.Krivosheev1997-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-G.F.Krivosheev1997_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKrivosheev1997" class="citation book cs1">Krivosheev, G. I. (1997). <i>Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century</i>. Greenhill Books. pp. 51–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-85367-280-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-85367-280-4"><bdi>978-1-85367-280-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Casualties+and+Combat+Losses+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=51-97&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-280-4&rft.aulast=Krivosheev&rft.aufirst=G.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ASlag+van+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russiatoday-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-russiatoday_24-0">24,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-russiatoday_24-1">24,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-russiatoday_24-2">24,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTV_Novosti" class="citation web cs1">TV Novosti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russiatoday.com/Top_News/2009-02-02/Crucial_WW2_battle_remembered.html">"Crucial WW2 battle remembered"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309114524/http://russiatoday.com/Top_News/2009-02-02/Crucial_WW2_battle_remembered.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 Maart 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">19 Februarie</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crucial+WW2+battle+remembered&rft.au=TV+Novosti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russiatoday.com%2FTop_News%2F2009-02-02%2FCrucial_WW2_battle_remembered.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ASlag+van+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bellamy (2007), 514-517.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beevor (1998), 203-206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Golovanov, (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodwin (1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manstein (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg, Gerhard <i>A World In Arms</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, bl. 451</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, Williamson & Millet, Alan <i>War To Be Won</i>, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000 bl. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg <i>A World In Arms</i>, 2005, 451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kehrig, Manfred <i>Stalingrad</i>, Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags Anstalt, 1974 pages 279,311-312,575.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward, Joel S.A. (1998). <i>Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East 1942–1943</i>. Lawrence, KS, University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780700608768" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7006-0876-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPaoletti2008" class="citation book cs1">Paoletti, Ciro (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=Uz8eiwzEMHQC&pg=PA182&dq=Ariete+tanks+fight!#PPA177,M1"><i>A Military History of Italy</i></a>. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-275-98505-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-275-98505-9"><bdi>0-275-98505-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">4 Desember</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Italy&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Praeger+Security+International&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-275-98505-9&rft.aulast=Paoletti&rft.aufirst=Ciro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DUz8eiwzEMHQC%26pg%3DPA182%26dq%3DAriete%2Btanks%2Bfight%21%23PPA177%2CM1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ASlag+van+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deiml, Michael (1999). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://feldpost.mzv.net/Zeitzeugen/Zeitzeuge_Kallweit_/Zeitzeuge_Deimel_/body_zeitzeuge_deimel_.html">Meine Stalingradeinsätze (My Stalingrad Sorties)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816031251/http://feldpost.mzv.net/Zeitzeugen/Zeitzeuge_Kallweit_/Zeitzeuge_Deimel_/body_zeitzeuge_deimel_.html">Geargiveer</a> 16 Augustus 2011 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Einsätze des Bordmechanikers Gefr. Michael Deiml (Sorties of Aviation Mechanic Private Michael Deiml). URL besoek op 4 Desember 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacDonald, (1986)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark (1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw (2000), bl. 549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bellamy (2007), 549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beevor, bl. 381</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44435444.html">Ich bitte erschossen zu werden</a></i>, <i>Der Spiegel</i>, 1949-01-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beevor, bl. 390</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bellamy (2007), 550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pusca, Dragos; Nitu, Victor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwar2.ro/operatii/index.php?article=12">The Battle of Stalingrad — 1942</a> <i>Romanian Armed Forces in the Second World War</i> (worldwar2.ro). URL besoek op 4 Desember 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFVictor2000" class="citation book cs1">Victor, George (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=JnB7cM1zUG4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=george+victor"><i>Hitler: Pathology of Evil</i></a>. Washington, DC: Brassey's Inc. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1-57488-228-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1-57488-228-7"><bdi>1-57488-228-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">23 Augustus</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+Pathology+of+Evil&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Brassey%27s+Inc&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57488-228-7&rft.aulast=Victor&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DJnB7cM1zUG4C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dgeorge%2Bvictor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ASlag+van+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lose-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lose_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandlin, Lee (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leesandlin.com/articles/LosingTheWar.htm">"Losing the War"</a>. Oorspronklik gepubliseer in <i>Chicago Reader</i>, 7 en 14 Maart 1997. URL besoek op 4 Desember 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3664526/How-three-million-Germans-died-after-VE-Day.html">How three million Germans died after VE Day</a>. Nigel Jones se resensie oor <i>After the Reich: From the Liberation of Vienna to the Berlin Airlift</i> deur Giles MacDonogh. <i>The Telegraph</i>, 18 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Craig, William (1973). <i>Enemy at the Gates: the Battle for Stalingrad</i>. New York: Penguin Books (<a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0142000000" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-14-200000-0</a> & <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1568523688" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-56852-368-8</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715172656/http://militera.lib.ru/h/isaev_av8/21.html">"Эпилог. Операция "Кольцо"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Russies). Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/h/isaev_av8/21.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 15 Julie 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">14 Maart</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3.+%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%22%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitera.lib.ru%2Fh%2Fisaev_av8%2F21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ASlag+van+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Russies">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">ru</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.info/sobyt/1900sob/1942stal.html">Сталинградская битва</a>. URL besoek op 4 Dedember 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Russies">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">ru</span>) </span>Гриф секретности снят: Потери Вооружённых Сил СССР в войнах, боевых действиях и военных конфликтах: Стат. исслед. / Г. Ф. Кривошеев, В. М. Андроников, П. Д. Буриков. — М.: Воениздат, 1993. С. 178—182, 369—370. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/5203014000" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-203-01400-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Roberts (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=OWOQAv01lYEC"><i>Victory at Stalingrad: the battle that changed history</i></a>. Pearson Education. bl. 77. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0582771854" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-582-77185-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beevor2004-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beevor2004_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beevor (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Overy, Richard. Russia's War (New York: 1997), 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Merridale, Catherine. Ivan's War (New York: 2006), 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">aangehaal in Merridale, Catherine. Ivan's War (New York: 2006), 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Werth, The Year of Stalingrad (London: 1946), 193-194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beevor (1998), 141-142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bellamy (2007), 520-521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pennington, bl. 180–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pennington, bl. 189–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pennington, bl. 192–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pennington_bl._197-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Pennington_bl._197_64-0">64,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Pennington_bl._197_64-1">64,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Pennington, bl. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pennington, bl. 201–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P.M.H. Bell, <i>Twelve Turning Points of the Second World War</i>, Yale University Press, New Haven en Londen, 2011, bl. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P.M.H. Bell, <i>Twelve Turning Points of the Second World War</i>, Yale University Press, New Haven en Londen, 2011, pp 95, 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Roberts, <i>Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953</i>, Yale University Press, New Haven en Londen, 2006, pp 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Antony Beevor, <i>Berlin: The Downfall 1945</i>, Penguin Books, Londen, 2007, p xxxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P.M.H. Bell, <i>Twelve Turning Points of the Second World War</i>, Yale University Press, New Haven en Londen, 2011, pp 104-105, 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P.M.H._Bell,_2011,_bl._106-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-P.M.H._Bell,_2011,_bl._106_71-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P.M.H. Bell, <i>Twelve Turning Points of the Second World War</i>, Yale University Press, New Haven en Londen, 2011, bl. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Historical Memorial Complex "To the Heroes of the Stalingrad Battle" at Mamayev Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mamayevhill.volgadmin.ru/00_n.htm">Amptelike webtuiste</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080926113201/http://mamayevhill.volgadmin.ru/00_n.htm">Geargiveer</a> 26 September 2008 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. URL besoek op 17 Julie 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Roberts, <i>Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953</i>, Yale University Press, New Haven en Londen, 2006, pp 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P.M.H. Bell, <i>Twelve Turning Points of the Second World War</i>, Yale University Press, New Haven en Londen, 2011, p 108.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronne">Bronne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Bronne"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-size:90%; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li>Baird, Jay W (1969). <i>The Myth of Stalingrad</i>, Journal of Contemporary History, Sage Publications, Ltd.</li> <li>Bartov, Omer <i>Hitler's Army: Soldiers, Nazis and War in the Third Reich</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0195079035" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-507903-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor1998" class="citation book cs1">Beevor, Antony (1998). <i>Stalingrad</i>. Viking, London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-14-103240-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-14-103240-5"><bdi>978-0-14-103240-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad&rft.pub=Viking%2C+London&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-14-103240-5&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ASlag+van+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Beevor, Antony "Stalingrad and Researching the Experience of War" pages 154–168 from <i>Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy Essays in Honour of John Erickson</i> edited by Ljubica and Mark Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0297849131" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-297-84913-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBellamy2007" class="citation book cs1">Bellamy, Chris (2007). <i>Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf & Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-375-41086-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-375-41086-4"><bdi>978-0-375-41086-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Absolute+War%3A+Soviet+Russia+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf+%26+Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-375-41086-4&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ASlag+van+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bernig,Jorg (1997). <i>Eingekesselt: Die Schlacht um Stalingrad im deutschsprachigen Roman nach 1945</i>: (German Life and Civilization Journal No 23), : Peter Lang publishers.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBergström,_Christer._Dikov,_Andrey_and_Antipov_Vladimir2006" class="citation book cs1">Bergström, Christer. Dikov, Andrey and Antipov Vladimir (2006). <i>Black Cross Red Star: Air War Over the Eastern Front: Everything For Stalingrad, Volume 3</i>. Eagle Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-9761034-4-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-9761034-4-8"><bdi>978-0-9761034-4-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Cross+Red+Star%3A+Air+War+Over+the+Eastern+Front%3A+Everything+For+Stalingrad%2C+Volume+3&rft.pub=Eagle+Editions&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9761034-4-8&rft.au=Bergstr%C3%B6m%2C+Christer.+Dikov%2C+Andrey+and+Antipov+Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ASlag+van+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Clark, Alan (1965). <i>Barbarossa: the Russian-German Conflict, 1941–1945</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/154155228">154155228</a></li> <li>Craig, William (1973). <i>Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad</i> New York: Penguin Books (paperback, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0142000000" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-14-200000-0</a>)</li> <li>Einsiedel, Heinrich Graf von; Wieder, Joachim. <i>Stalingrad: Memories and Reassessments</i>. New York: Sterling Publishing, 1998 (paperback, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1854094602" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-85409-460-2</a>); London: Cassell, 2003 (paperback, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0304363383" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-304-36338-3</a>).</li> <li>Erickson, John. <i>The Road to Stalingrad: Stalin's War with Germany, Vol. 1</i>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984 (hardcover, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0865317445" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-86531-744-5</a>); New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1985 (hardcover, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0586064087" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-586-06408-7</a>); New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 1999 (paperback, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0300078129" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-300-07812-9</a>); London: Cassell, 2003 (paperback, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0304365416" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-304-36541-6</a>).</li> <li>Glantz, David M. & House, Jonathan (1995), <i>When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler</i>, Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0700608990" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7006-0899-0</a></li> <li>Glantz, David M. & House, Jonathan (2009), 'To the Gates of Stalingrad – Soviet-German combat operations April to August 1942', Kansas, Kansas University Press, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780700616305" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7006-1630-5</a></li> <li>Glantz, David M. & House, Jonathan (2009), 'Armageddon in Stalingrad – September to November 1942', Kansas, Kansas University Press, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780700616640" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7006-1664-0</a></li> <li>Glantz, David (2011), 'After Stalingrad: The Red Army's Winter Offensive 1942–1943', Helion and Company, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9781907677052" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-907677-05-2</a></li> <li>Goldman, Stuart D. <i>Nomonhan, 1939; The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II</i>. 2012, Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9781612510989" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-61251-098-9</a>.</li> <li>Golovanov, A.Ye.(2004) <i>Dalnyaya bombardirovochnaya</i>. Delta NB, Moscow.</li> <li>Goodwin, Doris Kearns (1994). <i>No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster (paperback, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0671642405" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-671-64240-5</a>)</li> <li>Hayward, Joel S. A. (1998). <i>Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East 1942–1943</i>. Lawrence, KS, University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780700608768" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7006-0876-8</a>.</li> <li>Kehrig, Manfred (1974). <i>Stalingrad</i>. Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlags Anstalt. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/3421016534" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-421-01653-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2000" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (2000). <i>Hitler: 1936–1945: Nemesis</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-14-027239-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-14-027239-0"><bdi>978-0-14-027239-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+1936%E2%80%931945%3A+Nemesis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-14-027239-0&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ASlag+van+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>MacDonald, John. (1986) <i>Great Battles of World War II</i>. London: Michael Joseph books.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Modern world history : patterns of interaction</i>. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-618-55715-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-618-55715-6"><bdi>0-618-55715-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+world+history+%3A+patterns+of+interaction&rft.place=Evanston%2C+IL&rft.pub=McDougal+Littell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-618-55715-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ASlag+van+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Manstein, Erich von; Powell, Anthony G. (Ed. & Trans.); <a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart</a>, B. H. (Preface); Blumenson, Martin (Introduction) (2004). <i>Lost Victories: The War Memoirs of Hitler's Most Brilliant General</i>. St. Paul, MN: Zenith Press. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0760320543" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7603-2054-3</a>.</li> <li>Mark, Jason D (2002). "Death of the Leaping Horseman:24 Panzer Division in Stalingrad". Leaping Horseman Books. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0646410342" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-646-41034-2</a>.</li> <li>Mark, Jason D (2006). "Island of Fire:The Battle for the Barrikady Gun Factory in Stalingrad November 1942 – February 1943". Leaping Horseman Books. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/097510764X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-9751076-4-X</a>.</li> <li>Mark, Jason D (2008). "Angriff:The German Attack on Stalingrad in Photos". Leaping Horseman Books. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780975107676" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-9751076-7-6</a>.</li> <li>Mark, Jason D & Amir Obhodas (2010). <i>Croatian Legion: The 369th Reinforced (Croatian) Infantry Regiment on The Eastern Front 1941–1943</i>. Leaping Horseman Books. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780975107683" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-9751076-8-3</a>.</li> <li>Pennington, Reina "Women and the Battle of Stalingrad" pages 169–211 from <i>Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy Essays in Honour of John Erickson</i> edited by Ljubica and Mark Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0297849131" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-297-84913-1</a>.</li> <li>Rayfield, Donald. <i>Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him</i>. New York: Random House, 2004 (hardcover, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0375506322" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-375-50632-2</a>); 2005 (paperback, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0375757716" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-375-75771-6</a>).</li> <li>Shirer, William L. (1960 reprinted 1990). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany</i> New York: Simon & Schuster.</li> <li>Taylor, A.J.P. and Mayer, S.L., eds. (1974) <i>A History Of World War Two</i>. London: Octopus Books. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0706403991" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7064-0399-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1998" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, A.J.P. (1998). <i>The Second World War and its Aftermath</i>. Folio Society (Vol 4 of 4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War+and+its+Aftermath&rft.pub=Folio+Society+%28Vol+4+of+4%29&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ASlag+van+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></span>**</li> <li>Weinberg Gerhard <i>A World At Arms A Global History of World War II</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780521558792" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-55879-2</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Stalingrad&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/stalingrad/default.aspx">’n Gedetailleerde opsomming van die slag</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awesomestories.com/history/battle-stalingrad">Foto's, kaarte, kaarte, video's en ander bronne</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://panorama.volgadmin.ru/">Wolgograd-museum se amptelike webtuiste</a></li> <li>Roberts, Geoffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,904535,00.html">"Victory on the Volga"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 28 Februarie 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fotovski.wordpress.com/2010/09/23/stalingrad-savasi/">Foto's van die slag</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//BHC_RTV/1943/01/04/BGU408300035/?">Tonele uit die slag van Januarie 1943</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> het meer media in die kategorie <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Stalingrad" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Stalingrad">Slag van Stalingrad</a>.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Crystal_txt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/15px-Crystal_txt.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/23px-Crystal_txt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/30px-Crystal_txt.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Stalingrad">Engelse Wikipedia</a></li></ul> <div style="display:none; right:10px;" class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="featured-star"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Voorbladartikel" title="Hierdie artikel is gekies as 'n voorbladartikel. 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