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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poems_of_Ancient_Tamil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Evidence_for_Caste_in_South_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Evidence_for_Caste_in_South_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><i>Early Evidence for Caste in South India</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Evidence_for_Caste_in_South_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named George Hart, see <a href="/wiki/George_Hart_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="George Hart (disambiguation)">George Hart (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>George Luzerne Hart, III</b> (born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1942</span>) is Professor Emeritus of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work focuses on the classical <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> literature and on identifying the relationships between the Tamil and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> literature. In 2015 the Government of India awarded him the title of <a href="/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padma Shri</a>, the fourth highest civilian honour.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_L._Hart&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hart received his PhD in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1971. He has also studied <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> as well as several modern European and Indian languages. He taught <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a> before joining the faculty at the University of California, Berkeley,<sup id="cite_ref-statement_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statement-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-defense_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defense-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he founded the Tamil Department. </p><p>Hart is best known for his translations of several Tamil epics into English and for his argument that Tamil is a <a href="/wiki/Classical_language" title="Classical language">classical language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-statement_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statement-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a status that the Government of India formally accorded it on 18 September 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-defense_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defense-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hart is also the author of several Tamil and Sanskrit textbooks. </p><p>He is married to <a href="/wiki/Kausalya_Hart" title="Kausalya Hart">Kausalya Hart</a>, who is also a professor and Tamil textbook author. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_L._Hart&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>The Poems of Ancient Tamil, Their Milieu and Their Sanskrit Counterparts</i>, University of California Press, 1975. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-02672-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-02672-1">0-520-02672-1</a>.</li> <li><i>The Relation between Tamil and Classical Sanskrit Literature</i>, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-01785-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-01785-6">3-447-01785-6</a>.</li> <li><i>Poets of the Tamil Anthologies: Ancient Poems of Love and War</i>, Princeton University Press, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-06406-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-06406-7">0-691-06406-7</a>.</li> <li><i>A Rapid Sanskrit Method</i>, Motilal Banarsidass, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0199-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0199-7">81-208-0199-7</a>.</li> <li><i>The Forest Book of the Rāmāyaṇa of Kampan̲</i>, (with Hank Heifetz), University of California Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06088-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06088-1">0-520-06088-1</a>.</li> <li><i>The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil, the Purananuru</i>. (with Hank Heifetz), Columbia University Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11563-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11563-6">0-231-11563-6</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Selected articles</dt></dl> <ul><li>"Early Evidence for Caste in South India", in Hockings (ed), <i>Dimensions of Social Life: Essays in honour of David B. Mandelbaum</i>, Berlin: Mouton Gruyter, 1987, pp. 467–491.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_and_reception">Views and reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_L._Hart&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Views and reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poems_of_Ancient_Tamil"><i>Poems of Ancient Tamil</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_L._Hart&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Poems of Ancient Tamil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hart's <i>Poems of Ancient Tamil</i> offers a comparative analysis of ancient Tamil poetry (<a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a>) with reference to the classical Indo-Aryan (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakrit language">Prakrit</a>) literature. It sets forth a "very convincing argument"<sup id="cite_ref-Mowry_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mowry-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the themes of southern poets were assimilated into the Prakrit and classical Sanskrit poetry, such as <a href="/wiki/Gaha_Sattasai" title="Gaha Sattasai">Gaha Sattasai</a> and the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a>. However, there was little influence of the northern literary expression on the Tamil literature. To substantiate this thesis, Hart provides a thorough analysis of the antecedents of the ancient Tamil poetry and its cultural milieu, which focused on controlling sacred power among various social classes, and its reflection in the later literate poetry. Hart points out that the Indo-Aryan poetry, in its borrowing of the Tamil literary elements, lacked the subtlety and sophistication of its Tamil counterparts. Reviewer Lucetta Mowry finds it to be the "beginning of a valuable and important study" of the relation between the two Indic traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Mowry_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mowry-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This endorsement is contested by the scholar of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle Indo-Aryan languages</a> <a href="/wiki/K._R._Norman" title="K. R. Norman">K. R. Norman</a>, who finds the comparisons made by Hart between Tamil poems and similar Prakrit poems misleading as they ignore the fact that the Prakrit verses were expected to have two meanings, the obvious meaning as well as a hidden erotic meaning. He also questions Hart's proposition that the <a href="/wiki/Arya_metre" title="Arya metre">arya metre</a> used in Sanskrit and Prakrit poetry is related to the Tamil metre, the dating of the <i>Gaha Sattasai</i> (the main Prakrit work considered by Hart), the neglect of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle Indo-Aryan</a> texts, and the idea that the borrowings only happened at the poetic level rather than in the mixed heritage of the Indo-Aryan culture in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamil scholar <a href="/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil" title="Kamil Zvelebil">Kamil Zvelebil</a> states that Hart had set before himself "very difficult and even enormous tasks," but he has not succeeded in solving them. According to him, Hart's work involved four key insights: that in ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilnadu</a> practically everything was filled with sacred forces, that the stress on female chastity was characteristically Tamil, that there are striking parallels between Tamil and Sanskrit-Prakrit poetry, and that the theory of <i>dhvani</i> or 'suggestion' is Dravidian in origin. He finds some of these ideas questionable. However, others are "truly marvellous," e.g., the ones about <i><a href="/wiki/Ananku_(Tamil)" title="Ananku (Tamil)">aṇaṅku</a></i>, sacred, dangerous power, the female breasts being the seat of <i>aṇaṅku</i>, the different nature of indigenous gods from those of the north, and the idea that all aspects of love between man and woman were animated by the sacred, etc. The over-all thesis of the influence of southern imagery and poetic techniques on the Indo-Aryan poetry such as <i>Sattasai</i> and even Kalidasa are probable and "overwhelmingly convincing." Zvelebil calls the book a "refreshing, original, excellent work of first-class importance."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>V. S. Rajam disagrees with Hart’s views on <i>aṇaṅku</i> as female sacred power, calling it oversimplified and reductionist. She states that the term has undergone a semantic shift over time."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the publication of <i>The Poems of Ancient Tamil</i>, Hart published an abridged booklet, <i>The Relation between Tamil and Classical Sanskrit Literature</i>, in which he set out his key points. He clarified that his proposal was not of a direct transmission of poetic techniques from the Tamil poetry to Sanskrit, but rather that both of them owed these techniques to a common source, which he placed in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_megalithic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan megalithic cultures">Deccan megalithic cultures</a>. <i>Gaha Sattasai</i> in Maharashtri Prakrit was contemporaneous with the Tamil Sangam poetry and Kalidasa himself had composed very similar poems in Maharashtri Prakrit. The key examples of striking similarities were the messenger poem, the motif of separation of lovers during the monsoon and the comparison of the sound of wind through a bamboo hole to the noise of a flute.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Evidence_for_Caste_in_South_India"><i>Early Evidence for Caste in South India</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_L._Hart&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Evidence for Caste in South India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hart's observations on the features of the early South Indian caste system, which are said to have been independent of the Indo-Aryan <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a> system, are summarised in <i>Early Evidence for Caste in South India</i>, which has received significant attention from social and cultural historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Chakravarti, the Sangam literature reveals that there was a class of 'low-born' people, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pulaiyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulaiyar">Pulaiyar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraiyar" title="Paraiyar">Paraiyar</a>, who were made to live in separate settlements at a distance from the main villages. They were engaged in occupations such as leather work, washing of clothes and fishing. They were also associated with 'death' and were believed to have the ability to control and isolate sacred power (<i>aṇaṅku</i>), but not the ability to transform it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti200358–59_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti200358–59-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Samuel, the 'low-born' groups, acting as drummers, bards and musicians, were central to maintaining the king's power, allowing him to tap into the ritual power and transform it into auspicious power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel200886_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel200886-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuel notes, however, that the notion of 'low-born' occupational groups representing ritual power may not be limited to Tamilnadu. Very similar situation persists to this day in <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and elsewhere in the Himalayas. Even in north India, the social reality outside the Brahmanical theory might have been similar to the Tamil system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel200888_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel200888-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Hart, when the Brahmins from north India arrived in the Tamilnadu, probably around 300 BCE, they offered an alternative source of power through Vedic sacrifices, which was already considered pure and auspicious, and to emphasise the distinction between themselves and the 'low-born' groups, the Brahmins developed conventions quite the opposite of the latter, becoming strict vegetarians and not allowing dogs and chickens into their villages. Through the Brahmins and the Hinduism they brought, the Tamil kings aspired to rise above the endemic warfare and establish stable empires modelled after the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a>. Once this was accomplished, Hart states that the 'low-born' groups gradually lost their ritual function, becoming purely occupational groups of low status.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_L._Hart&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For <i>The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom</i>, a translation of <i><a href="/wiki/Purananuru" title="Purananuru">Purananuru</a></i>, Hart and his co-author Hank Heifetz were awarded the <i>AAS South Asia Council (SAC) Ramanujan Book Prize</i>. </p><p>His <i>Poets of The Tamil Anthologies</i> (1979) was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/American_Book_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="American Book Award">American Book Award</a>. </p><p>In 2015, Hart was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padma Shri</a> by the Government of India for his contributions to the study and translation of Indian literature, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> of ancient Tamil.<sup id="cite_ref-Padma_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padma-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_L._Hart&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translators_into_English" title="List of translators into English">List of translators into English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_L._Hart&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarnam2016" class="citation web cs1">Karnam, Mayukha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/1/28/karnam-sanskrit-classical-language/">"Redefining the Classics at Harvard"</a>. <i>The Harvard Crimson</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=Redefining+the+Classics+at+Harvard&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Karnam&rft.aufirst=Mayukha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F2016%2F1%2F28%2Fkarnam-sanskrit-classical-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+L.+Hart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statement-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statement_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statement_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_L._Hart" class="citation web cs1">George L. Hart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southasia.berkeley.edu/statement-status-tamil-classical-language">"Statement on the Status of Tamil as a Classical Language"</a>. <i>University of California, Institute for South Asia Studies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+California%2C+Institute+for+South+Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Statement+on+the+Status+of+Tamil+as+a+Classical+Language&rft.au=George+L.+Hart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthasia.berkeley.edu%2Fstatement-status-tamil-classical-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+L.+Hart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-defense-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-defense_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-defense_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Ilakkuvanar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11331219/George_L.Hart----_In_Defense_of_Classical_Tamil">George L. Hart—In Defense of Classical Tamil</a>, Academia.edu. Retrieved 14 February 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. S. Vasan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150921073145/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/06/09/stories/2004060903251500.htm">"The classical status of Tamil"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>, 9 June 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mowry-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mowry_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mowry_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowry1976" class="citation cs2">Mowry, Lucetta (October 1976), "George L. Hart, "The Poems of Ancient Tamil" (Book Review)", <i>Philosophy East and West</i>, <b>26</b> (4): 486–487, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1398293">10.2307/1398293</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1398293">1398293</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=George+L.+Hart%2C+%22The+Poems+of+Ancient+Tamil%22+%28Book+Review%29&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=486-487&rft.date=1976-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1398293&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1398293%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mowry&rft.aufirst=Lucetta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+L.+Hart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1977" class="citation cs2">Norman, K. R. (1977), "The Poems of Ancient Tamil by George L. Hart, III (Review)", <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>, <b>11</b> (2): 302–305, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0026749x00015146">10.1017/s0026749x00015146</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/311554">311554</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Poems+of+Ancient+Tamil+by+George+L.+Hart%2C+III+%28Review%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=302-305&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0026749x00015146&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F311554%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=K.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+L.+Hart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1977" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil" title="Kamil Zvelebil">Zvelebil, Kamil V.</a> (April 1977), "The Poems of Ancient Tamil by George L. Hart, III (Review)", <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, <b>97</b> (2): 253–254, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F599049">10.2307/599049</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/599049">599049</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Poems+of+Ancient+Tamil+by+George+L.+Hart%2C+III+%28Review%29&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=253-254&rft.date=1977-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F599049&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F599049%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+L.+Hart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajam1986" class="citation cs2">Rajam, V. S. (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107072720/http://www.letsgrammar.org/Anangku-Rajam.pdf">"Aṇaṅku: A Notion Semantically Reduced to Signify Female Sacred Power"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, <b>106</b> (2): 257–272, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F601590">10.2307/601590</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/601590">601590</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.letsgrammar.org/Anangku-Rajam.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 January 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=A%E1%B9%87a%E1%B9%85ku%3A+A+Notion+Semantically+Reduced+to+Signify+Female+Sacred+Power&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-272&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F601590&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F601590%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rajam&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.letsgrammar.org%2FAnangku-Rajam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+L.+Hart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1976" class="citation cs2">Hart, George L. (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VqE5c4QAs9gC"><i>The Relation between Tamil and Classical Sanskrit Literature</i></a>, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-01785-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-01785-6"><bdi>3-447-01785-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Relation+between+Tamil+and+Classical+Sanskrit+Literature&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=3-447-01785-6&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVqE5c4QAs9gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+L.+Hart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2008-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2008_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2008">Samuel 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti2003-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti2003_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChakravarti2003">Chakravarti 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti200358–59-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti200358–59_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChakravarti2003">Chakravarti 2003</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel200886-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel200886_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2008">Samuel 2008</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel200888-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel200888_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2008">Samuel 2008</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1987" class="citation cs2">Hart, George L. (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww.tamilnation.co/caste/hart.pdf">"Early Evidence for Caste in South India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Hockings (ed.), <i>Dimensions of Social Life: Essays in honor of David B. Mandelbaum</i>, Berlin: Mouton Gruyter, pp. 467–491</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Evidence+for+Caste+in+South+India&rft.btitle=Dimensions+of+Social+Life%3A+Essays+in+honor+of+David+B.+Mandelbaum&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=467-491&rft.pub=Mouton+Gruyter&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww.tamilnation.co%2Fcaste%2Fhart.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+L.+Hart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Padma-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Padma_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128022143/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952">"Padma Awards 2015"</a>. Press Information Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952">the original</a> on 28 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Padma+Awards+2015&rft.pub=Press+Information+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpib.nic.in%2Fnewsite%2FPrintRelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D114952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+L.+Hart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2008" class="citation cs2">Samuel, Geoffrey (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JAvrTGrbpf4C"><i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra: Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13947-021-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13947-021-6"><bdi>978-1-13947-021-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra%3A+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-13947-021-6&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJAvrTGrbpf4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+L.+Hart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravarti2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Uma_Chakravarti" title="Uma Chakravarti">Chakravarti, Uma</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLMDxv_L-U8C&pg=PA23"><i>Gendering Caste Through a Feminist Lens</i></a>, Popular Prakashan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85604-54-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85604-54-1"><bdi>978-81-85604-54-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gendering+Caste+Through+a+Feminist+Lens&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-85604-54-1&rft.aulast=Chakravarti&rft.aufirst=Uma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnLMDxv_L-U8C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+L.+Hart" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_L._Hart&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sseas.berkeley.edu/people/george-l-hart/">Profile at the University of California, Berkeley</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211111354/http://archives.aaraamthinai.com/samugam/newpgs/march2002/mar28_george.asp">Interview with Hart</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Tamil)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930222457/http://tamil.sify.com/kalachuvadu/sep05/fullstory.php?id=13959488">Interview with a Tamil magazine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Tamil)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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Lankan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negombo_Tamil_dialect" title="Negombo Tamil dialect">Negombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batticaloa_Tamil_dialect" title="Batticaloa Tamil dialect">Batticaloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Tamil_dialect" title="Jaffna Tamil dialect">Jaffna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southeast Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sociolects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin_Tamil" title="Brahmin Tamil">Brahmin Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Tamil_Conference" title="World Tamil Conference">World Tamil Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Classical_Tamil_Conference_2010" title="World Classical Tamil Conference 2010">World Classical Tamil Conference 2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Classics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_books_of_Law" title="Tamil books of Law">Tamil books of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Great_Epics_of_Tamil_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponniyin_Selvan" title="Ponniyin Selvan">Ponniyin Selvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sangam_poets" title="List of Sangam poets">List of Sangam poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_in_Tamil_literary_tradition" title="Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition">Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Devotional<br />literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umaru_Pulavar#Literary_works" title="Umaru Pulavar">Cīrappurānam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kampa Irāmāyaṉam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabhandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Naalayira Divya Prabhandham">Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thembavani" title="Thembavani">Tēmpāvaṉi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_literature_works_about_Ganesha" title="List of Tamil literature works about Ganesha">Tamil Ganaptya texts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kural_(poetic_form)" title="Kural (poetic form)">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venpa" title="Venpa">Venpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraichchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraichchi">Iraichchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akam_(poetry)" title="Akam (poetry)">Akam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puram_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puram (poetry)">Puram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinai">Thinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullurai" title="Ullurai">Ullurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ula_(poetry)" title="Ula (poetry)">Ulā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Grammars and<br />dictionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agattiyam" title="Agattiyam">Agattiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nann%C5%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nannūl">Nannūl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purapporul_Venbamaalai" title="Purapporul Venbamaalai">Purapporul Venbamaalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkāppiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature#Vijayanagar_and_Nayak_period" title="Tamil literature">Caturakarāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Lexicon_dictionary" title="Tamil Lexicon dictionary">Tamil Lexicon dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalpana_Vaipava_Malai" title="Yalpana Vaipava Malai">Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mathematics and<br />natural science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asthana_Kolahalam" title="Asthana Kolahalam">Asthana Kolahalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87akkatik%C4%81ram" title="Kaṇakkatikāram">Kaṇakkatikāram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87ita_T%C4%ABpikai" title="Kaṇita Tīpikai">Kaṇita Tīpikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerambam" title="Yerambam">Yerambam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tamil and<br /> other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Tamil_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English words of Tamil origin">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_Tamil_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of Tamil origin">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_loanwords_in_Tamil" title="Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil">Indo-Aryan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Malay" title="List of loanwords in Malay">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravido-Korean_languages" title="Dravido-Korean languages">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_graffiti_symbols" title="Megalithic graffiti symbols">Megalithic graffiti symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Koleḻuttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatteluttu alphabet">Vatteluttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_grantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava grantha">Pallava grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Modern script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lexis and<br /> grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_honorifics" title="Tamil honorifics">Tamil honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_numerals" title="Tamil numerals">Tamil numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_onomatopoeia" title="Tamil onomatopoeia">Tamil onomatopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_prosody" title="Tamil prosody">Tamil prosody</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transliteration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozhi_(transliteration)" title="Mozhi (transliteration)">Moḻi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standardisation_of_Tamil_script" title="Standardisation of Tamil script">Standardisation of Tamil script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanittamil_Iyakkam" title="Tanittamil Iyakkam">Tanittamil Iyakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Tamil_script" title="Simplified Tamil script">Simplified Tamil script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_in_Tamil_language" title="Printing in Tamil language">Printing in Tamil language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Heritage_Foundation" title="Tamil Heritage Foundation">Ancient manuscript digitalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Classical_Tamil" title="Central Institute of Classical Tamil">Formation of CICT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Madurai" title="Project Madurai">Project Madurai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_Padma_Shri_in_Literature_&amp;_Education" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Padma_Shri_Award_Recipients_in_Literature_%26_Education" title="Template:Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Padma_Shri_Award_Recipients_in_Literature_%26_Education" title="Template talk:Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Padma_Shri_Award_Recipients_in_Literature_%26_Education" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_Padma_Shri_in_Literature_&amp;_Education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of <a href="/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padma Shri</a> in Literature & Education</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(1954%E2%80%931959)" title="List of Padma Shri award recipients (1954–1959)">1950s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Shankar_Pillai" title="K. Shankar Pillai">K. Shankar Pillai</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Kanta_Handique" title="Krishna Kanta Handique">Krishna Kanta Handique</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Kumar_Bhuyan" title="Surya Kumar Bhuyan">Surya Kumar Bhuyan</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhdev_Pande" title="Sukhdev Pande">Sukhdev Pande</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalini_Bala_Devi" title="Nalini Bala Devi">Nalini Bala Devi</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._R._Ranganathan" title="S. R. Ranganathan">S. R. Ranganathan</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Chandra_Varma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ram Chandra Varma (page does not exist)">Ram Chandra Varma</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magan_Lal_Tribhuvandas_Vyas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magan Lal Tribhuvandas Vyas (page does not exist)">Magan Lal Tribhuvandas Vyas</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Chandrasekharan" title="K. S. Chandrasekharan">K. S. Chandrasekharan</a> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(1960%E2%80%931969)" title="List of Padma Shri award recipients (1960–1969)">1960s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._S._Kesavan" title="B. S. Kesavan">B. S. Kesavan</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaballabha_Mohanty" title="Artaballabha Mohanty">Artaballabha Mohanty</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._D._Sundaravadivelu" title="N. D. Sundaravadivelu">N. D. Sundaravadivelu</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayaka_Krishna_Gokak" title="Vinayaka Krishna Gokak">Vinayaka Krishna Gokak</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnukant_Jha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishnukant Jha (page does not exist)">Vishnukant Jha</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinvijay" title="Jinvijay">Jinvijay</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evengeline_Lazarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evengeline Lazarus (page does not exist)">Evengeline Lazarus</a> (1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(1970%E2%80%931979)" title="List of Padma Shri award recipients (1970–1979)">1970s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Chandra_Barua" title="Ananda Chandra Barua">Ananda Chandra Barua</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulabha_Panandikar" title="Sulabha Panandikar">Sulabha Panandikar</a> (1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(1980%E2%80%931989)" title="List of Padma Shri award recipients (1980–1989)">1980s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Krishan Dutta Bharadwaj (1981)</li> <li>Abid Ali Khan (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Punjwani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Punjwani">Ram Punjwani</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Muhammad_Basheer" title="Vaikom Muhammad Basheer">Vaikom Muhammad Basheer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._V._Pandit" title="R. V. Pandit">R. V. Pandit</a> (1982)</li> <li>Sher Singh Sher (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaura_Pant_Shivani" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaura Pant Shivani">Gaura Pant Shivani</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahalya_Chari" title="Ahalya Chari">Ahalya Chari</a> (1983)</li> <li>Amitabha Chaudhuri (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliha_Abid_Hussain" title="Saliha Abid Hussain">Saliha Abid Hussain</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komal_Kothari" title="Komal Kothari">Komal Kothari</a> (1983)</li> <li>Hundraj Lial Ram Dukhayal Manik (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuvir_Sharan_Mitra" title="Raghuvir Sharan Mitra">Raghuvir Sharan Mitra</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attar_Singh" title="Attar Singh">Attar Singh</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayangnokcha_Ao" title="Mayangnokcha Ao">Mayangnokcha Ao</a> (1984)</li> <li>Kshem Suman Chandra (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Kumari_Chundawat" title="Lakshmi Kumari Chundawat">Lakshmi Kumari Chundawat</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanta_Gandhi" title="Shanta Gandhi">Shanta Gandhi</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu_Singh_Hamdard" title="Sadhu Singh Hamdard">Sadhu Singh Hamdard</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurratulain_Hyder" title="Qurratulain Hyder">Qurratulain Hyder</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganpatrao_Jadhav" title="Ganpatrao Jadhav">Ganpatrao Jadhav</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Abdul_Malik" title="Syed Abdul Malik">Syed Abdul Malik</a> (1984)</li> <li>John Arthur King Martyn (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sooranad_Kunjan_Pillai" title="Sooranad Kunjan Pillai">Sooranad Kunjan Pillai</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Hasan_Askari" title="Syed Hasan Askari">Syed Hasan Askari</a> (1985)</li> <li>Jamesh Dokhuma (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaka_Hathrasi" title="Kaka Hathrasi">Kaka Hathrasi</a> (1985)</li> <li>Bharat Mishra (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harishankar_Parsai" title="Harishankar Parsai">Harishankar Parsai</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashangbam_Minaketan_Singh" title="Ashangbam Minaketan Singh">Ashangbam Minaketan Singh</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Agarwal_(environmentalist)" title="Anil Agarwal (environmentalist)">Anil Agarwal</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binod_Kanungo" title="Binod Kanungo">Binod Kanungo</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitra_Naik" title="Chitra Naik">Chitra Naik</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdur_Rahman_(science_policy_analyst)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdur Rahman (science policy analyst) (page does not exist)">Abdur Rahman</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuchhungi_Renthlei" title="Nuchhungi Renthlei">Nuchhungi Renthlei</a> (1986)</li> <li>Raghunath Sharma (1986)</li> <li>Abdul Sattar (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazir_Ahmed_(scholar)" title="Nazir Ahmed (scholar)">Nazir Ahmed</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaja_Iyengar" title="Vanaja Iyengar">Vanaja Iyengar</a> (1987)</li> <li>Khawlkungi (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badri_Narayan" title="Badri Narayan">Badri Narayan</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debi_Prasanna_Pattanayak" title="Debi Prasanna Pattanayak">Debi Prasanna Pattanayak</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Singh_Sekhon" title="Sant Singh Sekhon">Sant Singh Sekhon</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Khelchandra_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Khelchandra Singh">N. Khelchandra Singh</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madaram_Brahma" title="Madaram Brahma">Madaram Brahma</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissim_Ezekiel" title="Nissim Ezekiel">Nissim Ezekiel</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._George_(writer)" title="K. M. George (writer)">K. M. George</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Miranda" title="Mario Miranda">Mario Miranda</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Niwas_Mishra" title="Vidya Niwas Mishra">Vidya Niwas Mishra</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Jawad_Zaidi" title="Ali Jawad Zaidi">Ali Jawad Zaidi</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalim_Aajiz" title="Kalim Aajiz">Kalim Aajiz</a> (1989)</li> <li>Barsane Lal Chaturvedi (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Desai" title="Anita Desai">Anita Desai</a> (1989)</li> <li>Moti Lal Saqi (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongbong_Terang" title="Rongbong Terang">Rongbong Terang</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Venkatachalam" title="V. Venkatachalam">V. Venkatachalam</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(1990%E2%80%931999)" title="List of Padma Shri award recipients (1990–1999)">1990s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._Aram" title="M. Aram">M. Aram</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Kumar_Chopra" title="Vijay Kumar Chopra">Vijay Kumar Chopra</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behram_Contractor" title="Behram Contractor">Behram Contractor</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Mohan_Gadanayak" title="Radha Mohan Gadanayak">Radha Mohan Gadanayak</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhav_Yeshwant_Gadkari" title="Madhav Yeshwant Gadkari">Madhav Yeshwant Gadkari</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashpal_Jain" title="Yashpal Jain">Yashpal Jain</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Joshi" title="Sharad Joshi">Sharad Joshi</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanhiyalal_Prabhakar_Mishra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanhiyalal Prabhakar Mishra">Kanhiyalal Prabhakar Mishra</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopi_Chand_Narang" title="Gopi Chand Narang">Gopi Chand Narang</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagdu_Maruti_Pawar" title="Dagdu Maruti Pawar">Dagdu Maruti Pawar</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilmani_Phookan_Jr" title="Nilmani Phookan Jr">Nilmani Phookan Jr</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyam_Singh_Shashi" title="Shyam Singh Shashi">Shyam Singh Shashi</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Nath_Shastri" title="Ram Nath Shastri">Ram Nath Shastri</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Bhushan_(yogi)" title="Bharat Bhushan (yogi)">Bharat Bhushan (yogi)</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapil_Deva_Dvivedi" title="Kapil Deva Dvivedi">Kapil Deva Dvivedi</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_Kakati" title="Satish Chandra Kakati">Satish Chandra Kakati</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Bhikaji_Kolte" title="Vishnu Bhikaji Kolte">Vishnu Bhikaji Kolte</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Madhu" title="Madan Lal Madhu">Madan Lal Madhu</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdeo_Dhondo_Mahanor" title="Namdeo Dhondo Mahanor">Namdeo Dhondo Mahanor</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshav_Malik" title="Keshav Malik">Keshav Malik</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendra_Mohanty" title="Surendra Mohanty">Surendra Mohanty</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._T._Narasimhachar" title="P. T. Narasimhachar">P. T. Narasimhachar</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._G._Bhide" title="V. G. Bhide">V. G. Bhide</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulabdas_Broker" title="Gulabdas Broker">Gulabdas Broker</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Chaithanya" title="Krishna Chaithanya">Krishna Chaithanya</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajammal_P._Devadas" title="Rajammal P. Devadas">Rajammal P. Devadas</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Shankar_Kanetkar" title="Vasant Shankar Kanetkar">Vasant Shankar Kanetkar</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._C._Kulandaiswamy" title="V. C. Kulandaiswamy">V. C. Kulandaiswamy</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._S._Lugani" title="R. S. Lugani">R. S. Lugani</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shovana_Narayan" title="Shovana Narayan">Shovana Narayan</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisith_Ranjan_Ray" title="Nisith Ranjan Ray">Nisith Ranjan Ray</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Kirti_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Kirti Singh">M. Kirti Singh</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._K._Thapar" title="B. K. Thapar">B. K. Thapar</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Tully" title="Mark Tully">Mark Tully</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._N._Goswamy" title="B. N. Goswamy">B. N. Goswamy</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._N._V._Kurup" title="O. N. V. Kurup">O. N. V. Kurup</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalsangzuali_Sailo" title="Lalsangzuali Sailo">Lalsangzuali Sailo</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdial_Singh" title="Gurdial Singh">Gurdial Singh</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Gangaram_Surve" title="Narayan Gangaram Surve">Narayan Gangaram Surve</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Bond" title="Ruskin Bond">Ruskin Bond</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayama_Chona" title="Shayama Chona">Shayama Chona</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._P._Chopra" title="G. P. Chopra">G. P. Chopra</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdeo_Dhasal" title="Namdeo Dhasal">Namdeo Dhasal</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanhaiya_Lal_Nandan" title="Kanhaiya Lal Nandan">Kanhaiya Lal Nandan</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Vrat_Shastri" title="Satya Vrat Shastri">Satya Vrat Shastri</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajkumar_Jhalajit_Singh" title="Rajkumar Jhalajit Singh">Rajkumar Jhalajit Singh</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(2000%E2%80%932009)" title="List of Padma Shri award recipients (2000–2009)">2000s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grigoriy_Lvovitch_Bondarevsky" title="Grigoriy Lvovitch Bondarevsky">Grigoriy Lvovitch Bondarevsky</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._S._Chawngthu" title="P. S. Chawngthu">P. S. Chawngthu</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloo_Nowshir_Jungalwalla" title="Piloo Nowshir Jungalwalla">Piloo Nowshir Jungalwalla</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandan_Mishra" title="Mandan Mishra">Mandan Mishra</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehman_Rahi" title="Rehman Rahi">Rehman Rahi</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Saxena" title="K. P. Saxena">K. P. Saxena</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabaneeta_Dev_Sen" title="Nabaneeta Dev Sen">Nabaneeta Dev Sen</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elangbam_Nilakanta_Singh" title="Elangbam Nilakanta Singh">Elangbam Nilakanta Singh</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bala_V._Balachandran" title="Bala V. Balachandran">Bala V. Balachandran</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeelani_Bano" title="Jeelani Bano">Jeelani Bano</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Das" title="Manoj Das">Manoj Das</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javare_Gowda" class="mw-redirect" title="Javare Gowda">Javare Gowda</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekhara_Kambara" title="Chandrashekhara Kambara">Chandrashekhara Kambara</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnanananda_Kavi" title="Gnanananda Kavi">Gnanananda Kavi</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumar_Ketkar" title="Kumar Ketkar">Kumar Ketkar</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravindra_Kumar_(political_scientist)" title="Ravindra Kumar (political scientist)">Ravindra Kumar</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalidas_Gupta_Riza" title="Kalidas Gupta Riza">Kalidas Gupta Riza</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Sachdev" title="Padma Sachdev">Padma Sachdev</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhabendra_Nath_Saikia" title="Bhabendra Nath Saikia">Bhabendra Nath Saikia</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachnesh_Tripathi" title="Vachnesh Tripathi">Vachnesh Tripathi</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munirathna_Anandakrishnan" title="Munirathna Anandakrishnan">Munirathna Anandakrishnan</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Chhotray" title="Gopal Chhotray">Gopal Chhotray</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyan_Chand_Jain" title="Gyan Chand Jain">Gyan Chand Jain</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhu_Mangesh_Karnik" title="Madhu Mangesh Karnik">Madhu Mangesh Karnik</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Ramchandra_Kelkar" title="Ashok Ramchandra Kelkar">Ashok Ramchandra Kelkar</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Madhavan_Kutty" title="V. K. Madhavan Kutty">V. K. Madhavan Kutty</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turlapaty_Kutumba_Rao" title="Turlapaty Kutumba Rao">Turlapaty Kutumba Rao</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yang-shik" title="Kim Yang-shik">Kim Yang-shik</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzoor_Ahtesham" title="Manzoor Ahtesham">Manzoor Ahtesham</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Chaturvedi_(writer)" title="Jagdish Chaturvedi (writer)">Jagdish Chaturvedi</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Jotwani" title="Motilal Jotwani">Motilal Jotwani</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlagadda_Lakshmi_Prasad" title="Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad">Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekkatte_Narayan_Shanbhag" title="Tekkatte Narayan Shanbhag">Tekkatte Narayan Shanbhag</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shailendra_Nath_Shrivastava" title="Shailendra Nath Shrivastava">Shailendra Nath Shrivastava</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritam_Singh_(Uttarakhand_politician)" title="Pritam Singh (Uttarakhand politician)">Pritam Singh</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairamuthu" title="Vairamuthu">Vairamuthu</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_Bareh" title="Hamlet Bareh">Hamlet Bareh</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumarpal_Desai" title="Kumarpal Desai">Kumarpal Desai</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatyana_Elizarenkova" title="Tatyana Elizarenkova">Tatyana Elizarenkova</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gupta" title="Anil Kumar Gupta">Anil Kumar Gupta</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowri_Ishwaran" title="Gowri Ishwaran">Gowri Ishwaran</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeladhar_Jagudi" title="Leeladhar Jagudi">Leeladhar Jagudi</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunita_Jain" title="Sunita Jain">Sunita Jain</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Nath_Kaula" title="Prithvi Nath Kaula">Prithvi Nath Kaula</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyappa_Paniker" title="Ayyappa Paniker">Ayyappa Paniker</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Parameswaran" title="P. Parameswaran">P. Parameswaran</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Samant" title="Bal Samant">Bal Samant</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanhaiyalal_Sethia" title="Kanhaiyalal Sethia">Kanhaiyalal Sethia</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Chandra_Shah" title="Ramesh Chandra Shah">Ramesh Chandra Shah</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Stietencron" title="Heinrich von Stietencron">Heinrich von Stietencron</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhir_Tailang" title="Sudhir Tailang">Sudhir Tailang</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalip_Kaur_Tiwana" title="Dalip Kaur Tiwana">Dalip Kaur Tiwana</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiya_Kumar_Bagchi" title="Amiya Kumar Bagchi">Amiya Kumar Bagchi</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shobhana_Bhartia" title="Shobhana Bhartia">Shobhana Bhartia</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Chaudhuri" title="Manas Chaudhuri">Manas Chaudhuri</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darchhawna" title="Darchhawna">Darchhawna</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._S._Grewal" title="J. S. Grewal">J. S. Grewal</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_Kamil" title="Amin Kamil">Amin Kamil</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadul_Singh_Lama" title="Gadul Singh Lama">Gadul Singh Lama</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammen_Mathew" title="Mammen Mathew">Mammen Mathew</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._B._Mujumdar" title="S. B. Mujumdar">S. B. Mujumdar</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilat_Paswan_Vihangam" title="Bilat Paswan Vihangam">Bilat Paswan Vihangam</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajeet_Cour" title="Ajeet Cour">Ajeet Cour</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucheta_Dalal" title="Sucheta Dalal">Sucheta Dalal</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laltluangliana_Khiangte" title="Laltluangliana Khiangte">Laltluangliana Khiangte</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Lutze" title="Lothar Lutze">Lothar Lutze</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrinal_Pande" title="Mrinal Pande">Mrinal Pande</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugathakumari" title="Sugathakumari">Sugathakumari</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitanshu_Yashaschandra" title="Sitanshu Yashaschandra">Sitanshu Yashaschandra</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tems%C3%BCla_Ao" title="Temsüla Ao">Temsüla Ao</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaydan_Detha" title="Vijaydan Detha">Vijaydan Detha</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakul_Harshadrai_Dholakia" title="Bakul Harshadrai Dholakia">Bakul Harshadrai Dholakia</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitav_Ghosh" title="Amitav Ghosh">Amitav Ghosh</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Gopinath" title="Meenakshi Gopinath">Meenakshi Gopinath</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giriraj_Kishore_(writer)" title="Giriraj Kishore (writer)">Giriraj Kishore</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhar_Pathak" title="Shekhar Pathak">Shekhar Pathak</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibha_Ray" title="Pratibha Ray">Pratibha Ray</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostislav_Rybakov" title="Rostislav Rybakov">Rostislav Rybakov</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Seth" title="Vikram Seth">Vikram Seth</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaali_(poet)" title="Vaali (poet)">Vaali</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivanthi_Adithan" title="Sivanthi Adithan">Sivanthi Adithan</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bina_Agarwal" title="Bina Agarwal">Bina Agarwal</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellayani_Arjunan" title="Vellayani Arjunan">Vellayani Arjunan</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirupam_Bajpai" title="Nirupam Bajpai">Nirupam Bajpai</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjya_Kanta_Hazarika" title="Surjya Kanta Hazarika">Surjya Kanta Hazarika</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinod_Dua" title="Vinod Dua">Vinod Dua</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Leelavathy" title="M. Leelavathy">M. Leelavathy</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Mattoo" title="Amitabh Mattoo">Amitabh Mattoo</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bholabhai_Patel" title="Bholabhai Patel">Bholabhai Patel</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajdeep_Sardesai" title="Rajdeep Sardesai">Rajdeep Sardesai</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhadeo_Thorat" title="Sukhadeo Thorat">Sukhadeo Thorat</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinibash_Udgata" title="Srinibash Udgata">Srinibash Udgata</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Gundu_Amonkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Suresh Gundu Amonkar">Suresh Gundu Amonkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhay_Chhajlani" title="Abhay Chhajlani">Abhay Chhajlani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birendra_Nath_Datta" title="Birendra Nath Datta">Birendra Nath Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashi_Deshpande" title="Shashi Deshpande">Shashi Deshpande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannanje_Govindacharya" title="Bannanje Govindacharya">Bannanje Govindacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchapakesa_Jayaraman" title="Panchapakesa Jayaraman">Panchapakesa Jayaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathoor_Krishnamurty" title="Mathoor Krishnamurty">Mathoor Krishnamurty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Mahapatra" title="Jayanta Mahapatra">Jayanta Mahapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxman_Mane" title="Laxman Mane">Laxman Mane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Marr" title="John Ralston Marr">John Ralston Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alok_Mehta" title="Alok Mehta">Alok Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sankara_Reddy" title="A. Sankara Reddy">A. Sankara Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalthangfala_Sailo" title="Lalthangfala Sailo">Lalthangfala Sailo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngawang_Samten" title="Ngawang Samten">Ngawang Samten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranbir_Chander_Sobti" title="Ranbir Chander Sobti">Ranbir Chander Sobti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Shankar_Tripathi" title="Ram Shankar Tripathi">Ram Shankar Tripathi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(2010%E2%80%932019)" title="List of Padma Shri award recipients (2010–2019)">2010s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lalzuia_Colney" title="Lalzuia Colney">Lalzuia Colney</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Aurora_Couto" title="Maria Aurora Couto">Maria Aurora Couto</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuald_D%27Souza" title="Romuald D'Souza">Romuald D'Souza</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Gyndykes_Dkhar" title="Bertha Gyndykes Dkhar">Bertha Gyndykes Dkhar</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendra_Dubey" title="Surendra Dubey">Surendra Dubey</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq-ur-Rahman_Kidwai" title="Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai">Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kulke" title="Hermann Kulke">Hermann Kulke</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaranjan_Mukherji" title="Ramaranjan Mukherji">Ramaranjan Mukherji</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Chandra_Pande" title="Govind Chandra Pande">Govind Chandra Pande</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs_YGP" title="Mrs YGP">Mrs YGP</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Pollock" title="Sheldon Pollock">Sheldon Pollock</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Sarma" title="Arun Sarma">Arun Sarma</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitendra_Udhampuri" title="Jitendra Udhampuri">Jitendra Udhampuri</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Austin" title="Granville Austin">Granville Austin</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahim_Bora" title="Mahim Bora">Mahim Bora</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urvashi_Butalia" title="Urvashi Butalia">Urvashi Butalia</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullella_Sriramachandrudu" title="Pullella Sriramachandrudu">Pullella Sriramachandrudu</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamang_Dai" title="Mamang Dai">Mamang Dai</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravin_Darji" title="Pravin Darji">Pravin Darji</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Prakash_Deval" title="Chandra Prakash Deval">Chandra Prakash Deval</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviprasad_Dwivedi" title="Deviprasad Dwivedi">Deviprasad Dwivedi</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balraj_Komal" title="Balraj Komal">Balraj Komal</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Kumar_(educationist)" title="Krishna Kumar (educationist)">Krishna Kumar</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajni_Kumar" title="Rajni Kumar">Rajni Kumar</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanur_Mahadeva" title="Devanur Mahadeva">Devanur Mahadeva</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barun_Mazumder" title="Barun Mazumder">Barun Mazumder</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Menon" title="Ritu Menon">Ritu Menon</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avvai_Natarajan" title="Avvai Natarajan">Avvai Natarajan</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhalchandra_Nemade" title="Bhalchandra Nemade">Bhalchandra Nemade</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Harrington_Potter" title="Karl Harrington Potter">Karl Harrington Potter</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koneru_Ramakrishna_Rao" title="Koneru Ramakrishna Rao">Koneru Ramakrishna Rao</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Dutt_Sharma" title="Devi Dutt Sharma">Devi Dutt Sharma</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilamber_Dev_Sharma" title="Nilamber Dev Sharma">Nilamber Dev Sharma</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geeta_Dharmarajan" title="Geeta Dharmarajan">Geeta Dharmarajan</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Fischer_(art_historian)" title="Eberhard Fischer (art historian)">Eberhard Fischer</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedar_Gurung" title="Kedar Gurung">Kedar Gurung</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjit_Patar" title="Surjit Patar">Surjit Patar</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachchidanand_Sahai" title="Sachchidanand Sahai">Sachchidanand Sahai</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Sealy" title="Allan Sealy">Allan Sealy</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepita_Seth" title="Pepita Seth">Pepita Seth</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Dutt_Shridhar" title="Vijay Dutt Shridhar">Vijay Dutt Shridhar</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralte_L._Thanmawia" title="Ralte L. Thanmawia">Ralte L. Thanmawia</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anvita_Abbi" title="Anvita Abbi">Anvita Abbi</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nida_Fazli" title="Nida Fazli">Nida Fazli</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Herzberger" title="Radhika Herzberger">Radhika Herzberger</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noboru_Karashima" title="Noboru Karashima">Noboru Karashima</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salik_Lucknawi" title="Salik Lucknawi">Salik Lucknawi</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Malsawma" title="J. Malsawma">J. Malsawma</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devendra_Patel" title="Devendra Patel">Devendra Patel</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Pinney" title="Christopher Pinney">Christopher Pinney</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Sharaf-e-Alam" title="Mohammad Sharaf-e-Alam">Mohammad Sharaf-e-Alam</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Kant_Shukla" title="Rama Kant Shukla">Rama Kant Shukla</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Prasad_Singh" title="Jagdish Prasad Singh">Jagdish Prasad Singh</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtarul_Wasey" title="Akhtarul Wasey">Akhtarul Wasey</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naheed_Abidi" title="Naheed Abidi">Naheed Abidi</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Chakradhar" title="Ashok Chakradhar">Ashok Chakradhar</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keki_N._Daruwalla" title="Keki N. Daruwalla">Keki N. Daruwalla</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._N._Devy" title="G. N. Devy">G. N. Devy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolakaluri_Enoch" title="Kolakaluri Enoch">Kolakaluri Enoch</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ved_Kumari_Ghai" title="Ved Kumari Ghai">Ved Kumari Ghai</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorama_Jafa" title="Manorama Jafa">Manorama Jafa</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehana_Khatoon" title="Rehana Khatoon">Rehana Khatoon</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kilemsungla" title="P. Kilemsungla">P. Kilemsungla</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengaku_Mayeda" title="Sengaku Mayeda">Sengaku Mayeda</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waikhom_Gojen_Meitei" title="Waikhom Gojen Meitei">Waikhom Gojen Meitei</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnunarayanan_Namboothiri" title="Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri">Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Singh_(academic)" title="Dinesh Singh (academic)">Dinesh Singh</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Baosheng" title="Huang Baosheng">Huang Baosheng</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_B%C3%A4umer" title="Bettina Bäumer">Bettina Bäumer</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Nandan_Bora" title="Lakshmi Nandan Bora">Lakshmi Nandan Bora</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Claude Carrière">Jean-Claude Carrière</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyan_Chaturvedi" title="Gyan Chaturvedi">Gyan Chaturvedi</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Chetty" title="Raj Chetty">Raj Chetty</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibek_Debroy" title="Bibek Debroy">Bibek Debroy</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Gulati" title="Ashok Gulati">Ashok Gulati</a> (2015)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George L. Hart</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunil_Jogi" title="Sunil Jogi">Sunil Jogi</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usha_Kiran_Khan" title="Usha Kiran Khan">Usha Kiran Khan</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Purushothama_Mallaya" title="Narayana Purushothama Mallaya">Narayana Purushothama Mallaya</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Mascarenhas" title="Lambert Mascarenhas">Lambert Mascarenhas</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taarak_Mehta" class="mw-redirect" title="Taarak Mehta">Taarak Mehta</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Bahadur_Rai" title="Ram Bahadur Rai">Ram Bahadur Rai</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._S._Rajput" title="J. S. Rajput">J. S. Rajput</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimal_Kumar_Roy" title="Bimal Kumar Roy">Bimal Kumar Roy</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Schmiedchen" title="Annette Schmiedchen">Annette Schmiedchen</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunvant_Shah" title="Gunvant Shah">Gunvant Shah</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmdev_Sharma" title="Brahmdev Sharma">Brahmdev Sharma</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhirendra_Nath_Bezbaruah" title="Dhirendra Nath Bezbaruah">Dhirendra Nath Bezbaruah</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._L._Bhyrappa" title="S. L. Bhyrappa">S. L. Bhyrappa</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kameshwar_Brahma" title="Kameshwar Brahma">Kameshwar Brahma</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Lal_Kaul" title="Jawahar Lal Kaul">Jawahar Lal Kaul</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sal_Khan" title="Sal Khan">Sal Khan</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Malik" title="Ashok Malik">Ashok Malik</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldhar_Nag" title="Haldhar Nag">Haldhar Nag</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpesh_Pant" title="Pushpesh Pant">Pushpesh Pant</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahyabhai_Shastri" title="Dahyabhai Shastri">Dahyabhai Shastri</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prahlad_Chandra_Tasa" title="Prahlad Chandra Tasa">Prahlad Chandra Tasa</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anant_Agarwal" title="Anant Agarwal">Anant Agarwal</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Ahmed" title="Eli Ahmed">Eli Ahmed</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Danino" title="Michel Danino">Michel Danino</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Kohli" title="Narendra Kohli">Narendra Kohli</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkitham_Achuthan_Namboothiri" title="Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri">Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Pandita" title="K. N. Pandita">Kashi Nath Pandita</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Pandya" title="Vishnu Pandya">Vishnu Pandya</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._G._Patel" title="V. G. Patel">V. G. Patel</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H.R._Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H.R. Shah (page does not exist)">H.R. Shah</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamu_Krishna_Shastry" title="Chamu Krishna Shastry">Chamu Krishna Shastry</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawana_Somaaya" title="Bhawana Somaaya">Bhawana Somaaya</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punam_Suri" title="Punam Suri">Punam Suri</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harihar_Kripalu_Tripathi" title="Harihar Kripalu Tripathi">Harihar Kripalu Tripathi</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Venkatasubbiah" title="G. Venkatasubbiah">G. Venkatasubbiah</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Govinda_Baruah" title="Prafulla Govinda Baruah">Prafulla Govinda Baruah</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamlal_Chaturvedi" title="Shyamlal Chaturvedi">Shyamlal Chaturvedi</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arup_Kumar_Dutta" title="Arup Kumar Dutta">Arup Kumar Dutta</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Gupta" title="Arvind Gupta">Arvind Gupta</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digamber_Hansda" title="Digamber Hansda">Digamber Hansda</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Jalalpuri" title="Anwar Jalalpuri">Anwar Jalalpuri</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyong_Temjen_Jamir" title="Piyong Temjen Jamir">Piyong Temjen Jamir</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyasree_Goswami_Mahanta" title="Joyasree Goswami Mahanta">Joyasree Goswami Mahanta</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaverilal_Mehta" title="Zaverilal Mehta">Zaverilal Mehta</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomio_Mizokami" title="Tomio Mizokami">Tomio Mizokami</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habibullo_Rajabov" title="Habibullo Rajabov">Habibullo Rajabov</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagish_Shastri" title="Vagish Shastri">Vagish Shastri</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharao_Raghuveer_Singh" title="Maharao Raghuveer Singh">Maharao Raghuveer Singh</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Zakia" class="mw-redirect" title="A Zakia">A Zakia</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narsingh_Dev_Jamwal" title="Narsingh Dev Jamwal">Narsingh Dev Jamwal</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagindas_Sanghavi" title="Nagindas Sanghavi">Nagindas Sanghavi</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hanif_Khan_Shastri" title="Mohammed Hanif Khan Shastri">Mohammed Hanif Khan Shastri</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devendra_Swarup" title="Devendra Swarup">Devendra Swarup</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(2020%E2%80%932029)" title="List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)">2020s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhiraj_Rajendra_Mishra" title="Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra">Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binapani_Mohanty" title="Binapani Mohanty">Binapani Mohanty</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damayanti_Beshra" title="Damayanti Beshra">Damayanti Beshra</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._M._Desai" title="H. M. Desai">H. M. Desai</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lil_Bahadur_Chettri" title="Lil Bahadur Chettri">Lil Bahadur Chettri</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Jain" title="Meenakshi Jain">Meenakshi Jain</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Chandrasekharan_Nair" title="N. Chandrasekharan Nair">N. Chandrasekharan Nair</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Joshi_Karayal" title="Narayan Joshi Karayal">Narayan Joshi Karayal</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithwindra_Mukherjee" title="Prithwindra Mukherjee">Prithwindra Mukherjee</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thurman" title="Robert Thurman">Robert Thurman</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Kothari" title="S. P. Kothari">S. P. Kothari</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahabuddin_Rathod" title="Shahabuddin Rathod">Shahabuddin Rathod</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudharma" title="Sudharma">Sudharma</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayasarathi_Sribhashyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayasarathi Sribhashyam">Vijayasarathi Sribhashyam</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Dorjee_Thongchi" title="Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi">Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogesh_Praveen" title="Yogesh Praveen">Yogesh Praveen</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benichandra_Jamatia" title="Benichandra Jamatia">Benichandra Jamatia</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_G._Vall%C3%A9s" title="Carlos G. Vallés">Carlos G. Vallés</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadudan_Gadhvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadudan Gadhvi">Dadudan Gadhvi</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Shah_(writer)" title="Imran Shah (writer)">Imran Shah</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Hazowary" title="Mangal Singh Hazowary">Mangal Singh Hazowary</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridula_Sinha" title="Mridula Sinha">Mridula Sinha</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdeo_Kamble" title="Namdeo Kamble">Namdeo Kamble</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangasami_L._Kashyap" title="Rangasami L. Kashyap">Rangasami L. 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