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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Belang van de derde wet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belang_van_de_derde_wet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entropie_en_atomaire_structuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entropie_en_atomaire_structuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Entropie en atomaire structuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entropie_en_atomaire_structuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronnen_en_verwijzingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronnen_en_verwijzingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bronnen en verwijzingen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bronnen_en_verwijzingen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Bronnen en verwijzingen-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bronnen_en_verwijzingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voetnoten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voetnoten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Voetnoten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voetnoten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Derde wet van de thermodynamica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 51 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القانون الثالث للديناميكا الحرارية – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القانون الثالث للديناميكا الحرارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamikan%C4%B1n_%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCnc%C3%BC_qanunu" title="Termodinamikanın üçüncü qanunu – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Termodinamikanın üçüncü qanunu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Трэці пачатак тэрмадынамікі – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трэці пачатак тэрмадынамікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Трэці закон тэрмадынамікі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трэці закон тэрмадынамікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Трети закон на термодинамиката – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трети закон на термодинамиката" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="তাপগতিবিদ্যার তৃতীয় সূত্র – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাপগতিবিদ্যার তৃতীয় সূত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercer_principi_de_la_termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Tercer principi de la termodinàmica – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tercer principi de la termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%99et%C3%AD_termodynamick%C3%BD_z%C3%A1kon" title="Třetí termodynamický zákon – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Třetí termodynamický zákon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B8%C3%A7%C3%A7%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%D0%BF%D1%83%C3%A7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%88%C4%95" title="Термодинамикăн виççĕмĕш пуçламăшĕ – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Термодинамикăн виççĕмĕш пуçламăшĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamikkens_3._lov" title="Termodynamikkens 3. lov – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Termodynamikkens 3. lov" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dritter_Hauptsatz_der_Thermodynamik" title="Dritter Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dritter Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τρίτος θερμοδυναμικός νόμος – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρίτος θερμοδυναμικός νόμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Third law of thermodynamics – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Third law of thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tria_le%C4%9Do_de_termodinamiko" title="Tria leĝo de termodinamiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tria leĝo de termodinamiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercer_principio_de_la_termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Tercer principio de la termodinámica – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tercer principio de la termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termod%C3%BCnaamika_kolmas_seadus" title="Termodünaamika kolmas seadus – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Termodünaamika kolmas seadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamikaren_hirugarren_legea" title="Termodinamikaren hirugarren legea – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Termodinamikaren hirugarren legea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="قانون سوم ترمودینامیک – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون سوم ترمودینامیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamiikan_kolmas_p%C3%A4%C3%A4s%C3%A4%C3%A4nt%C3%B6" title="Termodynamiikan kolmas pääsääntö – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Termodynamiikan kolmas pääsääntö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_principe_de_la_thermodynamique" title="Troisième principe de la thermodynamique – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Troisième principe de la thermodynamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terceira_lei_da_termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Terceira lei da termodinámica – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terceira lei da termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="החוק השלישי של התרמודינמיקה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="החוק השלישי של התרמודינמיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ऊष्मागतिकी का तृतीय नियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऊष्मागतिकी का तृतीय नियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_termodinamika_harmadik_f%C5%91t%C3%A9tele" title="A termodinamika harmadik főtétele – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A termodinamika harmadik főtétele" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Թերմոդինամիկայի երրորդ օրենք – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թերմոդինամիկայի երրորդ օրենք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_ketiga_termodinamika" title="Hukum ketiga termodinamika – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukum ketiga termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terzo_principio_della_termodinamica" title="Terzo principio della termodinamica – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terzo principio della termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="熱力学第三法則 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱力学第三法則" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Термодинамиканың үшінші бастамасы – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Термодинамиканың үшінші бастамасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C3%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제3법칙 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열역학 제3법칙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamikkens_tredje_lov" title="Termodynamikkens tredje lov – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Termodynamikkens tredje lov" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresen_principi_de_la_termodinamica" title="Tresen principi de la termodinamica – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tresen principi de la termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzecia_zasada_termodynamiki" title="Trzecia zasada termodynamiki – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trzecia zasada termodynamiki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terceira_lei_da_termodin%C3%A2mica" title="Terceira lei da termodinâmica – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terceira lei da termodinâmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principiul_al_treilea_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul al treilea al termodinamicii – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Principiul al treilea al termodinamicii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Третье начало термодинамики – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Третье начало термодинамики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_zakon_termodinamike" title="Treći zakon termodinamike – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Treći zakon termodinamike" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="තාප ගති විද්‍යවේ තෙවන නියමය – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාප ගති විද්‍යවේ තෙවන නියමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Third law of thermodynamics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Third law of thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretia_termodynamick%C3%A1_veta" title="Tretia termodynamická veta – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tretia termodynamická veta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretji_zakon_termodinamike" title="Tretji zakon termodinamike – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tretji zakon termodinamike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Трећи закон термодинамике – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трећи закон термодинамике" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamikens_tredje_huvudsats" title="Termodynamikens tredje huvudsats – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Termodynamikens tredje huvudsats" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="வெப்ப இயக்கவியலின் மூன்றாம் விதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெப்ப இயக்கவியலின் மூன்றாம் விதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="กฎข้อที่สามของอุณหพลศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กฎข้อที่สามของอุณหพลศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinami%C4%9Fin_%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCnc%C3%BC_kanunu" title="Termodinamiğin üçüncü kanunu – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p>De <b>derde wet van de thermodynamica</b> is een van de vier centrale <a href="/wiki/Wet_(wetenschap)" title="Wet (wetenschap)">wetten</a> uit de <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamica" title="Thermodynamica">thermodynamica</a>. Deze wet stelt dat bij het benaderen van het <a href="/wiki/Absolute_nulpunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute nulpunt">absolute nulpunt</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">temperatuur</a> (bij −273,15 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> of 0 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(eenheid)" title="Kelvin (eenheid)">K</a>) alle processen tot stilstand komen en de <a href="/wiki/Entropie" title="Entropie">entropie</a> een minimumwaarde bereikt. Bij het absolute nulpunt kunnen <a href="/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom">atomen</a> niet meer bewegen, zodat alle processen tot stilstand komen. </p><p>Een gevolg van de derde wet is dat de <a href="/wiki/Absoluut" title="Absoluut">absolute</a> entropie van een <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamisch_systeem" title="Thermodynamisch systeem">systeem</a> berekend kan worden door vergelijking met het absolute nulpunt. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belang_van_de_derde_wet">Belang van de derde wet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derde_wet_van_de_thermodynamica&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Belang van de derde wet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derde_wet_van_de_thermodynamica&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Belang van de derde wet"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <a href="/wiki/Tweede_wet_van_de_thermodynamica" title="Tweede wet van de thermodynamica">tweede wet van de thermodynamica</a> stelt dat processen alleen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontaan_proces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spontaan proces (de pagina bestaat niet)">spontaan</a> zijn als ze de totale entropie van het universum vergroten. Om te bepalen of een proces spontaan verloopt, moet de entropie bekend zijn. Een absolute schaal voor entropie is daarom praktisch van nut voor de scheikundige. </p><p>In de thermodynamica kan de <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">energie</a> in een systeem meestal slechts gemeten worden als een verschil tussen twee <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toestand_(thermodynamica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toestand (thermodynamica) (de pagina bestaat niet)">toestanden</a>. Grootheden als de <a href="/wiki/Interne_energie" class="mw-redirect" title="Interne energie">interne energie</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Enthalpie" title="Enthalpie">enthalpie</a> van systemen of <a href="/wiki/Fase_(stof)" title="Fase (stof)">fasen</a> hebben altijd slechts een <a href="/wiki/Relatief" title="Relatief">relatieve</a> waarde. Dankzij de derde wet van de thermodynamica ligt dit anders voor de entropie, waarvoor wel een absolute waarde te bepalen is.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De absolute entropie van een systeem bij temperatuur T<sub>1</sub> is het entropieverschil in het systeem bij opwarming van het absolute nulpunt tot temperatuur T<sub>1</sub>. De entropie bij temperatuur T<sub>1</sub> is altijd groter dan die bij het absolute nulpunt: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{\mathrm {T=T_{1}} }>S_{\mathrm {T=0} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{\mathrm {T=T_{1}} }>S_{\mathrm {T=0} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c79c1c8f08e946c05090babf80bd302c9a42cdeb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:14.183ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{\mathrm {T=T_{1}} }>S_{\mathrm {T=0} }}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entropie_en_atomaire_structuur">Entropie en atomaire structuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derde_wet_van_de_thermodynamica&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Entropie en atomaire structuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derde_wet_van_de_thermodynamica&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Entropie en atomaire structuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hoewel entropie, net als veel andere <a href="/wiki/Grootheid" title="Grootheid">grootheden</a> uit de thermodynamica, geen tastbaar begrip is, kan het gevisualiseerd worden door de ordening van atomen voor te stellen. Hoe beter de atomen over een systeem verdeeld zijn, des te groter de entropie. Bij <a href="/wiki/Kristal_(natuurwetenschappen)" title="Kristal (natuurwetenschappen)">kristallen</a> betekent dit dat hoe beter imperfecties (<a href="/wiki/Dislocatie" title="Dislocatie">dislocaties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puntfout" class="mw-redirect" title="Puntfout">puntfouten</a>, enzovoorts) over het kristal verspreid zijn, des te groter de entropie is. </p><p>Bij een <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfect_kristal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perfect kristal (de pagina bestaat niet)">perfect kristal</a> zal de entropie bij het absolute nulpunt ook echt nul bedragen. Veel <a href="/wiki/Chemische_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemische component">componenten</a> vormen echter van nature geen perfecte kristallen, zodat er bij het absolute nulpunt sprake is van een zogenaamde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Residuele_entropie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Residuele entropie (de pagina bestaat niet)">residuele entropie</a>. </p><p>Omdat alle processen bij het absolute nulpunt tot stilstand komen, is het niet mogelijk om bij deze temperatuur een kristallisatie uit te voeren. Kristallen <a href="/wiki/Kristalgroei" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristalgroei">groeien</a> alleen boven het absolute nulpunt, namelijk bij een temperatuur waarbij de kristalstructuur een zekere wanorde bevat (in de vorm van imperfecties) die altijd <a href="/wiki/Stabiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabiel">stabieler</a> is dan in een structuur zonder. De <a href="/wiki/Gibbs%27_vrije_energie" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibbs' vrije energie">Gibbs' vrije energie</a> is bij enige mate van wanorde kleiner dan bij een perfecte structuur. Dit blijkt uit de <a href="/wiki/Fundamentele_vergelijking_van_de_thermodynamica" title="Fundamentele vergelijking van de thermodynamica">fundamentele vergelijking van de thermodynamica</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G=VdP-SdT}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G=VdP-SdT}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/14cb4f4098df5bb26bfcd1a96b9ace41a997a108" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:16.865ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G=VdP-SdT}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Waarbij G de Gibbs' vrije energie is, V het <a href="/wiki/Inhoud_(volume)" title="Inhoud (volume)">volume</a>, P de <a href="/wiki/Druk_(grootheid)" title="Druk (grootheid)">druk</a>, S de entropie en T de <a href="/wiki/Absolute_temperatuur" title="Absolute temperatuur">absolute temperatuur</a> van het systeem.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uit de vergelijking blijkt dat wanneer de temperatuur geen nul bedraagt, de entropie van invloed is op de toestand van het systeem. </p><p>Een kristal groeit dus nooit in perfecte vorm, maar bevat altijd imperfecties. Weliswaar wordt bij het afkoelen van het kristal een toestand stabiel met steeds minder imperfecties, maar om deze hogere graad van perfectie te bereiken moet het kristal zich reorganiseren, en ook dat is een proces dat tot stilstand komt bij nadering van het absolute nulpunt. Het gevolg is dat perfecte kristallen niet bestaan. Gelukkig is de residuele entropie meestal vrij klein en kan deze dan verwaarloosd worden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derde_wet_van_de_thermodynamica&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derde_wet_van_de_thermodynamica&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nulde_wet_van_de_thermodynamica" title="Nulde wet van de thermodynamica">nulde wet van de thermodynamica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eerste_wet_van_de_thermodynamica" title="Eerste wet van de thermodynamica">eerste wet van de thermodynamica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweede_wet_van_de_thermodynamica" title="Tweede wet van de thermodynamica">tweede wet van de thermodynamica</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><div style="margin-top:-10px"></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronnen_en_verwijzingen">Bronnen en verwijzingen</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voetnoten">Voetnoten</h3></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson (2005), p 119-120; Hobbs (1995), p 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deze versie van de fundamentele vergelijking gaat alleen op voor een <a href="/wiki/Gesloten_systeem" title="Gesloten systeem">gesloten systeem</a>. Bij een <a href="/wiki/Open_systeem" title="Open systeem">open systeem</a> heeft de uitwisseling van materiaal met de omgeving ook invloed op de Gibbs' vrije energie van het systeem.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h3></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Anderson, G.M.</span>; <b>2005</b>: <i>Thermodynamics of Natural Systems</i>, Cambridge University Press (<i>2nd ed.</i>), <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-521-84772-8" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-521-84772-8">ISBN 978-0-521-84772-8</a></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hobbs, P.V.</span>; <b>1995</b>: <i>Basic Physical Chemistry for the Atmospheric Sciences</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> Press, <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-521-47933-9" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-521-47933-9">ISBN 0-521-47933-9</a></span>.</li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derde_wet_van_de_thermodynamica&oldid=63487282">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derde_wet_van_de_thermodynamica&oldid=63487282</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Natuurkundige_wet" title="Categorie:Natuurkundige wet">Natuurkundige wet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Thermodynamica" title="Categorie:Thermodynamica">Thermodynamica</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 19 dec 2022 om 09:50.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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