A Survey on Channel Sounding Technologies and Measurements for UAV-Assisted Communications

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="nexus-font-support"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"/> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/> <meta name="google" content="nositelinkssearchbox"/> <title> A Survey on Channel Sounding Technologies and Measurements for UAV-Assisted Communications - Lund University</title> <link rel='alternate' hreflang='en-gb' href='https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/a-survey-on-channel-sounding-technologies-and-measurements-for-ua' /><link rel='alternate' hreflang='sv-se' href='https://portal.research.lu.se/sv/publications/a-survey-on-channel-sounding-technologies-and-measurements-for-ua' /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Lund University"> <meta property="og:title" content="A Survey on Channel Sounding Technologies and Measurements for UAV-Assisted Communications"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/a-survey-on-channel-sounding-technologies-and-measurements-for-ua"> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://portal.research.lu.se/skin/headerImage/"> <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/application-38ee53af01939d2a035e7aecc1b3ac0a.css" />  <script async src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="75c19873-3c98-4a27-a680-60e5401e9c60" data-document-language="true"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script>  <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/skin/favIcon/"/> <link href="/skin/css/" rel="stylesheet"/> <script src="/skin/script/" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/application-ef88525856bf546568133030838d91cc.js" ></script>  <meta name="citation_title" content="A Survey on Channel Sounding Technologies and Measurements for UAV-Assisted Communications"></meta><meta name="citation_author" content="Kai Mao"></meta><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"></meta><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Twente"></meta><meta name="citation_author" content="Qiuming Zhu"></meta><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"></meta><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Southeast University, Nanjing"></meta><meta name="citation_author" content="Cheng Xiang Wang"></meta><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Southeast University, Nanjing"></meta><meta name="citation_author" content="Xuchao Ye"></meta><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"></meta><meta name="citation_author" content="Jorge Gomez-Ponce"></meta><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Southern California"></meta><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)"></meta><meta name="citation_author" content="Xuesong Cai"></meta><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Communications Engineering"></meta><meta name="citation_author_email" content="xuesong.cai@eit.lth.se"></meta><meta name="citation_author" content="Yang Miao"></meta><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Twente"></meta><meta name="citation_author" content="Zhuangzhuang Cui"></meta><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Catholic University of Leuven"></meta><meta name="citation_author" content="Qihui Wu"></meta><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"></meta><meta name="citation_author" content="Wei Fan"></meta><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Southeast University, Nanjing"></meta><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024"></meta><meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1109/TIM.2024.3436128"></meta><meta name="citation_language" content="English"></meta><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Channel sounder; channel sounding; sounding schemes; UAV propagation channel; unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)"></meta><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement"></meta><meta name="citation_issn" content="0018-9456"></meta><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Conf on Precis Electromagn Meas (CPEM), Pap"></meta><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="IEEE TRANS INSTRUM MEAS"></meta><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="IEEE TRANS. 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class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="introduction no-metrics"> <div class="rendering"><h1><span>A Survey on Channel Sounding Technologies and Measurements for UAV-Assisted Communications</span></h1></div> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_associatespersonsclassifiedportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_associatespersonsclassifiedportal rendering_contributiontojournal_associatespersonsclassifiedportal"><p class="relations persons">Kai Mao, Qiuming Zhu, Cheng Xiang Wang, Xuchao Ye, Jorge Gomez-Ponce, <a rel="Person" href="https://portal.research.lu.se/en/persons/xuesong-cai" class="link person"><span>Xuesong Cai</span></a>, Yang Miao, Zhuangzhuang Cui, Qihui Wu, Wei Fan</div> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_associatesorganisationsportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_associatesorganisationsportal rendering_contributiontojournal_associatesorganisationsportal"><ul class="relations organisations"><li class="researchteam"><a rel="Organisation" href="https://portal.research.lu.se/en/organisations/communications-engineering" class="link"><span>Communications Engineering</span></a></li></ul></div> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_associatesexternalorganisationsportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_associatesexternalorganisationsportal rendering_contributiontojournal_associatesexternalorganisationsportal"><ul class="relations organisations"><li><a rel="UEOExternalOrganisation" href="#" class="link"><span>Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics</span></a></li><li><a rel="UEOExternalOrganisation" href="#" class="link"><span>University of Twente</span></a></li><li><a rel="UEOExternalOrganisation" href="#" class="link"><span>Southeast University, Nanjing</span></a></li><li><a rel="UEOExternalOrganisation" href="#" class="link"><span>University of Southern California</span></a></li><li><a rel="UEOExternalOrganisation" href="#" class="link"><span>Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)</span></a></li><li><a rel="UEOExternalOrganisation" href="#" class="link"><span>Catholic University of Leuven</span></a></li></ul></div> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_publicationcontenttyperendererportalng rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_publicationcontenttyperendererportalng rendering_contributiontojournal_publicationcontenttyperendererportalng"><p class="type"><span class="type_family">Research output<span class="type_family_sep">: </span></span><span class="type_classification_parent">Contribution to journal<span class="type_parent_sep"> › </span></span><span class="type_classification">Article</span><span class="type_classification"><span class="type_parent_sep"> › </span>peer-review</span></p></div> </div> <div class="publication-metrics" aria-label="Publication metrics section"> <div class="metrics-container"> <div class="metrics-wrap metrics-bottom "> <div class="metric metric-plum-x"> <a href="https://plu.mx/plum/a/?doi=10.1109/TIM.2024.3436128" class="plumx-plum-print-popup" data-on-empty="plumXError" data-on-fail="plumXError" data-on-success="plumXSuccess" data-popup="left" data-hide-when-empty="true" data-site="plum" data-badge="false"></a> </div> <div class="metric metric-altmetric"> <div data-badge-popover="top" data-badge-type="donut" data-doi="10.1109/TIM.2024.3436128" data-hide-no-mentions="true" data-link-target='_blank' class="altmetric-embed"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="subMenu"> <div class="content-profile-navigation"> <div class="container"> <nav role="navigation"> <ul class="has-overflow-navigation" role="menubar"> <li class="selected" role="none"> <a class="portal_link" role="menuitem" href="/en/publications/a-survey-on-channel-sounding-technologies-and-measurements-for-ua"><span> <i class="icon icon-publication" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="label">Overview</span> </span></a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="main-content" class="page-section-content page-section-content-publications page-section-content-publications-view no-margin "> <section class="page-section content-relation-section"> <div class="container"> <div class="clearfix"> <div class="content-content publication-content"> <h2 class="subheader">Abstract</h2> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_abstractportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_abstractportal rendering_contributiontojournal_abstractportal"><div class="textblock"><p>Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely used in both military and civilian applications, where a stable communication link is vital for safe flight control and robust data transmission. To develop a reliable UAV communication system, it is necessary to deeply understand the UAV channel characteristics and establish accurate channel models. Channel sounding is the most effective way to obtain realistic channel characteristics and validate the theoretical channel model. However, the studies on UAV channel sounding are still insufficient in terms of system design and data processing due to the complexity of developing a UAV channel sounder. Different from the terrestrial channel sounders, the implementation of a UAV channel sounder is tortured by the limited battery life and payload capacity of the UAV platform. The sounding scheme and data postprocessing also need to be specially designed for highly dynamic UAV channels. So far, most existing survey studies on UAV channels focus on modeling methodology and model presentation. To fill this gap, this article provides a comprehensive survey on the design of the UAV channel sounder, in terms of the hardware scheme, sounding signal, time synchronization, calibration, and data postprocessing. Current issues and potential research topics behind existing sounding technologies and measurement campaigns are analyzed. Moreover, future challenges and open issues are also discussed.</p></div></div> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_detailsportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_detailsportal rendering_contributiontojournal_detailsportal"><div class="article"><table class="properties"><tbody><tr class="language"><th scope="row">Original language</th><td>English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Article number</th><td>8004624</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Journal</th><td><a rel="Journal" href="#" class="link"><span>IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement</span></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Volume</th><td>73</td></tr><tr class="digital_object_identifiers"><th scope="row">DOIs</th><td><ul class="relations digital_object_identifiers"><li><a onclick="window.open(this.href, '_blank','noopener,noreferrer'); return false;" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2024.3436128" class="link"><span>https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2024.3436128</span></a> </li></ul></td></tr><tr class="status"><th scope="row">Publication status</th><td><span class="prefix">Published - </span><span class="date">2024</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="rendering rendering_keywordable rendering_expertkeywordgrouspbytypeportal rendering_keywordable_expertkeywordgrouspbytypeportal"><div class="keyword-group"><h2 class="subheader">Subject classification (UKÄ)</h2><ul class="relations keywords"><li><span>Mechanical Engineering</span></li></ul></div><div class="keyword-group"><h2 class="subheader">Free keywords</h2><ul class="relations keywords"><li class="userdefined-keyword"><span>Channel sounder</span></li><li class="userdefined-keyword"><span>channel sounding</span></li><li class="userdefined-keyword"><span>sounding schemes</span></li><li class="userdefined-keyword"><span>UAV propagation channel</span></li><li class="userdefined-keyword"><span>unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="content-sidebar publication-sidebar"> <h2 class="subheader">Access to Document</h2> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_publicationaccessrenderer rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_publicationaccessrenderer rendering_contributiontojournal_publicationaccessrenderer"><ul class="dois"><li><div class="doi"><a onclick="window.open(this.href, '_blank','noopener,noreferrer'); return false;" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2024.3436128" class="link"><span>10.1109/TIM.2024.3436128</span></a></div></li></ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="page-section cite"> <div class="container"> <section class="publication-cite" aria-labelledby="publications-cite-title"> <h2 class="subheader" id="publications-cite-title">Cite this</h2> <ul class="tabs has-overflow-navigation" role="tablist" aria-label="Cite this"> <li class="selected" role="tab" id="tab-0" aria-controls="cite-apa" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" > APA </li> <li class="" role="tab" id="tab-1" aria-controls="cite-author" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" > Author </li> <li class="" role="tab" id="tab-2" aria-controls="cite-BIBTEX" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" > BIBTEX </li> <li class="" role="tab" id="tab-3" aria-controls="cite-harvard" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" > Harvard </li> <li class="" role="tab" id="tab-4" aria-controls="cite-standard" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" > Standard </li> <li class="" role="tab" id="tab-5" aria-controls="cite-RIS" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" > RIS </li> <li class="" role="tab" id="tab-6" aria-controls="cite-vancouver" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" > Vancouver </li> </ul> <div class="tab-container"> <div id="cite-apa" class="tab selected" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-0" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_apa rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_apa rendering_contributiontojournal_apa">Mao, K., Zhu, Q., Wang, C. X., Ye, X., Gomez-Ponce, J.<a rel="Person" href="https://portal.research.lu.se/en/persons/xuesong-cai" class="link"><span>, Cai, X.</span></a>, Miao, Y., Cui, Z., Wu, Q., & Fan, W. (2024). <a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/a-survey-on-channel-sounding-technologies-and-measurements-for-ua" class="link"><span>A Survey on Channel Sounding Technologies and Measurements for UAV-Assisted Communications</span></a>. <a rel="Journal" href="#" class="link"><span><em>IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement</em></span></a>, <em>73</em>, Article 8004624. <a onclick="window.open(this.href, '_blank','noopener,noreferrer'); return false;" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2024.3436128" class="link"><span>https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2024.3436128</span></a></div> </div> <div id="cite-author" class="tab " role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-1" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_author rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_author rendering_contributiontojournal_author">Mao, Kai ; Zhu, Qiuming ; Wang, Cheng Xiang et al. / <a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/a-survey-on-channel-sounding-technologies-and-measurements-for-ua" class="link"><span><strong>A Survey on Channel Sounding Technologies and Measurements for UAV-Assisted Communications</strong></span></a>. In: <a rel="Journal" href="#" class="link"><span>IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement</span></a>. 2024 ; Vol. 73.</div> </div> <div id="cite-BIBTEX" class="tab " role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-2" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_bibtex rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_bibtex rendering_contributiontojournal_bibtex"><div>@article{bb0553f6dee5487e83ee7c96734a9d5c,</div><div> title = "A Survey on Channel Sounding Technologies and Measurements for UAV-Assisted Communications",</div><div> abstract = "Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely used in both military and civilian applications, where a stable communication link is vital for safe flight control and robust data transmission. To develop a reliable UAV communication system, it is necessary to deeply understand the UAV channel characteristics and establish accurate channel models. Channel sounding is the most effective way to obtain realistic channel characteristics and validate the theoretical channel model. However, the studies on UAV channel sounding are still insufficient in terms of system design and data processing due to the complexity of developing a UAV channel sounder. Different from the terrestrial channel sounders, the implementation of a UAV channel sounder is tortured by the limited battery life and payload capacity of the UAV platform. The sounding scheme and data postprocessing also need to be specially designed for highly dynamic UAV channels. So far, most existing survey studies on UAV channels focus on modeling methodology and model presentation. To fill this gap, this article provides a comprehensive survey on the design of the UAV channel sounder, in terms of the hardware scheme, sounding signal, time synchronization, calibration, and data postprocessing. Current issues and potential research topics behind existing sounding technologies and measurement campaigns are analyzed. Moreover, future challenges and open issues are also discussed.",</div><div> keywords = "Channel sounder, channel sounding, sounding schemes, UAV propagation channel, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)",</div><div> author = "Kai Mao and Qiuming Zhu and Wang, {Cheng Xiang} and Xuchao Ye and Jorge Gomez-Ponce and Xuesong Cai and Yang Miao and Zhuangzhuang Cui and Qihui Wu and Wei Fan",</div><div> year = "2024",</div><div> doi = "10.1109/TIM.2024.3436128",</div><div> language = "English",</div><div> volume = "73",</div><div> journal = "IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement",</div><div> issn = "0018-9456",</div><div> publisher = "IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.",</div><p>}</p></div> </div> <div id="cite-harvard" class="tab " role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-3" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_harvard rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_harvard rendering_contributiontojournal_harvard">Mao, K, Zhu, Q, Wang, CX, Ye, X, Gomez-Ponce, J<a rel="Person" href="https://portal.research.lu.se/en/persons/xuesong-cai" class="link"><span>, Cai, X</span></a>, Miao, Y, Cui, Z, Wu, Q & Fan, W 2024, '<a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/a-survey-on-channel-sounding-technologies-and-measurements-for-ua" class="link harvard_title"><span>A Survey on Channel Sounding Technologies and Measurements for UAV-Assisted Communications</span></a>', <a rel="Journal" href="#" class="link"><span><em>IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement</em></span></a>, vol. 73, 8004624. <a onclick="window.open(this.href, '_blank','noopener,noreferrer'); return false;" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2024.3436128" class="link"><span>https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2024.3436128</span></a></div> </div> <div id="cite-standard" class="tab " role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-4" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_standard rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_standard rendering_contributiontojournal_standard"><a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/a-survey-on-channel-sounding-technologies-and-measurements-for-ua" class="link"><span><strong>A Survey on Channel Sounding Technologies and Measurements for UAV-Assisted Communications.</strong></span></a> / Mao, Kai; Zhu, Qiuming; Wang, Cheng Xiang et al. <br />In: <a rel="Journal" href="#" class="link"><span>IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement</span></a>, Vol. 73, 8004624, 2024.<p class="type"><span class="type_family">Research output<span class="type_family_sep">: </span></span><span class="type_classification_parent">Contribution to journal<span class="type_parent_sep"> › </span></span><span class="type_classification">Article</span><span class="type_classification"><span class="type_parent_sep"> › </span>peer-review</span></p></div> </div> <div id="cite-RIS" class="tab " role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-5" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_ris rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_ris rendering_contributiontojournal_ris"><p>TY - JOUR</p><p>T1 - A Survey on Channel Sounding Technologies and Measurements for UAV-Assisted Communications</p><p>AU - Mao, Kai</p><p>AU - Zhu, Qiuming</p><p>AU - Wang, Cheng Xiang</p><p>AU - Ye, Xuchao</p><p>AU - Gomez-Ponce, Jorge</p><p>AU - Cai, Xuesong</p><p>AU - Miao, Yang</p><p>AU - Cui, Zhuangzhuang</p><p>AU - Wu, Qihui</p><p>AU - Fan, Wei</p><p>PY - 2024</p><p>Y1 - 2024</p><p>N2 - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely used in both military and civilian applications, where a stable communication link is vital for safe flight control and robust data transmission. To develop a reliable UAV communication system, it is necessary to deeply understand the UAV channel characteristics and establish accurate channel models. Channel sounding is the most effective way to obtain realistic channel characteristics and validate the theoretical channel model. However, the studies on UAV channel sounding are still insufficient in terms of system design and data processing due to the complexity of developing a UAV channel sounder. Different from the terrestrial channel sounders, the implementation of a UAV channel sounder is tortured by the limited battery life and payload capacity of the UAV platform. The sounding scheme and data postprocessing also need to be specially designed for highly dynamic UAV channels. So far, most existing survey studies on UAV channels focus on modeling methodology and model presentation. To fill this gap, this article provides a comprehensive survey on the design of the UAV channel sounder, in terms of the hardware scheme, sounding signal, time synchronization, calibration, and data postprocessing. Current issues and potential research topics behind existing sounding technologies and measurement campaigns are analyzed. Moreover, future challenges and open issues are also discussed.</p><p>AB - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely used in both military and civilian applications, where a stable communication link is vital for safe flight control and robust data transmission. To develop a reliable UAV communication system, it is necessary to deeply understand the UAV channel characteristics and establish accurate channel models. Channel sounding is the most effective way to obtain realistic channel characteristics and validate the theoretical channel model. However, the studies on UAV channel sounding are still insufficient in terms of system design and data processing due to the complexity of developing a UAV channel sounder. Different from the terrestrial channel sounders, the implementation of a UAV channel sounder is tortured by the limited battery life and payload capacity of the UAV platform. The sounding scheme and data postprocessing also need to be specially designed for highly dynamic UAV channels. So far, most existing survey studies on UAV channels focus on modeling methodology and model presentation. To fill this gap, this article provides a comprehensive survey on the design of the UAV channel sounder, in terms of the hardware scheme, sounding signal, time synchronization, calibration, and data postprocessing. Current issues and potential research topics behind existing sounding technologies and measurement campaigns are analyzed. Moreover, future challenges and open issues are also discussed.</p><p>KW - Channel sounder</p><p>KW - channel sounding</p><p>KW - sounding schemes</p><p>KW - UAV propagation channel</p><p>KW - unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)</p><p>U2 - 10.1109/TIM.2024.3436128</p><p>DO - 10.1109/TIM.2024.3436128</p><p>M3 - Article</p><p>AN - SCOPUS:85200216555</p><p>SN - 0018-9456</p><p>VL - 73</p><p>JO - IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement</p><p>JF - IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement</p><p>M1 - 8004624</p><p>ER - </p></div> </div> <div id="cite-vancouver" class="tab " role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-6" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_vancouver rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_vancouver rendering_contributiontojournal_vancouver">Mao K, Zhu Q, Wang CX, Ye X, Gomez-Ponce J<a rel="Person" href="https://portal.research.lu.se/en/persons/xuesong-cai" class="link"><span>, Cai X</span></a> et al. <span class="title"><a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/a-survey-on-channel-sounding-technologies-and-measurements-for-ua" class="link"><span>A Survey on Channel Sounding Technologies and Measurements for UAV-Assisted Communications</span></a></span>. <a rel="Journal" href="#" class="link"><span>IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement</span></a>. 2024;73:8004624. doi: 10.1109/TIM.2024.3436128</div> </div> <script> $(function() { $(".tab-container .rendering a:not([href^='http://dx.doi.org'])").contents().unwrap(); 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