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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Realm of viruses</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><i>Adnaviria</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:RotatingADNA.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A gif of rotating A-DNA in standard CPK (Corey-Pauling-Koltun) coloring." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/RotatingADNA.gif/250px-RotatingADNA.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/RotatingADNA.gif/330px-RotatingADNA.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RotatingADNA.gif 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Right hand rotation of A-DNA in standard <a href="/wiki/CPK_coloring" title="CPK coloring">CPK (Corey-Pauling-Koltun) coloring</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><a href="/wiki/Virus_classification" title="Virus classification">Virus classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Tokiviricetes" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Realm: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Adnaviria</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Zilligvirae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Taleaviricota</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><b><i>Tokiviricetes</i></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)">Subtaxa </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><a href="#Classification">See text</a> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Adnaviria</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Realm_(virology)" title="Realm (virology)">realm</a> of <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> that includes <a href="/wiki/Archaeal_virus" title="Archaeal virus">archaeal viruses</a> that have a filamentous virion (i.e. body) and a linear, double-stranded DNA genome.<sup id="cite_ref-adnaviria_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adnaviria-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genome exists in A-form (<a href="/wiki/A-DNA" title="A-DNA">A-DNA</a>) and encodes a dimeric major capsid protein (MCP) that contains the SIRV2 fold, a type of <a href="/wiki/Alpha-helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-helix">alpha-helix</a> bundle containing four helices. The virion consists of the genome encased in <a href="/wiki/Capsid" title="Capsid">capsid</a> proteins to form a helical nucleoprotein complex. For some adnaviruses, this helix is surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> membrane called an <a href="/wiki/Viral_envelope" title="Viral envelope">envelope</a>. Some contain an additional protein layer between the nucleoprotein helix and the envelope. Complete virions are long and thin and may be flexible or a stiff like a rod. </p><p><i>Adnaviria</i> was established in 2020 after <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_electron_microscopy" title="Cryogenic electron microscopy">cryogenic electron microscopy</a> showed that the viruses in the realm were related due to a shared MCP, A-DNA, and general virion structure. Viruses in <i>Adnaviria</i> infect hyperthermophilic and acidophilic <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>, i.e. archaea that inhabit very high temperature environments and highly acidic environments. Their A-DNA genome may be an adaptation to this extreme environment. Viruses in <i>Adnaviria</i> have potentially existed for a long time, as it is thought that they may have infected the last archaeal common ancestor. In general, they show no genetic relation to any viruses outside the realm. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adnaviria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Adnaviria</i> takes the first part of its name, <i>Adna</i>-, from A-DNA, which refers to the A-form genomic DNA of all viruses in the realm. The second part, -<i>viria</i> is the suffix used for virus realms. The sole kingdom in the realm, <i>Zilligvirae</i>, is named after <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_Zillig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram Zillig (page does not exist)">Wolfram Zillig</a> (1925–2005) for his research on hyperthermophilic archaea, with the virus kingdom suffix -<i>virae</i>. The name of the sole phylum, <i>Taleaviricota</i>, is derived from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>talea</i>, which means "rod" and refers to the morphology of viruses in the realm, and the virus phylum suffix -<i>viricota</i>. Lastly, the sole class in the realm, <i>Tokiviricetes</i>, is constructed from <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> <i>toki</i> (თოკი), which means "thread", and the suffix used for virus classes, -<i>viricetes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-proposal_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proposal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adnaviria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viruses in <i>Adnaviria</i> infect <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermophile" title="Hyperthermophile">hyperthermophilic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acidophile" title="Acidophile">acidophilic</a> archaea and have linear, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes that range from about 16 to 56 kilobase pairs in length. The ends of their genomes contain <a href="/wiki/Inverted_repeat" title="Inverted repeat">inverted terminal repeats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lipothrixprofile_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lipothrixprofile-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rudiprofile_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudiprofile-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tristromaprofile_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tristromaprofile-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their genomes exist in A-form, also called A-DNA,<sup id="cite_ref-adnaviria_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adnaviria-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a type of DNA that has a compact right-handed helix with more base pairs per turn than B-form DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-louten_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-louten-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of genomic A-DNA is caused by an interaction with major capsid protein (MCP) dimers, which, during virion assembly, cover pre-genomic B-DNA to form a helical nucleoprotein complex that contains genomic A-DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-proposal_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proposal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The A-form genome may be an adaptation to allow DNA survival under extreme conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-adnaviria_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adnaviria-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, viruses in <i>Adnaviria</i> have high genome redundancy, which also might be an adaptation to survive such extreme environments.<sup id="cite_ref-silva_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silva-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F20-01-9780123846846-Lipothrixviridae-Fig1lctr-Beta-SIFV.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Electron micrographs of Sulfolobus islandicus filamentous virus, a lipothrixvirus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/F20-01-9780123846846-Lipothrixviridae-Fig1lctr-Beta-SIFV.png/250px-F20-01-9780123846846-Lipothrixviridae-Fig1lctr-Beta-SIFV.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/F20-01-9780123846846-Lipothrixviridae-Fig1lctr-Beta-SIFV.png/330px-F20-01-9780123846846-Lipothrixviridae-Fig1lctr-Beta-SIFV.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/F20-01-9780123846846-Lipothrixviridae-Fig1lctr-Beta-SIFV.png/500px-F20-01-9780123846846-Lipothrixviridae-Fig1lctr-Beta-SIFV.png 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>Negative contrast electron micrographs of virions of <a href="/wiki/Sulfolobus_islandicus_filamentous_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfolobus islandicus filamentous virus">Sulfolobus islandicus filamentous virus</a>, a lipothrixvirus. The length of the bars is 100 nm.</figcaption></figure> <p>The nucleoprotein helix is composed of asymmetric units of two MCPs. For <a href="/wiki/Rudiviridae" title="Rudiviridae">rudiviruses</a>, this is homodimer, a molecule formed by the bonding of two identical MCPs. For <a href="/wiki/Lipothrixviridae" title="Lipothrixviridae">lipothrixviruses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tristromaviridae" title="Tristromaviridae">tristromaviruses</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wang_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is heterodimer, a molecule formed by the bonding of two different MCPs that are paralogous, i.e. the result of a gene duplication event. The MCPs of viruses in <i>Adnaviria</i> contain a folded structure that consists of a type of alpha-helix bundle that contains four helices,<sup id="cite_ref-rudiprofile_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudiprofile-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called the SIRV2 fold and named after <a href="/wiki/Sulfolobus_islandicus_rod-shaped_virus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2">Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2</a> (SIRV2).<sup id="cite_ref-proposal_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proposal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four-helix bundle is found at the end (C-terminus) of the protein while the beginning (N-terminus) of the protein has an extended α-helical arm that wraps tightly around the dsDNA genome to change it to A-form.<sup id="cite_ref-wang_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations in the protein structure exist, but the same base structure is retained in all adnaviruses.<sup id="cite_ref-proposal_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proposal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adnaviruses have filamentous virions, i.e. they are long, thin, and cylindrical. Lipothrixviruses and <a href="/wiki/Ungulaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungulaviridae">ungulaviruses</a> have flexible virions about 410–2,200 nanometers (nm) in length and 24–38 nm in width in which the nucleoprotein helix is surrounded by a lipid envelope.<sup id="cite_ref-lipothrixprofile_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lipothrixprofile-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pumpens_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pumpens-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ungulaproposal_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ungulaproposal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tristromaviruses, about 400 by 32 nm, likewise have flexible virions with an envelope, and they contain an additional protein sheath layer between the nucleoprotein complex and the envelope.<sup id="cite_ref-tristromaprofile_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tristromaprofile-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pumpens_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pumpens-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tristromaproposal_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tristromaproposal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rudviruses have stiff, non-enveloped, rod-like virions about 600–900 by 23 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-rudiprofile_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudiprofile-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pumpens_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pumpens-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At both ends of the virion, lipothrixviruses and ungulaviruses have mop- or claw-like structures connected to a collar, whereas rudiviruses and tristromaviruses have plugs at each end from which bundles of thin filaments emanate.<sup id="cite_ref-lipothrixprofile_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lipothrixprofile-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tristromaprofile_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tristromaprofile-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ungulaproposal_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ungulaproposal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lawrence_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawrence-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adnaviria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phylogenetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viruses in <i>Adnaviria</i> have potentially existed for a long time, as it is thought that they may have infected the last archaeal common ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-krupovic2020_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krupovic2020-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, they show no genetic relation to viruses outside the realm. The only genes that are shared with other viruses are <a href="/wiki/Glycosyltransferase" title="Glycosyltransferase">glycosyltransferases</a>, ribbon-helix-helix <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factors</a>, and anti-<a href="/wiki/CRISPR" title="CRISPR">CRISPR</a> proteins. Adnaviruses are morphologically similar to non-archaeal filamentous viruses but their virions are built from different capsid proteins. Viruses of <i><a href="/wiki/Clavaviridae" title="Clavaviridae">Clavaviridae</a></i>, a family of filamentous archaeal viruses, likewise possess MCPs and virion organization that show no relation to the MCPs and virion organization of viruses in <i>Adnaviria</i> and for that reason are excluded from the realm.<sup id="cite_ref-proposal_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proposal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pumpens_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pumpens-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adnaviria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Adnaviria</i> is monotypic down to the rank of its sole class, <i>Tokiviricetes</i>, which has three orders. This taxonomy is shown hereafter:<sup id="cite_ref-proposal_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proposal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ictv_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictv-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Realm: <i>Adnaviria</i> <ul><li>Kingdom: <i>Zilligvirae</i> <ul><li>Phylum: <i>Taleaviricota</i> <ul><li>Class: <i>Tokiviricetes</i> <ul><li>Order: <i><a href="/wiki/Ligamenvirales" title="Ligamenvirales">Ligamenvirales</a></i></li> <li>Order: <i><a href="/wiki/Maximonvirales" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximonvirales">Maximonvirales</a></i></li> <li>Order: <i><a href="/wiki/Primavirales" class="mw-redirect" title="Primavirales">Primavirales</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adnaviria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viruses of <i>Adnaviria</i> began to be discovered in the 1980s by Wolfram Zillig and his colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-snyder_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snyder-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To discover these viruses, Zillig developed the methods used to culture their hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-stedman_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stedman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of these to be described were TTV1, TTV2, and TTV3 in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-janekovic_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janekovic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TTV1 was classified as the first lipothrixvirus but is now classified as a tristromavirus.<sup id="cite_ref-ttv1history_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ttv1history-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SIRV2, a rudivirus, became a model for studying virus-host interactions<sup id="cite_ref-snyder_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snyder-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after its discovery in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-prangishvili1999_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prangishvili1999-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The families <i>Lipothrixviridae</i> and <i>Rudiviridae</i> were then united under the order <i>Ligamenvirales</i> in 2012 based on evidence of their relation.<sup id="cite_ref-ligamenhistory_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ligamenhistory-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ligamenproposal_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ligamenproposal-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cryogenic electron microscopy would later show in 2020 that the MCPs of tristromaviruses contained a SIRV2-like fold like ligamenviruses, which provided justification for establishing <i>Adnaviria</i> in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-wang_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adnahistory_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adnahistory-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adnaviria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adnaviria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKrupovicKuhnWangBaquero2021" class="citation journal cs1">Krupovic M, Kuhn JH, Wang F, Baquero DP, Dolja VV, Egelman EH, Prangishvili D, Koonin EV (12 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8274609">"<i>Adnaviria</i>: a new realm for archaeal filamentous viruses with linear A-form double-stranded DNA genomes"</a>. <i>J Virol</i>. <b>95</b> (15): e0067321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.00673-21">10.1128/JVI.00673-21</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8274609">8274609</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34011550">34011550</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Template talk:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">non-cellular life</a>, and comparable structures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cellular life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryota</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LUCA" class="mw-redirect" title="LUCA">LUCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a>'</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_dark_matter#Microbes_with_highly_unusual_DNA" title="Microbial dark matter">Microbes with highly unusual DNA</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-cellular life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">Viroid</a> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Satellite_(biology)" title="Satellite (biology)">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duplodnaviria" title="Duplodnaviria">Duplodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monodnaviria" title="Monodnaviria">Monodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria">Riboviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ribozyviria" title="Ribozyviria">Ribozyviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varidnaviria" title="Varidnaviria">Varidnaviria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unassigned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Naldaviricetes" title="Naldaviricetes">Naldaviricetes</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alphasatellitidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphasatellitidae">Alphasatellitidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ampullaviridae" title="Ampullaviridae">Ampullaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anelloviridae" title="Anelloviridae">Anelloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avsunviroidae" title="Avsunviroidae">Avsunviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bicaudaviridae" title="Bicaudaviridae">Bicaudaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clavaviridae" title="Clavaviridae">Clavaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finnlakeviridae" title="Finnlakeviridae">Finnlakeviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fuselloviridae" title="Fuselloviridae">Fuselloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Globuloviridae" title="Globuloviridae">Globuloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guttaviridae" title="Guttaviridae">Guttaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halspiviridae" title="Halspiviridae">Halspiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ovaliviridae" title="Ovaliviridae">Ovaliviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plasmaviridae" title="Plasmaviridae">Plasmaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polydnaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydnaviridae">Polydnaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portogloboviridae" title="Portogloboviridae">Portogloboviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pospiviroidae" title="Pospiviroidae">Pospiviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spiraviridae" title="Spiraviridae">Spiraviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thaspiviridae" title="Thaspiviridae">Thaspiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolecusatellitidae" title="Tolecusatellitidae">Tolecusatellitidae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinodnavirus" title="Dinodnavirus">Dinodnavirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizidiovirus" title="Rhizidiovirus">Rhizidiovirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanobe" title="Nanobe">Nanobe</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_(biology)" title="Obelisk (biology)">Obelisk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparable<br />structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bio-like_structure" title="Bio-like structure">Bio-like structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">Cancer cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" title="Clonally transmissible cancer">Clonally transmissible cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmid" title="Cosmid">Cosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_interfering_particle" title="Defective interfering particle">Defective interfering particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_viral_element" title="Endogenous viral element">Endogenous viral element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosmid" title="Fosmid">Fosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_and_conjugative_element" title="Integrative and conjugative element">Integrative and conjugative element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeewanu" title="Jeewanu">Jeewanu</a></li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Nanobacterium" title="Nanobacterium">Nanobacterium</a></i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagemid" title="Phagemid">Phagemid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_prion" title="Fungal prion">Fungal prion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteinoid" title="Proteinoid">Proteinoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Microparticle#Biological_protocells" title="Microparticle">microsphere</a></li> <li>Retroelements not elsewhere classified <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retron" title="Retron">Retron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity-generating_retroelement" title="Diversity-generating retroelement">Diversity-generating retroelement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase" title="Telomerase reverse transcriptase">Telomerase reverse transcriptase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase-related_cellular_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene">Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">Ribozyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiegelman%27s_Monster" title="Spiegelman's Monster">Spiegelman's Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_repeat" title="Tandem repeat">Tandem repeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">Transposable element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retroposon" title="Retroposon">Retroposon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpoviron" title="Transpoviron">Transpoviron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobot" title="Xenobot">Xenobot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adnaviria&oldid=1272542114">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adnaviria&oldid=1272542114</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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