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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saljuqid,_Ayyubid,_and_Mamluk_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saljuqid,_Ayyubid,_and_Mamluk_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Saljuqid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saljuqid,_Ayyubid,_and_Mamluk_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ottoman rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_City_and_subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_City_and_subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Old City and subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_City_and_subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theaters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theaters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Theaters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theaters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Homs</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5" title="حمص – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%A1%DC%A8_(%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܚܡܨ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܡܨ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%BD" title="Հոմս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հոմս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81" title="ХӀумс – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ХӀумс" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCms" title="Hüms – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hüms" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5" title="حمص – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حمص" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8,_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="হোমস, সিরিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হোমস, সিরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Хомс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хомс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Хомс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хомс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Хомс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хомс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Sirya)" title="Homs (kapital sa lalawigan sa Sirya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Homs (kapital sa lalawigan sa Sirya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%82" title="Χομς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χομς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5" title="حمص – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حمص" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%88%EC%8A%A4" title="홈스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="홈스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%BD" title="Հոմս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոմս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="होम्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="होम्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Хомс – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хомс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A1" title="חומס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰომსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰომსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Хомс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хомс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hims" title="Hims – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hims" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emesa" title="Emesa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Emesa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himsa" title="Himsa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Himsa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homsas" title="Homsas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Homsas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homsz" title="Homsz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Homsz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰომსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰომსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5" title="حمص – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حمص" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Хомс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хомс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9" title="ホムス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホムス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Хьамс – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хьамс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hims" title="Hims – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hims" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਹੋਮਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੋਮਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hims" title="Hims – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hims" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Хомс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хомс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homsi" title="Homsi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Homsi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs_(mesto_v_S%C3%BDrii)" title="Homs (mesto v Sýrii) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Homs (mesto v Sýrii)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hims" title="Hims – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hims" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximsa" title="Ximsa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ximsa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3" title="حومس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حومس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Хомс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хомс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4um%E1%B9%A3" title="Ḥumṣ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ḥumṣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ฮอมส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮอมส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Ҳимс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳимс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humus,_Suriye" title="Humus, Suriye – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Humus, Suriye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Хомс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хомс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5" title="حمص – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حمص" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%89%D9%85%D8%B3" title="ھىمس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھىمس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs" title="Homs – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Homs" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%88%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%EF%BC%89" title="霍姆斯（叙利亚） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="霍姆斯（叙利亚）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF" title="荷姆斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="荷姆斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF_(%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E)" title="霍姆斯 (敘利亞) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="霍姆斯 (敘利亞)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131301#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Homs&params=34_43_51_N_36_42_34_E_region:SY_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°43′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°42′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.73083°N 36.70944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.73083; 36.70944</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in western Syria, ancient Emesa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hims" redirects here. For the telemedicine company, see <a href="/wiki/Hims_%26_Hers_Health" title="Hims & Hers Health">Hims & Hers Health</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Homs_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Homs (disambiguation)">Homs (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Emesa" redirects here. For the insect genus, see <a href="/wiki/Emesa_(bug)" title="Emesa (bug)"><i>Emesa</i> (bug)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Homs Governorate, Syria</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Homs</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">حمص</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:275px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Shuhadaa_Square_-_Hims,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Al-Shuhadaa_Square_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg/275px-Al-Shuhadaa_Square_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Al-Shuhadaa_Square_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg/413px-Al-Shuhadaa_Square_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Al-Shuhadaa_Square_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg/550px-Al-Shuhadaa_Square_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khaled_Ebn_El-Walid_Mosque3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Khaled_Ebn_El-Walid_Mosque3.jpg/275px-Khaled_Ebn_El-Walid_Mosque3.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Khaled_Ebn_El-Walid_Mosque3.jpg/413px-Khaled_Ebn_El-Walid_Mosque3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Khaled_Ebn_El-Walid_Mosque3.jpg/550px-Khaled_Ebn_El-Walid_Mosque3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Baath_University,_Homs,_Syria._12.10.2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Al-Baath_University%2C_Homs%2C_Syria._12.10.2010.jpg/136px-Al-Baath_University%2C_Homs%2C_Syria._12.10.2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Al-Baath_University%2C_Homs%2C_Syria._12.10.2010.jpg/204px-Al-Baath_University%2C_Homs%2C_Syria._12.10.2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Al-Baath_University%2C_Homs%2C_Syria._12.10.2010.jpg/272px-Al-Baath_University%2C_Homs%2C_Syria._12.10.2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AL_Karama_stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/AL_Karama_stadium.jpg/136px-AL_Karama_stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/AL_Karama_stadium.jpg/204px-AL_Karama_stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/AL_Karama_stadium.jpg/272px-AL_Karama_stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><div style="background:#fee8ab;"> Homs city landmarks<br /><a href="/wiki/Quwatli_Street_(Homs)" title="Quwatli Street (Homs)">Martyrs' Square with the Old Clock</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Mosque" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque">Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Al-Baath_University" title="Al-Baath University">Al-Baath University</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Stadium" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Stadium">Khalid ibn al-Walid Stadium</a></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Mother of the <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">black stones</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أم الحجار السود</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Al-'Adhiyyah ([الْعَذِيَّة] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />The city of <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Ibn Al-Walid</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مدينة ابن الوليد</span></span>)<br />The <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:دار السلام">House of Peace</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دار السلام</span></span>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_physical_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Homs is located in Syria"><img alt="Homs is located in Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/250px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/375px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/500px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="806" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.235%;left:23.198%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Homs"><img alt="Homs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Homs</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Syria</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Syria</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Homs is located in Eastern Mediterranean"><img alt="Homs is located in Eastern Mediterranean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/250px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/375px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/500px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="765" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.324%;left:57.107%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Homs"><img alt="Homs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Homs</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Homs (Eastern Mediterranean)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Eastern Mediterranean</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Homs is located in Asia"><img alt="Homs is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.355%;left:10.053%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Homs"><img alt="Homs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Homs</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Homs (Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Homs&params=34_43_51_N_36_42_34_E_region:SY_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°43′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°42′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.73083°N 36.70944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.73083; 36.70944</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Homs Governorate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Homs_District" title="Homs District">Homs District</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">Subdistrict</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Homs Subdistrict</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First settled</th><td class="infobox-data">2000 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">BC</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Homs_Governorate" title="List of governors of Homs Governorate">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Namir Habib Makhlouf<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Abdullah Al-Bawab</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">48 km<sup>2</sup> (19 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">76 km<sup>2</sup> (29 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">104 km<sup>2</sup> (40 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">501 m (1,644 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2017, est.)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">775,404<sup id="cite_ref-World_Population_Review_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Population_Review-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">English: <span lang="en">Homsi</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حمصي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Himsi" title="Himsi">Himsi</a></i></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Country code: 963 <br /> City code: 31</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geocode" title="Geocode">Geocode</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">C2528</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">Csa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Homs</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HOMSS</span></i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HAWMSS</span></i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HAWMZ</span></i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HUUMSS</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MerWeb_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MerWeb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حِمْص</span> / <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC" class="mw-redirect" title="ALA-LC">ALA-LC</a>: <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥimṣ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ħɪmsˤ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a>: <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حُمْص</span></span> / <i>Ḥomṣ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ħɔmsˤ]</a></span>), known in pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> as <b>Emesa</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">EM</span>-ə-sə</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-MerWeb_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MerWeb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἔμεσα</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Émesa</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a city in western <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Homs Governorate</a>. It is 501 metres (1,644 ft) <a href="/wiki/Metres_above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Metres above sea level">above sea level</a> and is located 162 kilometres (101 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Homsonline_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homsonline-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located on the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes River</a>, Homs is also the central link between the interior cities and the Mediterranean coast. </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, Homs was a major industrial centre, and with a population of at least 652,609 people in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was the third-largest city in Syria after <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> to the north and the capital <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> to the south. Its population reflected Syria's general religious diversity, composed of <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a> Muslims, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Christians</a>. There are a number of historic mosques and churches in the city, and it is close to the <a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a> castle, a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. </p><p>Homs did not emerge into the historical record until the 1st century BC at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucids</a>. It later became the capital of a kingdom ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene dynasty</a> who gave the city its name. Originally a center of worship for the sun god <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus_(deity)" title="Elagabalus (deity)">El-Gabal</a>, it later gained importance in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>. Homs was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa" title="Siege of Emesa">conquered by the Muslims</a> in the 7th century and made capital of a <a href="/wiki/Jund_Hims" title="Jund Hims">district</a> that bore its current name. Throughout the Islamic era, Muslim dynasties contending for control of Syria sought after Homs due to the city's strategic position in the area. Homs began to decline under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> and only in the 19th century did the city regain its economic importance when its cotton industry boomed. During <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate</a> rule, the city became a center of insurrection and, after independence in 1946, a center of <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Baathist</a> resistance to the first Syrian governments. During the civil war, much of the city was devastated due to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Siege of Homs</a>; reconstruction to affected parts of the city is underway with major reconstruction beginning in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city's modern name is an <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> form of the city's <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name <i>Emesus</i>, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>Émesa</i> or <i>Émesos</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Hémesa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most sources claim that the name <i>Emesa</i> in turn derived from the name of the nomadic Arab tribe known in Greek as <i>Emesenoi</i>, who inhabited the region prior to Roman influence in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Émesa</i> was shortened to <i>Homs</i> or <i>Hims</i> by its Arab inhabitants, many of whom settled there prior to the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other sources claim that the name <i>Émesa</i> or <i>Hémesa</i> was derived from that of the Aramean city of <a href="/wiki/Hamath-zobah" title="Hamath-zobah">Hamath-zobah</a>, a combination of <i>Hamath</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חֲמָת</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ḥamāth</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܚܡܬ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Syriac" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Syriac">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syr-Latn">Ḥmṭ</i></span>; "fortress") and <i>Sawbah</i> (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">צובָא</span>; Syriac: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܨܘܒܐ</span> <i>Ṣwba</i>; "nearness").<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus, the name collectively means "The fortress surrounding" which refers to the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Homs" title="Citadel of Homs">Citadel of Homs</a> and the encircling plains.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was subsequently referred to as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Χέμψ</span></span> (<i>Khémps</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>, and as "<i>la Chamelle</i>" (literally meaning "the female camel" in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> but likely a corruption of the Arabic name according to <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Dussaud" title="René Dussaud">René Dussaud</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) by the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a>, <i>Historia</i>, 7.12, 21.6), although they never ruled the city.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Homs" title="Timeline of Homs">Timeline of Homs</a>.</div> <p>For approximately 2,000 years, Homs has served as a key agricultural market, production site and trade center for the villages of northern Syria. It has also provided security services to the <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a> of Syria, protecting it from invading forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations at the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Homs" title="Citadel of Homs">Citadel of Homs</a> indicate that the earliest settlement at the site dates back to around 2300 BCE. Biblical scholars have identified the city with <a href="/wiki/Hamath-zobah" title="Hamath-zobah">Hamath-zobah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cook_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1274 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">battle</a> took place between the forces of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">Egyptian Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Muwatalli_II" title="Muwatalli II">Muwatalli II</a> at the city of <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Kadesh</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes River</a> near Homs.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was possibly the largest <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a> battle ever fought, involving perhaps 5,000–6,000 chariots.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emesene_dynasty_and_Roman_rule">Emesene dynasty and Roman rule<span class="anchor" id="Emesani_dynasty_and_Roman_rule"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emesene dynasty and Roman rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Emesa" redirects here. For the genus of thread-legged bug, see <a href="/wiki/Emesa_(bug)" title="Emesa (bug)">Emesa (bug)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Royal_family_of_Emesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal family of Emesa">Royal family of Emesa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus_(deity)" title="Elagabalus (deity)">Elagabalus (deity)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> only mentioned <a href="/wiki/Al-Rastan" title="Al-Rastan">Arethusa</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geography</a></i>, as a "very strong place" of the Arab Sampsigeramos and of his son Iamblikhos, "phylarchs" of the Emesene, who had allied themselves to Q. Caecilius Bassus against Caesar in 47 BC; the translators above cited have thought strange Strabo's not saying a word about Emesa.<sup id="cite_ref-Strabon,_p._209,_Henri_Seyrig,_p._187_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabon,_p._209,_Henri_Seyrig,_p._187-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claims have been made that Emesa was founded by <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> who established the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. However, according to <a href="/wiki/Henri_Seyrig" title="Henri Seyrig">Henri Seyrig</a>, Emesa does not seem to have received any Greek colony and the authors' complete silence makes one think that it did not increase its visibility under the Seleucid kings.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Henri Seyrig, it even seems that <a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a>, to whom Strabo probably referred concerning the Emesenes' phylarchs' alliance with Q. Caecilius Bassus, regarded the Emesenes as a simple tribe, governed by its sheikhs, and still devoid of a real urban existence;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to Maamoun Abdulkarim, occupation of the citadel's tell does not confirm the existence of a real urban center in the plain before the Roman period and recent excavations have refuted the existence of vestiges preceding the Roman period under the actual town's outline, and the existence of an Arab Emesene dynasty in the region, probably located in Arethusa, attests to the secondary nature of this area during the Hellenistic period.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>'s submission of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid state of Syria</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 64 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_of_Emesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Family of Emesa">Emesene dynasty</a> were confirmed in their rule as <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client kings</a> of the Romans for aiding their troops in various wars. At its greatest extent, the Arab kingdom's boundaries extended from the <a href="/wiki/Bekaa_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekaa Valley">Bekaa Valley</a> in the west to the border with <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> in the east, and from <a href="/wiki/Yabroud" title="Yabroud">Yabrud</a> in the south to <a href="/wiki/Al-Rastan" title="Al-Rastan">al-Rastan</a> (Arethusa) in the north. A marker at the <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyrene</a>'s southwestern border was found in 1936 by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schlumberger" title="Daniel Schlumberger">Daniel Schlumberger</a> at <a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Hayr_al-Gharbi" title="Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi">Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi</a>, dating from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> or one of his successors, which marked the boundary between Palmyrene and Emesene<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (October 2020)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXno9AgAAQBAJpgPA284_284]_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXno9AgAAQBAJpgPA284_284]-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> asserted that both territories were contiguous);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeyrig1952189–190_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeyrig1952189–190-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this boundary probably ran northwards to Khirbet al-Bilaas on <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Bilas" title="Jabal al-Bilas">Jabal al-Bilas</a> where another marker, laid by Roman governor <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Creticus_Silanus" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus Silanus">Silanus</a>, has been found, 75 kilometres (47 mi) northwest of Palmyra, probably marking a boundary with the territory of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Epiphania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeyrig1952190_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeyrig1952190-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwell2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDQgmOZlsEWcCpgPA41_41]_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwell2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDQgmOZlsEWcCpgPA41_41]-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Sampsiceramus_I" title="Sampsiceramus I">Sampsiceramus I</a>, was the first of Rome's Arab clients on the desert fringes.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emesa_helmet_(profile).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emesa_helmet_%28profile%29.jpg/220px-Emesa_helmet_%28profile%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emesa_helmet_%28profile%29.jpg/330px-Emesa_helmet_%28profile%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emesa_helmet_%28profile%29.jpg/440px-Emesa_helmet_%28profile%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10000" data-file-height="10000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Emesa_helmet" title="Emesa helmet">Emesa helmet</a> found in the necropolis of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Sabun" class="mw-redirect" title="Tell Abu Sabun">Tell Abu Sabun</a>. Its owner was likely buried in the first half of the 1st century AD<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Sampsigeramus_1907_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tomb_of_Sampsigeramus_1907_2.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Sampsigeramus_1907_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tomb_of_Sampsigeramus_1907_2.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Sampsigeramus_1907_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tomb_of_Sampsigeramus_1907_2.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Sampsigeramus_1907_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Sampsigeramus" title="Tomb of Sampsigeramus">Tomb of Sampsigeramus</a>, photographed 1907; it may have been built in 78–79<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by a relative of the <a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene dynasty</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The city of Emesa grew to prominence after the new-found wealth of the Emesene dynasty, governed first by one of the sons of Sampsiceramus I, <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus_(phylarch)" title="Iamblichus (phylarch)">Iamblichus I</a> who made it the kingdom's capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Emesene proved their loyalty to Rome once more when they aided Gaius <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> in his siege of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> in 48 BC, by sending him army detachments. Subsequently, they became embroiled in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Civil War">Roman Civil War</a> between the rebelling <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> and the pro-Caesar <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a>. Iamblichus I took the side of Octavian, and so upon encouragement from Antony, Iamblichus's brother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_(brother_of_Iamblichus_I)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander (brother of Iamblichus I) (page does not exist)">Alexander</a> usurped the throne and put Iamblichus I to death in 31 BCE. Octavian's forces prevailed in the war, however, and as a result the kingdom's throne was reverted to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iamblichus_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iamblichus II (page does not exist)">Iamblichus II</a> (the son of Iamblichus I) after Alexander was executed for treason. It was in 32 that <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Heliopolis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a> came under the kingdom's control.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations with the Roman government grew closer when <a href="/wiki/Sohaemus_of_Emesa" title="Sohaemus of Emesa">King Sohaemus</a> inherited the kingship. Under him, Emesa sent the Roman military a regular levy of archers and assisted them in their <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70)">siege of Jerusalem</a> in 70. Sohaemus had died in 73. According to <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sartre" title="Maurice Sartre">Maurice Sartre</a>, the dynasty was very likely deprived of its kingdom, which was annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman province of Syria">Roman province of Syria</a>, between 72 and the date of the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Sampsigeramus" title="Tomb of Sampsigeramus">Tomb of Sampsigeramus</a> (78–79).<sup id="cite_ref-Maurice_Sartre,_D'Alexandre_à_Zénobie_:_Histoire_du_Levant_antique_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maurice_Sartre,_D'Alexandre_à_Zénobie_:_Histoire_du_Levant_antique-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monnaie_frapp%C3%A9e_en_la_cit%C3%A9_d%27Emese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Monnaie_frapp%C3%A9e_en_la_cit%C3%A9_d%27Emese.jpg/220px-Monnaie_frapp%C3%A9e_en_la_cit%C3%A9_d%27Emese.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Monnaie_frapp%C3%A9e_en_la_cit%C3%A9_d%27Emese.jpg/330px-Monnaie_frapp%C3%A9e_en_la_cit%C3%A9_d%27Emese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Monnaie_frapp%C3%A9e_en_la_cit%C3%A9_d%27Emese.jpg/440px-Monnaie_frapp%C3%A9e_en_la_cit%C3%A9_d%27Emese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Coin minted by Macrinus in Emesa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze-Uranius_Antoninus-Elagabal_stone-SGI_4414.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bronze-Uranius_Antoninus-Elagabal_stone-SGI_4414.jpg/220px-Bronze-Uranius_Antoninus-Elagabal_stone-SGI_4414.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bronze-Uranius_Antoninus-Elagabal_stone-SGI_4414.jpg/330px-Bronze-Uranius_Antoninus-Elagabal_stone-SGI_4414.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bronze-Uranius_Antoninus-Elagabal_stone-SGI_4414.jpg/440px-Bronze-Uranius_Antoninus-Elagabal_stone-SGI_4414.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>The Emesa temple to the sun god El-Gabal, with the holy stone, on the reverse of this bronze coin by <a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Roman usurper</a> <a href="/wiki/Uranius" title="Uranius">Uranius Antoninus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under the Romans, Emesa began to show attributes of a Greek <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> and traces of Roman town planning still remain. Its transformation into a major city was completed under the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> (138–161) when Emesa began to <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)#Ancient_mints" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">mint coins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper1_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 3rd century, it grew prosperous and well integrated into the Roman Orient. This was partly due to the marriage of Emperor Lucius <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> to a woman from a family of notables based in Emesa. According to a text of <a href="/wiki/Ulpian" title="Ulpian">Ulpian</a> (<i>Digest</i> 50.15.1.4) and another one of <a href="/wiki/Paul_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul (jurist)">Paul</a> (<i>Digest</i> 50.15.8.6), <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> each promoted Emesa to the rank of a <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a> and granted <i><a href="/wiki/Ius_Italicum" title="Ius Italicum">ius Italicum</a></i> to it; <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Albertini" title="Eugène Albertini">Eugène Albertini</a> has hypothesized about a revocation by <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> of the privileges given by Caracalla and a reestablishment of those by Elagabalus.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> served as the high priest at the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus_(deity)" title="Elagabalus (deity)">El-Gebal</a>, the local Arab sun god. He brought the image of this god, a conical black stone (<a href="/wiki/Baetyl" title="Baetyl">Baetyl</a>), to the <a href="/wiki/Elagabalium" title="Elagabalium">Elagabalium</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emesa also grew wealthy because it formed a link in the eastern trade funnelled through <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>; however, this dependence also caused the city's downfall when Palmyra sank to insignificance in the 4th century. Nonetheless, Emesa at this time had grown to rank with the important cities of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. It also continued to retain local significance, because it was the market center for the surrounding villages. The city remained a strong center of paganism, because of the Temple of El-Gabal. After one of his victories over <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> visited the city to pay thanks to the deity.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vase_d%27%C3%89m%C3%A8se_(Louvre,_Bj_1895).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vase_d%27%C3%89m%C3%A8se_%28Louvre%2C_Bj_1895%29.jpg/220px-Vase_d%27%C3%89m%C3%A8se_%28Louvre%2C_Bj_1895%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vase_d%27%C3%89m%C3%A8se_%28Louvre%2C_Bj_1895%29.jpg/330px-Vase_d%27%C3%89m%C3%A8se_%28Louvre%2C_Bj_1895%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vase_d%27%C3%89m%C3%A8se_%28Louvre%2C_Bj_1895%29.jpg/440px-Vase_d%27%C3%89m%C3%A8se_%28Louvre%2C_Bj_1895%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Silver vase from Emesa, decorated with busts of biblical figures (end of 6th century or beginning of 7th). <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frescos_in_Saint_Elian_Church_-_Hims,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/Frescos_in_Saint_Elian_Church_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg/220px-Frescos_in_Saint_Elian_Church_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/Frescos_in_Saint_Elian_Church_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg/330px-Frescos_in_Saint_Elian_Church_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/Frescos_in_Saint_Elian_Church_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg/440px-Frescos_in_Saint_Elian_Church_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Some frescoes inside the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Elian" title="Church of Saint Elian">Church of Saint Elian</a> date back to the 6th century (not the ones pictured)</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the strength of the pagan sun cult in Emesa, Christians initially did not settle in the city. <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius</a> writes that Silvanus, the city's first bishop, had no jurisdiction over the city, but the surrounding villages. He was executed by <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Emperor Julian</a> and succeeded by Bishop Antonius—the first bishop to settle Emesa.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 5th century, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was well established under the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>; however, few ancient Christian inscriptions exist in Homs today.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Byzantines, the city became an important center for <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter2008-2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter2008-2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially a <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>, Homs was given the status of <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_metropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical metropolis">ecclesiastical metropolis</a> after the discovery of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>'s head in a nearby cave in 452.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nemesius" title="Nemesius">Nemesius</a>, who lived in the fourth or early fifth century AD, was the bishop of Emesa.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628</a>, Emesa fell in 613 to <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> and was in Sasanian hands until near the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_caliphates_and_dynasties">Arab caliphates and dynasties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arab caliphates and dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikhshidids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikhshidids">Ikhshidids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasid dynasty</a></div> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">tribes of Arabia</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kalb" title="Banu Kalb">Banu Kalb</a>, settled around Emesa, ensuring its position as an important center for the <a href="/wiki/Qays_and_Yaman_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Qays and Yaman tribes">Qays and Yaman tribes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> abandoned the city,which served as his headquarters,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after his army's defeat by the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> under <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yarmuk" title="Battle of the Yarmuk">Battle of the Yarmuk</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Syria_border" title="Jordan–Syria border">Jordan–Syria border</a>). </p><p>In 637 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_army" title="Rashidun army">Rashidun army</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid ibn al-Walid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa" title="Siege of Emesa">captured Emesa peacefully</a> because its inhabitants agreed to pay a substantial ransom of 71,000 to 170,000 <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamawi_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamawi-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caliph Umar established Homs as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Jund_Hims" title="Jund Hims">Jund Hims</a>, a district of the province of <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Bilad al-Sham</a>, encompassing the towns of <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jableh" title="Jableh">Jableh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a> along the coast, <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a> and the territory in between, including the town of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homs was likely the first city in Syria to have a substantial Muslim population.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 638, Heraclius sought help from the Christian Arab tribes in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a>, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Circesium" title="Circesium">Circesium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hit,_Iraq" title="Hit, Iraq">Hīt</a>, and they mustered a large army and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa_(638)" title="Siege of Emesa (638)">besieged Emesa</a>. However, the siege was a failure, as the coalition forces lost heart and abandoned the city as at the time <a href="/wiki/Iyad_ibn_Ghanm" title="Iyad ibn Ghanm">Iyad ibn Ghanm</a> invaded their homeland in an effort to counter their act.<sup id="cite_ref-al_Bidayah_wa_Nihayah_Ibn_Kathir_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al_Bidayah_wa_Nihayah_Ibn_Kathir-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zakkar,_1971_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zakkar,_1971-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crone_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crone-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Muslims transformed half of St. John's Church into the city's <a href="/wiki/Friday_mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday mosque">Friday mosque</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_al-Nuri,_Homs" title="Great Mosque of al-Nuri, Homs">Great Mosque of al-Nuri</a>) and Homs soon became a centre of Islamic piety since some 500 <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Companions of Muhammad">companions of Muhammad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اَلصَّحَابَةُ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-ṣaḥāba</i></span>) settled there after its conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tombs of Khalid ibn al-Walid, his son <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Khalid" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid">Abd al-Rahman</a>, and the son of Umar <a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_Umar" title="Ubayd Allah ibn Umar">Ubayd Allah</a>, are located in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a>, the conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad dynasty</a> and their partisans and <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> and his partisans, the inhabitants of Homs allied themselves with Ali. When he was defeated, the Umayyad caliph <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya</a> hived the northern half of Jund Hims to form a separate district, <a href="/wiki/Jund_Qinnasrin" title="Jund Qinnasrin">Jund Qinnasrin</a>, apparently as punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper_50-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali's oratory (<i>mashhad 'Ali</i>) was located in the city, and Islamic tradition claims his fingerprints are engraved on it.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamawi_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamawi-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite repression by the Umayyads, Homs remained a center of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> for a while longer. As a stronghold of the Banu Kalb, a Yamani tribe, the city became heavily involved in the <a href="/wiki/Qays%E2%80%93Yaman_rivalry" title="Qays–Yaman rivalry">Qays–Yaman rivalry</a>. The last Umayyad caliph, <a href="/wiki/Marwan_II" title="Marwan II">Marwan II</a>, enjoyed the support of the Qays and subsequently razed the city walls in response to a rebellion by the Banu Kalb.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper_50-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_-_Al-Nuri_Mosque_-_Hims,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Interior_-_Al-Nuri_Mosque_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg/220px-Interior_-_Al-Nuri_Mosque_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Interior_-_Al-Nuri_Mosque_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg/330px-Interior_-_Al-Nuri_Mosque_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Interior_-_Al-Nuri_Mosque_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg/440px-Interior_-_Al-Nuri_Mosque_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_al-Nuri,_Homs" title="Great Mosque of al-Nuri, Homs">Great Mosque of al-Nuri</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 750, the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> wrested control of Syria, including Homs, from the Umayyads, and the Arab tribes revolted. Despite the prosperity Homs experienced during this era, Abbasid rule was generally not welcomed nevertheless. During and after the reign of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> (796–809), the Abbasid authorities sent numerous punitive expeditions against Homs.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper_50-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the reign of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a>, in October 855, <a href="/wiki/Homs_revolts_(854%E2%80%93855)" title="Homs revolts (854–855)">the Christian population revolted</a> in response to <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">additional taxation</a>. The caliph put down the revolt by expelling Christians from the city, burning down their churches and executing members of their leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Abbasid rule over the Caliphate weakening in the mid-9th century, Homs became sought after by rebel dynasties contending for control of Syria due to the city's strategic position. Initially, the <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunids</a> came into control of it, but they were forced out by the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanids</a>, who were briefly succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper_50-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the latter's Turkish rebel ally <a href="/wiki/Alptakin" title="Alptakin">Alptakin</a> invaded northern Syria and established Homs as his base.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 891, Muslim geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Yaqubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yaqubi">al-Yaqubi</a> noted that Homs was situated along a broad river which served as a source of drinking water for the inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-le_Strange2_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-le_Strange2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of the largest cities in Syria and had several smaller districts surrounding it. In 944 the Hamdanids took definitive control of the city, dominating it until 1016.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper_50-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arab geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Mas%27udi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mas'udi">al-Mas'udi</a> claimed in the early 10th century that Homs was "noted for the personal beauty of its inhabitants."<sup id="cite_ref-le_Strange2_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-le_Strange2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 985, <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqdisi" title="Al-Maqdisi">al-Maqdisi</a> noted that Homs was the largest city in all of Syria, but it had suffered "great misfortunes" and was "threatened with ruin." He stated that when the city was conquered by the Muslims they turned half of its church into a mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For around thirty years during the 10th century, Homs was raided by the Byzantines led by <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a> in October 968, and its inhabitants were subject to slaughter and plunder while the Great Mosque of al-Nuri was briefly restored as a church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2007157_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2007157-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 974–975, <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a> managed to control the city during <a href="/wiki/Syrian_campaigns_of_John_Tzimiskes" title="Syrian campaigns of John Tzimiskes">his Syrian campaigns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomane201573_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomane201573-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout most of the 11th century, the Byzantine raids receded greatly and the <a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kilab" title="Banu Kilab">Banu Kilab</a> tribe ruled over Homs, replacing the Hamdanids. Inclined towards Shia Islam, they did not oppose the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili Shi'i</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> of Egypt, which was aiming to extend its rule into northern Syria and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> at the time. This precipitated a <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslim</a> reaction led by the <a href="/wiki/Saljuqid_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Saljuqid Turks">Saljuqid Turks</a>, who occupied Homs under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Aq_Sunqur_al-Hajib" title="Aq Sunqur al-Hajib">Aq Sunqur al-Hajib</a> in 1090.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper_50-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saljuqid,_Ayyubid,_and_Mamluk_rule"><span id="Saljuqid.2C_Ayyubid.2C_and_Mamluk_rule"></span>Saljuqid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Saljuqid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Sultanate">Seljuk Sultanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayyubids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubids">Ayyubids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> was launched in 1096, and in 1098, the Crusaders captured <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> to the northwest, looted <a href="/wiki/Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arrat al-Nu'man">Ma'arrat al-Nu'man</a>, and finally besieged Homs itself. Although they managed to cut the city off from its main port <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a>, they failed in taking the city. Soon after, Homs came under the control of the Saljuqid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duqaq_(Seljuk_ruler_of_Damascus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duqaq (Seljuk ruler of Damascus)">Duqaq</a>, who transformed it into a large, fortified camp and key fortress effectively preventing the Crusaders from penetrating deeper into Muslim territory. Immune from attack, Homs became a point where the Muslims could marshal their forces and launch raids against Crusader holdings along the Mediterranean coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper_50-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 12th century, the Saljuqids engaged in internal fighting, during which Homs was often a prize. In 1149 the <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Zangid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zangid">Zangids</a> under <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_Zangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din Zangi">Nur al-Din</a> captured the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper2_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslim geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Idrisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Idrisi">al-Idrisi</a> noted in 1154 that Homs was populous, had paved streets, possessed one of the largest mosques in Syria, contained open markets, and was frequented by travellers attracted to its "products and rarities of all kinds." He also reported that its residents were "pleasant; living with them is easy, and their manners are agreeable. The women are beautiful and are celebrated for their fine skin."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of earthquakes in 1157 inflicted heavy damage upon Homs and its fortress, then in 1170, a minor quake finished off the latter. However, because of its strategic importance, being opposite of the Crusader <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a>, the city and its fortifications were soon restored. In 1164, Nur al-Din awarded Homs to <a href="/wiki/Asad_ad-Din_Shirkuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Asad ad-Din Shirkuh">Asad ad-Din Shirkuh</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Iqta%27" title="Iqta'"><i>iqtâ'</i></a>, but reclaimed it five years later following Shirkuh's death. The latter's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, occupied Homs in early December 1174, but the garrison at the citadel resisted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock200661_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200661-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later departed for Aleppo, and left a small army in Homs' lower town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200098_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200098-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defenders of the citadel offered to set their Christian prisoners free, if <a href="/wiki/Raymond_III,_Count_of_Tripoli" title="Raymond III, Count of Tripoli">Raymond III, Count of Tripoli</a> provided military assistance for them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2017239_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2017239-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a> later emphasized that the commanders of the crusader army doubted if the defenders of the Homs citadel actually wanted to release their prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2017240_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2017240-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saladin returned to Homs soon after he was informed about the negotiations between the crusaders and the garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200099_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200099-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of attacking him, the crusader army retreated to Krak des Chevaliers;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200099_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200099-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this enabled Saladin to capture the citadel on 17 March 1175.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock200662_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200662-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1179, after reorganising his territories in northern Syria, Saladin restored Homs to his <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a>. Shirkuh's descendants retained Homs for nearly a century until 1262 with the death of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Musa,_Emir_of_Homs" title="Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Homs">al-Ashraf Musa</a>. In 1225, Arab geographer <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a> mentioned that Homs was large, celebrated and walled, having a strongly fortified castle on its southern hill.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamawi_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamawi-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1281BattleOfHoms.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1281BattleOfHoms.JPG/220px-1281BattleOfHoms.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1281BattleOfHoms.JPG/330px-1281BattleOfHoms.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1281BattleOfHoms.JPG/440px-1281BattleOfHoms.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1415" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>Mamluks chasing archers at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Homs" title="Second Battle of Homs">Homs Battle of 1281</a> (manuscript of <i><a href="/wiki/La_Fleur_des_histoires_de_la_terre_d%27Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="La Fleur des histoires de la terre d'Orient">La Fleur des histoires de la terre d'Orient</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/BnF" class="mw-redirect" title="BnF">BnF</a>, NAF 886, <i>folio</i> No. 27, <i>verso</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BattleOfHoms1299.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/BattleOfHoms1299.JPG/220px-BattleOfHoms1299.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/BattleOfHoms1299.JPG/330px-BattleOfHoms1299.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/BattleOfHoms1299.JPG/440px-BattleOfHoms1299.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1331" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>Mamluks being chased by archers at the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Homs" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Battle of Homs">Homs Battle of 1299</a> (same manuscript, <i>folio</i> No. 31, <i>verso</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Towards the end of Ayyubid rule, Homs remained a centrepiece of the wars between them and the Crusaders, as well as internecine conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper2_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Homs" title="First Battle of Homs">First Battle of Homs</a> between the Mongols and the Mamluks took place on 10 December 1260, ending in a decisive Mamluk victory. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Homs" title="Second Battle of Homs">Second Battle of Homs</a> was fought on 29 October 1281, also ending in a Mamluk victory. The Mamluks were finally defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_al-Khaznadar" title="Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar">Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar</a>, also known as the "Third Battle of Homs", in 1299.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper2_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homs declined politically after falling to the Mamluks under <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a> because their campaigns effectively drove out the Crusaders and the Mongols from the entirety of Syria. At the beginning of the 14th century, the city was merely the capital of the smallest province of Syria and was often attached to the province of Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper2_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Batuta</a> visited Homs in 1355, writing that it had fine trees, good markets, and a "fine Friday Mosque", noting that all of its inhabitants were Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> seized the city in 1400. Nevertheless, he did not sack it as he did in Aleppo, Hama and later Damascus, due to a man called "'Amr bin al-Rawas" who conciled with him offering precious gifts to save the city.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the 15th century as Mamluk weakness had brought insecurity to the countryside, Homs was ravaged by <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> raids; In 1510 a powerful tribe led by al-Fadl bin Nu'ayr was sent on an expedition by the governor of Damascus to loot the city markets as Homs had failed to pay compensation for his "services".<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper2_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_rule">Ottoman rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ottoman rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a></div> <p>In 1516, Homs was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and consequently suffered a greater political eclipse, but it continued to thrive as an economic center, processing the agricultural and pastoral products that flowed to it from surrounding districts.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homs was particularly well known for <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> weaving, especially the <i>alaja</i>, which was mottled <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a> run through with gold threads and used in feminine apparel. This silk was exported as far as the Ottoman capital <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. In addition to weaving industries, there were <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> presses and water mills for <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">sesame</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, grown in the surrounding marshlands from the 16th century, were found in abundance in the city's markets. Moreover, the markets of Homs were the center of a trade in livestock, where flocks of <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> coming from Aleppo met <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a> and cattle moving north from Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper2_71-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18th_century_original_drawing_of_the_castle_of_Hims_by_Cassas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/18th_century_original_drawing_of_the_castle_of_Hims_by_Cassas.jpg/220px-18th_century_original_drawing_of_the_castle_of_Hims_by_Cassas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/18th_century_original_drawing_of_the_castle_of_Hims_by_Cassas.jpg/330px-18th_century_original_drawing_of_the_castle_of_Hims_by_Cassas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/18th_century_original_drawing_of_the_castle_of_Hims_by_Cassas.jpg/440px-18th_century_original_drawing_of_the_castle_of_Hims_by_Cassas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>18th-century illustration of Homs by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cassas" title="Louis-François Cassas">Louis-François Cassas</a>. The artist in the foreground is shown sketching the Citadel of Homs, surrounded by his guards and inquisitive locals</figcaption></figure> <p>The coming of the Ottomans brought administrative changes to Homs, as it became the capital city of <i><a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjak</a></i> ("district") of <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Homs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjak of Homs">Homs</a>, attached to the <i><a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">eyalet</a></i> ("province") of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Eyalet" title="Tripoli Eyalet">Tripoli</a>—its old rival.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 16th century the district was ruled by emir 'Ali Harfush of the famous Shiite <a href="/wiki/Harfush_dynasty" title="Harfush dynasty">Harfush dynasty</a> of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Beqaa valley">Beqaa valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, a <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> visitor noted that the city walls and citadel were in good repair, but all within was in decay and only its covered markets "retained their beauty." In 1785 French traveller, <a href="/wiki/Constantin-Fran%C3%A7ois_Chasseb%C5%93uf" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin-François Chassebœuf">Volney</a> wrote of the city's once great importance and its current "miserable" condition. He described it as a large, but ruined village administratively dependent on Damascus. The Ottomans did little to revitalise Homs or ensure its security against Bedouin raids. Tribal unrest throughout the 17th and 18th centuries resulted in the sacking of its markets on several occasions. Security was even more hampered, when in the 18th century, the Ottomans tore down the gates of the city's walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper2_71-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1708, the emir Hamad al-'Abbas of the Mawali Bedouin confederation, whom the Ottomans had named "emir of the desert" (<i>çöl beyi</i>) in the region, actually managed to capture the governor of Homs to hold him for ransom.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The countryside of Homs saw an increase in Bedouin raids in the first half of the 19th century, interrupted by its occupation by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali's Egypt</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a> between 1832 and 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo1_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city rebelled against Egyptian rule and consequently, the citadel was destroyed when the Egyptians suppressed the revolt. Ottoman rule was soon restored and up to the 1860s, Homs was large enough to form a discrete economic unit of trade and processing of agricultural products from its satellite villages and the neighbouring Bedouin tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper2_71-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D025-vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_homs.-L2-Ch4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/D025-vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_homs.-L2-Ch4.png/220px-D025-vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_homs.-L2-Ch4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/D025-vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_homs.-L2-Ch4.png/330px-D025-vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_homs.-L2-Ch4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/D025-vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_homs.-L2-Ch4.png/440px-D025-vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_homs.-L2-Ch4.png 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1179" /></a><figcaption>General view of Homs at the end of the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibn-Whalid-Moschee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ibn-Whalid-Moschee.jpg/220px-Ibn-Whalid-Moschee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ibn-Whalid-Moschee.jpg/330px-Ibn-Whalid-Moschee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ibn-Whalid-Moschee.jpg/440px-Ibn-Whalid-Moschee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Mosque" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque">Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a> in Homs, was built in the early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The local economy was stimulated when the Ottoman government extended security to the city and its surrounding areas; new villages were established and old ones were resettled. However, Homs found itself faced with European economic competition since Ottoman rule was restored. Homs' economic importance was boosted again during the depression of the 1870s, as its <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> industry boomed due to a decline of European textile production. The quality and design of cotton goods from Homs satisfied both the lower and upper classes of the local, Ottoman, and foreign markets. There were around 5,000 looms in Homs and nearby <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, and one British consul referred to Homs as the "<a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> of Syria".<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper2_71-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Citadel_of_Homs._Homs,_a_desert_town_between_Damascus_and_Aleppo._the_Australian_Light_Horse_are_bivouacked_in_the_foreground._Art.IWMART1578.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/The_Citadel_of_Homs._Homs%2C_a_desert_town_between_Damascus_and_Aleppo._the_Australian_Light_Horse_are_bivouacked_in_the_foreground._Art.IWMART1578.jpg/220px-The_Citadel_of_Homs._Homs%2C_a_desert_town_between_Damascus_and_Aleppo._the_Australian_Light_Horse_are_bivouacked_in_the_foreground._Art.IWMART1578.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/The_Citadel_of_Homs._Homs%2C_a_desert_town_between_Damascus_and_Aleppo._the_Australian_Light_Horse_are_bivouacked_in_the_foreground._Art.IWMART1578.jpg/330px-The_Citadel_of_Homs._Homs%2C_a_desert_town_between_Damascus_and_Aleppo._the_Australian_Light_Horse_are_bivouacked_in_the_foreground._Art.IWMART1578.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/The_Citadel_of_Homs._Homs%2C_a_desert_town_between_Damascus_and_Aleppo._the_Australian_Light_Horse_are_bivouacked_in_the_foreground._Art.IWMART1578.jpg/440px-The_Citadel_of_Homs._Homs%2C_a_desert_town_between_Damascus_and_Aleppo._the_Australian_Light_Horse_are_bivouacked_in_the_foreground._Art.IWMART1578.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3425" data-file-height="1755" /></a><figcaption>The Citadel behind a camp of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Light_Horse" title="Australian Light Horse">Australian Light Horse</a> on 19 November 1918 (<a href="/wiki/James_McBey" title="James McBey">James McBey</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the 20th century Homs held high political importance in the country and was home to several heads of state and other high-ranking government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper2_71-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1918, it was <a href="/wiki/Pursuit_to_Haritan#Occupation_of_Homs" title="Pursuit to Haritan">captured</a> by the <a href="/wiki/5th_Cavalry_Division_(India)" title="5th Cavalry Division (India)">5th Cavalry Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied forces</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/French_mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French mandate of Syria">French mandate</a>, Homs was part of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">State of Damascus</a>. It was considered for some time to become the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Federation" title="Syrian Federation">Syrian Federation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Autumn 1925, the city joined Damascus and the southern <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> chieftains in a full-blown <a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">revolt</a> against French rule.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932, the French moved their <a href="/wiki/Military_academy" title="Military academy">military academy</a> from Damascus to Homs to be established in 1933, later known as <a href="/wiki/Homs_Military_Academy" title="Homs Military Academy">Homs Military Academy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it remained the only military academy in Syria until 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-commins_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commins-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French authorities had created a locally recruited military force designated as the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Levant" title="Army of the Levant">Special Troops of the Levant</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawites</a> were given privileged positions. The military academy in Homs trained the indigenous officers for these <i>Troupes Speciales du Levant</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Homs Military Academy played a major role in the years following Syria's independence, as many of its graduates went on to become high-ranking officers in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a>, many of them taking part in the series of <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'états</a> that were to follow. An important example was <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> who became the president of Syria from 1971 until his death in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Seale_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seale-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Homs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Camp_Homs.jpg/220px-Camp_Homs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Camp_Homs.jpg/330px-Camp_Homs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Camp_Homs.jpg/440px-Camp_Homs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>The Homs camp of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Independent_Carpathian_Rifle_Brigade" title="Polish Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade">Polish Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade</a> (1940)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homs_13970819_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Homs_13970819_18.jpg/220px-Homs_13970819_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Homs_13970819_18.jpg/330px-Homs_13970819_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Homs_13970819_18.jpg/440px-Homs_13970819_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>The Syrian civil war caused major destruction in Homs</figcaption></figure> <p>An oil pipeline between Tripoli and <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> was built in Homs in the early 1930s and it followed an ancient caravan route between Palmyra and the Mediterranean. In 1959, an oil refinery was built to process some of this oil for domestic consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper2_71-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's oil refinery was bombed by the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> (IAF) during the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seale_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seale-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From May 2011 – May 2014, the city was under <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">siege</a> by the Syrian Army and security forces. The Syrian government claims it is targeting "armed gangs" and "terrorists" in the area. According to the Syrian opposition, Homs has since become a "blighted city", where authorities regularly block deliveries of medicine, food and fuel to the inhabitants of certain districts. By June, there were near-daily confrontations between protesting residents and Syrian forces. As a result of these circumstances, there have been more deaths in Homs and its vicinity than in other areas of Syria. Homs was the first Syrian city where images of al-Assad and his family were routinely torn down or defaced and the first place where Syrian forces used artillery during the uprising. The Center for Documenting Violations in Syria claims that at least 1,770 people have been killed in Homs since the uprising began.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 December 2015, under a UN-negotiated deal, the remnants of anti-government forces and their families, that had been under siege the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Waer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Waer (page does not exist)">al-Waer</a> district for three years, began to evacuate from the city.<sup id="cite_ref-evac_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evac-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homs_satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Homs_satellite.jpg/220px-Homs_satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Homs_satellite.jpg/330px-Homs_satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Homs_satellite.jpg/440px-Homs_satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Satellite view</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Governorate of Homs</a> is the largest in Syria. Homs, the governorate's capital, is located in central western Syria, situated along the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes River</a> in a particularly fertile area. The city is in between the southern outliers of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Coastal_Mountain_Range" title="Syrian Coastal Mountain Range">Coastal Mountain Range</a> located to the west and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>, overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Homs_Gap" title="Homs Gap">Homs Gap</a>. Because of the gap, the area around Homs receives much more rainfall and gusty winds than interior regions to its north and south.<sup id="cite_ref-commins_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commins-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the east of Homs, is the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Homs" title="Lake Homs">Lake Homs</a>, impounded by a <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Homs_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake of Homs Dam">huge dam of Roman origins</a>, is to the southwest, lying some 125 kilometres (78 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and 34 kilometres (21 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, halfway on the road between the capital Damascus and Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper1_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Orontes River splits the city into two main sections: To the east, on a flat land lies the city center and the main neighbourhoods; to the west, lies the more recent and modern suburb of al-Waer. The city spans an area of 4,800 hectares (19 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-CityCouncel_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CityCouncel-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homs is located 162 kilometres (101 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, 193 kilometres (120 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, 47 kilometres (29 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, and 186 kilometres (116 mi) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a> on the Mediterranean coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Homsonline_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homsonline-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearby towns and villages include <a href="/wiki/Al-Rayyan,_Syria" title="Al-Rayyan, Syria">al-Rayyan</a> to the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Maskanah,_Homs_Governorate" title="Maskanah, Homs Governorate">Maskanah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Nuqayrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nuqayrah">al-Nuqayrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abil" title="Abil">Abil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Aya" title="Kafr Aya">Kafr Aya</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr,_Syria" title="Al-Qusayr, Syria">al-Qusayr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qattinah" title="Qattinah">Qattinah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Buwaydah_al-Sharqiyah" title="Al-Buwaydah al-Sharqiyah">al-Buwaydah al-Sharqiyah</a> to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Tin_Nur" title="Khirbet Tin Nur">Khirbet Tin Nur</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Al-Dar_al-Kabirah" title="Al-Dar al-Kabirah">al-Dar al-Kabirah</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghantu" title="Al-Ghantu">al-Ghantu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teir_Maalah" title="Teir Maalah">Teir Maalah</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mukhtariyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mukhtariyah (page does not exist)">al-Mukhtariyah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talbiseh" title="Talbiseh">Talbiseh</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mishirfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mishirfeh">al-Mishirfeh</a> to the northeast and <a href="/wiki/Fairouzeh" title="Fairouzeh">Fairouzeh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaidal" title="Zaidal">Zaidal</a> to the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_City_and_subdivisions">Old City and subdivisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Old City and subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Homs" title="Gates of Homs">Gates of Homs</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Old City of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 400px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Homs_City_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Old_Homs_City_Map.jpg/400px-Old_Homs_City_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Old_Homs_City_Map.jpg/600px-Old_Homs_City_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Old_Homs_City_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="455" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:282px; top:102px"><div style="line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Elian" title="Church of Saint Elian">Church of<br />Saint Elian</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:214px; top:67px"><div style="line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_Church_of_the_Holy_Belt" title="Saint Mary Church of the Holy Belt">Church of<br />the Holy Belt</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:74px; top:247px"><div style="line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Homs" title="Citadel of Homs">Homs<br />Citadel</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:118px; top:47px"><div style="line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_al-Nuri_(Homs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of al-Nuri (Homs)">Great Mosque of al-Nuri</a></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Old_City_(Homs)" title="Template:Old City (Homs)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Old_City_(Homs)" title="Template talk:Old City (Homs)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Old_City_(Homs)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Old City (Homs)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Old City is the most condensed area of Homs, and it includes the neighbourhoods of Bab Tadmur, Bab al-Dreib, Bab Hud and the immediate vicinity of the citadel, covering an area of 1.2 square kilometres (0.46 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-CityCouncel_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CityCouncel-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little remains of the Old City; its walls and gates were demolished in the Ottoman era, but a short section of fortified wall with a circular corner tower still exists. Half a kilometre to the south, a large earth mound marks the site where the citadel once stood.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter1_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter1-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the north of the citadel lies the Christian Quarter, known as "al-Hamidiyah".<sup id="cite_ref-div_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-div-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This neighbourhood is one of the few areas of Homs that retains its older look, with most of the <a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">alternating black-and-white</a> stone buildings dating from the Mamluk era. They are still used as shops and dwellings, and there has been recent renovation.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the Abbasids, Homs was known for its seven gates. They were Bab al-Souq (Gate of the Market), Bab Tadmur (Gate of <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>), Bab al-Dreib (or Bab al-Deir), Bab al-Sebaa (Gate of the Lions), Bab al-Turkman (Gate of the <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkmen</a>), Bab al-Masdoud (Closed Door), and Bab Hud (The Gate of <a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hud</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper2_71-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only two gates—Bab Tadmor and Bab al-Dreib—remain today.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest of Homs' mosques and churches are located in the Old City.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter1_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter1-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homs consists of several subdivisions outside the Old City. The large neighbourhood of Khaldiyah spreads along its northern edge which is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Al-Bayadah" title="Al-Bayadah">Al-Bayadah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deir_Baalbah" title="Deir Baalbah">Deir Baalbah</a>, while the more modern neighbourhoods of al-Sabil, al-Zahra Jub al-Jandali and Armenian quarter are situated to the east of the Old City. South of it are the neighbourhoods of Bab al-Sebaa, al-Mreijeh, al-Adawiyya, al-Nezha, Akrama<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and beyond them lay the Karm al-Loz, Karm al-Zaytoun, Wadi al-Dhahab, al-Shamas, Masaken al-Idikhar and Dahia al-Walid neighbourhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-div_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-div-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern commercial centre lies to the west in the neighbourhood of Jouret al-Shayyah, and further west are the upscale neighbourhoods of Qusoor, al-Qarabis, al-Baghtasia, al-Mahatta, al-Hamra, al-Inshaat, Karm al-Shami, al-Ghouta and <a href="/wiki/Baba_Amr" title="Baba Amr">Baba Amr</a>. The suburb of al-Waer is located even further west, separated from the city by areas of farmland called al-Basatin and the Orontes River forming a <a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">green belt</a> where it is forbidden to build anything.<sup id="cite_ref-div_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-div-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Al-Baath_University" title="Al-Baath University">Baath University</a> complex and dormitories are located on the western-southern edge of the city next to the neighbourhood of Akrama.<sup id="cite_ref-div_96-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-div-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homs has a <a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">hot-summer Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: <b>Csa</b>). </p><p>Homs' location ensures that it receives softening influences and breezes from the Mediterranean. As a result, the city has a much milder climate than nearby Hama, with higher average rainfall of 18 inches (460 mm) instead of 14 inches (360 mm), but it also experiences greater winds.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper1_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Homs (1952–2004 normals) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3<br />(88.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #71FF71; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.1<br />(3.74) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.5<br />(3.01) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.4<br />(2.22) </td> <td style="background: #CBFFCB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(1.31) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(0.51) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(0.10) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(0.09) </td> <td style="background: #DFFFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(0.83) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.1<br />(1.89) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.7<br />(3.18) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">429.4<br />(16.89) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">70 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #B8B850; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Daytime" title="Daytime">daylight hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #F2F215; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #F9F924; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF48; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF61; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB29; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #F1F111; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF39; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: WMO<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas(sun-daylight-UV)<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notheme barbox tleft" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Homs Religions<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Sunni Muslims</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:75%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">75%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Alawite</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Red; width:15%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">15%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Christians</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:10%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr style="background:#add8e6;"> <td>12th century</td> <td style="text-align:center;">~7,000<sup id="cite_ref-Shatzmiller_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shatzmiller-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#add8e6;"> <td>1785</td> <td style="text-align:center;">~2,000<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper2_71-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#add8e6;"> <td>1860s (estimate)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">15,000–20,000<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper2_71-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#add8e6;"> <td>1907 (estimate)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">~65,000<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#add8e6;"> <td>1932</td> <td style="text-align:center;">65,000<sup id="cite_ref-Winckler_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winckler-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#add8e6;"> <td>1960</td> <td style="text-align:center;">136,000<sup id="cite_ref-Winckler_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winckler-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#add8e6;"> <td>1978</td> <td style="text-align:center;">306,000<sup id="cite_ref-Winckler_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winckler-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#add8e6;"> <td>1981</td> <td style="text-align:center;">346,871<sup id="cite_ref-Census_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#add8e6;"> <td>1994</td> <td style="text-align:center;">540,133<sup id="cite_ref-UN_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#add8e6;"> <td>2004</td> <td style="text-align:center;">652,609<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#add8e6;"> <td>2005 (estimate)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">750,000<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper1_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#add8e6;"> <td>2008 (estimate)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">823,000<sup id="cite_ref-Carter2008-2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter2008-2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#add8e6;"> <td>2011 (estimate)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">806,625<sup id="cite_ref-Homs_RCP_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homs_RCP-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#add8e6;"> <td>2013 (estimate)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">544,428<sup id="cite_ref-Homs_RCP_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homs_RCP-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:violet;"> <td>2017 (estimate)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">775,404<sup id="cite_ref-World_Population_Review_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Population_Review-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Um_Azzenar_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Um_Azzenar_Church.jpg/220px-Um_Azzenar_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Um_Azzenar_Church.jpg/330px-Um_Azzenar_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Um_Azzenar_Church.jpg/440px-Um_Azzenar_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Saint Mary Church of the Holy Girdle is a historical Syriac Orthodox Church in Homs, Syria. The church is built over an underground church dating back to 50 AD. It is the seat of the Syriac Orthodox archbishopric. Homs is famous for its black stones and rocks of which this church and many others were built. Photo: Daniel Demeter founder of Syria Photo Guide.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Homs was one of the largest cities in Syria in the 12th century with a population of 7,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Shatzmiller_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shatzmiller-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1785, the inhabitants of Homs numbered more than 2,000 and the population was divided almost evenly between <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church of Antioch">Eastern Orthodox Christians</a> and Muslims. The 1860s saw a rise in the population to 15,000–20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper2_71-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1907, Homs had roughly 65,000 inhabitants, of which two-thirds were Muslims and the remainder Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1981 census, the population stood at 346,871,<sup id="cite_ref-Census_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rising to 540,133 in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2004 census by Syria's <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)">Central Bureau of Statistics</a>, Homs had a population of 652,609 of which 51.5% were male and 48.5% female.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an independent 2005 estimate the city had 750,000 residents,<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper1_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the population was estimated at about 823,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter2008-2_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter2008-2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Homs Governorate</a> had an estimated 1,767,000 people in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-enabbaladi_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enabbaladi-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Homs' population reflects Syria's general religious diversity, and is made up primarily of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslims</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Turkmen</a>), with minorities of <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church of Antioch">Eastern Orthodox Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>. In addition to Catholics, Evangelists and Maronites.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1880s, the Survey of Western Palestine noted that there were 5,500 Greek Orthodox Christians and 1,500 Syriac Orthodox Christians. The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church#Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Patriarchate</a> was transferred to Homs from <a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a> in 1933, but relocated once more to Damascus in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/1914_population_statistics_for_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="1914 population statistics for the Ottoman Empire">1914 Ottoman population statistics</a>, the district of Homs had a total population of 80.691, consisting of 67.587 Muslims, 10.246 <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Orthodox Greeks</a>, 1.327 <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greece" title="Catholic Church in Greece">Catholic Greeks</a>, 774 <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, 751 <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latins</a> and 6 <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> in the early 20th century, about 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Armenians</a> immigrated to Homs and the surrounding villages.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Syria" title="Greeks in Syria">Greek</a> community also still exists in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-gmfa_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gmfa-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Souq_al-harir_-_Hims,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Souq_al-harir_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg/170px-Souq_al-harir_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Souq_al-harir_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg/255px-Souq_al-harir_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Souq_al-harir_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg/340px-Souq_al-harir_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Souk al-Harir, one of the many roofed <i><a href="/wiki/Souk" class="mw-redirect" title="Souk">souks</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>After long periods of stagnation under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman</a> rule, Homs started to flourish again in the 20th century. Its geographic and strategic location has made it a centre of agriculture and industry. The "Homs Irrigation Scheme", the first of its kind in modern Syria, brought prosperity to cultivators and the long-established enterprises involved in the processing of agricultural and pastoral products.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper3_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper3-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crops grown in Homs include <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vines</a>, as well as serving as a point of exchange between the sedentary zone and the desert. Moreover, because of easy access to the Mediterranean, Homs has attracted overland trade from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-commins_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commins-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_refinery_in_Homs,_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Oil_refinery_in_Homs%2C_2010.jpg/220px-Oil_refinery_in_Homs%2C_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Oil_refinery_in_Homs%2C_2010.jpg/330px-Oil_refinery_in_Homs%2C_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Oil_refinery_in_Homs%2C_2010.jpg/440px-Oil_refinery_in_Homs%2C_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The oil refinery of Homs, built by Czechoslovakian firm Technoexport in 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>Homs is also home to several large public heavy industries, such as the oil refinery west of the city which opened in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper3_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper3-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fertiliser plant was built in 1971 to process <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a> from their deposits near Palmyra; the fertiliser is for domestic consumption and export.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A growing private industrial sector has flourished in the past decade and many small to medium-sized enterprises occupy the industrial zones northwest and south of the city. A new <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> refinery is being built by a <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> company, and an automobile plant is under construction by <a href="/wiki/Iran_Khodro" title="Iran Khodro">Iran Khodro</a>. Also a new phosphate plant and oil refinery are being built east of the city. Homs is also the hub of an important road and rail network, it is the central link between the interior cities and the Mediterranean coast. </p><p>A major industrial project was the establishment of a new industrial city in <a href="/wiki/Hisyah" title="Hisyah">Hisyah</a>, 47 kilometres (29 mi) south of the city of Homs. Spreading across some 2,500 hectares (25 km<sup>2</sup>), the city covers four main industrial sectors: textiles, food, chemical, engineering and vocational. In all, the facilities are designed to accommodate up to 66,000 workers and their families. Moreover, a free zone has been established within the city.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hinterland of Homs is well known for its grapes which are used in Syria's <a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">liqueur</a> industry, particularly in producing <a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">arak</a>, nectar wine, and <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red wine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is considered a good base for day trips and excursions to the many historical and touristic sights nearby. Popular destinations include <a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talkalakh" title="Talkalakh">Talkalakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marmarita" title="Marmarita">Marmarita</a>. Homs has several hotels; <a href="/wiki/Safir_Hotels_%26_Resorts" title="Safir Hotels & Resorts">Safir Hotel</a> is considered one of Syria's best five-star hotels and the only one of that status in the city. An-Nasr al-Jedid Hotel is built in a 100-year-old mansion and is labelled by tour guides as the "best budget hotel in Homs". Other hotels include Hotel al-Mimas, Ghazi Hotel, and Hotel Khayyam.<sup id="cite_ref-cart158_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cart158-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beit_al-Agha_Restaurant_-_Hims,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Beit_al-Agha_Restaurant_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg/220px-Beit_al-Agha_Restaurant_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Beit_al-Agha_Restaurant_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg/330px-Beit_al-Agha_Restaurant_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Beit_al-Agha_Restaurant_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg/440px-Beit_al-Agha_Restaurant_-_Hims%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of Beit al-Agha restaurant</figcaption></figure> <p>Although people in Homs eat the same foods common in <a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine cuisine</a>, the city is well known throughout Syria for its own cuisine. A prominent dish is <i>Batarsh</i>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Baba_ghanoush" title="Baba ghanoush">baba ghanouj</a> made with yogurt and garlic instead of <i><a href="/wiki/Tahini" title="Tahini">tahini</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homs is also home to a variety of <i>kibbeh mishwiyyeh</i> or "grilled kibbeh". It consists of two pancakes of <i><a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">kibbeh</a></i> stuffed with ground lamb, cooked with lamb fat and various spices.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Jazar Mahshi</i> ("stuffed carrot") is native dish in Homs and is made of yellow carrot stuffed with minced lamb, rice.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city specialises in cooking a type of <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a> meal, known as <i>bamya bi-l zayt</i> ("okra with olive oil").<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homs has an array of restaurants, some specialise in <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a>, while others serve <a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arabic food</a>. For the local population, popular restaurants serve <i><a href="/wiki/Shawarma" title="Shawarma">shawarma</a></i>, grilled chicken, and other common Syrian foods, as well as homemade juices. In the Old City, low-price restaurants are grouped together along <a href="/wiki/Quwatli_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwatli Street">Shoukri al-Quwatly Street</a> and sell similar foods, such as <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a>, various salads (<i><a href="/wiki/Mezze" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezze">mezze</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Shish_kebab" title="Shish kebab">shish kebab</a> and chicken dishes. Restaurants and coffeehouses typically offer <a href="/wiki/Hookah" title="Hookah">hookahs</a> and are a common place for men to gather and smoke.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Zehrawi_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Al-Zehrawi_Palace.jpg/220px-Al-Zehrawi_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Al-Zehrawi_Palace.jpg/330px-Al-Zehrawi_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Al-Zehrawi_Palace.jpg/440px-Al-Zehrawi_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Qasr al-Zahrawi</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two main museums in Homs, both located in the central part of the city. Qasr al-Zahrawi, a former <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a>-era palace belonging to Ali ibn Abi al-Fadl al-Azzhari, a subordinate of <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a>, the Mamluk sultan, is now the National Folklore Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-cart158_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cart158-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside the building is a courtyard, occupied on one side by a large terraced <i><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">liwan</a></i> with a conch shell semi-dome. In the opposite wall, there is a carving of two lions, a symbol of Baibars. The first museum built in the city, Homs Museum founded in 1922,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is located along <a href="/wiki/Quwatli_Street_(Homs)" title="Quwatli Street (Homs)">Shoukri al-Quwatly Street</a> and contains a selection of artefacts from the Homs region, covering the time between the prehistoric and Islamic eras.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homs has several festivals, and the city annually co-hosts the Desert Folk Festival and the Al-Badiya Festival with <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>. The Desert Folk Festival is an annual festival of the ancient traditions and costumes of the <i>Badiya</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>) and it includes exhibitions and concerts between Homs and Palmyra. The festival is held in the first week of May.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Al-Badiya Festival, which is held mainly in Palmyra with some events in Homs, draws approximately 60,000 tourists during the last week of May. Activities include horse, camel and car races, horse contests, music and theatre shows, antique exhibitions and a crafts market.<sup id="cite_ref-DFF_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFF-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other festivals include the al-Nasarah Festival and the Festival of Krak des Chevaliers and the Valley. An annual festival is held at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Elian" title="Church of Saint Elian">Church of Saint Elian</a>, attracting large numbers of pilgrims.<sup id="cite_ref-Beattie,_2001,_p.208_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beattie,_2001,_p.208-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/Wednesday" title="Wednesday">Wednesday</a> was considered an important day for Homs citizens which is related to certain events happened in the history of the city. During the <a href="/wiki/Royal_family_of_Emesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal family of Emesa">Emesani dynasty</a> era, people who worshiped the sun god <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus_(deity)" title="Elagabalus (deity)">Elagabalus</a> held their <a href="/wiki/Liturgies" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgies">liturgies</a> at the great "Temple of the Sun" (currently <a href="/wiki/Al-Nouri_mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nouri mosque">al-Nouri mosque</a>), celebrating the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> on "the fourth day" of the divine workweek (The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Creation narrative</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AL_Karama_stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/AL_Karama_stadium.jpg/220px-AL_Karama_stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/AL_Karama_stadium.jpg/330px-AL_Karama_stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/AL_Karama_stadium.jpg/440px-AL_Karama_stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Ibn_Al_Walid_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaled Ibn Al Walid Stadium">Khaled Ibn Al Walid Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Homs is home to two <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> clubs. The <a href="/wiki/Al-Karamah_SC" title="Al-Karamah SC">Al-Karamah</a> Sports Club was founded in 1928 and is one of the oldest sports clubs in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-welt_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-welt-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Karamah is widely acclaimed on the regional and national levels,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having won eight <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Premier_League" title="Syrian Premier League">Syrian League</a> titles, and eight <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Cup" title="Syrian Cup">Syrian Cup</a> titles. Al-Karamah was a runner-up in the <a href="/wiki/2006_AFC_Champions_League" title="2006 AFC Champions League">2006 AFC Champions League</a>. The second sports club of the city is <a href="/wiki/Al-Wathba" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Wathba">Al-Wathba</a> Sports Club, which was founded in 1937. The <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Stadium" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Stadium">Khaled ibn al-Walid Stadium</a> has a 35,000-person capacity and is home to both football clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-welt_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-welt-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another stadium called <a href="/wiki/Bassel_al-Assad_Stadium_(Homs)" title="Bassel al-Assad Stadium (Homs)">Bassel al-Assad Stadium</a> with a capacity of 25,000 was inaugurated in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homs has produced a number of well-known sportsmen, including footballers <a href="/wiki/Firas_Al_Khatib" class="mw-redirect" title="Firas Al Khatib">Firas Al Khatib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehad_Al_Hussain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehad Al Hussain">Jehad Al Hussain</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theaters">Theaters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Theaters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Culture House Theater in Homs was established in 1973. It hosts <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">theatre plays</a>, poetry, instrumental and musical festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homs is the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Homs_District" title="Homs District">Homs District</a>, and the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Homs Governorate</a>—the largest governorate in Syria, and houses the seat of its governor, appointed by the president. The city of Homs is governed by a city council and is home to the Executive Office. The latter consists of nine elected members, in addition to the president of the <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city council</a>. The Office aids the Governor in making management decisions related to the Governorate, while the city council is responsible for decisions specific to the city of Homs. It is headed by a president, Nadia Kseibi, and is responsible for the day-to-day management of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The council's organizational structure is composed of the top leadership, consisting of the president, vice-president, and secretary, and the lower leadership, made up of the directors of seventeen city branches: Administrative Affairs, Finance, Technical Affairs, Health Affairs, Legal Affairs, the Fire Department, Mechanisms, Parks, Hygiene, Property, Provisional Register, Services and Maintenance, Works, IT, Planning and Statistics, Culture, and Internal Oversight Service.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faculty_of_Medicine_in_Albaath_University,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Faculty_of_Medicine_in_Albaath_University%2C_Syria.jpg/220px-Faculty_of_Medicine_in_Albaath_University%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Faculty_of_Medicine_in_Albaath_University%2C_Syria.jpg/330px-Faculty_of_Medicine_in_Albaath_University%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Faculty_of_Medicine_in_Albaath_University%2C_Syria.jpg/440px-Faculty_of_Medicine_in_Albaath_University%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Faculty of Medicine in <a href="/wiki/Al-Baath_University" title="Al-Baath University">Al-Baath University</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the oldest schools in Homs were founded by <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> missionaries, the "<a href="/wiki/National_Evangelical_School_(Homs,_Syria)" title="National Evangelical School (Homs, Syria)">National Evangelical School</a>" in 1855, and "<a href="/wiki/Al_Ghassania_Private_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Ghassania Private School">Al Ghassania Orthodox School</a>" in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homs is home to the <a href="/wiki/Al-Baath_University" title="Al-Baath University">Al-Baath University</a>, one of four major universities in Syria was founded in 1979. A specialist engineering foundation, the university has one of the largest student bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It houses several faculties including medicine, engineering, liberal arts, and sciences and a number of two-year career (vocational) institutions. It is the only university in the country to have departments in petroleum engineering and veterinary medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wadi_International_University" title="Wadi International University">German University</a> at Wadi al-Nasarah opened in 2004 and is located 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of the city. In 2005, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_School_of_Choueifat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International School of Choueifat (page does not exist)">International School of Choueifat</a> opened a school outside the city.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus_University_for_Medical_Sciences" title="Al-Andalus University for Medical Sciences">Al-Andalus University for Medical Sciences</a> was established in 2005 near Homs, and is constructing one of its <a href="/wiki/University_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="University Hospital">University Hospitals</a> in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are 1,727 schools and 15,000 kindergartens in the Homs Governorate, most of which are public facilities. In 2007, 375,000 students in the governorate were enrolled in elementary schools (6–15 years), 36,000 in high schools (15–18 years), and around 12,000 in vocational training schools.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homs is considered a <a href="/wiki/Transportation_hub" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation hub">transportation hub</a> in Syria, by virtue of its central location between the coastal cities and the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main bus terminal is Karnak, situated along Hama Street, 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) north of the city centre on the outskirts. The terminal offers connections to most Syrian cities and <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter2_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter2-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has international bus connections to Lebanon, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. A second "luxury" bus station is located a little further north. <a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">Minibuses</a> operate from Karnak station with destinations to <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a> in northern Syria, as well as <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>, Tripoli, and <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> in Lebanon. Newer <a href="/wiki/Microbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbus">microbuses</a> that mostly travel to Hama are also based in Karnak and are mostly used for quick transportation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The railway station of Homs</figcaption></figure> <p>Homs has a large <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railway</a> station, with two <a href="/wiki/Chemins_de_Fer_Syriens" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemins de Fer Syriens">Chemins de Fer Syriens</a> operated daily departures to Damascus and Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter2_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter2-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearest airports are <a href="/wiki/Bassel_Al-Assad_International_Airport" title="Bassel Al-Assad International Airport">Bassel Al-Assad International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Damascus_International_Airport" title="Damascus International Airport">Damascus International Airport</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_International_Airport" title="Aleppo International Airport">Aleppo International Airport</a> to the north, and <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Airport" title="Palmyra Airport">Palmyra Airport</a> in the Syrian Desert to the east. </p><p>Hama Street starts at the Old Clock Square in the city center and crosses Homs from south to north, where it continues along the neighbourhood of al-Khaldiyah on to the Karnak station, and turns into the Homs-Hama-Aleppo highway. <a href="/wiki/Quwatli_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwatli Street">Quwatli Street</a>, named after former president <a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli" title="Shukri al-Quwatli">Shukri al-Quwatli</a>, is a short but vital street that connects the Old Clock Square and Quwatli Square in Downtown Homs. It branches into several smaller streets on its western end, one of which is al-Dablan Street which is the main commercial block in the city, and the other continues west to connect with the Homs-<a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> highway. On the eastern end, al-Quwatli street continues as al-Hamidiyah Street which crosses the old Christian quarter and continues to the eastern edge of the city. The Homs-Damascus highway crosses the city from the south and reaches the city center in Quwatli Square.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_New_Clock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_New_Clock.jpg/200px-The_New_Clock.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_New_Clock.jpg/300px-The_New_Clock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_New_Clock.jpg/400px-The_New_Clock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The New Clock Tower, Quwatli Square</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Old_Clock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Old_Clock.jpg/200px-The_Old_Clock.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Old_Clock.jpg/300px-The_Old_Clock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Old_Clock.jpg/400px-The_Old_Clock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Old Clock, Martyrs' Square</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The city itself is famous for its historic <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a>. It is also well recognised by its two public clocks standing at each end of <a href="/wiki/Quwatli_Street_(Homs)" title="Quwatli Street (Homs)">Quwatli Street</a>. The older one, at the eastern end facing al-Hamidiya Street, was elevated by the <a href="/wiki/French_mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French mandate of Syria">French</a> in 1923, and the other one, at the western end facing al-Dablan street, is housed in the New Clock Tower which was built in 1957. Homs is well known for its historical roofed <i><a href="/wiki/Souk" class="mw-redirect" title="Souk">souks</a></i>. These consist of a complex maze of narrow streets and covered commercial alleys extending from the south and east from the Great Mosque towards the ancient citadel. The <i>souks</i>—lined with grocery and clothing stores, and workshops for carpenters, artisans, cobblers, metalworkers and knife-sharpeners—are busiest in the evening.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other landmarks include the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_al-Nuri_(Homs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of al-Nuri (Homs)">Great Mosque of al-Nuri</a>. Originally a pagan temple dedicated to El-Gabal, it was consecrated as the Church of Saint John the Baptist under the Byzantines. Later, it was established as a Friday mosque during the Islamic Arab rule of Homs.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Mosque" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque">Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque</a> has been considered "the only edifice of any real note" in Homs, and was built in the last few years of Ottoman rule in Syria during the 1900s. The mosque is named after early Arab general Khalid ibn al-Walid, whose tomb is located within the building.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_Church_of_the_Holy_Belt" title="Saint Mary Church of the Holy Belt">Um al-Zennar Church</a> ("Church of the Virgin's Girdle") was built in 1852 atop an earlier church dating back to the 4th century, and perhaps 59 AD. The other prominent church in Homs is the 5th-century <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Elian" title="Church of Saint Elian">Church of Saint Elian</a>, built in honour of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> martyr Saint Elian, whose tomb is located in the <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beattie,_2001,_p.208_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beattie,_2001,_p.208-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Homs" title="Citadel of Homs">Citadel of Homs</a> is situated on one of the largest urban <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tells</a> of Syria. It has been archaeologically neglected because of military occupation until recent years. The tell dates back at least to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a>. The extant Islamic-style walls were built during the Ayyubid period and the Mamluk sultan <a href="/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars">Baybars</a> subsequently carried out restorations. All of this work is testified by inscriptions although without exception, they are lost. In 1994, a joint Syrian-British team studied the Citadel of Homs, recording the remains of the walls and towers.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homs is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a>, Brazil<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a>, Turkey<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a>, Iran<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">List of cities in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Homs" title="List of people from Homs">List of people from Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Homs" title="Timeline of Homs">Timeline of Homs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meaning a fertile land far from the water, scourge and pestilence<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to J. L. Whitaker, "Strabo seems to consider these Emesani to be among the tribes of tent dwellers (<i>skénitai</i>) who dwelt in the region south of Apamea".<sup id="cite_ref-Dumper1_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inscription reproduced:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (October 2020)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup><br />       <i>Fin</i>[<i>es</i>]<br />       <i>inteṛ</i><br /><i>Hadriano</i>[<i>s</i>]<br /><i>Palmyrenos</i><br />           <i>et</i><br />[<i>He</i>]<i>ṃesenos</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The neighbourhood was named after <a href="/wiki/Ikrima_ibn_Abi_Jahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl">Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAl-Dbiyat2013">Al-Dbiyat 2013</a>, p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlmaany_Team" class="citation web cs1">Almaany Team. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-ar/%D8%B9%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9/">"معنى كلمة عَذية في معجم المعاني الجامع والمعجم الوسيط – معجم عربي عربي – صفحة 1"</a>. <i>almaany.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=almaany.com&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%89+%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D9%8E%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7+%E2%80%93+%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%E2%80%93+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9+1&rft.au=Almaany+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almaany.com%2Far%2Fdict%2Far-ar%2F%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B0%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Population_Review-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_Population_Review_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Population_Review_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/syria-population/">"Syria Top 20 Cities by Population"</a>. <i>World Population Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180121013522/http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/syria-population/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Population+Review&rft.atitle=Syria+Top+20+Cities+by+Population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fcountries%2Fsyria-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sana.sy/en/?p=278311">"President al-Assad issues decrees on appointing new governors for eight Syrian provinces"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_News_Agency" title="Syrian Arab News Agency">Syrian Arab News Agency</a></i>. 20 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720132626/https://sana.sy/en/?p=278311">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Arab+News+Agency&rft.atitle=President+al-Assad+issues+decrees+on+appointing+new+governors+for+eight+Syrian+provinces&rft.date=2022-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D278311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Homs" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Homs">"Homs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Homs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DHoms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419124950/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/homs">"Homs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/homs">the original</a> on 19 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Homs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Famp%2Fenglish%2Fhoms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Homs">"Homs"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419124953/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Homs">Archived</a> 19 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (US) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215022655/https://www.lexico.com/definition/homs">"Homs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Homs">the original</a> on 15 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Homs&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FHoms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MerWeb-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MerWeb_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MerWeb_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Homs">"Homs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Homs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FHoms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129220200/https://www.lexico.com/definition/emesa">"Emesa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Emesa">the original</a> on 29 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emesa&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FEmesa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVailhé1909" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vailhé, Siméon (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05402a.htm">"Emesa"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Robert Appleton Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310214514/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05402a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emesa&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Vailh%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Sim%C3%A9on&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F05402a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homsonline-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homsonline_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homsonline_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090308043751/http://www.homsonline.com/EN/Syria/Distance.htm">"Distance Between Main Syrian Cities"</a>. HomsOnline. 16 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homsonline.com/EN/Syria/Distance.htm">the original</a> on 8 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distance+Between+Main+Syrian+Cities&rft.pub=HomsOnline&rft.date=2008-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homsonline.com%2FEN%2FSyria%2FDistance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2004 census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153920/http://www.en.syria-scope.com/political-news/79683">"11 Million Dollars for Reconstruction in Homs. – Syria Scope"</a>. <i>www.en.syria-scope.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.en.syria-scope.com/political-news/79683">the original</a> on 3 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.en.syria-scope.com&rft.atitle=11+Million+Dollars+for+Reconstruction+in+Homs.+%E2%80%93+Syria+Scope&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.en.syria-scope.com%2Fpolitical-news%2F79683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109153158/https://syriadirect.org/news/life-in-the-aftermath-a-wounded-homs-city-struggles-to-reconcile-its-past/">"Life in the aftermath: A wounded Homs city struggles to reconcile its past"</a>. <i>Syria Direct</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syriadirect.org/news/life-in-the-aftermath-a-wounded-homs-city-struggles-to-reconcile-its-past/">the original</a> on 9 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syria+Direct&rft.atitle=Life+in+the+aftermath%3A+A+wounded+Homs+city+struggles+to+reconcile+its+past&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyriadirect.org%2Fnews%2Flife-in-the-aftermath-a-wounded-homs-city-struggles-to-reconcile-its-past%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Room, 2006, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael_Patai2015" class="citation book cs1">Raphael Patai (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o_p1CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA24"><i>The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology</i></a>. Wayne State University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814341926" title="Special:BookSources/9780814341926"><bdi>9780814341926</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230203204/https://books.google.com/books?id=o_p1CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Hungary%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Psychology&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780814341926&rft.au=Raphael+Patai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do_p1CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ball-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ball, 2000, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropp2013" class="citation book cs1">Kropp, Andreas J. M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fsoipziOWpYC"><i>Images and Monuments of Near Eastern Dynasts, 100 BC—AD 100</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199670727" title="Special:BookSources/9780199670727"><bdi>9780199670727</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923074545/https://books.google.com/books?id=fsoipziOWpYC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+and+Monuments+of+Near+Eastern+Dynasts%2C+100+BC%E2%80%94AD+100&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199670727&rft.aulast=Kropp&rft.aufirst=Andreas+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfsoipziOWpYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaela_Konrad2017" class="citation journal cs1">Michaela Konrad (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/syria/5583">"The client kings of Emesa: a study of local identities in the Roman East"</a>. <i>Syria</i>. <b>94</b>. Translated by Mary Wong-Sommer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210821200556/https://journals.openedition.org/syria/5583">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syria&rft.atitle=The+client+kings+of+Emesa%3A+a+study+of+local+identities+in+the+Roman+East&rft.volume=94&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Michaela+Konrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fsyria%2F5583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumper1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper1_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper1_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper1_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper1_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper1_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper1_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper1_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dumper, 2007, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon and Ockley, 1870, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glosbe.com/syc/en/%DC%A8%DC%98%DC%92%DC%90">ܨܘܒܐ in English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923074558/https://glosbe.com/syc/en/%DC%A8%DC%98%DC%92%DC%90">Archived</a> 23 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> glosbe.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoury_Issa_Ahmed1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Khoury Issa Ahmed (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041009/http://www.liilas.com/mlooli/tarekh-hms-1.pdf"><i>History of Homs – Chapter One, 2300 BCE – 622 AD</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Arabic). Al-Sayih Library. p. 38. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liilas.com/mlooli/tarekh-hms-1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Homs+%E2%80%93+Chapter+One%2C+2300+BCE+%E2%80%93+622+AD&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Al-Sayih+Library&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Khoury+Issa+Ahmed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liilas.com%2Fmlooli%2Ftarekh-hms-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené_Dussaud1927" class="citation book cs1">René Dussaud (1927). <i>Topographie historique de la Syrie antique et médiévale</i>. <q>Le terme « vulgo » indique que Camela est tiré du vocable arabe Ḥimṣ. La transcription de la gutturale initiale par <i>c</i> est fréquente, ainsi Calep (Gautier le chancelier, etc.) pour Ḥaleb. La vocalisation et l'addition de <i>l</i> ont été entraînées pour retrouver un mot considéré comme typique pour la région. [...] Peut-être cet <i>l</i> ne se prononçait-il pas primitivement ou très faiblement, et cela expliquerait sa présence dans le mot amiral, transcription d<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><i>amir</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topographie+historique+de+la+Syrie+antique+et+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale&rft.date=1927&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+Dussaud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, René. <i>Histoire des Croisades III</i>. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Croisades+III&rft.pages=18&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(historian)" title="Peter Jackson (historian)">Jackson, Peter</a> (2007). <i>The Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254: Sources and Documents</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5722-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5722-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-5722-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seventh+Crusade%2C+1244%E2%80%931254%3A+Sources+and+Documents&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5722-4&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 1907, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">around "Year 5 III Shemu day 9" of Ramesses II's reign (BAR III, p. 317) or more precisely: 12 May 1274 BCE based on Ramesses' commonly accepted accession date in 1279 BC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kitchen, K.A, "Ramesside Inscriptions", Volume 2, Blackwell Publishing Limited, 1996, pp. 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Healy, 1993, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Healy, 1993, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strabon,_p._209,_Henri_Seyrig,_p._187-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strabon,_p._209,_Henri_Seyrig,_p._187_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrabon1819">Strabon 1819</a>, p. 209; <a href="#CITEREFSeyrig1952">Seyrig 1952</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeyrig1952">Seyrig 1952</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeyrig1952">Seyrig 1952</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdulkarim">Abdulkarim</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlumberger 1939, pp. 43, 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXno9AgAAQBAJpgPA284_284]-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXno9AgAAQBAJpgPA284_284]_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce2014">Bryce 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA284">284</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlumberger 1939, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeyrig1952189–190-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeyrig1952189–190_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeyrig1952">Seyrig 1952</a>, pp. 189–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeyrig1952190-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeyrig1952190_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeyrig1952">Seyrig 1952</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwell2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDQgmOZlsEWcCpgPA41_41]-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwell2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDQgmOZlsEWcCpgPA41_41]_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwell2008">Edwell 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DQgmOZlsEWcC&pg=PA41">41</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeyrig1952">Seyrig 1952</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChad1972">Chad 1972</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillar1993">Millar 1993</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maurice_Sartre,_D'Alexandre_à_Zénobie_:_Histoire_du_Levant_antique-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maurice_Sartre,_D'Alexandre_à_Zénobie_:_Histoire_du_Levant_antique_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSartre2001">Sartre 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini1934">Albertini 1934</a>, pp. 24–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumper-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper_50-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper_50-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper_50-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper_50-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper_50-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper_50-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper_50-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper_50-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dumper, 2007, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodian, <i>Roman History</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodian/hre503.html#3_5">V.3.5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070822131726/https://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodian/hre503.html#3_5">Archived</a> 22 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbermann, 1913, p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter2008-2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carter2008-2_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter2008-2_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter2008-2_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, 2008, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DN%3Aentry+group%3D3%3Aentry%3Dnemesius-harpers">"Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Nemesius"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926214617/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:alphabetic+letter%3DN:entry+group%3D3:entry%3Dnemesius-harpers">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harry+Thurston+Peck%2C+Harpers+Dictionary+of+Classical+Antiquities+%281898%29%2C+Nemesius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0062%253Aalphabetic%2Bletter%253DN%253Aentry%2Bgroup%253D3%253Aentry%253Dnemesius-harpers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2013" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Peter (2013). <i>The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam</i>. Pen and Sword. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473828650" title="Special:BookSources/9781473828650"><bdi>9781473828650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Three+Gods%3A+Romans%2C+Persians+and+the+Rise+of+Islam&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781473828650&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, 2007, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mannheim, 2001, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamawi-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamawi_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamawi_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamawi_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a> quoted in le Strange, 1890, p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">le Strange, 1890, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, 2007, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-al_Bidayah_wa_Nihayah_Ibn_Kathir-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-al_Bidayah_wa_Nihayah_Ibn_Kathir_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Kathir" class="citation web cs1">Ibn Kathir, Abu al-Fiḍā ‘Imād Ad-Din Ismā‘īl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waqfeya.net/book.php?bid=11131">"Al Bidayah wa Nihayah"</a>. <i>Waqfeya</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009004416/https://waqfeya.net/book.php?bid=11131">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Waqfeya&rft.atitle=Al+Bidayah+wa+Nihayah&rft.aulast=Ibn+Kathir&rft.aufirst=Abu+al-Fi%E1%B8%8D%C4%81+%E2%80%98Im%C4%81d+Ad-Din+Ism%C4%81%E2%80%98%C4%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwaqfeya.net%2Fbook.php%3Fbid%3D11131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zakkar,_1971-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zakkar,_1971_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakkar1971" class="citation book cs1">Zakkar, Suhayl (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sbltAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Emirate of Aleppo: 1004–1094</i></a>. Aleppo: Dar al-Amanah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923075042/https://books.google.com/books?id=sbltAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emirate+of+Aleppo%3A+1004%E2%80%931094&rft.place=Aleppo&rft.pub=Dar+al-Amanah&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Zakkar&rft.aufirst=Suhayl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsbltAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crone-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crone_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Crone, Patricia</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOu7XGjKmkAC"><i>Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52940-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52940-9"><bdi>0-521-52940-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slaves+on+Horses%3A+The+Evolution+of+the+Islamic+Polity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-52940-9&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOu7XGjKmkAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jubair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Jubair">Ibn Jubair</a> quoted in le Strange, 1890, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gil, 1997, pp. 296–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gil, 1997, p. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-le_Strange2-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-le_Strange2_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-le_Strange2_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">le Strange, 1890, p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqdisi" title="Al-Maqdisi">al-Maqdisi</a> quoted in le Strange, 1890, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2007157-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2007157_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth2007">Bosworth 2007</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomane201573-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomane201573_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomane2015">Romane 2015</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumper2-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper2_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper2_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper2_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper2_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper2_71-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper2_71-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper2_71-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper2_71-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper2_71-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper2_71-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper2_71-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper2_71-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper2_71-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper2_71-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumper2_71-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dumper, 2007, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">le Strange, 1890, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200661-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock200661_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLock2006">Lock 2006</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200098-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200098_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2000">Hamilton 2000</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2017239-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2017239_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2017">Lewis 2017</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2017240-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2017240_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2017">Lewis 2017</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200099-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200099_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200099_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2000">Hamilton 2000</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200662-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock200662_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLock2006">Lock 2006</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Batuta quoted in le Strange, 1890, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Amin_Sheikho2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amin_Sheikho" title="Mohammad Amin Sheikho">Mohammad Amin Sheikho</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_TAEAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT42"><i>حقيقة تيمورلنك العظيم تظهر في القرن الواحد والعشرين- الجزء الثاني</i></a> (in Arabic). دار نور البشير. p. 43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923075043/https://books.google.com/books?id=_TAEAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT42">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D9%83+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85+%D8%AA%D8%B8%D9%87%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Mohammad+Amin+Sheikho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_TAEAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collelo1-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collelo1_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collelo1_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollelo1987" class="citation web cs1">Collelo, Thomas (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/syria/7.htm">"Syria – Ottoman Empire"</a>. <i>Syria: A Country Study</i>. GPO for the Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613222335/http://countrystudies.us/syria/7.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syria%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.atitle=Syria+%E2%80%93+Ottoman+Empire&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Collelo&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fsyria%2F7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talhami, 2001, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2010" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Stefan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511676413"><i>The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516-1788</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511676413">10.1017/CBO9780511676413</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511676413" title="Special:BookSources/9780511676413"><bdi>9780511676413</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923075035/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/shiites-of-lebanon-under-ottoman-rule-15161788/AE36D2DCD50C489E5AE95B4C55D99468">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shiites+of+Lebanon+under+Ottoman+Rule%2C+1516-1788&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511676413&rft.isbn=9780511676413&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511676413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span>pp. 48-51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2019" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Stefan (2019). "Alep et l'émirat du désert (çöl beyliği) au XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle". In Winter, Stefan; Ade, Mafalda (eds.). <i>Aleppo and its Hinterland in the Ottoman Period / Alep et sa province à l'époque ottomane</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37902-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37902-2"><bdi>978-90-04-37902-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alep+et+l%E2%80%99%C3%A9mirat+du+d%C3%A9sert+%28%C3%A7%C3%B6l+beyli%C4%9Fi%29+au+XVIIe-XVIIIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.btitle=Aleppo+and+its+Hinterland+in+the+Ottoman+Period+%2F+Alep+et+sa+province+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+ottomane&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-37902-2&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span> p. 101-102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, 1977, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Shukry_Khoury2014" class="citation book cs1">Philip Shukry Khoury (14 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tvP_AwAAQBAJ"><i>Syria and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920–1945</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400858392" title="Special:BookSources/9781400858392"><bdi>9781400858392</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923075049/https://books.google.com/books?id=tvP_AwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+and+the+French+Mandate%3A+The+Politics+of+Arab+Nationalism%2C+1920%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft.isbn=9781400858392&rft.au=Philip+Shukry+Khoury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtvP_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cleveland, 2000, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053653/http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/syria/syria121.html">"Military Training"</a>. <i>All Refer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/syria/syria121.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Refer&rft.atitle=Military+Training&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freference.allrefer.com%2Fcountry-guide-study%2Fsyria%2Fsyria121.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-commins-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-commins_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-commins_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-commins_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Commins, 2004, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisk, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-the-fearful-realities-keeping-the-assad-regime-in-power-7534769.html">The fearful realities keeping the Assad regime in power</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120615182323/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-the-fearful-realities-keeping-the-assad-regime-in-power-7534769.html">Archived</a> 15 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. pp.35–36. 4 March 2012. Retrieved on 4 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seale-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seale_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seale_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seale, 2007, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1076/re4.htm">Capital of the Revolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217230844/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1076/re4.htm">Archived</a> 17 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram_Weekly" title="Al-Ahram Weekly">Al-Ahram Weekly</a></i>. 15 December 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evac-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-evac_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35048404">"Syria conflict: Rebels leave Homs under truce – BBC News"</a>. 9 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920215436/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35048404">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+conflict%3A+Rebels+leave+Homs+under+truce+%E2%80%93+BBC+News&rft.date=2015-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-35048404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CityCouncel-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CityCouncel_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CityCouncel_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060518083543/http://www.homscitycouncil.org.sy/modules/0/3.php">"Overview"</a> (in Arabic). Homs City Council. 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview&rft.pub=Homs+City+Council&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homscitycouncil.org.sy%2Fmodules%2F0%2F3.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter1-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carter1_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter1_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, 2004, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-div-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-div_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-div_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-div_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-div_96-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051213015220/http://www.homscitycouncil.org.sy/modules/0/2.php">"A Map of the divisions of Homs City"</a> (in Arabic). Homs City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homscitycouncil.org.sy/modules/0/2.php">the original</a> on 13 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Map+of+the+divisions+of+Homs+City&rft.pub=Homs+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homscitycouncil.org.sy%2Fmodules%2F0%2F2.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, 2008, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150516002653/http://www.homsonline.com/EN/Citeis/Homs.htm">"Homs"</a>. HomsOnline. 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enabbaladi.net&rft.atitle=%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%85+%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81+%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7..+%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5+%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7+%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%86&rft.date=2016-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enabbaladi.net%2Farchives%2F62787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shatzmiller-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shatzmiller_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shatzmiller_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shatzmiller, 1994, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winckler-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winckler_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winckler_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winckler_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winckler, 1998, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Population Census Report (1981), <i>Central Bureau of Statistics</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PUN Demographic Yearbook (1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBS-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120731052244/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB04-1-2004.htm">General Census of Population and Housing 2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)">Syria Central Bureau of Statistics</a> (CBS). Homs Governorate. <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homs_RCP-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homs_RCP_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homs_RCP_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181228174906/https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/Homs%20RCP.pdf">"CITY PROFILE HOMS: Multi Sector Assessment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Agency_for_Development_and_Cooperation" title="Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation">SDC</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">UN–Habitat</a></i>. May 2014. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kayseri.bel.tr/web2/index.php?page=humus-suriye">the original</a> on 27 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Humus+Kayseri&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kayseri.bel.tr%2Fweb2%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dhumus-suriye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parsine.com/fa/news/62034/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5-%D9%88-%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF">"پیمان خواهرخواندگی بین شهرهای حمص و یزد"</a>. <i>parsine.com</i> (in Persian). Parsine. 28 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183706/https://www.parsine.com/fa/news/62034/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5-%D9%88-%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parsine.com&rft.atitle=%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C+%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5+%D9%88+%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF&rft.date=2012-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parsine.com%2Ffa%2Fnews%2F62034%2F%25D9%25BE%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25DA%25AF%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25D9%2586-%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C-%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5-%25D9%2588-%25DB%258C%25D8%25B2%25D8%25AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogarth1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_George_Hogarth" title="David George Hogarth">Hogarth, David George</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Homs"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Homs">"Homs" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). p. 648.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Homs&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=648&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hogarth&rft.aufirst=David+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2007" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C. Edmund (2007). "Homs". <i>Historic Cities of the Islamic World</i>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninklijke Brill">Koninklijke Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047423836" title="Special:BookSources/9789047423836"><bdi>9789047423836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Homs&rft.btitle=Historic+Cities+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789047423836&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomane2015" class="citation book cs1">Romane, Julian (2015). <i>Byzantium Triumphant</i>. Pen and Sword Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473845701" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473845701"><bdi>978-1473845701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+Triumphant&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1473845701&rft.aulast=Romane&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeyrig1952" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Seyrig" title="Henri Seyrig">Seyrig, Henri</a> (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502225852/https://www.persee.fr/doc/syria_0039-7946_1952_num_29_3_4788">"Antiquités Syriennes 53: Antiquités de la Nécropole d'Émèse (1<sup>re</sup> partie)"</a>. <i>Syria</i>. <b>XXIX</b> (3–4): 204–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fsyria.1952.4788">10.3406/syria.1952.4788</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4390311">4390311</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/syria_0039-7946_1952_num_29_3_4788">the original</a> on 2 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syria&rft.atitle=Antiquit%C3%A9s+Syriennes+53%3A+Antiquit%C3%A9s+de+la+N%C3%A9cropole+d%27%C3%89m%C3%A8se+%281%3Csup%3Ere%3C%2Fsup%3E+partie%29&rft.volume=XXIX&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=204-250&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fsyria.1952.4788&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4390311%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Seyrig&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fsyria_0039-7946_1952_num_29_3_4788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdulkarim" class="citation news cs1">Abdulkarim, Maamoun. "Les <i>centuriationes</i> dans la province romaine de Syrie".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Les+centuriationes+dans+la+province+romaine+de+Syrie&rft.aulast=Abdulkarim&rft.aufirst=Maamoun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertini1934" class="citation journal cs1">Albertini, Eugène (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4utAAAAAYAAJ">"A propos des <i>Numeri</i> syriens"</a>. <i>Revue Africaine</i>. <b>75</b>. Société historique algérienne. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/458398245">458398245</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923075558/https://books.google.com/books?id=4utAAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Africaine&rft.atitle=A+propos+des+Numeri+syriens&rft.volume=75&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F458398245&rft.aulast=Albertini&rft.aufirst=Eug%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4utAAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Dbiyat2013" class="citation book cs1">Al-Dbiyat, Mohamed (5 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R4UMCwAAQBAJ"><i>Homs et Hama en Syrie centrale</i></a>. Presses de l’Ifpo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782351594704" title="Special:BookSources/9782351594704"><bdi>9782351594704</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923075559/https://books.google.com/books?id=R4UMCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homs+et+Hama+en+Syrie+centrale&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%E2%80%99Ifpo&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft.isbn=9782351594704&rft.aulast=Al-Dbiyat&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR4UMCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2000" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Warwick (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q2XxXx5ZdsC&q=Emesa&pg=PA33"><i>Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-11376-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-11376-8"><bdi>0-415-11376-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923075559/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q2XxXx5ZdsC&q=Emesa&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+East%3A+The+Transformation+of+an+Empire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-11376-8&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Warwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Q2XxXx5ZdsC%26q%3DEmesa%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaylson1987" class="citation book cs1">Baylson, Joshua C. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lTS2AAAAIAAJ&q=Homs+Alawis"><i>Territorial Allocation by Imperial Rivalry: The Human Legacy in the Near East</i></a>. University of Chicago, Dept. of Geography. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89065-125-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89065-125-6"><bdi>0-89065-125-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923080044/https://books.google.com/books?id=lTS2AAAAIAAJ&q=Homs+Alawis">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Territorial+Allocation+by+Imperial+Rivalry%3A+The+Human+Legacy+in+the+Near+East&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago%2C+Dept.+of+Geography&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-89065-125-6&rft.aulast=Baylson&rft.aufirst=Joshua+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlTS2AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DHoms%2BAlawis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattiePepper2001" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, Andrew; Pepper, Timothy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9iCfkTe8v2EC"><i>The Rough Guide to Syria</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rough_Guides" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guides</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-718-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-718-9"><bdi>1-85828-718-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708000135/https://books.google.com/books?id=9iCfkTe8v2EC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Syria&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85828-718-9&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Pepper%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9iCfkTe8v2EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesant1881" class="citation book cs1">Besant, Walter (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-8MrAAAAYAAJ&q=Homs+population&pg=PA119"><i>The Survey of Western Palestine: Special Papers on Topography, Archaeology, Manners and Customs, Etc</i></a>. The Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923080046/https://books.google.com/books?id=-8MrAAAAYAAJ&q=Homs+population&pg=PA119">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survey+of+Western+Palestine%3A+Special+Papers+on+Topography%2C+Archaeology%2C+Manners+and+Customs%2C+Etc&rft.pub=The+Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Besant&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-8MrAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DHoms%2Bpopulation%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2014). <i>Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100292-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100292-2"><bdi>978-0-19-100292-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100292-2&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterDunstonHumphreys2004" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Terry; Dunston, Lara; Humphreys, Andrew (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781864503333"><i>Syria & Lebanon</i></a></span>. Lonely Planet. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781864503333/page/300">300</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86450-333-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86450-333-5"><bdi>1-86450-333-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+%26+Lebanon&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-86450-333-5&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Dunston%2C+Lara&rft.au=Humphreys%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781864503333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterDunstonThomas2008" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Terry; Dunston, Lara; Thomas, Amelia (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_R-I_Gx5OgQC&q=Karamah+Homs&pg=PA67"><i>Syria & Lebanon</i></a>. Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-609-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-609-0"><bdi>978-1-74104-609-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923080046/https://books.google.com/books?id=_R-I_Gx5OgQC&q=Karamah+Homs&pg=PA67">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+%26+Lebanon&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-609-0&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Dunston%2C+Lara&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_R-I_Gx5OgQC%26q%3DKaramah%2BHoms%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChad1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chad, Carlos (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E_0yAAAAMAAJ"><i>Les Dynastes d'Émèse</i></a> (in French). Dar el-Machreq. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923080535/https://books.google.com/books?id=E_0yAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Dynastes+d%27%C3%89m%C3%A8se&rft.pub=Dar+el-Machreq&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Chad&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE_0yAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleveland2000" class="citation book cs1">Cleveland, William L. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00clev"><i>A History of the Modern Middle East: 2nd Edition</i></a></span>. Westview Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00clev/page/215">215</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3489-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3489-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-3489-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+Middle+East%3A+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3489-9&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernm00clev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2004" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David Dean (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_EhACvcqVXkC&q=Homs+foods&pg=PA136"><i>Historical Dictionary of Syria: 2nd Edition</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4934-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-4934-8"><bdi>0-8108-4934-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923081036/https://books.google.com/books?id=_EhACvcqVXkC&q=Homs+foods&pg=PA136">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Syria%3A+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8108-4934-8&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_EhACvcqVXkC%26q%3DHoms%2Bfoods%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1907" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Thomas (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CooksHandbookForPalestineAndSyria"><i>Cook's Handbook for Palestine and Syria</i></a>. Thos. Cook & Son. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CooksHandbookForPalestineAndSyria/page/n384">362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cook%27s+Handbook+for+Palestine+and+Syria&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=Thos.+Cook+%26+Son&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCooksHandbookForPalestineAndSyria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumperStanleyAbu-Lughod2007" class="citation book cs1">Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E.; Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=First+crusade+emesa&pg=PA172"><i>Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-919-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923081049/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=First+crusade+emesa&pg=PA172">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-919-5&rft.aulast=Dumper&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Bruce+E.&rft.au=Abu-Lughod%2C+Janet+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SapTk5iGDkC%26q%3DFirst%2Bcrusade%2Bemesa%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwell2008" class="citation book cs1">Edwell, Peter (2008). <i>Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-09573-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-09573-5"><bdi>978-1-134-09573-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Rome+and+Persia%3A+The+Middle+Euphrates%2C+Mesopotamia+and+Palmyra+Under+Roman+Control&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-09573-5&rft.aulast=Edwell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahlbuschBromiley2008" class="citation book cs1">Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC&q=Latakia+2005+population&pg=PA279"><i>The Encyclopedia of Christianity: Volume 5: Si-Z</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2417-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2417-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923081037/https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC&q=Latakia+2005+population&pg=PA279">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity%3A+Volume+5%3A+Si-Z&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2417-2&rft.aulast=Fahlbusch&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft.au=Bromiley%2C+Geoffrey+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlZUBZlth2qgC%26q%3DLatakia%2B2005%2Bpopulation%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGil1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Gil" title="Moshe Gil">Gil, Moshe</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC&q=Ijnadayn+Lajjun&pg=PA42"><i>A History of Palestine, 634–1099</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59984-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59984-9"><bdi>978-0-521-59984-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923081538/https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC&q=Ijnadayn+Lajjun&pg=PA42">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Palestine%2C+634%E2%80%931099&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59984-9&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM0wUKoMJeccC%26q%3DIjnadayn%2BLajjun%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2000" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Bernard (2000). <i>The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64187-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64187-6"><bdi>978-0-521-64187-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leper+King+and+His+Heirs%3A+Baldwin+IV+and+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64187-6&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealy1993" class="citation book cs1">Healy, Mark (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2GlVcfVebeUC"><i>Qadesh 1300 B.C, Clash of the Warrior Kings</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-300-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-300-1"><bdi>1-85532-300-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qadesh+1300+B.C%2C+Clash+of+the+Warrior+Kings&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85532-300-1&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2GlVcfVebeUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation book cs1">Herbermann, Charles George (1913). <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church</i>. Universal Knowledge Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+An+International+Work+of+Reference+on+the+Constitution%2C+Doctrine%2C+Discipline%2C+and+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Universal+Knowledge+Foundation&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Herbermann&rft.aufirst=Charles+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2007" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatarabconques00kenn_0"><i>The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live in</i></a></span>. Da Capo Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatarabconques00kenn_0/page/86">86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81585-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81585-0"><bdi>978-0-306-81585-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Arab+Conquests%3A+How+the+Spread+of+Islam+Changed+the+World+We+Live+in&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81585-0&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatarabconques00kenn_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2017" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Kevin James (2017). <i>The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-5890-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-5890-2"><bdi>978-1-4724-5890-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Counts+of+Tripoli+and+Lebanon+in+the+Twelfth+Century%3A+Sons+of+Saint-Gilles&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-5890-2&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Kevin+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLock2006" class="citation book cs1">Lock, Peter (2006). <i>The Routledge Companion to the Crusades</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-78-0-415-39312-6" title="Special:BookSources/9-78-0-415-39312-6"><bdi>9-78-0-415-39312-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+the+Crusades&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9-78-0-415-39312-6&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannheim2001" class="citation book cs1">Mannheim, Ivan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOJ80DlXwwMC&q=nouri+mosque+homs&pg=PA205"><i>Syria & Lebanon Handbook: The Travel Guide</i></a>. Footprint Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900949-90-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-900949-90-3"><bdi>1-900949-90-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923081539/https://books.google.com/books?id=GOJ80DlXwwMC&q=nouri+mosque+homs&pg=PA205">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+%26+Lebanon+Handbook%3A+The+Travel+Guide&rft.pub=Footprint+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-900949-90-3&rft.aulast=Mannheim&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOJ80DlXwwMC%26q%3Dnouri%2Bmosque%2Bhoms%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Millar" title="Fergus Millar">Millar, Fergus</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanneareast31b0000mill"><i>The Roman Near East</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674778863" title="Special:BookSources/9780674778863"><bdi>9780674778863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Near+East&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780674778863&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromanneareast31b0000mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoom2006" class="citation book cs1">Room, Adrian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&q=Homs+Syria+etymology&pg=PA167"><i>Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2248-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2248-3"><bdi>0-7864-2248-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923081539/https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&q=Homs+Syria+etymology&pg=PA167">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Placenames+of+the+World%3A+Origins+and+Meanings+of+the+Names+for+6%2C600+Countries%2C+Cities%2C+Territories%2C+Natural+Features%2C+and+Historic+Sites&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7864-2248-3&rft.aulast=Room&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1JIPAN-eJ4C%26q%3DHoms%2BSyria%2Betymology%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSartre2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sartre" title="Maurice Sartre">Sartre, Maurice</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5zBrssLDTQC"><i>D'Alexandre à Zénobie : Histoire du Levant antique</i></a> (in French). Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782213640693" title="Special:BookSources/9782213640693"><bdi>9782213640693</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923082039/https://books.google.com/books?id=N5zBrssLDTQC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%27Alexandre+%C3%A0+Z%C3%A9nobie+%3A+Histoire+du+Levant+antique&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9782213640693&rft.aulast=Sartre&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5zBrssLDTQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSealeMcConville1990" class="citation book cs1">Seale, Patrick; McConville, Maureen (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal"><i>Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06976-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06976-5"><bdi>0-520-06976-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asad+of+Syria%3A+The+Struggle+for+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-520-06976-5&rft.aulast=Seale&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=McConville%2C+Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasadofsyriastrug00seal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Henri_Seyrig" class="citation news cs1">Seyrig, Henri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/syria_0039-7946_1959_num_36_3_5394">"Caractères de l'histoire d'Émèse"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709234721/http://www.persee.fr/doc/syria_0039-7946_1959_num_36_3_5394">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Caract%C3%A8res+de+l%27histoire+d%27%C3%89m%C3%A8se&rft.aulast=Seyrig&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fsyria_0039-7946_1959_num_36_3_5394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShatzmiller1994" class="citation book cs1">Shatzmiller, Maya (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bzo0Skd1kcYC&q=Population+of+Egypt+Ayyubid&pg=PA65"><i>Labour in the medieval Islamic world</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09896-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09896-8"><bdi>90-04-09896-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923082043/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bzo0Skd1kcYC&q=Population+of+Egypt+Ayyubid&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labour+in+the+medieval+Islamic+world&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=90-04-09896-8&rft.aulast=Shatzmiller&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBzo0Skd1kcYC%26q%3DPopulation%2Bof%2BEgypt%2BAyyubid%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1977" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1DQooVS_oYC"><i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29166-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29166-6"><bdi>0-521-29166-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923082040/https://books.google.com/books?id=M1DQooVS_oYC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-521-29166-6&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ezel+Kural&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1DQooVS_oYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabon1819" class="citation book cs1">Strabon (1819). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wb50r4zelw4C"><i>Géographie</i></a>. Vol. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923082040/https://books.google.com/books?id=wb50r4zelw4C">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9ographie&rft.date=1819&rft.au=Strabon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwb50r4zelw4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFle_Strange1890" class="citation book cs1">le Strange, Guy (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ENANAAAAIAAJ"><i>Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500</i></a>. Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ENANAAAAIAAJ/page/n542">493</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-404-56288-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-404-56288-5"><bdi>978-0-404-56288-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Under+the+Moslems%3A+A+Description+of+Syria+and+the+Holy+Land+from+A.D.+650+to+1500&rft.pages=493&rft.pub=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1890&rft.isbn=978-0-404-56288-5&rft.aulast=le+Strange&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_ENANAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalhami2001" class="citation book cs1">Talhami, Ghada Hashem (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PqmlHwnSdNQC"><i>Syria and the Palestinians</i></a>. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-3121-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-3121-4"><bdi>0-8130-3121-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923082041/https://books.google.com/books?id=PqmlHwnSdNQC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+and+the+Palestinians&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8130-3121-4&rft.aulast=Talhami&rft.aufirst=Ghada+Hashem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPqmlHwnSdNQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2003" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Clifford A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x3t2IJeFIh8C&q=Homs+foods&pg=PA182"><i>Little Foods of the Mediterranean: 500 Fabulous Recipes for Antipasti, Tapas, Hors d'œuvre, Meze, and More</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Common_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Harvard Common Press">The Harvard Common Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55832-227-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55832-227-2"><bdi>1-55832-227-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923082541/https://books.google.com/books?id=x3t2IJeFIh8C&q=Homs+foods&pg=PA182">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+Foods+of+the+Mediterranean%3A+500+Fabulous+Recipes+for+Antipasti%2C+Tapas%2C+Hors+d%27%C5%93uvre%2C+Meze%2C+and+More&rft.pub=The+Harvard+Common+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-55832-227-2&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Clifford+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx3t2IJeFIh8C%26q%3DHoms%2Bfoods%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinckler1998" class="citation book cs1">Winckler, Onn (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ki6yXV0qxw4C&q=Hama+Syria&pg=PA71"><i>Demographic developments and population policies in Baʻathist Syria</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Academic_Press" title="Sussex Academic Press">Sussex Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-16-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-16-2"><bdi>978-1-902210-16-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923082542/https://books.google.com/books?id=ki6yXV0qxw4C&q=Hama+Syria&pg=PA71">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demographic+developments+and+population+policies+in+Ba%CA%BBathist+Syria&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-902210-16-2&rft.aulast=Winckler&rft.aufirst=Onn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dki6yXV0qxw4C%26q%3DHama%2BSyria%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoms" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homs&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Homs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Homs">Homs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Homs#Q131301" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Homs">Homs</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esyria.sy/ehoms/">eHoms</a> – official website for Homs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homsonline.com">Homs Online</a> – brief information about the city of Homs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081118193706/http://www.emesanet.com/">Emesa-net</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssnphoms.com">Executive Branch of Homs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170613122835/http://www.ssnphoms.com/">Archived</a> 13 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/drone-footage-reveals-devastation-of-homs-in-syria-as-europes-stance-towards-refugees-hardens-a6849311.html">Drone footage revealing devastation of Homs</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>, 2 February 2016</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria_Cities_and_towns_of_Syria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_of_Syria" title="Template:Cities of Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_of_Syria" title="Template talk:Cities of Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities of Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria_Cities_and_towns_of_Syria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">Cities and towns of Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorate</a> centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra" title="Quneitra">Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Rif Dimashq">Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwayda" title="Suwayda">Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Districts of Syria"><img alt="Districts of Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/100px-Syria_districts.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/150px-Syria_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/200px-Syria_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="866" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">District</a> centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kamal" title="Abu Kamal">Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariha,_Idlib" title="Ariha, Idlib">Ariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarib" title="Atarib">Atarib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Arab">Ayn al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darayya" title="Darayya">Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Hafir" title="Dayr Hafir">Dayr Hafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma,_Syria" title="Douma, Syria">Douma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duraykish" title="Duraykish">Duraykish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiq,_Syria" title="Fiq, Syria">Fiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haffah" title="Al-Haffah">al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem,_Syria" title="Harem, Syria">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izra" title="Izra">Izra'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jableh" title="Jableh">Jableh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jisr_ash-Shughur" title="Jisr ash-Shughur">Jisr ash-Shughur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarat_al-Numaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarat al-Numaan">Maarat al-Numaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah" title="Al-Malikiyah">al-Malikiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyaf" title="Masyaf">Masyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayadin" title="Mayadin">Mayadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhardeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mhardeh">Mhardeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mukharram" title="Al-Mukharram">al-Mukharram al-Foqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-Nabk" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nabk">an-Nabk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qardaha" title="Qardaha">Qardaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatana" title="Qatana">Qatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudsaya" title="Qudsaya">Qudsaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr,_Syria" title="Al-Qusayr, Syria">al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qutayfah" title="Al-Qutayfah">al-Qutayfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn,_al-Hasakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras al-Ayn, al-Hasakah">Ra's al-'Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rastan" title="Al-Rastan">al-Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Safira" title="As-Safira">as-Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamiyah" title="Salamiyah">Salamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salkhad" title="Salkhad">Salkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanamayn" title="Al-Sanamayn">al-Sanamayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Shahba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash-Shaykh_Badr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash-Shaykh Badr">ash-Shaykh Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suqaylabiyah" title="Al-Suqaylabiyah">al-Suqaylabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkalakh" title="Talkalakh">Talkalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tall_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tall (Syria)">al-Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Thawrah" title="Al-Thawrah">al-Thawrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabroud" title="Yabroud">Yabroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabadani">Zabadani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">Sub-district</a> centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qilqil" title="Abu Qilqil">Abu Qilqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Thuhur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Thuhur">Abu al-Thuhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtarin" title="Akhtarin">Akhtarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amuda" title="Amuda">Amuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbeen">Arbeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arima,_Syria" title="Arima, Syria">Arima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ariqah" title="Al-Ariqah">al-Ariqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Arishah" title="Al-Arishah">al-Arishah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanaz" title="Armanaz">Armanaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Asharah" title="Al-Asharah">al-Asharah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assal_al-Ward" title="Assal al-Ward">Assal al-Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awj" title="Awj">Awj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Fijah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Fijah">Ayn al-Fijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Halaqim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn Halaqim">Ayn Halaqim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Nasr">Ayn al-Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babbila" title="Babbila">Babbila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banan,_Syria" title="Banan, Syria">Banan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri_Sharqi" title="Barri Sharqi">Barri Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn" title="Beit Jinn">Beit Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binnish" title="Binnish">Binnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_al-Helou" title="Bir al-Helou">Bir al-Helou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbul,_Syria" title="Bulbul, Syria">Bulbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busayrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Busayrah">Busayrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27el" title="Da'el">Da'el</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dana,_Syria" title="Al-Dana, Syria">al-Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darat_Izza" title="Darat Izza">Darat Izza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkush" title="Darkush">Darkush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Darbasiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Darbasiyah">al-Darbasiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Atiyah" title="Deir Atiyah">Deir Atiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dimas" title="Al-Dimas">al-Dimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dumayr" title="Al-Dumayr">al-Dumayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furqlus" title="Furqlus">Furqlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghabaghib" title="Ghabaghib">Ghabaghib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghandoura" title="Ghandoura">Ghandoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghariyah" title="Al-Ghariyah">al-Ghariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghizlaniyah" title="Al-Ghizlaniyah">al-Ghizlaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hader,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hader, Syria">al-Hader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadidah" title="Hadidah">Hadidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajar_al-Aswad" title="Al-Hajar al-Aswad">al-Hajar al-Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajib" title="Al-Hajib">al-Hajib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajin" title="Hajin">Hajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamidiyah" title="Al-Hamidiyah">al-Hamidiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamraa" title="Al-Hamraa">al-Hamraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harasta" title="Harasta">Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbnafsah" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbnafsah">Harbnafsah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harran_al-Awamid" title="Harran al-Awamid">Harran al-Awamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hirak,_Syria" title="Al-Hirak, Syria">al-Hirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hish,_Syria" title="Hish, Syria">Hish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisyah" title="Hisyah">Hisyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hawl" title="Al-Hawl">al-Hawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huraytan" class="mw-redirect" title="Huraytan">Huraytan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Huwash" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Huwash">al-Huwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibbin_Samaan" title="Ibbin Samaan">Ibbin Samaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsim" title="Ihsim">Ihsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayrud" title="Jayrud">Jayrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jalaa" title="Al-Jalaa">al-Jalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Janudiyah" title="Al-Janudiyah">al-Janudiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaramana" title="Jaramana">Jaramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jarniyah" title="Al-Jarniyah">al-Jarniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasim" title="Jasim">Jasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawadiyah" title="Al-Jawadiyah">al-Jawadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_al-Jarrah" title="Jubb al-Jarrah">Jubb al-Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_Ramlah" title="Jubb Ramlah">Jubb Ramlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindires" title="Jindires">Jindires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jiza,_Syria" title="Al-Jiza, Syria">al-Jiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qabu,_Syria" title="Al-Qabu, Syria">al-Qabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Batna" title="Kafr Batna">Kafr Batna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Nabl" title="Kafr Nabl">Kafr Nabl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Takharim" title="Kafr Takharim">Kafr Takharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Zita" title="Kafr Zita">Kafr Zita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Karamah,_Raqqa_Governorate" title="Al-Karamah, Raqqa Governorate">al-Karamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kasrah" title="Al-Kasrah">al-Kasrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kessab" title="Kessab">Kessab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khafsah" title="Al-Khafsah">al-Khafsah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun" title="Khan Shaykhun">Khan Shaykhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasham" title="Khasham">Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirnaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirnaz">Kirnaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwayris_Sharqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwayris Sharqi">Kuwayris Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanasir" title="Khanasir">Khanaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Ghazaleh" title="Khirbet Ghazaleh">Khirbet Ghazaleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_al-Tin_Mahmoud" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud">Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kiswah" title="Al-Kiswah">al-Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27arrat_Misrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arrat Misrin">Ma'arrat Misrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maabatli" title="Maabatli">Maabatli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maadan">Maadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaloula" title="Maaloula">Maaloula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madaya,_Syria" title="Madaya, Syria">Madaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahin,_Syria" title="Mahin, Syria">Mahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Malah" title="Tell Malah">Malah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malihah" title="Al-Malihah">al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansurah,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansurah, Syria">al-Mansurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare%27" title="Mare'">Mare'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markada" title="Markada">Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashta_al-Helu" title="Mashta al-Helu">Mashta al-Helu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah" title="Maskanah">Maskanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masmiyah" title="Al-Masmiyah">al-Masmiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mazraa,_Syria" title="Al-Mazraa, Syria">al-Mazraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhambal" title="Muhambal">Muhambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhasan">Muhasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musayfirah" title="Al-Musayfirah">al-Musayfirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mushannaf" title="Al-Mushannaf">al-Mushannaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzayrib" title="Muzayrib">Muzayrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nashabiyah" title="Al-Nashabiyah">al-Nashabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasirah,_Syria" title="Al-Nasirah, Syria">al-Nasirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawa,_Syria" title="Nawa, Syria">Nawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubl">Nubl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadmus" title="Al-Qadmus">al-Qadmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qahtaniyah,_Al-Hasakah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qahtaniyah, Al-Hasakah Governorate">al-Qahtaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_al-Madiq" title="Qalaat al-Madiq">Qalaat al-Madiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarah,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarah, Syria">Qarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaryatayn" title="Al-Qaryatayn">al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qurayya" title="Al-Qurayya">al-Qurayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurqania" title="Qurqania">Qurqania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajo,_Syria" title="Rajo, Syria">Rajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rankus">Rankus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Harmil_al-Imam" title="Rasm Harmil al-Imam">Rasm Harmil al-Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rai,_Syria" title="Al-Rai, Syria">al-Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Riqama" title="Al-Riqama">al-Riqama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ruhaybah" title="Al-Ruhaybah">al-Ruhaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saan" title="Al-Saan">al-Saan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saasaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saasaa">Saasaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabburah" title="Sabburah">Sabburah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabe%27_Biyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sabe' Biyar">al-Sabe' Biyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabkhah" title="Al-Sabkhah">al-Sabkhah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadad,_Syria" title="Sadad, Syria">Sadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahnaya" title="Sahnaya">Sahnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidnaya" title="Saidnaya">Saidnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salqin" title="Salqin">Salqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraqib" title="Saraqib">Saraqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmin" title="Sarmin">Sarmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarrin" title="Sarrin">Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawran, Syria">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebei,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebei, Syria">Sebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadah" title="Al-Shaddadah">al-Shaddadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shajara,_Syria" title="Al-Shajara, Syria">al-Shajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqqa" title="Shaqqa">Shaqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharran" title="Sharran">Sharran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shathah" title="Shathah">Shathah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Hadid" title="Shaykh al-Hadid">Shaykh al-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Maskin" title="Al-Shaykh Maskin">al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayukh_Tahtani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayukh Tahtani">Shayukh Tahtani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin,_Syria" title="Shin, Syria">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar,_Idlib" title="Sinjar, Idlib">Sinjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirghaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirghaya">Sirghaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slinfah" title="Slinfah">Slinfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suluk,_Syria" title="Suluk, Syria">Suluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Surah_al-Saghirah" title="Al-Surah al-Saghirah">al-Surah al-Saghirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suwar" title="Al-Suwar">al-Suwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suran,_Hama_Governorate" title="Suran, Hama Governorate">Suran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Susah" title="Al-Susah">al-Susah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sukhnah,_Syria" title="Al-Sukhnah, Syria">al-Sukhnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabni" title="Al-Tabni">al-Tabni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh" title="Talbiseh">Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taldou" title="Taldou">Taldou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tamanah" title="Al-Tamanah">al-Tamanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasil" title="Tasil">Tasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-Daman" title="Tell al-Daman">Tell al-Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hamis" title="Tell Hamis">Tell Hamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rifaat" title="Tell Rifaat">Tell Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Salhab" title="Tell Salhab">Tell Salhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer" title="Tell Tamer">Tell Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedef" class="mw-redirect" title="Tedef">Tedef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiban" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiban">Thiban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uqayribat" title="Uqayribat">Uqayribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_al-Kubra" title="Urum al-Kubra">Urum al-Kubra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Oyun" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi al-Oyun">Wadi al-Oyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yaarubiyah" title="Al-Yaarubiyah">al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zirbah" title="Al-Zirbah">al-Zirbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az-Ziyarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Ziyarah">az-Ziyarah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria_Homs_Governorate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Homs_Governorate" title="Template:Homs Governorate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Homs_Governorate" title="Template talk:Homs Governorate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Homs_Governorate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Homs Governorate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria_Homs_Governorate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Homs Governorate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Homs_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Homs_District" title="Homs District">Homs District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Homs<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homs</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abil" title="Abil">Abil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dali,_Homs" title="Abu Dali, Homs">Abu Dali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashrafiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashrafiyah (page does not exist)">Ashrafiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dar_al-Kabirah" title="Al-Dar al-Kabirah">al-Dar al-Kabirah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fahilah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fahilah (page does not exist)">Fahilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairouzeh" title="Fairouzeh">Fairouzeh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubub_al-Rih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubub al-Rih (page does not exist)">Hubub al-Rih</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halmuz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halmuz (page does not exist)">Halmuz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hurriyah,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hurriyah, Homs (page does not exist)">al-Hurriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawalik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jawalik (page does not exist)">Jawalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawbar,_Homs" title="Jawbar, Homs">Jawbar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaydat_al-Assi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judaydat al-Assi (page does not exist)">Judaydat al-Assi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaydat_al-Sharqiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judaydat al-Sharqiyah (page does not exist)">Judaydat al-Sharqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafr_Abed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafr Abed (page does not exist)">Kafr Abed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Aya" title="Kafr Aya">Kafr Aya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah,_Homs_Governorate" title="Maskanah, Homs Governorate">Maskanah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarakiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mubarakiyah (page does not exist)">al-Mubarakiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mukhtariyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mukhtariyah (page does not exist)">al-Mukhtariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Najmah,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Najmah, Syria (page does not exist)">al-Najmah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Naqirah" title="Al-Naqirah">al-Naqirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qattinah" title="Qattinah">Qattinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rayyan,_Syria" title="Al-Rayyan, Syria">al-Rayyan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Riyadh,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Riyadh, Syria (page does not exist)">al-Riyadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakrah" title="Sakrah">Sakrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teir_Maalah" title="Teir Maalah">Teir Maalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ahmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tell Ahmar">Tell Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_al-Naqa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell al-Naqa (page does not exist)">Tell al-Naqa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_al-Shur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell al-Shur (page does not exist)">Tell al-Shur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Zubaydah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Zubaydah (page does not exist)">Tell Zubaydah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Thabitiyah" title="Al-Thabitiyah">al-Thabitiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaidal" title="Zaidal">Zaidal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhuriyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhuriyah (page does not exist)">Zhuriyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Ayn al-Niser<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Niser" title="Ayn al-Niser">Ayn al-Niser</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_al-Dananir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayn al-Dananir (page does not exist)">Ayn al-Dananir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Husayn_Gharbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayn Husayn Gharbi (page does not exist)">Ayn Husayn Gharbi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Husayn_Shamali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayn Husayn Shamali (page does not exist)">Ayn Husayn Shamali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baddu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baddu (page does not exist)">Baddu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burzah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burzah (page does not exist)">Burzah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humaydiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humaydiyah (page does not exist)">Humaydiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jabiriyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jabiriyah (page does not exist)">al-Jabiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mushrifah" title="Al-Mushrifah">al-Mushrifah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamri" title="Talamri">Talamri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waridah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waridah (page does not exist)">Waridah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Furqlus<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Furqlus" title="Furqlus">Furqlus</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatim_al-Arnouk" title="Fatim al-Arnouk">Fatim al-Arnouk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hazzah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hazzah (page does not exist)">al-Hazzah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulayah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hulayah (page does not exist)">Hulayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabab_Hamad" title="Jabab Hamad">Jabab Hamad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_al-Shami" title="Jubb al-Shami">Jubb al-Shami</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Nasriyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Nasriyah (page does not exist)">al-Nasriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sabuniyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Sabuniyah (page does not exist)">al-Sabuniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid,_Syria" title="Al-Sayyid, Syria">al-Sayyid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Hisyah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hisyah" title="Hisyah">Hisyah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureij,_Homs" title="Bureij, Homs">Bureij</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dibeh (page does not exist)">Dibeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandar,_Syria" title="Jandar, Syria">Jandar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Kashaf,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Kashaf, Syria (page does not exist)">al-Kashaf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ma%27murah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Ma'murah (page does not exist)">al-Ma'murah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsin" title="Shamsin">Shamsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Khirbet Tin Nur<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Tin_Nur" title="Khirbet Tin Nur">Khirbet Tin Nur</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aysun,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aysun, Syria (page does not exist)">Aysun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balqasah" title="Balqasah">Balqasah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataysah" title="Bataysah">Bataysah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Dahiyah_al-Umaliyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Dahiyah al-Umaliyah (page does not exist)">al-Dahiyah al-Umaliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Faysiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Faysiyah (page does not exist)">al-Faysiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghuzaylah" title="Ghuzaylah">Ghuzaylah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Ghazi" title="Khirbet Ghazi">Khirbet Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_al-Hamam" title="Khirbet al-Hamam">Khirbet al-Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Hayek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khirbet Hayek (page does not exist)">Khirbet Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_al-Sawda,_Homs" title="Khirbet al-Sawda, Homs">Khirbet al-Sawda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Tin_Mahmoud" title="Khirbet Tin Mahmoud">Khirbet Tin Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunaysah" title="Kunaysah">Kunaysah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liftaya" title="Liftaya">Liftaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marj_Bulad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marj Bulad (page does not exist)">Marj Bulad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marj_al-Qata" title="Marj al-Qata">Marj al-Qata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashahdah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mashahdah (page does not exist)">Mashahdah</a> (Khirbet Sawda)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mazraa,_Homs" title="Al-Mazraa, Homs">al-Mazraa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nur,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nur, Syria (page does not exist)">Nur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuwayha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuwayha (page does not exist)">Nuwayha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazhal" title="Qazhal">Qazhal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qebbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qebbi (page does not exist)">Qebbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rabwah,_Homs" title="Al-Rabwah, Homs">al-Rabwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_al-Anz" title="Ram al-Anz">Ram al-Anz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Jabal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ram Jabal (page does not exist)">Ram Jabal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sannun,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sannun, Syria (page does not exist)">Sannun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalluh" title="Shalluh">Shalluh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarin,_Syria" title="Tarin, Syria">Tarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannunah" title="Tannunah">Tannunah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-%27Adam" title="Umm al-'Adam">Umm al-'Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Qasab" title="Umm al-Qasab">Umm al-Qasab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umm_Haratayn,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umm Haratayn, Homs (page does not exist)">Umm Haratayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wujuh_al-Hajar" title="Wujuh al-Hajar">Wujuh al-Hajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zurzuriyah" title="Al-Zurzuriyah">al-Zurzuriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zayti_al-Bahra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zayti al-Bahra (page does not exist)">Zayti al-Bahra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zawr_Baqraya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zawr Baqraya (page does not exist)">Zawr Baqraya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Mahin<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mahin,_Syria" title="Mahin, Syria">Mahin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ghunthir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Ghunthir (page does not exist)">al-Ghunthir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huwwarin" title="Huwwarin">Huwwarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Qabu<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Qabu,_Syria" title="Al-Qabu, Syria">Al-Qabu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autan" title="Autan">Autan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahil" title="Fahil">Fahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qanaqiyah" title="Al-Qanaqiyah">al-Qanaqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabah,_Syria" title="Rabah, Syria">Rabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharqliyya" title="Sharqliyya">Sharqliyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shinyah" title="Al-Shinyah">al-Shinyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Qaryatayn<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaryatayn" title="Al-Qaryatayn">Al-Qaryatayn</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiyas" title="Tiyas">Tiyas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Riqama<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Riqama" title="Al-Riqama">Al-Riqama</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyat,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyat, Syria">Alyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awar" title="Awar">Awar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Aziziyah,_Riqama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aziziyah, Riqama (page does not exist)">al-Aziziyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardaghan" title="Dardaghan">Dardaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamrat" title="Al-Hamrat">al-Hamrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabab_al-Zayt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabab al-Zayt (page does not exist)">Jabab al-Zayt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Madaba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Madaba (page does not exist)">al-Madaba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Manzul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Manzul (page does not exist)">al-Manzul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Nuzhah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Nuzhah (page does not exist)">al-Nuzhah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Rawdah,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Rawdah, Syria (page does not exist)">al-Rawdah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat" title="Shayrat">Shayrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Sadad<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sadad,_Syria" title="Sadad, Syria">Sadad</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hafar,_Syria" title="Al-Hafar, Syria">al-Hafar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Shin<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shin,_Syria" title="Shin, Syria">Shin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Al-Fawwar" title="Ayn Al-Fawwar">Ayn Al-Fawwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahhur" title="Bahhur">Bahhur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Diyabiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Diyabiyah (page does not exist)">al-Diyabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadiyah" title="Hadiyah">Hadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasur,_Syria" title="Hasur, Syria">Hasur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jabbat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jabbat (page does not exist)">al-Jabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jablaya" title="Jablaya">Jablaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juwaykat" class="mw-redirect" title="Juwaykat">Juwaykat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahfurah" title="Al-Mahfurah">al-Mahfurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muranah" title="Muranah">Muranah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muta%27arid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muta'arid (page does not exist)">Muta'arid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufr" title="Sufr">Sufr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwayri" title="Suwayri">Suwayri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyun_al-Wadi" title="Uyun al-Wadi">Uyun al-Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaafarinah_Gharbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaafarinah Gharbi (page does not exist)">Zaafarinah Gharbi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Taldou<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Taldou" title="Taldou">Taldou</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karad_Dayasinah" title="Karad Dayasinah">Karad Dayasinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqaya" title="Arqaya">Arqaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burj_Qa%27i" title="Burj Qa'i">Burj Qa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghawr_Gharbiyah" title="Ghawr Gharbiyah">Ghawr Gharbiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadatha,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadatha, Syria (page does not exist)">Hadatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harqal" title="Harqal">Harqal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hashmah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hashmah (page does not exist)">al-Hashmah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haysah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haysah (page does not exist)">Haysah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Humaymah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Humaymah (page does not exist)">al-Humaymah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurnaya" title="Jurnaya">Jurnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Laha" title="Kafr Laha">Kafr Laha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Ram" title="Kafr Ram">Kafr Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahnaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahnaya (page does not exist)">Mahnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryamin,_Homs" title="Maryamin, Homs">Maryamin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mujaydil,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mujaydil, Homs (page does not exist)">Mujaydil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafin (page does not exist)">Rafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samalil" title="Samalil">Samalil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinsil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinsil (page does not exist)">Sinsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Dahab" title="Tell Dahab">Tell Dahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Taybah_al-Gharbiyah" title="Al-Taybah al-Gharbiyah">al-Taybah al-Gharbiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaybaq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaybaq (page does not exist)">Zaybaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Humus_Valili%C4%9Fi.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Homs Governorate within Syria"><img alt="Homs Governorate within Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Humus_Valili%C4%9Fi.PNG/90px-Humus_Valili%C4%9Fi.PNG" decoding="async" width="90" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Humus_Valili%C4%9Fi.PNG/135px-Humus_Valili%C4%9Fi.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Humus_Valili%C4%9Fi.PNG/180px-Humus_Valili%C4%9Fi.PNG 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="594" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Homs_blank_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Homs Governorate"><img alt="Homs Governorate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Homs_blank_districts.png/90px-Homs_blank_districts.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Homs_blank_districts.png/135px-Homs_blank_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Homs_blank_districts.png/180px-Homs_blank_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="413" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Mukharram_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mukharram_District" title="Al-Mukharram District">Mukharram District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Mukharram<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Mukharram" title="Al-Mukharram">Al-Mukharram al-Fawqani</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hakfah_al-Janubi" title="Abu Hakfah al-Janubi">Abu Hakfah al-Janubi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hakfah_al-Shamali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hakfah al-Shamali (page does not exist)">Abu Hakfah al-Shamali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Khashabah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Khashabah (page does not exist)">Abu Khashabah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bab_al-Hawa,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bab al-Hawa, Homs (page does not exist)">Bab al-Hawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Batamah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Batamah (page does not exist)">al-Batamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buwaydat_Rihaniyah" title="Buwaydat Rihaniyah">Buwaydat Rihaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buwaydat_Salamiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buwaydat Salamiyah (page does not exist)">Buwaydat Salamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haraki" title="Al-Haraki">al-Haraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_Abbas" title="Jubb Abbas">Jubb Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Junaynat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Junaynat (page does not exist)">al-Junaynat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilfah" title="Khilfah">Khilfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mukharram_al-Tahtani" title="Al-Mukharram al-Tahtani">al-Mukharram al-Tahtani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nawa,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nawa, Homs (page does not exist)">Nawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sankari" title="Al-Sankari">al-Sankari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shawkatliyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shawkatliyah (page does not exist)">Shawkatliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_al-Ghar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell al-Ghar (page does not exist)">Tell al-Ghar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Shinan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Shinan (page does not exist)">Tell Shinan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_al-Ward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell al-Ward (page does not exist)">Tell al-Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Al-Mukharram" title="Umm al-Amad, Al-Mukharram">Umm al-Amad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jabab" title="Umm Jabab">Umm Jabab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umm_al-Sarj_al-Qibli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umm al-Sarj al-Qibli (page does not exist)">Umm al-Sarj al-Qibli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umm_al-Sarj_al-Shamali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umm al-Sarj al-Shamali (page does not exist)">Umm al-Sarj al-Shamali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umm_Tuwaynah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umm Tuwaynah (page does not exist)">Umm Tuwaynah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Uthmaniyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Uthmaniyah (page does not exist)">al-Uthmaniyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px">Jubb al-Jarrah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jubb_al-Jarrah" title="Jubb al-Jarrah">Jubb al-Jarrah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Qatur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Qatur (page does not exist)">Abu Qatur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliyat_al-Alyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aliyat al-Alyan (page does not exist)">Aliyat al-Alyan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duwayr_al-Gharbiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duwayr al-Gharbiyah (page does not exist)">Duwayr al-Gharbiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duwayr_al-Sharqiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duwayr al-Sharqiyah (page does not exist)">Duwayr al-Sharqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghuzayliyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghuzayliyah (page does not exist)">Ghuzayliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksar_al-Hisan" title="Maksar al-Hisan">Maksar al-Hisan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masaadah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masaadah (page does not exist)">Masaadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masudiyah" title="Masudiyah">Masudiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughayzil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mughayzil (page does not exist)">Mughayzil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muntar_al-Abal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muntar al-Abal (page does not exist)">Muntar al-Abal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mushayrifah_al-Qibliyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mushayrifah al-Qibliyah (page does not exist)">Mushayrifah al-Qibliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasm_Humaydah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasm Humaydah (page does not exist)">Rasm Humaydah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiha,_Homs_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiha, Homs Governorate (page does not exist)">Shiha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taladi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taladi (page does not exist)">Taladi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tall_al-Qata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tall al-Qata (page does not exist)">Tall al-Qata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarfawi,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarfawi, Homs (page does not exist)">Tarfawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawil,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tawil, Syria (page does not exist)">Tawil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umm_al-Rif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umm al-Rif (page does not exist)">Umm al-Rif</a> (al-Rish)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umm_Tuwaynah_al-Shamali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umm Tuwaynah al-Shamali (page does not exist)">Umm Tuwaynah al-Shamali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usmud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usmud (page does not exist)">Usmud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Qusayr_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_District" title="Al-Qusayr District">Qusayr District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="QusayrSubdistrict" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Qusayr<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr,_Syria" title="Al-Qusayr, Syria">Al-Qusayr</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Juri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Juri (page does not exist)">Abu Juri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqrabiyah" title="Al-Aqrabiyah">al-Aqrabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjoun" title="Arjoun">Arjoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkum" title="Akkum">Akkum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluzah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baluzah (page does not exist)">Baluzah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burhaniyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burhaniyah (page does not exist)">Burhaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Buwaydah_al-Sharqiyah" title="Al-Buwaydah al-Sharqiyah">al-Buwaydah al-Sharqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dabaah" title="Al-Dabaah">al-Dabaah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dahiyat_al-Majd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dahiyat al-Majd (page does not exist)">Dahiyat al-Majd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daminah_al-Sharqiyah" title="Daminah al-Sharqiyah">Daminah al-Sharqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daminah_al-Gharbiyah" title="Daminah al-Gharbiyah">Daminah al-Gharbiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibbin" title="Dibbin">Dibbin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diyabiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diyabiyah (page does not exist)">Diyabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Fadeliyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Fadeliyah (page does not exist)">al-Fadeliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghassaniyah" title="Al-Ghassaniyah">al-Ghassaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hamam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hamam (page does not exist)">al-Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hawik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hawik (page does not exist)">al-Hawik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawsh_Murshid_Sama%27an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawsh Murshid Sama'an (page does not exist)">Hawsh Murshid Sama'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawsh_al-Sayyid_Ali" title="Hawsh al-Sayyid Ali">Hawsh al-Sayyid Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Houz" title="Al-Houz">al-Houz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husseiniya,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Husseiniya, Syria (page does not exist)">Husseiniya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jubaniyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jubaniyah (page does not exist)">Jubaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jusiyah_al-Amar" title="Jusiyah al-Amar">Jusiyah al-Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Mousa" title="Kafr Mousa">Kafr Mousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masriyah" title="Al-Masriyah">al-Masriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudan,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mudan, Syria (page does not exist)">Mudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Nahariyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Nahariyah (page does not exist)">al-Nahariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Naim" title="Al-Naim">al-Naim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nizariyah" title="Al-Nizariyah">al-Nizariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qurniyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qurniyah (page does not exist)">al-Qurniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rablah" title="Rablah">Rablah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sakher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Sakher (page does not exist)">al-Sakher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sallumiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Sallumiyah (page does not exist)">al-Sallumiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaqiyat_al-Gharbiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samaqiyat al-Gharbiyah (page does not exist)">Samaqiyat al-Gharbiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaqiyat_al-Sharqiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samaqiyat al-Sharqiyah (page does not exist)">Samaqiyat al-Sharqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqrajah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saqrajah (page does not exist)">Saqrajah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sawadiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Sawadiyah (page does not exist)">al-Sawadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shayahat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Shayahat (page does not exist)">al-Shayahat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shumariyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Shumariyah (page does not exist)">al-Shumariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinshar" title="Shinshar">Shinshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-Nabi_Mando" title="Tell al-Nabi Mando">Tell al-Nabi Mando</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Hanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Hanna (page does not exist)">Wadi Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zira%27a" title="Zira'a">Zira'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zita_al-Gharbiyah" title="Zita al-Gharbiyah">Zita al-Gharbiyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Rastan_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Al-Rastan_District" title="Al-Rastan District">Rastan District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Rastan<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Rastan" title="Al-Rastan">Al-Rastan</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamamah" title="Abu Hamamah">Abu Hamamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiliyah" title="Asiliyah">Asiliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballan,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ballan, Homs (page does not exist)">Ballan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalfin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalfin (page does not exist)">Dalfin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ghasibiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Ghasibiyah (page does not exist)">al-Ghasibiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharnatah" title="Gharnatah">Gharnatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din,_Syria" title="Izz al-Din, Syria">Izz al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hameis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hameis (page does not exist)">Hameis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Nan" title="Kafr Nan">Kafr Nan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissin,_Syria" title="Kissin, Syria">Kissin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Manara,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Manara, Syria (page does not exist)">al-Manara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murayj_al-Durr" title="Murayj al-Durr">Murayj al-Durr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qunaytrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qunaytrat (page does not exist)">al-Qunaytrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulaym,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulaym, Syria (page does not exist)">Sulaym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasnin" title="Tasnin">Tasnin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Waza%27iyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Waza'iyah (page does not exist)">al-Waza'iyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamaymer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zamaymer (page does not exist)">Zamaymer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Talbiseh<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh" title="Talbiseh">Talbiseh</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Ful" title="Deir Ful">Deir Ful</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Farhaniyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Farhaniyah (page does not exist)">al-Farhaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghantu" title="Al-Ghantu">al-Ghantu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hashimiyah,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hashimiyah, Homs (page does not exist)">al-Hashimiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Makramiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Makramiyah (page does not exist)">al-Makramiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qanniyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qanniyah (page does not exist)">al-Qanniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saan_al-Aswad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saan al-Aswad (page does not exist)">Saan al-Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sabil,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Sabil, Homs (page does not exist)">al-Sabil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Jayurin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Jayurin (page does not exist)">Tell Jayurin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Thawrah,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Thawrah, Homs (page does not exist)">al-Thawrah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umm_Sharshuh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umm Sharshuh (page does not exist)">Umm Sharshuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zaafaraniyah" title="Al-Zaafaraniyah">al-Zaafaraniyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Tadmur_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tadmur_District" title="Tadmur District">Tadmur District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Tadmur<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tadmur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadmur">Tadmur</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arak,_Syria" title="Arak, Syria">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayda,_Tadmur" title="Al-Bayda, Tadmur">al-Bayda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Bi%27arat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Bi'arat (page does not exist)">al-Bi'arat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasm_al-Abid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasm al-Abid (page does not exist)">Rasm al-Abid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Sukhnah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Sukhnah,_Syria" title="Al-Sukhnah, Syria">Al-Sukhnah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karim,_Tadmur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karim, Tadmur (page does not exist)">Karim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kawm,_Syria" title="Al-Kawm, Syria">al-Kawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kadir,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kadir, Syria">al-Kadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Taybah" title="Al-Taybah">al-Taybah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Tuwaynat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Tuwaynat (page does not exist)">al-Tuwaynat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Talkalakh_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Talkalakh_District" title="Talkalakh District">Talkalakh District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Talkalakh<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Talkalakh" title="Talkalakh">Talkalakh</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkari,_Syria" title="Akkari, Syria">Akkari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Amariyah,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Amariyah, Syria (page does not exist)">al-Amariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aridah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aridah (page does not exist)">Aridah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_al-Sawda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayn al-Sawda (page does not exist)">Ayn al-Sawda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Tineh_al-Gharbiyah" title="Ayn al-Tineh al-Gharbiyah">Ayn al-Tineh al-Gharbiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Bahluniyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Bahluniyah (page does not exist)">al-Bahluniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baruha (page does not exist)">Baruha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayt_Qarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayt Qarin (page does not exist)">Bayt Qarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burj_al-Arab,_Syria" title="Burj al-Arab, Syria">Burj al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burj_al-Maksur" title="Burj al-Maksur">Burj al-Maksur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabousieh" title="Dabousieh">Dabousieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajar_Abyad" title="Hajar Abyad">Hajar Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halat,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halat, Syria (page does not exist)">Halat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasrajiyah" title="Hasrajiyah">Hasrajiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaafariyat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaafariyat (page does not exist)">Jaafariyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafrish" title="Kafrish">Kafrish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_al-Jabab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khirbet al-Jabab (page does not exist)">Khirbet al-Jabab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyadah" title="Masyadah">Masyadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naarah,_Syria" title="Naarah, Syria">Naarah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qanuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qanuta (page does not exist)">Qanuta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qurayyat,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qurayyat, Syria (page does not exist)">Qurayyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumayrah" title="Qumayrah">Qumayrah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Shabaq (page does not exist)">al-Shabaq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabruniyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Shabruniyah (page does not exist)">al-Shabruniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalluh" title="Shalluh">Shalluh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shamsiyah,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shamsiyah, Homs (page does not exist)">Shamsiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindiyana,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sindiyana, Homs (page does not exist)">Sindiyana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samikah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samikah (page does not exist)">Samikah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hawsh" title="Tell Hawsh">Tell Hawsh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Sarrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Sarrin (page does not exist)">Tell Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zarah" title="Al-Zarah">al-Zarah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanbiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zanbiyah (page does not exist)">Zanbiyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Hadidah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hadidah" title="Hadidah">Hadidah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Tineh_al-Sharqiyah" title="Ayn al-Tineh al-Sharqiyah">Ayn al-Tineh al-Sharqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barudiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barudiyah (page does not exist)">Barudiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayun (page does not exist)">Bayun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baznaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baznaya (page does not exist)">Baznaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardariyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dardariyah (page does not exist)">Dardariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haratayn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haratayn (page does not exist)">Haratayn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Malikiyah,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Malikiyah, Homs (page does not exist)">al-Malikiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mashrafah_al-Sharqiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mashrafah al-Sharqiyah (page does not exist)">al-Mashrafah al-Sharqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khansaa,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khansaa, Syria (page does not exist)">Khansaa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_al-Manqalah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khirbet al-Manqalah (page does not exist)">Khirbet al-Manqalah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawaybdah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawaybdah (page does not exist)">Lawaybdah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marasiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marasiyah (page does not exist)">Marasiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%27isiyah" title="Na'isiyah">Na'isiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Na%27urah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Na'urah (page does not exist)">Na'urah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaz_al-Khass" title="Qaz al-Khass">Qaz al-Khass</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rihaniyah_(Syria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rihaniyah (Syria) (page does not exist)">Rihaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_al-Safa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell al-Safa (page does not exist)">Tell al-Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Dawali" title="Umm al-Dawali">Umm al-Dawali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umm_Jamah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umm Jamah (page does not exist)">Umm Jamah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Hawash<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Hawash,_Homs_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hawash, Homs Governorate">Al-Hawash</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaz" title="Anaz">Anaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_al-Ajouz" title="Ain al-Ajouz">Ain al-Ajouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_al-Ghara" title="Ain al-Ghara">Ain al-Ghara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballat" title="Ballat">Ballat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisas" title="Bisas">Bisas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwair_al-Lin" title="Duwair al-Lin">Duwair al-Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Husn,_Homs" title="Al-Husn, Homs">al-Husn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ish_al-Shuhah" title="Ish al-Shuhah">Ish al-Shuhah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inata" title="Inata">Inata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juwaniyat" title="Juwaniyat">Juwaniyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mazraah" title="Al-Mazraah">al-Mazraah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizyeneh" title="Mizyeneh">Mizyeneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaabarat" title="Al-Muqaabarat">al-Muqaabarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqlus" title="Muqlus">Muqlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal_al-Saqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Qal al-Saqa">Qal al-Saqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shuwayhid" title="Al-Shuwayhid">al-Shuwayhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallah,_Homs" title="Tallah, Homs">Tallah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;">Nasirah<br />Subdistrict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasirah,_Syria" title="Al-Nasirah, Syria">Al-Nasirah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_al-Husn" title="Amar al-Husn">Amar al-Husn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_al-Barda" title="Ain al-Barda">Ain al-Barda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_al-Raheb" title="Ain al-Raheb">Ain al-Raheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahzina" title="Bahzina">Bahzina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baydar_Rafiah" title="Baydar Rafiah">Baydar Rafiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daghlah" title="Daghlah">Daghlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habnamrah" title="Habnamrah">Habnamrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankamrah" title="Jankamrah">Jankamrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiwar_al-Afas" title="Jiwar al-Afas">Jiwar al-Afas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafra,_Homs" title="Kafra, Homs">Kafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimah" title="Kimah">Kimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmarita" title="Marmarita">Marmarita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashta_Azar" title="Mashta Azar">Mashta Azar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mishtaya" title="Al-Mishtaya">al-Mishtaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalatiyah" title="Qalatiyah">Qalatiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurb_Ali" title="Qurb Ali">Qurb Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannurin" title="Tannurin">Tannurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweitina" title="Zweitina">Zweitina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonies_of_Ancient_Rome" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonies_of_Ancient_Rome" title="Template:Colonies of Ancient Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonies_of_Ancient_Rome" title="Template talk:Colonies of Ancient Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonies_of_Ancient_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonies of Ancient Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonies_of_Ancient_Rome" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>With correspondence to modern geography</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Superior" title="Britannia Superior">Britannia Superior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindum_Colonia" title="Lindum Colonia">Lindum Colonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa" title="Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa">Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narbo_Martius" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbo Martius">Narbo Martius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium" title="Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium">Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mogontiacum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Emerita" title="Augusta Emerita">Augusta Emerita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aelia Augusta Aeclanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Castra Taurinorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Placentia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romancoloniae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/200px-Romancoloniae.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/300px-Romancoloniae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/400px-Romancoloniae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="452" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/200px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/300px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/400px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of legion veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_in_Phoenicia" title="Ptolemais in Phoenicia">Ptolemais</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of late Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_in_Syria" title="Laodicea in Syria">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emesa">Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_of_Phoenicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis of Phoenicia">Heliopolis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arca Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyrus</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastia,_Nablus" title="Sebastia, Nablus">Sebaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bostra">Bostra</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Neapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavia Neapolis">Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Philippopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possible colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerasa">Gerasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadara" title="Gadara">Gadara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmaus_Nicopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmaus Nicopolis">Emmaus Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Philippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Philippi">Neronias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations with<br />modern names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the<br /><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: Aelia Capitolina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>: Ptolemais</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imwas" title="Imwas">Imwas</a>: Emmaus Nicopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banias" title="Banias">Banias</a>: Neronias</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qais" title="Umm Qais">Umm Qais</a>: Gadara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Jerash</a>: Gerasa</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a>: Arca Caesarea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>: Berytus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>: Heliopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saida,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saida, Lebanon">Saida</a>: Sidon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>: Tyrus</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a>: Bostra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homs</a>: Emesa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>: Laodicea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Shahba</a>: Philippopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadmur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadmur">Tadmur</a>: Palmyra</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>: Antioch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanda%C4%9F" title="Samandağ">Samandağ</a>: Seleucia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>; <sup><small>2</small></sup> Proposed; <sup><small>3</small></sup> in Danger</li> <li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy of the Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131301#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131301#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131301#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/123170844">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhMjhW96CqHYpHPgfRYfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4095616-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81148931">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566989405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/668261">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/humus--suriye">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homs&oldid=1258873798">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homs&oldid=1258873798</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Homs" title="Category:Homs">Homs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emesene_dynasty" title="Category:Emesene dynasty">Emesene dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tells_(archaeology)" 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