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<span>Siege</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Битка при Дирахиум – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Дирахиум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Dirr%C3%A0quium_(48_aC)" title="Batalla de Dirràquium (48 aC) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Dirràquium (48 aC)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Dyrrhachia_(48_p%C5%99._n._l.)" title="Bitva u Dyrrhachia (48 př. n. l.) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Dyrrhachia (48 př. n. l.)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Dyrrhachium" title="Schlacht von Dyrrhachium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Dyrrhachium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%94%CF%85%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_(48_%CF%80.%CE%A7.)" title="Μάχη του Δυρραχίου (48 π.Χ.) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη του Δυρραχίου (48 π.Χ.)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Dirraquio" title="Batalla de Dirraquio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Dirraquio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Dyrrachium_(48_av._J.-C.)" title="Bataille de Dyrrachium (48 av. J.-C.) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Dyrrachium (48 av. J.-C.)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EB%9D%BC%ED%82%A4%EC%9B%80_%EA%B3%B5%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%84" title="디라키움 공방전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디라키움 공방전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Dra%C4%8Da_(48._pr._Kr.)" title="Bitka kod Drača (48. pr. Kr.) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka kod Drača (48. pr. Kr.)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Dyrrhachium" title="Battaglia di Dyrrhachium – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Dyrrhachium" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Dyrrhachium_(48_v.Chr.)" title="Slag bij Dyrrhachium (48 v.Chr.) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Dyrrhachium (48 v.Chr.)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%A5%E3%83%83%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="デュッラキウムの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デュッラキウムの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Dyrrhachium" title="Slaget ved Dyrrhachium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Dyrrhachium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_bitwa_pod_Dyrrachium" title="I bitwa pod Dyrrachium – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="I bitwa pod Dyrrachium" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Dirr%C3%A1quio_(48_a.C.)" title="Batalha de Dirráquio (48 a.C.) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Dirráquio (48 a.C.)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B8_(48_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D1%8D.)" title="Битва при Диррахии (48 до н. э.) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Диррахии (48 до н. э.)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beteja_e_Dyrrahut" title="Beteja e Dyrrahut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Beteja e Dyrrahut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Битка код Дирахија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Дирахија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Dirahijuma_(48._pne.)" title="Bitka kod Dirahijuma (48. pne.) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Dirahijuma (48. pne.)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyrrhakhionin_taistelu" title="Dyrrhakhionin taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dyrrhakhionin taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyrrhachium_Muharebesi_(M%C3%96_48)" title="Dyrrhachium Muharebesi (MÖ 48) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dyrrhachium Muharebesi (MÖ 48)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D1%97" title="Битва при Диррахії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва при Диррахії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q525325#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)&params=41.3167_N_19.4500_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°19′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">19°27′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.3167°N 19.4500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.3167; 19.4500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Siege battle, part of Caesar's civil war</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Dyrrhachium</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_invasion_of_Macedonia" title="Caesar's invasion of Macedonia">Caesar's invasion of Macedonia</a> during <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dyrrhachium_48_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dyrrhachium_48_en.png/300px-Dyrrhachium_48_en.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dyrrhachium_48_en.png/450px-Dyrrhachium_48_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dyrrhachium_48_en.png/600px-Dyrrhachium_48_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1874" /></a></span><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> Caesar's forces</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> Pompey's forces</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>10 July 48 BC</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrhachium">Dyrrhachium</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>)</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)&params=41.3167_N_19.4500_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°19′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">19°27′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.3167°N 19.4500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.3167; 19.4500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Pompeian victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Pompeians</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Caesarians</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/Labienus" class="mw-redirect" title="Labienus">Labienus</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 50,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 28,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 2,000+<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach2014197_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach2014197-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,000–4,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div 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(naval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tauroento" title="Battle of Tauroento">Tauroento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Carteia_(46_BC)" title="Battle off Carteia (46 BC)">Carteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Munda" title="Battle of Munda">Munda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corduba" title="Siege of Corduba">Corduba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lauro" title="Battle of Lauro">Lauro</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Macedonia and Illyricum</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Curicta" title="Siege of Curicta">Curicta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tauris" title="Battle of Tauris">Tauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_invasion_of_Macedonia" title="Caesar's invasion of Macedonia">Caesar's invasion of Macedonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oricum" title="Siege of Oricum">Oricum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dyrrhachium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gomphi" title="Siege of Gomphi">Gomphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">Pharsalus</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Egypt and Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis_(48_BC)" title="Battle of Nicopolis (48 BC)">Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_war" title="Alexandrian war">Alexandrian war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(47_BC)" title="Siege of Alexandria (47 BC)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile_(47_BC)" title="Battle of the Nile (47 BC)">Nile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zela" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zela">Zela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Apamea" title="Siege of Apamea">Apamea</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Utica_(49_BC)" title="Battle of Utica (49 BC)">Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bagradas_(49_BC)" title="Battle of the Bagradas (49 BC)">Bagradas</a></li> <li>Caesar's invasion of Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ruspina" title="Battle of Ruspina">Ruspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ascurum" title="Battle of Ascurum">Ascurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thapsus" title="Battle of Thapsus">Thapsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hippo_Regius" title="Battle of Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Dyrrachium</b> (or Dyrrhachium) took place from April to late July 48 BC near the city of <a href="/wiki/Dyrrachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrachium">Dyrrachium</a>, modern day <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. It was fought between <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Julius Caesar">Gaius Julius Caesar</a> and an army led by <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Gnaeus Pompey</a> during <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a>. </p><p>Caesar attempted to capture the vital Pompeian logistics hub of Dyrrachium but was unsuccessful after Pompey occupied it and the surrounding heights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006414_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006414-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Caesar besieged Pompey's camp and constructed a circumvallation thereof, until, after months of skirmishes, Pompey was able to break through Caesar's fortified lines,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006422_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006422-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forcing Caesar to make a strategic retreat into Thessaly. </p><p>After the battle, Pompey pursued Caesar into <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> and then towards Pharsalus, where the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">decisive battle</a> of Caesar's Greek campaign would be fought. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a></div> <p>Starting in 49 BC, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> had crossed the <a href="/wiki/Rubicon" title="Rubicon">Rubicon</a> and started a civil war in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman republic">Roman republic</a>. Starting in January with a lightning advance against the Pompeian and senatorial forces in Italy, Pompey withdrew across the Adriatic for Rome's eastern provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006390–1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006390–1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Caesar's defeat of Pompey's legates in Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006404_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006404-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caesar turned east and crossed the Adriatic in January 48 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006410_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006410-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Pompey raised troops in the east, Caesar needed to strike quickly: he moved some his troops across the Adriatic but was intercepted, stranding him with seven legions in Greece while the rest of his army remained in Brundisium under <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992432_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992432-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking supplies, Caesar attempted to seize Dyrrachium – a major Pompeian supply hub – but withdrew when Pompey arrived in the city first.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006411_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006411-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early April,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006414_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006414-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony and his reinforcements were able to join Caesar's manoeuvres against Pompey outside Dyrrachium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992432_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992432-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siege">Siege</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caesar first attempted to offer battle with Pompey, but was rebuffed, with Pompey seeking to wear down Caesar's forces with hunger; in response, Caesar attempted again to capture Dyrrachium, which remained logistically vital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006414_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006414-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Dyrrachium, Pompey held a strong defensive position; his back was guarded by the sea, and at his front there were hills that commanded the immediate area. There, Pompey established his camp on the top of a rocky outcrop called Petra overlooking a natural harbour from which he could be resupplied by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach2014194_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach2014194-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caesar's camp, however, was on high ground inland, which forced his troops to rely on forage. Caesar started a circumvallation: to prevent Pompey from getting fodder for his animals, to render his cavalry ineffective and thus protect his own foraging parties, and to reduce Pompey's standing in the eyes of the foreigners and his own men by putting him on the defensive and making him openly refuse battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach2014194_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach2014194-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Pompey also started construction of a fortified line facing Caesar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006415_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006415-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On completion, the interior Pompeian line stretched some fifteen Roman miles with twenty-four forts, while Caesar's exterior line stretched some 17 miles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006415_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006415-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Caesar lacked for food during the winter – reckoning by natural seasons rather than the out-of-sync Roman calendar – he cut off the streams sustaining the Pompeian water supply; the supply situation led to outbreaks of camp disease as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006415–6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006415–6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Caesar continued his fortified encirclement, hoping to force Pompey either to withdraw by sea, break out, or watch his army wither away, skirmishes and raids against the fortified lines continued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006416_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006416-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pompey decided to try and lure Caesar away from the fortifications by means of a false message that some of the inhabitants of Dyrrachium were prepared to betray the town to him, and meanwhile launch a three-pronged attack against forts in the centre of the siege-line. At two of these forts one cohort under Lucius Minucius Basilus and three cohorts under Gaius Volcatius Tullus put up stiff resistance against five of Pompey's legions until they were relieved by a force of two legions from the main camp under Publius Cornelius Sulla. The Pompeians became cut off on a hill-top between the two lines for five days before Pompey could withdraw them. Caesar reckoned the Pompeian losses at two thousand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach2014196–7_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach2014196–7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was difficult, however, for Caesar's forces to hold a longer line than his numerically superior enemy, leading him to deploy aggressively before, but out of range of, the enemy walls: Pompey was forced similarly to respond with a similar force concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006418_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006418-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When two Gallic chieftain auxiliaries defected from Caesar to Pompey with their retinues, Pompey discovered a weakness in the southernmost sector of Caesar's lines and prepared for a major attack to break through Caesar's fortified lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach2014197_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach2014197-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006418–9_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006418–9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial attack was successful, and the position only held when Antony brought up twelve cohorts, followed by further reserves led by Caesar personally. While the Ninth's fort held, Pompey built a camp in the area and also secured lines of communication into the hinterland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006420_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006420-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Pompey's forces occupied a relatively exposed fortified encampment that had previously been abandoned by the Caesarians, Caesar launched an attack against it. The attack, plagued by confused directions, was a costly failure for Caesar, sending his men into a hasty retreat with losses of some 960 men and more than 32 officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006420–1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006420–1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Pompey held the field, he ordered a halt. Caesar remarked on that decision saying, "[Pompey's forces] would have won today, if only they were commanded by a winner".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006421_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006421-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath, <a href="/wiki/Titus_Labienus" title="Titus Labienus">Titus Labienus</a>, a trusted lieutenant of Caesar's during the Gallic wars who had deserted to Pompey at the start of the civil war, had the Caesarian prisoners executed before the enemy lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006421_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006421-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tactically, Caesar's position was substantially weakened: Pompey had captured one of the ends of his fortified line and Caesar would not be able to construct an even longer line to encircle Pompey's extended fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006422_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006422-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Caesar withdrew to Apollonia under cover of darkness, leaving two legions to deceive the Pompeians into thinking they were still present. When this was discovered, Pompey sent cavalry in pursuit, but they were held off in a skirmish with Caesar's rear-guard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006422_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006422-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this time it was summer and Caesar made way for areas not yet visited by foraging parties, meaning that they would be able to support more prolonged operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006422_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006422-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being denied entrance to Gomphi by its city magistrates, who did not want to aid a leader seemingly likely to lose the war, Caesar had his men sack the city as a successful example of ruthlessness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006422–3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006422–3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a broader sense, the Pompeians elated at the victory, being the first time in the civil war that Caesar had suffered a non-trivial defeat. Men like <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_54_BC)" title="Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 BC)">Domitius Ahenobarbus</a> urged Pompey to bring Caesar to decisive battle and crush him; others urged a return to Rome and Italy to retake the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006423_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006423-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pompey remained steadfast in believing that committing to a pitched battle was both unwise and unnecessary, deciding on strategic patience to wait for reinforcements from Syria and to exploit Caesar's weak supply lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006423_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006423-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elation of victory turned into overconfidence and mutual suspicion, putting significant pressure on Pompey to provoke a final encounter with the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006424_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006424-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning to place too much trust in his forces and under the influence of overconfident officers, he chose to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">engage Caesar</a> in Thessaly shortly after being reinforced from Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006424_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006424-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1,000 according to Caesar himself, 1,000 according to Plutarch in his <i>Life of Caesar</i> but 2,000 according to the same author in his <i>Life of Pompey</i>. 4,000 according to Orosius. Some sources might have taken into account the Caesarian prisoners killed after the battle.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach2014197-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach2014197_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach2014197_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach2014">Leach 2014</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006414-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006414_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006414_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006414_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006422-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006422_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006422_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006422_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006422_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006390–1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006390–1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, pp. 390–1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006404-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006404_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006410-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006410_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992432-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992432_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992432_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawson1992">Rawson 1992</a>, p. 432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006411-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006411_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach2014194-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach2014194_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach2014194_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach2014">Leach 2014</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006415-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006415_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006415_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006415–6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006415–6_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, pp. 415–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006416-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006416_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach2014196–7-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach2014196–7_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach2014">Leach 2014</a>, pp. 196–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006418-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006418_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006418–9-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006418–9_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, pp. 418–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006420-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006420_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006420–1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006420–1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, pp. 420–1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006421-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006421_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006421_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006422–3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006422–3_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, pp. 422–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006423-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006423_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006423_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006424-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006424_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006424_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 424.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2006" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aSmr_bVR2-kC"><i>Caesar: Life of a Colossus</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13919-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13919-8"><bdi>978-0-300-13919-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesar%3A+Life+of+a+Colossus&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13919-8&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaSmr_bVR2-kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Dyrrhachium+%2848+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeach2014" class="citation book cs1">Leach, John (2014) [1978]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ"><i>Pompey the Great (Routledge Revivals)</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75251-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75251-6"><bdi>978-1-317-75251-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pompey+the+Great+%28Routledge+Revivals%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-75251-6&rft.aulast=Leach&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DASYiAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Dyrrhachium+%2848+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson1992" class="citation book cs1">Rawson, Elizabeth (1992). "Caesar: Civil War and Dictatorship". <i>Cambridge Ancient History</i>. Vol. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25603-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25603-8"><bdi>0-521-25603-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caesar%3A+Civil+War+and+Dictatorship&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-25603-8&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Dyrrhachium+%2848+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_References">General References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: General References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Goldsworthy" title="Adrian Goldsworthy">Goldsworthy, Adrian</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adriangoldsworthycaesarscivilwar4944bczlib.org"><i>Caesar's Civil War: 49–44 BC</i></a>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-392-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-392-6"><bdi>1-84176-392-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesar%27s+Civil+War%3A+49%E2%80%9344+BC&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-84176-392-6&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadriangoldsworthycaesarscivilwar4944bczlib.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Dyrrhachium+%2848+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Julius_Caesar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Julius_Caesar" title="Template:Julius Caesar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Julius_Caesar" title="Template talk:Julius Caesar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Julius_Caesar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Julius Caesar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Julius_Caesar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major life events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">First Triumvirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic wars">Gallic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Rubicon" title="Crossing the Rubicon">Crossing the Rubicon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">Assassination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_campaigns_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Military campaigns of Julius Caesar">Military campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mytilene_(81_BC)" title="Siege of Mytilene (81 BC)">Mytilene</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Arar" title="Battle of the Arar">Arar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bibracte" title="Battle of Bibracte">Bibracte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vosges_(58_BC)" title="Battle of Vosges (58 BC)">Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Axona" title="Battle of the Axona">Axona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sabis" title="Battle of the Sabis">Sabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Atuatuci" title="Siege of the Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Octodurus" title="Battle of Octodurus">Octodurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morbihan" title="Battle of Morbihan">Morbihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">Invasions of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiorix%27s_revolt" title="Ambiorix's revolt">Ambiorix's revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaricum" title="Avaricum">Avaricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gergovia" title="Battle of Gergovia">Gergovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alesia" title="Battle of Alesia">Alesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Uxellodunum" title="Siege of Uxellodunum">Uxellodunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfinium" title="Siege of Corfinium">Corfinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brundisium" title="Siege of Brundisium">Brundisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ilerda" title="Battle of Ilerda">Ilerda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dyrrhachium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">Pharsalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_war" title="Alexandrian war">Alexandrian war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(47_BC)" title="Siege of Alexandria (47 BC)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile_(47_BC)" title="Battle of the Nile (47 BC)">Battle of the Nile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zela" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zela">Zela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ruspina" title="Battle of Ruspina">Ruspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corduba" title="Siege of Corduba">Corduba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thapsus" title="Battle of Thapsus">Thapsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Munda" title="Battle of Munda">Munda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_Parthian_Empire" title="Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire">Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia_de_maiestate" title="Lex Julia de maiestate">Lex Julia de maiestate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Roscia" title="Lex Roscia">Lex Roscia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Constitutional reforms of Julius Caesar">Constitutional reforms</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictator_perpetuo" title="Dictator perpetuo">Dictator perpetuo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudatio_Iuliae_amitae" title="Laudatio Iuliae amitae">Laudatio Iuliae amitae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anticato" title="Anticato">Anticato</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Civili" title="Commentarii de Bello Civili">Commentarii de Bello Civili</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_analogia" title="De analogia">De analogia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poems_by_Julius_Caesar" title="Poems by Julius Caesar">Poems by Julius Caesar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alea_iacta_est" title="Alea iacta est">Alea iacta est</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veni,_vidi,_vici" title="Veni, vidi, vici">Veni, vidi, vici</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ut_est_rerum_omnium_magister_usus" title="Ut est rerum omnium magister usus">Ut est rerum omnium magister usus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_words_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Last words of Julius Caesar">Last words</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Caesar" title="Forum of Caesar">Forum of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Julia" title="Basilica Julia">Basilica Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Venus_Genetrix" title="Temple of Venus Genetrix">Temple of Venus Genetrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Rhine_bridges" title="Caesar's Rhine bridges">Caesar's Rhine bridges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculum_portrait" title="Tusculum portrait">Tusculum portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaramonti_Caesar" title="Chiaramonti Caesar">Chiaramonti Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Caesar" title="Green Caesar">Green Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_bust" title="Arles bust">Arles bust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Julii_Caesares" title="Julii Caesares">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossutia" title="Cossutia">Cossutia (disputed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Cornelia (wife of Caesar)">Cornelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Pompeia (wife of Caesar)">Pompeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calpurnia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Calpurnia (wife of Caesar)">Calpurnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(daughter_of_Caesar)" title="Julia (daughter of Caesar)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus (adopted)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Caesar_(proconsul_of_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Julius Caesar (proconsul of Asia)">Gaius Julius Caesar (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_(mother_of_Caesar)" title="Aurelia (mother of Caesar)">Aurelia (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Major_(sister_of_Caesar)" title="Julia Major (sister of Caesar)">Julia Major (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Minor_(grandmother_of_Augustus)" title="Julia Minor (grandmother of Augustus)">Julia Minor (sister)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Caesar_(Plutarch)" title="Life of Caesar (Plutarch)"><i>Life of Caesar</i> by Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar">Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Caesar" title="Temple of Caesar">Temple of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Comet" title="Caesar's Comet">Caesar's Comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar (title)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_gens" title="Julia gens">Julia gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servilia_(mother_of_Brutus)" title="Servilia (mother of Brutus)">Servilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_of_Pompey" title="Curia of Pompey">Curia of Pompey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Julius_Caesar" title="Category:Julius Caesar">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pompey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pompey" title="Template:Pompey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pompey" title="Template talk:Pompey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pompey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pompey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pompey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Asio_River_(82_BC)" title="Battle of the Asio River (82 BC)">Asio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sena_Gallica_(82_BC)" title="Battle of Sena Gallica (82 BC)">Sena Gallica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Clusium" title="Second Battle of Clusium">2nd Clusium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Utica_(81_BC)" title="Battle of Utica (81 BC)">Utica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lauron" title="Battle of Lauron">Lauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valentia_75_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Valentia 75 BC">Valentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sucro" title="Battle of Sucro">Sucro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum_(75_BC)" title="Battle of Saguntum (75 BC)">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_near_Osca" title="Battle near Osca">Osca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey's campaign against pirates">Pirate War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korakesion" title="Battle of Korakesion">Coracaesium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lycus" title="Battle of the Lycus">Lycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pelorus" title="Battle of the Pelorus">Pelorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Abas" title="Battle of the Abas">Abas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brundisium" title="Siege of Brundisium">Brundisium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dyrrhachium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">Pharsalus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Gellia_Cornelia" title="Lex Gellia Cornelia">Lex Gellia Cornelia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Gabinia_de_piratis_persequendis" title="Lex Gabinia de piratis persequendis">Lex Gabinia de piratis persequendis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Manilia" title="Lex Manilia">Lex Manilia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_eastern_settlement" title="Pompey's eastern settlement">Eastern settlement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Trebonia_(55_BC)" title="Lex Trebonia (55 BC)">Lex Trebonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Pompeia_de_ambitu" title="Lex Pompeia de ambitu">Lex Pompeia de ambitu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lex_Pompeia_de_provinciis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lex Pompeia de provinciis (page does not exist)">Lex Pompeia de provinciis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hercules_Pompeianus" title="Temple of Hercules Pompeianus">Temple of Hercules Pompeianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portico_of_Pompey" title="Portico of Pompey">Portico of Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_of_Pompey" title="Curia of Pompey">Curia of Pompey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soli_(Cilicia)" title="Soli (Cilicia)">Soli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeiopolis" title="Pompeiopolis">Pompeiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wives_of_Pompey_the_Great" title="Wives of Pompey the Great">Wives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antistia_(wife_of_Pompey)" title="Antistia (wife of Pompey)">Antistia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilia_(wife_of_Pompey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilia (wife of Pompey)">Aemilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucia_Tertia" title="Mucia Tertia">Mucia Tertia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(daughter_of_Caesar)" title="Julia (daughter of Caesar)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Metella" title="Cornelia Metella">Cornelia Metella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus_(son_of_Pompey)" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (son of Pompey)">Gnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Magna" title="Pompeia Magna">Pompeia Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Strabo" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo">Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_(sister_of_Pompeius_Strabo)" title="Pompeia (sister of Pompeius Strabo)">Pompeia</a> (aunt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_(wife_of_Memmius)" title="Pompeia (wife of Memmius)">Pompeia</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pharsalia" title="Pharsalia">Pharsalia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_and_Pompey" title="Caesar and Pompey">Caesar and Pompey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Pompey" title="The Death of Pompey">The Death of Pompey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pompeo_Magno" title="Pompeo Magno">Pompeo Magno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_Pompey_the_Great" title="The Tragedy of Pompey the Great">The Tragedy of Pompey the Great</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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