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charset=iso-8859-2"> <title>Poland's History - The Period of Partitions, (1772 - 1918) </title> <meta name="description" content="Poland's History - The Period of Partitions, (1772-1918)"> <meta name="keywords" content=""> <style type="text/css">  </style> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#CC0000" vlink="#666666" alink="#FF6666">  <table width="100%" height="100%" cellpadding="2"> <tr><td valign="top"> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="8"> <tr> <td bgcolor="#dedede"><a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/"><img src="/web/20080413002704im_/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/graph/inpol.gif" alt="InfoPoland" border="0"></a></td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#dedede"><font face="ARIAL" color="#FF0000" size="+3"><b>Poland</b></font> <font size="+3" color="#004080" face="ARIAL"><em><b>on the Web</b></em></font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><font face="TIMES NEW ROMAN" size="-1"><strong>University at Buffalo</strong></font><br><font face="TIMES NEW ROMAN" size="-2">State University of New York</font></td> <td align="right"><strong><font size="+1">Annotated links to Poland-related information</font></strong><br>a service of the <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/"><font color="blue">Polish Academic Information Center</font></a></td> </tr> </table> <table bgcolor="#F6FF00" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"> <tr><td valign="top"> <table bgcolor="#F6FF00" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"> <tr><td valign="top"> <font size="-1">   <b class="navigation">NAVIGATION</b>       </font> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/index.shtml" class="nav"><font color="#000000">Poland</font></a> <img alt=">" src="/web/20080413002704im_/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/graph/arrow4.gif"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/index.shtml" class="nav"><font color="#000000">History</font></a> <img alt=">" src="/web/20080413002704im_/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/graph/arrow4.gif"> <img alt=">" src="/web/20080413002704im_/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/graph/arrow4.gif"> </td></tr> </table> </td></tr> </table>  <table width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" border="0"> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" valign="top"> <font size="+2"><img alt=">" src="/web/20080413002704im_/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/graph/arrow3.gif" align="middle">The Period of Partitions (1772-1918) </font> </td> <td align="right"> <table align="right"><tr><td> <table bgcolor="#F6FF00" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="140"><tr> <td><a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/sitemap.shtml" class="navigation-right"><b><font color="#000000">SITEMAP</font></b></a></td> <td><a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/search/" class="navigation-right"><b><font color="#000000">SEARCH</font></b></a></td> </tr></table> </td></tr></table><br> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#dedede" valign="top"> <table bgcolor="#dedede" width="100%"> <tr> <td align="left"><font color="blue" size-2><b>amber bars correspond to the time periods covered </b></font></td> <td align="right">Become an info-poland <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/stipulations/assc.html"><font color="blue">contributor</font></a></td> </tr> </table> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td width="29%" align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><font face="Arial" color="#ffffff" size="+1"><b>Source</b></font></td> <td width="6%" align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><font face="Arial" color="#ffffff" size="+1"><b>Size</b></font></td> <td width="50%" align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><font face="Arial" color="#ffffff" size="+1"><b>Link and Content</b></font></td> <td width="15%" align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><font face="Arial" color="#ffffff" size="+1"><b>Year</b></font></td> </tr> </table>  <table cellpadding="2" border="1">  <tr> <td width="29%" valign="top" bgcolor="#ff0000"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://raven.cc.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/"><font color="black">From: <i><u>Nationalism and Communism in East Central Europe</font></u></i></a><font face="Arial"> lecture notes<font color="black"> by Prof. A. Cienciala, Univ. of Kansas </font></font></td> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Chapters<br>3 and 4<br>7,400 words</font></td> <td width="50% align=" left" bgcolor="#ffffee"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://raven.cc.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect3-4.htm" target="_blank"><b>The Decline and Partitions of Poland</b></a> - Professed (elected monarchy, magnates' greed, liberum veto, serfdom) and real reasons (low crown revenues, absolutist neighbors) for Poland's decline. Wars with Russia, Cossack Wars, Swedish Wars, Turkish Wars, Saxon Kings (1697-1763), Reform Projects and their Failure. The First Partition (1772), Era of Revival and Reform (1772-1793), Constitution of May 3, 1791, Second Partition (1793), Kosciuszko Uprising (1794) & Third Partition (1795-97).</font></td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee">  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"><tr> <td width="4%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center"> </div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1800</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1850</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1900</div></td></tr></table>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="17%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td bgcolor="white"> </td></tr></table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#ff0000">From: Neal Pease's 1994 <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/longhist.html"><font color="black"><i><u>Historical Setting</u></i></font></a> a part of the Library of Congress <i>A Country Study: Poland</i></font></td> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Part 3<br>2,120 words</font></td> <td width="50%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"><font face="Arial"><a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/longhist3.html" target="_blank"><b>The Noble Republic, 1572-1795</b></a></font> - Decay of the Commonwealth; The Three Partitions, 1764-95; First Partition; National Revival; Destruction of Poland-Lithuania .</font></td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="15%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Part 4<br>2,200 words</font></td> <td width="50%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"><a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/longhist4.html" target="_blank"><b>Partitioned Poland</b></a></font><font face="Arial"> - The Napoleonic Period The Impact of Nationalism and Romanticism; The Era of National Insurrections; The Time of "Organic Work"; Social and Political Transformation.</font></td>  <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td bgcolor="white" width="15%"> </td><td bgcolor="#FFCC33" width="78%"> </td><td bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#ff0000"><font color="black">From: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.poloniatoday.com/historyix.htm"><i><u><font color="black">A Brief History of Poland</font></u></i></a>, a 1994 posting by the AngloPol Corporation<br> </td> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Part 8<br>1,240 words</font></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.poloniatoday.com/history8.htm" target="_blank"><b>Attempts at Reform, Enlightenment & Fall of the State</b></a><font face="Arial"> - 1764-Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski elected King of Poland; Catherine II of Russia fears reborn Poland-Lithuania; for fear of a reborn Republic; accepts by Prussia's proposition for the 1772 partial partition of Poland; Polish society comes out of its lethargy, makes progress which culminates in the adoption of a Constitution on May 3, 1971; Russian troops enter Poland, defeat Polish Army, second incremental partition follows; 1994 Kosciuszko insurrection in effort to regain liberty, put down by Prussia and Russia is followed by Third Partition. </font></td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee">  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"><tr> <td width="4%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center"> </div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1800</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1850</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1900</div></td></tr></table>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="15%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Part 9<br>1,825 words</font></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"><font face="Arial"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.poloniatoday.com/history9.htm" target="_blank"><b>The 19th Century-- Polish Wars and Uprisings </b></a> - Partitions; Efforts to regain independence; Development of industry; Duchy of Warsaw established by Napoleon; 1815-Kingdom of Poland, tied with Russia, created by Congress of Vienna; Failed uprising of November 1830, sends 10,000 leaders into exile; Situation of peasantry-main social problem; January 1863 uprising thwarted by the Russian Army; Positivism promotes education and economic development; At turn rise of modern political parties.</font></td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee">  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="15%" bgcolor="white"> </td><td width="75%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td rowspan="1" valign="top" bgcolor="#ff0000"><font color="black">Extended excerpts from Neal Ascherson's 1988 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.poloniatoday.com/historyix.htm"><i><u><font color="black">The Struggles for Poland</font></u></i></a><br><br>posted by Zbigniew Halat<br> </td> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Part 4<br>34,770 words<br>76 visuals</font></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"><font face="Arial"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.halat.pl/article.php?make_stat=poland3&&3&fs=poland3.html" target="_blank"><b>Poland 1795 - 1945</b></a> - The Third Partition; the Grand Duchy of Warsaw; the November Rising of 1830; the 'Great Emigration'; the fiasco of 1846; the January Rising; the Romantic tradition vs. "organic Work;" Poland Resurrected: 1900-1921; World War II; the Warsaw Rising. Also: texts of the Treaty of Nonaggression Between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of August 23, 1939; and of the German-Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty of September 28, 1939; partial transcript of Judge Parker oration at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials.</font></td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee">  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="15%" bgcolor="white"> </td><td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td rowspan="1" valign="top" bgcolor="#ff0000"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://raven.cc.ku.edu/~eceurope/communistnationssince1917/"><font color="black">From <i><u>The Rise and Fall of Communist Nations 1917-1994</u></i></font></a><font face="Arial"> lecture notes<font color="black"> by Prof. A. Cienciala, Univ. of Kansas </font></font></td> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Chapter I Appendix<br>1,440 words</font></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"><font face="Arial"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.halat.pl/article.php?make_stat=poland3&&3&fs=poland3.html" target="_blank"><b>Non-Russian Nationalities of the Russian Empire</b></a> - Russian Poland and the Poles; The Jews</font></td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee">  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="15%" bgcolor="white"> </td><td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td rowspan="7" valign="top" bgcolor="#ff0000">From the 1917: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~koby/"><font color="black"><i><u>Political History of Poland</u></i></font></a> by E.H. Lewinski-Corwin</td> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Chapter 15<br>9,450 words</font></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~koby/political/chapter_15/15threepartitions.html" target="_blank"><b>The Three Partitions</b></a></font> - The First Partition; End of the Bar Confederacy; The Diet of 1773 and the Treaty of Cession; The First State Board of Education in Europe; The Renaissance in Art and Science; The Reform Party; The Four Years' Diet 1788-1792; The Alliance with Prussia; The Constitution of May 3, 1791; Foreign Hostility to the New Constitution; Confederacy of Targowica; Second Partition of Poland, 1793; The Last Diet; Rising of Kosciuszko, 1794; The Third Partition of Poland, 1795.</font></td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee">  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"><tr> <td width="4%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center"> </div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1800</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1850</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1900</div></td></tr></table>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="28%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Chapter 16<br>8,710 words</font></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~koby/political/chapter_16/16duchywarsaw.html" target="_blank"><b>Napoleon and the Duchy of Warsaw</b></a> - The Attitude of England and France toward the Polish; The Post Partition Regime in Poland; Hopes and Plans of the Polish Patriots; The Polish Legions; The Pro-Russian Turn in Polish Politics & Czartoryski's Plans; Defeat of Prussia and Napoleon's Promises to Poland; Treaty of Tilsit, 1807; Duchy of Poland 1807-15; The Economic Problems; The War with Austria and the Conquest of Galicia, 1809; Franco-Prussian War; Romantic literature promoted image of a heroic fighter for freedom End of the Duchy of Warsaw</font></td>  <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="28%" bgcolor="white"> </td><td width="20%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Chapter 17<br>6,745 words</font></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~koby/political/chapter_17/17congvienna.html" target="_blank"><b>The Congress of Vienna and the Kingdom of Poland</b></a> - The Fifth Partition of Poland; The Republic of Cracow; Grand Duchy of Posen; Galicia; The Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland; The Reaction; Secret Patriotic Societies; Persecutions in Lithuania; Trial of Members of the Polish National Patriotic Society; The Coronation of Nicholas I at Warsaw ; The Outbreak of the Uprising [1830] .</font></td>  <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="40%" bgcolor="white"> </td><td width="17%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Chapter 18<br>9,580 words</font></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~koby/political/chapter_18/18warwrussia.html" target="_blank"><b>The War with Russia and the Aftermath</b></a> - Causes of the Polish Failure; The Uprising Turns into a Regular War; The Deposition of Tsar Nicholas; The Dictatorship of Skrzynecki; The Close of War; The Immediate Consequences of War; The Reflection in Literature of the National Tragedy; The Further Consequences of the Polish War with Russia; Revolutionary Activities; The End of the Cracow Republic and the Slaughter of the Galician Gentry; The Year 1848 </font></td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee">  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"><tr> <td width="4%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center"> </div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1800</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1850</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1900</div></td></tr></table>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="59%" bgcolor="white"> </td><td width="31%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td width="84%" bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Chapter 19<br>14,155 words</font></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~koby/political/chapter_19/19_1863up.html" target="_blank"><b>The Uprising of 1863 and the Era of Positivism</b></a> - Shattering of Hope by Tsar Alexander II;Political Demonstrations; Wielopolski's Administration; Rising of the Revolutionary Tide; Short lived Polish Home Rule; Revolution of 1863; The End of the War; Vengenance of the Russian Government; The Lot of Lithuania; Censorship; Era of Positivism and its Reflection in Literature; Social and Economic Changes following the collapse of the Revolution; Socialism and the People Party; Brutality of the Prussian Regime; Galician Home Rule; Ruthenian Problem</font></td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="59%" bgcolor="white"> </td><td width="32%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Chapter 20<br>6,260 words</font></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~koby/political/chapter_20/20construssia.html" target="_blank"><b>Constitutional Russia and the Poles</b></a> - The Russo- Japanese War and the Political Awakening of Russia; The Severity of the Russian Rule; The Suppression of Polish Educational Activities; The Attitude of the Duma toward the Poles; Polish Representation in the Duma; The Jewish Problem</font></td>  <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="92%" bgcolor="white"> </td><td width="5%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Chapter 21<br>11,290 words</font></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~koby/political/chapter_21/21polquestion.html" target="_blank"><b>The Polish Question and the Great War</b></a> - The Re-opening of the Polish Question; The Polish Military Preparedness; The Supreme National Committee; The Manifesto of Grand Duke Nicholas; The Growth of the Polish Legions; The International Status of the Polish Question; Russian Rule During the War; The Fall of Warsaw and the Dubious Policy of the Central Empires; Polish self-help during the War; The Heroism of the Polish Legions; Joseph Pilsudski and the Forcing of the Polish Issue; The Proclaimination of Poland's Independence Nov 5, 1916; The Provisional Polish Government; The Solution of the Polish Question </font></td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee">  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"><tr> <td width="4%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center"> </div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1800</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1850</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1900</div></td></tr></table>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="93%" bgcolor="white"> </td><td width="3%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="TOP" bgcolor="#ff0000"> From the 1914 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=2" target="_blank"><font color="black"><u><i>History of Austro-Hungary and Poland</u></i></font></a> by Steed. Phillips and Hannay</td> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Chapter XXVI<br>4,785 words</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffffee"><a href="XXVI.html" target="_blank"><b>Russian Ascendancy </b></a> - 17th century foreign intrigue and bribery, royal elections, the szlachta, liberum veto and magnates. B醫hory, the Vasas, Wisniowiecki, Sobieski, the Saxons and Poniatowski. Russian minster Repenin vs patriotic bishops. Confederation of Bar. First Partition</td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee">  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="4%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Chapter XXVII<br>1,890 words</font></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"><a href="XXVII.html" target="_blank"><b>Prussian Intervention</b></a> - The four years' Diet if 1788, Stanislaw Malachowski, Hugo Kollontaj and Ignaty Potocki & the Constitution of May 3rd, Catherine the Great, Felix Potocki, Severin Rzewuski and Xavier Branicki & the Confederation of Targowice, the Polish-Russian war of 1792 and Second Partition; the Kosciuszko Uprising of 1795 and the Third Partition. Also Napoleon and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw.</td>  <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="10%" bgcolor="white"> </td><td width="16%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Chapter XXVIII<br>2,635 words</font></td> <td width="54%" bgcolor="#ffffee"><a href="XXVIII" target="_blank"><b>The Congress Kingdom</b></a> - The 1815 Congreess of Vienna, establishment of the Congress Kingdom of Poland with its own Constitution, the Tsar as King & a partially elected Diet. The Uprising of 1830, its suppression and the reduction of the Kingdom to a Russian province, the Uprising of 1863 and its crushing.</td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee">  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"><tr> <td width="4%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center"> </div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1800</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1850</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1900</div></td></tr></table>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="26%" bgcolor="white"> </td><td width="24%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="TOP" bgcolor="#ff0000"> From the 2004 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.poland-embassy.si/eng/poland/history1.htm" target="_blank"><font color="black"><u><i>History of Poland</u></i></font></a> posting by the Polish Embassy in Ljubljana </td> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Part 3<br>1,735 words</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffffee"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.poland-embassy.si/eng/poland/history3.htm" target="_blank"><b>Part 3</b></a> - Union of Lublin, Creation of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - 1569; Electing the King - 1573; Wars with Russia, Sweden, the Ottoman Empire and the Dnieper Cossacks; Sobieski's Relief of Vienna - 1683; The First Partition - 1772</td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee">  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="12%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Part 4<br>1,775 words</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffffee"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.poland-embassy.si/eng/poland/history4.htm" target="_blank"><b>Part 4</b></a> - May 3rd Constitution (1791); Kosciuszko Insurrection (1794); Grand Duchy of Warsaw 1807 - Napoleonic Wars; The November Uprising (1830); January Uprising (1863) </td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee">  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="12%" bgcolor="white"> </td><td width="50%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="TOP" bgcolor="#ff0000"> From the 1997 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.kasprzyk.demon.co.uk/www/HistoryPolska.html" target="_blank"><font color="black"><u><i>The History of Poland</u></i></font></a> posting by Mieczyslaw Kasprzyk</td> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Part 3<br>1,300 words</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffffee"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.kasprzyk.demon.co.uk/www/Decline.html" target="_blank"><b>Decline and Partition</b></a> - The Partition of 1772; National revival in 1773; The new Constitution of 1791; Betrayal by the Confederation of Targowica; 1793 - Russia and Prussia signed the Second Partition Treaty; 1794 - Insurrection led by Kosciuszko; 1795 - the Third Partition wipes Poland off the map. </td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee">  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="17%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Part 4<br>2,315 words</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffffee"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.kasprzyk.demon.co.uk/www/Revolution.html" target="_blank"><b>Revolution and Rebirth</b></a> - Napoleonic Poland; The Duchy of Warsaw; The "Congress Kingdom"; The "Great Emigration"; "For Your Freedom and Ours"; The "January Uprising" of 1863; The First World War - 1914-1918</td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee">  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="12%" bgcolor="white"> </td><td width="91%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td valign="TOP" bgcolor="#ff0000"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.polishroots.com/genpoland/polhistory.htm" target="_blank"><font color="black"><u>A brief history of Poland in the last 200 years</u></font></a>. Posted by Lukasz Bielecki in 2001</td> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">4,290 words</font> </td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"><font face="Arial"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.polishroots.com/genpoland/polhistory.htm" target="_blank"><font color="blue"><b>Introduction</b></font></a> with five excellent historical maps (960 words).<br>Also, a page of historical notes and a map for each of eight specific listed regions (ca. 400 words each)</font> <table><tr><td width="50%"><ul style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.polishroots.com/genpoland/eastpr.htm">East Prussia</a> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.polishroots.com/genpoland/gal.htm">Galicia</a> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.polishroots.com/genpoland/kpol.htm">Kingdom of Poland</a> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.polishroots.com/genpoland/pom.htm">Pomerania</a></ul></td> <td><ul style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.polishroots.com/genpoland/pos.htm">Province of Posen (Poznan)</a> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.polishroots.com/genpoland/sil.htm">Silesia</a></b> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.polishroots.com/genpoland/westpr.htm">West Prussia</a> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.polishroots.com/genpoland/kresy.htm">Western parts of Russia</a></ul></td></tr></table> </td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee">  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"><tr> <td width="4%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center"> </div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1800</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1850</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1900</div></td></tr></table> <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/history/A0839493.html" target="_blank"><font color="black"><b>Poland, partitions of. </b></font></a> <br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/history/A0839493.html" onclick="m=window.open; return true;" target="_blank"><font color="black" size="1px">factmonster.com/.../A0839493.html</font></a></td> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">330 words</font></td> <td bgcolor="#ffffee"><font face="Arial">A brief retelling of basic facts in article from Columbia Encyclopedia</font></td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="15%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td width="85%" bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1795Poland-division.html" target="_blank"><b><font color="black">The Division of Poland, 1772, 1793, 1795</font></b></a> <br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1795Poland-division.html" onclick="m=window.open; return true;" target="_blank"><font color="black" size="1px">fordham.edu/.../1795Poland-division.html</font></a></td> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">980 words</font></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"><font face="Arial">Excerpts from the Memoirs of Frederick II of Prussia and the Letters of Maria Theresa of Austria and Catherine II of Russia </font></td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"> <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="15%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td width="85%" bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff0000"><a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/partitions/northpark/link.shtml" target="_blank"><font color="black"><b>The Second Partition of Poland: 1793 </b></font></a> <br><a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/partitions/northpark/link.shtml" onclick="m=window.open; return true;" target="_blank"><font color="black" size="1px">Info-Poland/.../history/partitions/northpark/link.shtml</font></a></td> <td width="6%" align="center"><font face="Arial">545 words</font> </td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee"><font face="Arial">A description of the events that led and followed Poland's Second Partition. Also a map identifying the lands lost to Poland.</font> </td> <td width="15%" align="left" bgcolor="#ffffee">  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"><tr> <td width="4%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center"> </div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1800</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1850</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1900</div></td></tr></table> <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"><td width="15%" bgcolor="white"> </td><td width="3%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td><td width="82%" bgcolor="white"> </td></tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="4"><table width="100%" cellpadding="8"><tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffa6a6"><font face="Arial" color="#ffffff" size="+1"><b>   Biographical links</b></font></td></tr><tr> <td width="50%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><font face="Arial" color="#ffffff" size="+1"><b>   Leaders: civil, military, etc.</b></font></td> <td bgcolor="#C0C089"><font face="Arial" color="#ffffff" size="+1"><b>   Others: artists, scientists, etc.</b><font></td></tr></table></td></tr> </table><table width="100%" cellpadding="8">  <tr><td width="85%" colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.kasprzyk.demon.co.uk/www/ElectedMonarchy.html#Poniatowski"><b>Stanislaw II Augustus Poniatowski</b></a> (1732 - 1798), King and Reformer</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="#dedede"><tr> <td width="4%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center"> </div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1800</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1850</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1900</div></td></tr></table>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="15%" bgcolor="#FFA000"> </td> <td width="1.96% bgcolor=" #ffcc33"> </td> <td bgcolor="white"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/kosciuszko/main.html"><b>Tadeusz Ko禼iuszko</b></a> (1746 - 1817), Hero and General</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="29.41%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> <td bgcolor="white"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/pulaski/index.html"><b>Kazimierz Pu砤ski</b></a> (1747 - 1779), General and Hero, "Father of American Cavalry"</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="4.57%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> <td bgcolor="white"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.kasprzyk.demon.co.uk/www/Aftermath.html"><b>Jan Henryk Dąbrowski</b></a> (1755 - 1818), General and Exile Leader </td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="30.06%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> <td bgcolor="white"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/hist_persons/poniatowski/link.shtml"><b>J髗ef Poniatowski</b></a> (1763 - 1813), Patriot, Statesman, General</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="26.79%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> <td bgcolor="white"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C089"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/hist_persons/walewska/link.shtml"><b><font color="brown">Marie Walewska</font></b></a> (1786 - 1817), Noblewoman and Mistress of Napoleon Bonaparte</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="9%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td width="20%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> <td bgcolor="white"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C089"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/mickiewicz/main.html"><b><font color="brown">Adam Mickiewicz</font></b></a> (1798 - 1855), Poet and Patriot</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="16.99%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td width="37.25%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> <td bgcolor="white"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/hist_persons/Plater/link.shtml"><b>Emilia Plater</b></a> (1806 - 1831), Polish commander during the November Uprising</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="22.2%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td width="16.34%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> <td bgcolor="white"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C089"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/arts_culture/literature/poetry/slowacki/bio/link.shtml"><b><font color="brown">Juliusz S硂wacki</font></b></a> (1809 - 1849), Poet and Playwright</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="#dedede"><tr> <td width="4%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center"> </div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1800</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1850</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1900</div></td></tr></table>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="24.18%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td width="26.14%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> <td bgcolor="white"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C089"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/arts_culture/music/Chopin/link.shtml"><b><font color="brown">Fryderyk Chopin</font></b></a> (1810 - 1849), Composer</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="24.83%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td width="25.49%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> <td bgcolor="white"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C089"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/arts_culture/music/Moniuszko/index.shtml"><b><font color="brown">Stanis砤w Moniuszko</font></b></a> (1819 - 1872), Composer</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="30.71%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td width="34.64%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> <td bgcolor="white"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002704/http://www.kasprzyk.demon.co.uk/www/Aftermath.html#Resistance"><b>Romuald Traugutt</b></a> (1825 - 1864), Political and Military Commander of the uprising of 1863</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="34.64%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td width="25.49%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> <td bgcolor="white"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C089"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/arts_culture/painting/painters/Matejko/link.shtml"><b><font color="brown">Jan Matejko</font></b></a> (1838 - 1893), Painter and Patriot</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="43.13%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td width="35.94%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> <td bgcolor="white"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C089"> <b><a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/sienkiewicz.html"><font color="brown">Henryk Sienkiewicz</font></a></b> (1846 - 1919), Author & Nobelist</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="48.36%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td width="47.71%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> <td bgcolor="white"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C089"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/sci_health/science/scientists/babinski/link.shtml"><font color="brown"><b>Jozef Babiński</b></font></a> (1857 - 1932), French-Polish Neurologist</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="55.56%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C089"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/arts_culture/literature//fiction/conrad/link.shtml"><font color="brown"><b>Joseph Conrad</b></font></a> (1857 - 1924), Novelist</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="55.56%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td width="43.79%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> <td bgcolor="white"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <b><a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/paderewski/index.html">Ignacy Paderewski</a></b> (1860 - 1941), Pianist and Prime Minister</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="#dedede"><tr> <td width="4%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center"> </div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1800</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1850</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1900</div></td></tr></table>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="57.51%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/hist_persons/narutowicz/link.shtml"><b>Gabriel Narutowicz</b></a> (1865 - 1922), First Elected President of the Republic of Poland</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="60.78%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/sci_health/science/scientists/moscicki/link.shtml"><b>Ignacy Moscicki</b></a> (1867 - 1946), Chemist and President of Poland</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="62.09%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C089"> <b><a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/sci_health/science/scientists/curie/link.shtml"><font color="brown">Maria Sklodowska Curie</font></a></b> (1867 - 1934), Discoverer of Radioactivity, Nobelist</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="62.09%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <b><a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/hist_persons/pilsudski/link.shtml">J髗ef Pi硈udski</a></b> (1867 - 1935), Polical Revolutionary; Head of State</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="62.09%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td width="33%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> <td width="2.6%" bgcolor="#FFA000"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C089"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/arts_culture/literature/fiction/reymont/link.shtml"><b><font color="brown">Władysław Reymont</font></b></a> (1868 - 1925), Author and Nobelist</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="62.74%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/hist_persons/Woj/link.shtml"><b>Stanisław Wojciechowski</b></a> (1869 - 1953), President of Poland</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="63.39%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <b><a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/hist_persons/lux/link.shtml">Rosa Luxemburg</a></b> (1871 - 1919), Political Theorists and Marxist</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="64.7%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td width="31.37%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> <td bgcolor="white"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C089"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/sci_health/science/scientists/Arctowski/link.shtml"><b><font color="brown">Henryk Arctowski</font></b></a> (1871 - 1958), Geologist, explored Antarctica</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="#dedede"><tr> <td width="4%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center"> </div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1800</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1850</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1900</div></td></tr></table>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="64.7%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/hist_persons/Arciszewski_Tom/link.shtml"><b>Tomasz Arciszewski</b></a> (1877 - 1955), Prime Minister of Poland</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="68.6%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C089"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/arts_culture/literature/poetry/apollinaire/link.shtml"><b><font color="brown">Guillaume Apollinaire</font></b></a> (1880 - 1918), Poet and Playwright</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="70.58%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td width="24.8%" bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> <td bgcolor="white"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/hist_persons/Sikorski/link.shtml"><b>Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski</b></a> (1881 - 1943), General and Prime Minister of Poland</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="71.24%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C089"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/arts_culture/music/Szymanowski/link.shtml"><b><font color="brown">Karol Szymanowski</font></b></a> (1882 - 1937), Composer</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="71.89%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/hist_persons/puzak/link.shtml"><b>Kazimierz Puzak</b></a> (1883 - 1950), Politician</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="72.54%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C089"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/arts_culture/literature/fiction/witkacy/link.shtml"><b><font color="brown">Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz</font></b></a> (1885 - 1939), Painter and Writer</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="73.85%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C089"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/arts_culture/cinema/B_Ryszard/link.shtml"><b><font color="brown">Richard Boleslawski</font></b></a> (1889 - 1937), Film Director</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="76.47%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/hist_persons/Anders/link.shtml"><b>Władysław Anders</b></a> (1892 - 1970), W W II General and Hero</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="#dedede"><tr> <td width="4%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center"> </div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1800</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1850</div></td> <td width="32%" style="WIDTH:; WORD-WRAP: break-word"><div align="center">1900</div></td></tr></table>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="78.4%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/hist_persons/Starzynski/link.shtml"><b>Stefan Bronisław Starzyński</b></a> (1893 - c. 1943), Politician, Economist, and President of Warsaw</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="79%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#C0C0C0"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/hist_persons/Bor_Komorowski/link.shtml"><b>Tadeusz Komorowski</b></a> (1895 - 1966), Commander of the Warsaw Uprising during W W II</td> <td>  <table align="center" width="90%" height="12" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="ffffee"> <tr class="time"> <td width="80.39%" bgcolor="white"> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCC33"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr></table>  <table width="100%" border="0"> <tr> <td align="left">Report broken link: copy its title or url and click <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/broken.html"><font color="blue">here</font></a></td> <td align="right">Flag <img src="/web/20080413002704im_/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/pl.gif" width="25" height="13" alt="Polish flag">   indicates link is to a website in Polish</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">To comment click <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/comments.html"><font color="blue">here</font></a> or to suggest another link click <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/submit.html"><font color="blue">here</font></a></td> <td align="right"><a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/cho/go.html"><font color="blue">Info</font></a> about studying at the University at Buffalo</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <font color="#ffffff">   </font>  <p> </p> </td></tr> <center> <tr><td class="foot" align="center" valign="bottom"> <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="2px" face="arial" color="blue">Info-Poland</font></a>   |    <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="2px" face="arial" color="blue">art and culture</font></a>   |    <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/index.shtml" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="2px" face="arial" color="blue">history</font></a>   |    <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/polstud/amusab.html" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="2px" face="arial" color="blue">universities</font></a>   |    <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/polstud/plist.html" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="2px" face="arial" color="blue">studies</font></a>   |    <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/scholar/" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="2px" face="arial" color="blue">scholars</font></a>   |    <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/index.html" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="2px" face="arial" color="blue">classroom</font></a>   |    <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/chapters.html" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="2px" face="arial" color="blue">book chapters</font></a>   |    <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/sitemapC.shtml" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="2px" face="arial" color="blue">sitemaps</font></a>   |    <a href="/web/20080413002704/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/commentary.html" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="2px" face="arial" color="blue">users' comments</font></a> </td></tr> </center> </table> </body> </html>