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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="بیرینجی دنقلا دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی دنقلا دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Dongola_(642)" title="Battaglia di Dongola (642) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Dongola (642)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Batalha_de_Dongola" title="Primeira Batalha de Dongola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeira Batalha de Dongola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Прва битка код Донголе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прва битка код Донголе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%81_%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B0" title="معرکہ دنقلا الاولیٰ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معرکہ دنقلا الاولیٰ" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle between Arab-Muslim forces and the Nubian-Christian kingdom of Makuria in 642</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/36px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/54px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/72px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>A request that this article title be changed to <i><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Dongola&redirect=no">First Battle of Dongola</a></span></i> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:First_battle_of_%C3%96land_(1564)#Requested_move_13_November_2024" title="Talk:First battle of Öland (1564)">under discussion</a></b>. Please <em>do not move</em> this article until the discussion is closed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">First battle of Dongola</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>Summer,<sup id="cite_ref-Ashraf-180_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashraf-180-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 642</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">In Northern <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Makurian victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Makuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Makuria">Kingdom of Makuria</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_Nafi" title="Uqba ibn Nafi">Uqba ibn Nafi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Clark-564_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-564-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Qalidurut" title="Qalidurut">Qalidurut</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 20,000 Cavalry<sup id="cite_ref-Jennings-25_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jennings-25-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 8,000–10,000 Archers and Cavalry<sup id="cite_ref-Lobban-147_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobban-147-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 10,000–15,000 dead<sup id="cite_ref-Clark-565_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-565-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ashraf-180_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashraf-180-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,000</span> dead<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,000</span> wounded</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>first battle of Dongola</b> took place between the early <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_army" title="Rashidun army">Rashidun army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Christianity">Oriental Orthodox Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Nubians" title="Nubians">Nubians</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a> in 642, This was the first real Rashidun Arab defeat on the battlefield despite outnumbering their opponents. </p><p>The battle, which resulted in a Makurian victory, halted Arab incursions into <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> and set the tone for an atmosphere of hostility between the two cultures until the culmination of the <a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_Dongola" title="Second battle of Dongola">second battle of Dongola</a> in 652. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_battle_of_Dongola&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the sixth century, the area that had once been under the domination of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a> converted to Christianity. This included the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a>, Makuria and <a href="/wiki/Nobatia" title="Nobatia">Nobatia</a>, which rested on Egypt's southern border. Over a century later, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> united the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> into an expanding military and political force by 632. </p><p>In 640, the military leader <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-As</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Arab conquest of Egypt">conquered Byzantine Egypt</a>. To consolidate Muslim control over Egypt, it was inevitable to secure its western and southern borders. Amr accordingly sent expeditions to <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_North_Africa" title="Byzantine North Africa">Byzantine North Africa</a> and Makuria's <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_battle_of_Dongola&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nubian_archer,_Codex_Casanatense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nubian_archer%2C_Codex_Casanatense.jpg/200px-Nubian_archer%2C_Codex_Casanatense.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nubian_archer%2C_Codex_Casanatense.jpg/300px-Nubian_archer%2C_Codex_Casanatense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nubian_archer%2C_Codex_Casanatense.jpg/400px-Nubian_archer%2C_Codex_Casanatense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>A Nubian archer as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_Casanatense" title="Códice Casanatense">Codex Casanatense</a> (16th century).</figcaption></figure><p>In 642, Amr ibn al-As sent a column of 20,000 horsemen under his cousin <a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_Nafi" title="Uqba ibn Nafi">Uqba ibn Nafi</a> against Makuria. They managed to get as far as <a href="/wiki/Dongola" title="Dongola">Dongola</a>, the capital of Makuria. However, in a rare turn of events, the Arab forces were beaten back.<sup id="cite_ref-Jennings-25_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jennings-25-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">al-Baladhuri</a>, the Muslims found that the Nubians fought strongly and met them with showers of arrows. The majority of the Arab forces returned with wounded and blinded eyes. It was thus that the Nubians were called 'the pupil smiters'.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark-564_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-564-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Baladhuri also states, quoting from one of his sources that went to Nubia twice during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>: "One day they came out against us and formed a line; we wanted to use swords, but we were not able to, and they shot at us and put out eyes to the number of one hundred and fifty."<sup id="cite_ref-Clark-565_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-565-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nubian victory at Dongola was one of the Rashidun Caliphate's rare defeats during the mid-7th century. With their archers' deadly accuracy plus their own experienced cavalry forces, Makuria was able to shake al-Amr's confidence enough for him to withdraw his forces from Nubia.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobban-147_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobban-147-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arab_withdrawal_from_Nubia">Arab withdrawal from Nubia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_battle_of_Dongola&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arab withdrawal from Nubia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arab sources claim that the expedition into Nubia was not a Muslim defeat while at the same time acknowledging it was not a success.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashraf-181_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashraf-181-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition into Nubia, as well as the more successful expedition into Byzantine North Africa, were undertaken by 'Amr ibn al-'As on his own accord. He believed that they would be easy victories and would inform the caliph after the conquests.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashraf-180_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashraf-180-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arab sources also make it clear there were no pitched battles in Nubia. Yet, they do mention an <a href="/wiki/Meeting_engagement" title="Meeting engagement">encounter</a> whereupon <a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_Nafi" title="Uqba ibn Nafi">Uqba ibn Nafi</a> and his forces happened upon a concentration of Nubians that promptly gave battle before the Muslims could attack. In the ensuing engagement, he claims 150 Muslims lost an eye.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashraf-180_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashraf-180-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arab sources lend more credit to Nubian guerrilla tactics than a single decisive engagement. They claim that the Nubians would call out to their Muslim adversaries from afar where they would like their arrow wound. The Muslims would jokingly respond, and the arrow would strike them there invariably. This statement, along with a claim that Nubian horsemen were superior to Muslim cavalry in hit-and-run tactics, was used to support their position that the Nubians were besting them in skirmishes and not all-out battles.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashraf-180_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashraf-180-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless of the situation, Uqba ibn Nafi was unable to succeed with his expedition and wrote back to his cousin that he could not win against such tactics and that Nubia was a very poor land with no treasure worth fighting for. Uqba may not have been exaggerating, since Nubia is surrounded by formidable deserts. Upon receiving this news, Amr bin al-As asked his cousin to withdraw, which he did.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashraf-181_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashraf-181-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_battle_of_Dongola&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Baladhuri states 'Amr decided to withdraw his forces for two principal reasons: that there was little treasure to be had (Though Nubia was rich in Gold and agricultural Produce), and that the Nubian military proved considerable. Thus, it was thought better to make peace. However; he was unwilling to stop campaigning elsewhere, and peace between Muslim Egypt and Christian Makuria only really materialized upon the succession of <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ibn_Sa%27ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Ibn Sa'ad">Abdullah Ibn Sa'ad</a> in 645.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark-565_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-565-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This peace would last until the <a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_Dongola" title="Second battle of Dongola">second battle of Dongola</a>, whose outcome would result in one of the longest peace treaties in recorded history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_battle_of_Dongola&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ashraf-180-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashraf-180_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashraf-180_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashraf-180_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashraf-180_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashraf-180_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashraf, page 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark-564-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clark-564_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark-564_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, page 564</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jennings-25-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jennings-25_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jennings-25_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennings, page 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lobban-147-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lobban-147_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobban-147_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lobban, page 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark-565-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clark-565_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark-565_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark-565_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, page 565</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashraf-181-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashraf-181_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashraf-181_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashraf, page 181</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_battle_of_Dongola&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAshraf,_Shahid2004" class="citation book cs1">Ashraf, Shahid (2004). <i>Encyclopaedia of Holy Prophet and Companions</i>. New Delhi: Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 5054. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-1940-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-261-1940-3"><bdi>81-261-1940-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Holy+Prophet+and+Companions&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=5054&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+PVT.+LTD&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-261-1940-3&rft.au=Ashraf%2C+Shahid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+battle+of+Dongola" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark,_Desmond_J.Roland_Anthony_oliverJ.D._FageA.D._Roberts1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Desmond_Clark" title="J. Desmond Clark">Clark, Desmond J.</a>; Roland Anthony oliver; J.D. Fage; A.D. Roberts (1975). <i>The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 2 c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 847. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-21592-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-21592-7"><bdi>0-521-21592-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa+Volume+2+c.+500+B.C.+-+A.D.+1050&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=847&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-521-21592-7&rft.au=Clark%2C+Desmond+J.&rft.au=Roland+Anthony+oliver&rft.au=J.D.+Fage&rft.au=A.D.+Roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+battle+of+Dongola" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings,_Anne_M.1995" class="citation book cs1">Jennings, Anne M. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nubiansofwestasw0000jenn/page/179"><i>The Nubians of West Aswan: Village Women in the Midst of Change</i></a></span>. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nubiansofwestasw0000jenn/page/179">179 Pages</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55587-592-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55587-592-0"><bdi>1-55587-592-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nubians+of+West+Aswan%3A+Village+Women+in+the+Midst+of+Change&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pages=179+Pages&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-55587-592-0&rft.au=Jennings%2C+Anne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnubiansofwestasw0000jenn%2Fpage%2F179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+battle+of+Dongola" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobban,_Richard2003" class="citation book cs1">Lobban, Richard (2003). <i>Historical dictionary of ancient and medieval Nubia</i>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 511 Pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4784-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-4784-1"><bdi>0-8108-4784-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+ancient+and+medieval+Nubia&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=511+Pages&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8108-4784-1&rft.au=Lobban%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+battle+of+Dongola" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_battle_of_Dongola&oldid=1259014415">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_battle_of_Dongola&oldid=1259014415</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Category:Battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate">Battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Makuria" title="Category:Makuria">Makuria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Africa" title="Category:Military history of Africa">Military history of Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:642" title="Category:642">642</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:7th_century_in_Africa" title="Category:7th century in Africa">7th century in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:640s_conflicts" title="Category:640s conflicts">640s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Sudan" title="Category:Military history of Sudan">Military history of Sudan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sudan_articles_missing_geocoordinate_data" title="Category:Sudan articles missing geocoordinate data">Sudan articles missing geocoordinate data</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_coordinates" title="Category:All articles needing coordinates">All articles needing coordinates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_missing_coordinates_without_coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata">Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 22:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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