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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proto-Elamite_(c._3200_–_c._2700_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Elamite_(c._3200_–_c._2700_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Proto-Elamite (c. 3200 – c. 2700 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Elamite_(c._3200_–_c._2700_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Elamite_period_(c._2700_–_c._1500_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Elamite_period_(c._2700_–_c._1500_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Old Elamite period (c. 2700 – c. 1500 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Elamite_period_(c._2700_–_c._1500_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awan_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awan_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Awan dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awan_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shimashki_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shimashki_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Shimashki dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shimashki_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sukkalmah_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sukkalmah_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Sukkalmah dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sukkalmah_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_with_the_Indus_Valley_civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_with_the_Indus_Valley_civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Trade with the Indus Valley civilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_with_the_Indus_Valley_civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Elamite_period_(c._1500_–_c._1100_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Elamite_period_(c._1500_–_c._1100_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Middle Elamite period (c. 1500 – c. 1100 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Elamite_period_(c._1500_–_c._1100_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anshan_and_Susa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anshan_and_Susa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Anshan and Susa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anshan_and_Susa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kassite_invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kassite_invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Kassite invasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kassite_invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elamite_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elamite_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Elamite Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elamite_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Elamite_period_(c._1100_–_540_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Elamite_period_(c._1100_–_540_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Neo-Elamite period (c. 1100 – 540 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Elamite_period_(c._1100_–_540_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neo-Elamite_I_(c._1100_–_c._770_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Elamite_I_(c._1100_–_c._770_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Neo-Elamite I (c. 1100 – c. 770 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Elamite_I_(c._1100_–_c._770_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Elamite_II_(c._770_–_646_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Elamite_II_(c._770_–_646_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Neo-Elamite II (c. 770 – 646 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Elamite_II_(c._770_–_646_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Elamite_III_(646–539_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Elamite_III_(646–539_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Neo-Elamite III (646–539 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Elamite_III_(646–539_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elymais_(187_BC_–_224_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elymais_(187_BC_–_224_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.4</span> <span>Elymais (187 BC – 224 AD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elymais_(187_BC_–_224_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statuettes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statuettes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Statuettes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statuettes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Seals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statue_of_Queen_Napir-Asu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statue_of_Queen_Napir-Asu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Statue of Queen Napir-Asu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statue_of_Queen_Napir-Asu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stele_of_Untash_Napirisha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stele_of_Untash_Napirisha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Stele of Untash Napirisha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stele_of_Untash_Napirisha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_Elamite_gods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Elamite_gods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>List of Elamite gods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Elamite_gods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Language subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suggested_relations_to_other_language_families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suggested_relations_to_other_language_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Suggested relations to other language families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suggested_relations_to_other_language_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8B%E1%88%9D" title="ኤላም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤላም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="عيلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عيلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_elamita" title="Imperiu elamita – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu elamita" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="عیلام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عیلام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Елам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Елам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam_(Altertum)" title="Elam (Altertum) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elam (Altertum)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC" title="Ελάμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελάμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam_(reino)" title="Elam (reino) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elam (reino)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamo" title="Elamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="تمدن ایلام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تمدن ایلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lam" title="Élam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%9E%8C" title="엘람 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘람" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Էլամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE" title="ईलम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईलम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="עילם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עילם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ელამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamu" title="Elamu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elama" title="Elama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamas" title="Elamas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elamas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Elaman" title="Impero Elaman – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Elaman" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A1m" title="Elám – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elama" title="Elama – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Elama" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ഈലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഈലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ელამი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ელამი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0" title="エラム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エラム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ایلام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ایلام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A3o" title="Elão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam%C3%ABt" title="Elamët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elamët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciilaam" title="Ciilaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ciilaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="شارستانیەتی ئیلام – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شارستانیەتی ئیلام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Елам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Елам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஈலாம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈலாம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="เอลาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอลาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Давлати Элам – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Давлати Элам" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Елам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Елам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="عیلام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عیلام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B0" title="埃兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%98%AD" title="埃蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="埃蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%98%AD" title="埃蘭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃蘭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q128904#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Elam&params=29_54_N_52_24_E_source:fiwiki_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°54′N</span> <span class="longitude">52°24′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.900°N 52.400°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.900; 52.400</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient pre-Iranian civilization between 3200 and 539 BC</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Elam_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Elam (disambiguation)">Elam (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Elam<br /><i>Haltamti</i><br /><span style="font-size:125%;font-family: lang=">𒁹𒄬𒆷𒁶𒋾</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Elam_Map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="d" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elam_Map-en.svg/220px-Elam_Map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elam_Map-en.svg/330px-Elam_Map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elam_Map-en.svg/440px-Elam_Map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map showing the area of the Elamite Empire (in orange) and the neighboring areas. The approximate <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> extension of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> is shown.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">Elamites, Susiana</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><br /> <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Elam&params=29_54_N_52_24_E_source:fiwiki_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°54′N</span> <span class="longitude">52°24′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.900°N 52.400°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.900; 52.400</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Iranic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranic">Iranic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">3200–539 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Iran" title="Category:History of Iran">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History of <span class="fn org label">Iran</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/200px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/300px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/400px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2477" data-file-height="1857" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE / BC</a></i> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Baradostian_culture" title="Baradostian culture">Baradostian culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 36,000–18,000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 20,000–10,000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6000–5000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zayandeh_River_Culture" title="Zayandeh River Culture">Zayandeh River Culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6th millennium</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Dalma_culture" title="Dalma culture">Dalma culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5th millennium</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Prehistory" title="History of Iran">Ancient period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3400–2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Helmand_culture" title="Helmand culture">Helmand culture</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3300–2200</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3200–2700</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi Kingdom</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zamua" title="Zamua">Zamua</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3100-675</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2700–539</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Marhasi" title="Marhasi">Marhaši</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2550-2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus Civilization</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2400–1700</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2400–2150</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–1155</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Avestan_period" title="Avestan period">Avestan period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–500</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 911–609</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 860–590</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mannaea" title="Mannaea">Mannaea</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 850–616</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zikirti" title="Zikirti">Zikirti</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 750-521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Saparda" title="Saparda">Saparda</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 720-670</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Classical_antiquity" title="History of Iran">Imperial period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Median_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Median state">Median Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 678–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 652–625 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Teispids" title="Teispids">Anshanite Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 635 BC–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 626 BC–539 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th century BC</span>–11th century AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 550 BC–330 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 331 BC–428 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 323 BC</span>–226 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of Cappadocia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 320s BC–17 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 312 BC–63 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 281 BC–62 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Fratarakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fratarakas">Fratarakas</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3rd-century BC–132 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 247 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 147 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Characene" title="Characene">Characene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 141 BC–222 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of Persis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 132 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 19 AD–224/5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Paratarajas" title="Paratarajas">Paratarajas</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 125–300</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 224–651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zarmihrids" title="Zarmihrids">Zarmihrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 6th century–785</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qarinvand_dynasty" title="Qarinvand dynasty">Qarinvandids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 550s–11th century</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Medieval_period" title="History of Iran">Medieval period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE / AD</a></i> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 632-661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 750–1258</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Dabuyid_dynasty" title="Dabuyid dynasty">Dabuyids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 642–760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Bavand_dynasty" title="Bavand dynasty">Bavandids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 651–1349</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Masmughans_of_Damavand" title="Masmughans of Damavand">Masmughans of Damavand</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 651–760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Baduspanids" title="Baduspanids">Baduspanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 665–1598</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Justanids" title="Justanids">Justanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 791 – 11th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 864 – 14th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 821–873</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 819–999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 861–1003</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> pre-879 – 1215</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 889–929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 919–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 930–1090</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ilyas" title="Banu Ilyas">Ilyasids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 932–968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 934–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 955–1070</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Hasanwayhids" title="Hasanwayhids">Hasanwayhids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 959–1095</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 977–1186</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 990/1–1117</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kakuyids" title="Kakuyids">Kakuyids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1008–1141</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty_(Sistan)" title="Nasrid dynasty (Sistan)">Nasrid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1029–1236</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Shabankara" title="Shabankara">Shabankara</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1030–1355</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1037–1194</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1077–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1135–1225</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Atabegs_of_Yazd" title="Atabegs of Yazd">Atabegs of Yazd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1141–1319</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Salghurids" title="Salghurids">Salghurids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1148–1282</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Hazaraspids" title="Hazaraspids">Hazaraspids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1155–1424</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Pishkinid_dynasty" title="Pishkinid dynasty">Pishkinid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1155–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Khorshidi_dynasty" title="Khorshidi dynasty">Khorshidi dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1184-1597</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qutlugh-Khanids" title="Qutlugh-Khanids">Qutlugh-Khanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1223-1306</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mihrabanids" title="Mihrabanids">Mihrabanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1236–1537</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt dynasty">Kurt dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1244–1396</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1256–1335</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1357</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1393</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1337–1376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sarbadars" title="Sarbadars">Sarbadars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1337–1376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Injuids" title="Injuids">Injuids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1357</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_dynasty" title="Afrasiyab dynasty">Afrasiyab dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1349–1504</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mar%27ashis" title="Mar'ashis">Mar'ashis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1359–1596</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1370–1507</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kar-Kiya_dynasty" title="Kar-Kiya dynasty">Kar-Kiya dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1370s–1592</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1406–1468</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1468–1508</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Early_modern_period" title="History of Iran">Early modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1501–1736</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> (<a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1722–1729</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1736–1796</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1751–1794</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Modern_period" title="History of Iran">Modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1789–1925</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1925–1979</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Contemporary_period" title="History of Iran">Contemporary period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Iran">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Iran">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iran" title="List of wars involving Iran">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Iranian_history" title="Timeline of Iranian history">Timeline</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Iran" title="Template:History of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Iran" title="Template talk:History of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#f8eaba;font-size:175%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:1px solid #ccc;background:#efefef;font-weight:normal;"> Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magan_(civilization)" title="Magan (civilization)">Magan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himyarite_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite kingdom">Himyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">The Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe#Ancient_Europe" title="History of Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argaric_culture" title="Argaric culture">Argaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrean_civilization" title="Torrean civilization">Torrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaiotic_culture" title="Talaiotic culture">Talaiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerma_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerma kingdom">Kerma kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobians" title="Macrobians">Macrobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Simien" title="Kingdom of Simien">Kingdom of Simien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harla_kingdom" title="Harla kingdom">Harla kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbaria_(region)" title="Barbaria (region)">Barbaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosylon" title="Mosylon">Mosylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heis_(town)" title="Heis (town)">Mundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toniki" title="Toniki">Toniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromata" title="Aromata">Aromata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_(Somalia)" title="Nikon (Somalia)">Nicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauso" title="Rauso">Rauso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotic Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_Africa_throughout_history" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history">African kingdoms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">North Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasamones" title="Nasamones">Nasamones chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battiadae" title="Battiadae">Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blemmyes" title="Blemmyes">Blemmyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massylii" title="Massylii">Massylii Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobatia" title="Nobatia">Nobatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ouarsenis" title="Kingdom of Ouarsenis">Kingdom of Ouarsenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandal kingdom">Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Capsus" title="Kingdom of Capsus">Kingdom of Capsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom" title="Mauro-Roman Kingdom">Kingdom of Masuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Aur%C3%A8s" title="Kingdom of the Aurès">Kingdom of the Aurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Kingdom of Makuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodna" title="Hodna">Kingdom of Hodna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemencha" title="Nemencha">Nemencha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguatan" title="Laguatan">Laguatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Altava" title="Kingdom of Altava">Kingdom of Altava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_Africa_throughout_history" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history">African kingdoms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe#History" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scytho-Siberian_world" title="Scytho-Siberian world">Scythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Hunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xionites" title="Xionites">Xionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Huns" title="Iranian Huns">Iranian Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Barbarians" title="Four Barbarians">Four Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Barbarians" title="Five Barbarians">Five Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Siberia" title="History of Siberia">Siberia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">Central Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Yavana kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley#History" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin#History" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Asia" title="History of East Asia">East Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan#Prehistoric_and_ancient_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea#Prehistoric_and_Antiquity_period" title="History of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia#Ancient_period" title="History of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Outline of South Asian history">South Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern America</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Dorset" title="Pre-Dorset">Pre-Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns culture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerica</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi-Olmec_culture" title="Epi-Olmec culture">Epi-Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacha" title="Capacha">Capacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_civilization" title="Huastec civilization">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_culture" title="Mixtec culture">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xochipala" title="Xochipala">Xochipala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Cocl%C3%A9" title="Gran Coclé">Gran Coclé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">Izapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlatilco_culture" title="Tlatilco culture">Tlatilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicuilco" title="Cuicuilco">Cuicuilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcala_culture" title="Mezcala culture">Mezcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chup%C3%ADcuaro" title="Chupícuaro">Chupícuaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quelepa" title="Quelepa">Quelepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Mexico_shaft_tomb_tradition" title="Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition">Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuchitl%C3%A1n_culture" title="Teuchitlán culture">Teuchitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraguas_culture" title="Veraguas culture">Veraguas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquis" title="Diquis">Diquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cholula (Mesoamerican site)">Cholula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nicoya" title="Kingdom of Nicoya">Nicoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Veracruz_culture" title="Classic Veracruz culture">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac_culture" title="Totonac culture">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andean_South_America" title="History of Andean South America">Andes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization" title="Caral–Supe civilization">Caral–Supe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casma%E2%80%93Sechin_culture" title="Casma–Sechin culture">Casma–Sechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracas_culture" title="Paracas culture">Paracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_culture" title="Lima culture">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ortoiroid_people" title="Ortoiroid people">Ortoiroid people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey" title="Guanahatabey">Guanahatabey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladoid" title="Saladoid">Saladoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago" title="Kalinago">Kalinago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Kalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafaring_in_the_Pre-Columbian_Caribbean" title="Seafaring in the Pre-Columbian Caribbean">Seafaring</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">West Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kintampo_Complex" title="Kintampo Complex">Kintampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhar_Tichitt" title="Dhar Tichitt">Dhar Tichitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oualata" title="Oualata">Oualata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nok_culture" title="Nok culture">Nok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sao_civilisation" title="Sao civilisation">Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekoi_people" title="Ekoi people">Ekoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_prehistory" title="Serer prehistory">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambian_stone_circles" title="Senegambian stone circles">Senegambia megaliths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-imperial_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-imperial Mali">Pre-imperial Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9-Djenno" title="Djenné-Djenno">Djenné-Djenno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igodomigodo" title="Igodomigodo">Igodomigodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_culture" title="Bura culture">Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takrur" title="Takrur">Takrur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Pygmies" title="African Pygmies">Pygmies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_Africa_throughout_history" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history">African kingdoms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Oceania" title="History of Oceania">Oceania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia#History" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia#History" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia#History" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_B%C3%A0ng_dynasty" title="Hồng Bàng dynasty">Hồng Bàng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi" title="Suvarnabhumi">Suvarnabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhanavati" title="Singhanavati">Singhanavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Batu" title="Sungai Batu">Sungai Batu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_kingdoms" title="Mon kingdoms">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaton_kingdom" title="Thaton kingdom">Thaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Tu" title="Chi Tu">Chi Tu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tun_Sun" title="Tun Sun">Tun Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagaung_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagaung kingdom">Tagaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangga_Negara" title="Gangga Negara">Gangga Negara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ksetra_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Ksetra kingdom">Sri Ksetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2m_%E1%BA%A4p" title="Lâm Ấp">Lâm Ấp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quduqian" title="Quduqian">Quduqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)">Pan Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rakhine" title="History of Rakhine">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xitu" title="Xitu">Xitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantoli" title="Kantoli">Kantoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Pahang_kingdom" title="Old Pahang kingdom">Mueang Pahang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavo_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavo kingdom">Lavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melayu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Melayu kingdom">Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Shailendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Cambodia" title="Early history of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_states_of_Thailand" title="Initial states of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_Timor" title="Pre-colonial Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Singapore" title="Early history of Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">Ancient maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_Age" title="Axial Age">Axial Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border:1px solid #ccc;background:#efefef;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_history" title="Category:Ancient history">Category</a></li> <li>Followed by <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_history" title="Template:Ancient history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_history" title="Template talk:Ancient history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Elam</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, stretching from the lowlands of what is now <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilam_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilam Province">Ilam Province</a> as well as a small part of southern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. The modern name <i>Elam</i> stems from the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> transliteration <i>elam(a)</i>, along with the later <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <i>elamtu</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite">Elamite</a> <i>haltamti.</i> Elamite states were among the leading political forces of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Classical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical literature">classical literature</a>, Elam was also known as <a href="/wiki/Susiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Susiana">Susiana</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Σουσιανή</span> <i>Sousiānḗ</i>), a name derived from its capital <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elam was part of the early <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the Ancient Near East">urbanization of the Near East</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> period (Copper Age). The emergence of written records from around 3000 BC also parallels <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> history, where slightly earlier records have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Old Elamite period (<a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a>), Elam consisted of kingdoms on the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>, centered in <a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a>, and from the mid-2nd millennium BC, it was centered in Susa in the Khuzestan lowlands.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its culture played a crucial role during the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid dynasty</a> that succeeded Elam, when the <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite language</a> remained among those in official use. Elamite is generally considered a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a> unrelated to any other languages. According to <a href="/wiki/Daniel_T._Potts" title="Daniel T. Potts">Daniel T. Potts,</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Hinz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Hinz (page does not exist)">Walther Hinz</a> was less cautious in suggesting that the Elamites were ‘Proto-Lurs’, that is, the ancestors of inhabitants of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Lurestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lurestan">Lurestan</a> in western Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Elamite language <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> of Elam as a country appears to have been <i>Hatamti</i> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg/70px-Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg/105px-Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg/140px-Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="251" /></a></span> in <a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesset2020a_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesset2020a-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesset2020b_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesset2020b-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Haltamti</i> (<a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Cuneiform Elamite</a>: <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒁹𒄬𒆷𒁶𒋾</span> <span title="Elamite-language romanization"><i lang="elx-Latn">halatamti</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">Exonyms</a> included the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> names <i>ELAM.MA<sup>ki</sup></i>𒉏𒈠𒆠 and <i>ELAM</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <i>Elamû</i> (masculine/neuter) and <i>Elamītu</i> (feminine) meant "resident of Susiana, Elamite".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sumerian term <i>elam</i> also referred to the highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In prehistory, Elam was centered primarily in modern <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestān</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilam_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilam Province">Ilam</a>. The name Khuzestān is derived ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: <span lang="peo">𐎢𐎺𐎩</span> (<i>hūja</i>) meaning Susa/Elam.<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_1953_53_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent_1953_53-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <span lang="pal" dir="rtl">𐭧𐭥𐭰</span> (<i>hūz</i>) "Susiana", and in modern <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خوز</span> (<i>xuz</i>), compounded with the toponymic suffix <i><a href="/wiki/-stan" title="-stan">-stån</a></i> "place". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pre-Achaemenid_Era.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pre-Achaemenid_Era.gif/260px-Pre-Achaemenid_Era.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pre-Achaemenid_Era.gif/390px-Pre-Achaemenid_Era.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pre-Achaemenid_Era.gif/520px-Pre-Achaemenid_Era.gif 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption>Timeline of Elam.</figcaption></figure> <p>In geographical terms, Susiana basically represents the Iranian province of <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a> around the river <a href="/wiki/Karun" title="Karun">Karun</a>. In ancient times, several names were used to describe this area. The ancient geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> was the earliest to call the area <i>Susiana</i>, referring to the country around Susa. </p><p>Another ancient geographer, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, viewed Elam and Susiana as two different geographic regions. He referred to Elam ("land of the Elymaei") as primarily the highland area of Khuzestan.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disagreements over the location also exist in the Jewish historical sources says Daniel T. Potts. Some ancient sources draw a distinction between Elam as the highland area of Khuzestan, and Susiana as the lowland area. Yet in other ancient sources 'Elam' and 'Susiana' seem equivalent.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The uncertainty in this area extends also to modern scholarship. Since the discovery of ancient <a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a>, and the realization of its great importance in Elamite history, the definitions were changed again. Some modern scholars<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argued that the center of Elam lay at Anshan and in the highlands around it, and not at Susa in lowland Khuzistan. </p><p>Potts disagrees suggesting that the term 'Elam' was primarily constructed by the Mesopotamians to describe the area in general terms, without referring specifically either to the lowlanders or the highlanders, </p> <blockquote><p>Elam is not an Iranian term and has no relationship to the conception which the peoples of highland Iran had of themselves. They were Anshanites, Marhashians, Shimashkians, Zabshalians, Sherihumians, Awanites, etc. That Anshan played a leading role in the political affairs of the various highland groups inhabiting southwestern Iran is clear. But to argue that Anshan is coterminous with Elam is to misunderstand the artificiality and indeed the alienness of Elam as a construct imposed from without on the peoples of the southwestern highlands of the Zagros mountain range, the coast of Fars and the alluvial plain drained by the Karun-Karkheh river system.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prehistorically the area was well settled during the <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a> and shared many aspects of Ubaid cultures. </p><p>Knowledge of Elamite history remains largely fragmentary, reconstruction being based on mainly <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a>) sources. The history of Elam is conventionally divided into three periods, spanning more than two millennia. The period before the first Elamite period is known as the proto-Elamite period: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a>:</b> c. 3200 – c. 2700 BC (Proto-Elamite script in Susa)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Elamite_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Elamite period">Old Elamite period</a></b>: c. 2700 – c. 1500 BC (earliest documents until the <a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukkalmah Dynasty">Sukkalmah Dynasty</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Elamite_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Elamite period (page does not exist)">Middle Elamite period</a>:</b> c. 1500 – c. 1100 BC (Anzanite dynasty until the Babylonian invasion of Susa)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Elamite_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Elamite period">Neo-Elamite period</a>:</b> c. 1100 – 540 BC (characterized by Assyrian and Median influence. 539 BC marks the beginning of the Achaemenid period.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-Elamite_(c._3200_–_c._2700_BC)"><span id="Proto-Elamite_.28c._3200_.E2.80.93_c._2700_BC.29"></span>Proto-Elamite (c. 3200 – c. 2700 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proto-Elamite (c. 3200 – c. 2700 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg/170px-Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg/255px-Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg/340px-Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Kneeling_Bull_with_Vessel" title="Kneeling Bull with Vessel">Kneeling Bull with Vessel</a></i>. Kneeling bull holding a spouted vessel, Proto-Elamite period, (3100–2900 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Proto-Elamite civilization grew up east of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> alluvial plains; it was a combination of the lowlands and the immediate highland areas to the north and east. At least three proto-Elamite states merged to form Elam: <a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan</a>, and Shimashki. References to Awan are generally older than those to Anshan, and some scholars suggest that both states encompassed the same territory, in different eras (see Hanson, Encyclopædia Iranica). To this core <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Shushiana</a> was periodically annexed and broken off. In addition, some Proto-Elamite sites are found well outside this area, spread out on the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>; such as <a href="/wiki/Warakshe" class="mw-redirect" title="Warakshe">Warakshe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sialk">Sialk</a> (now a suburb of the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jiroft" title="Jiroft">Jiroft</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Kerman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerman Province">Kerman Province</a>. The state of Elam was formed from these lesser states as a response to invasion from Sumer during the Old Elamite period. Elamite strength was based on an ability to hold these various areas together under a coordinated government that permitted the maximum interchange of the natural resources unique to each region. Traditionally, this was done through a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federated</a> governmental structure. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg/250px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg/375px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg/500px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption>Proto-Elamite (<a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> III) cylinder seal, 3150–2800 BC. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference Sb 6166</figcaption></figure> <p>The Proto-Elamite city of Susa was founded around 4000 BC in the watershed of the river <a href="/wiki/Karun" title="Karun">Karun</a>. It is considered to be the site of Proto-Elamite cultural formation. During its early history, it fluctuated between submission to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> and Elamite power. The earliest levels (22–17 in the excavations conducted by Le Brun, 1978) exhibit pottery that has no equivalent in Mesopotamia, but for the succeeding period, the excavated material allows identification with the culture of Sumer of the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a> influence from Mesopotamia in Susa becomes visible from about 3200 BC, and texts in the still undeciphered Proto-Elamite writing system continue to be present until about 2700 BC. The Proto-Elamite period ends with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a>. The earliest known historical figure connected with Elam is the king <a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> (c. 2650 BC?), who subdued it, according to the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_king_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian king list">Sumerian king list</a>. Elamite history can only be traced from records dating to beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> (2335–2154 BC) onwards. </p><p>The Proto-Elamite states in <a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Zabol</a> (not universally accepted), present a special case because of their great antiquity. </p><p>In ancient <a href="/wiki/Luristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Luristan">Luristan</a>, bronze-making tradition goes back to the mid-3rd millennium BC, and has many Elamite connections. Bronze objects from several cemeteries in the region date to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)</a> I, and to <a href="/wiki/Ur-III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur-III">Ur-III</a> period c. 2900–2000 BC. These excavations include Kalleh Nisar, Bani Surmah, Chigha Sabz, Kamtarlan, Sardant, and Gulal-i Galbi.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Elamite_period_(c._2700_–_c._1500_BC)"><span id="Old_Elamite_period_.28c._2700_.E2.80.93_c._1500_BC.29"></span>Old Elamite period (c. 2700 – c. 1500 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Old Elamite period (c. 2700 – c. 1500 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elam1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Elam1.png/330px-Elam1.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Elam1.png/495px-Elam1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Elam1.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Polities during the Old Elamite period, and northern tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a> and Hurti.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elam_cool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg/170px-Elam_cool.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg/255px-Elam_cool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg/340px-Elam_cool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Silver cup with linear-Elamite inscription on it. Late 3rd millennium BC. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Old Elamite period began around 2700 BC. Historical records mention the conquest of Elam by <a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Three dynasties ruled during this period. Twelve kings of each of the first two dynasties, those of <a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan</a> (or <i>Avan</i>; c. 2400 – c. 2100 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Simashki</a> (c. 2100 – c. 1970 BC), are known from a list from Susa dating to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Babylonian period">Old Babylonian period</a>. Two Elamite dynasties said to have exercised brief control over parts of Sumer in very early times include Awan and <a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a>; and likewise, several of the stronger <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> rulers, such as <a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lugal-anne-mundu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugal-anne-mundu">Lugal-anne-mundu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a>, are recorded as temporarily dominating Elam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Awan_dynasty">Awan dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awan dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubist_orant_Louvre_Sb77.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cubist_orant_Louvre_Sb77.jpg/170px-Cubist_orant_Louvre_Sb77.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cubist_orant_Louvre_Sb77.jpg/255px-Cubist_orant_Louvre_Sb77.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cubist_orant_Louvre_Sb77.jpg/340px-Cubist_orant_Louvre_Sb77.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="2740" /></a><figcaption>Orant figure, Susa IV, 2700–2340 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Awan dynasty (2350–2150 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was partly contemporary with that of the Mesopotamian emperor <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a>, who not only defeated the Awan king <a href="/wiki/Luh-ishan" title="Luh-ishan">Luh-ishan</a> and subjected <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, but attempted to make the <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic">East Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian (language)">Akkadian</a> the official language there. From this time, Mesopotamian sources concerning Elam become more frequent, since the Mesopotamians had developed an interest in resources (such as wood, stone, and metal) from the Iranian plateau, and military expeditions to the area became more common. With the collapse of Akkad under Sargon's great-great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Shar-kali-sharri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shar-kali-sharri">Shar-kali-sharri</a>, Elam declared independence under the last Awan king, <a href="/wiki/Kutik-Inshushinak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutik-Inshushinak">Kutik-Inshushinak</a> (c. 2240 – c. 2220 BC), and threw off the Akkadian language, promoting in its place the brief <a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a> script. Kutik-Inshushinnak conquered Susa and Anshan, and seems to have achieved some sort of political unity. Following his reign, the Awan dynasty collapsed as Elam was temporarily overrun by the <a href="/wiki/Guti_(Mesopotamia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guti (Mesopotamia)">Guti</a>, another pre-Iranic people from what is now north west Iran who also spoke a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shimashki_dynasty">Shimashki dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shimashki dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki Dynasty</a></div> <p>About a century later, the Sumerian king <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Sumerian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Sumerian Empire">Neo-Sumerian Empire</a> retook the city of <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> and the surrounding region. During the first part of the rule of the Simashki dynasty, Elam was under intermittent attack from the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Gutians" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutians">Gutians</a> from northwestern Iran, alternating with periods of peace and diplomatic approaches. The Elamite state of Simashki at this time also extended into northern Iran, and possibly even as far as the Caspian Sea. <a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a> of Ur gave one of his daughters in marriage to a prince of <a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a>. But the power of the Sumerians was waning; <a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> in the 21st century did not manage to penetrate far into Elam, and in 2004 BC, the Elamites, allied with the people of Susa and led by king <a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a>, the sixth king of Simashki, managed to sack <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> and lead <a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> into captivity, ending the <a href="/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Third dynasty of Ur">third dynasty of Ur</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> kings of <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a> to Ur, managed to drive the Elamites out of Ur, rebuild the city, and to return the statue of <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna</a> that the Elamites had plundered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sukkalmah_dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sukkalmah dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225.jpg/330px-Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225.jpg/495px-Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225.jpg/660px-Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2455" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>Seal impression of King Ebarat (<span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒂊𒁀𒊏𒀜</span>), founder of the <a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukkalmah Dynasty">Sukkalmah Dynasty</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Epartid" class="mw-redirect" title="Epartid">Epartid</a> Dynasty after his name). <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference Sb 6225. King Ebarat appears enthroned. The inscription reads <i>"Ebarat the King. Kuk Kalla, son of Kuk-Sharum, servant of Shilhaha"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The succeeding dynasty, often called the <a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a> (c. 1970 – c. 1770 BC) after "Great regents", the title borne by its members, also called the Epartid dynasty after the name of its founder Ebarat/ Eparti, was roughly contemporary with the <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Empire">Old Assyrian Empire</a>, and Old <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> period in Mesopotamia, being younger by approximately sixty years than the Akkadian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Empire">Old Assyrian Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a>, and almost seventy-five years older than the Old <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Empire">Babylonian Empire</a>. This period is said by many to be confusing and difficult to reconstruct. It was apparently founded by Eparti I. During this time, Susa was under Elamite control, but Akkadian-speaking Mesopotamian states such as <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> continually tried to retake the city. Around 1850 BC <a href="/wiki/Kudur-Mabuk" title="Kudur-Mabuk">Kudur-Mabuk</a>, apparently king of another <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian (language)">Akkadian</a> state to the north of Larsa, managed to install his son, <a href="/wiki/Warad-Sin" title="Warad-Sin">Warad-Sin</a>, on the throne of Larsa, and Warad-Sin's brother, <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin">Rim-Sin</a>, succeeded him and conquered much of southern Mesopotamia for <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>. </p><p>Notable Eparti dynasty rulers in Elam during this time include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suruhduh/Siruk-tuh/Sirukdukh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suruhduh/Siruk-tuh/Sirukdukh (page does not exist)">Suruhduh/Siruk-tuh/Sirukdukh</a> (c. 1850 BC), who entered various military coalitions to contain the power of the south Mesopotamian states. Siruk-tuh was the king of Elam when Hammurabi first ruled,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he and later kings of the Elamite dynasty were referred to as "great king" and "father" by kings in Syria and Mesopotamia and were the only kings that the Mesopotamian Kings considered to be higher in status than themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Siwe-Palar-Khuppak" title="Siwe-Palar-Khuppak">Siwe-Palar-Khuppak</a>, who for some time was the most powerful person in the area, respectfully addressed as "Father" by Mesopotamian kings such as <a href="/wiki/Zimrilim" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimrilim">Zimrilim</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> of Babylon. During his reign alone, Elam interfered extensively with Mesopotamian politics, allowing messengers and envoys to travel far west to Emar and Qatna in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His messenger reached Emar and sent his three servants to King Amut-piʾel II of Qatna (1772–1762 BC), and the king of Qatna also sent two messengers to Elam.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Elamite rulers had become increasingly involved in Mesopotamian politics during the <a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a>. In fact, <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin">Rim-Sin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> himself was of Elamite descent, notwithstanding his Akkadian name.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kudur-Nahhunte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kudur-Nahhunte (page does not exist)">Kudur-Nahhunte</a>, who plundered the temples of southern Mesopotamia, the north being under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Empire">Old Assyrian Empire</a>. But Elamite influence in southern Mesopotamia did not last. Around 1760 BC, Hammurabi drove out the Elamites, overthrew Rim-Sin of Larsa, and established a short lived <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Empire">Babylonian Empire</a> in Mesopotamia. Little is known about the latter part of this dynasty, since sources again become sparse with the <a href="/wiki/Kassite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassite">Kassite</a> rule of Babylon (from c. 1595 BC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_with_the_Indus_Valley_civilization">Trade with the Indus Valley civilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trade with the Indus Valley civilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many archaeological finds suggest that maritime trade along the shores of Africa and Asia started several millennia ago.<sup id="cite_ref-JR14_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JR14-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade between the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> and the cities of Mesopotamia and Elam, can be inferred from numerous find of Indus artifacts, particularly in the excavation at <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>. Various objects made with shell species that are characteristic of the Indus coast, particularly <i>Trubinella pyrum</i> and <i>Fasciolaria trapezium</i>, have been found in the archaeological sites of Mesopotamia and Susa dating from around 2500–2000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a> beads from the Indus were found in Susa in the excavation of the tell of the citadel.<sup id="cite_ref-JMI_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMI-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, carnelian beads with an etched design in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley, and made according to a technique of acid-etching developed by the <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FeniXX_réédition_numérique_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeniXX_réédition_numérique-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exchanges seem to have waned after 1900 BC, together with the disappearance of the Indus valley civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-JR16_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JR16-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan symbol imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 5614[39]"><img alt="Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan symbol imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 5614[39]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg/200px-Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg/300px-Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg/400px-Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan symbol imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference Sb 5614<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indus carnelian beads with white design, etched in white with an acid, imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 17751.[40][41][42] These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of Dholavira.[43]"><img alt="Indus carnelian beads with white design, etched in white with an acid, imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 17751.[40][41][42] These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of Dholavira.[43]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg/200px-Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg/300px-Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg/400px-Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1819" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indus <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a> beads with white design, etched in white with an acid, imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference Sb 17751.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of <a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indus bracelet made of Fasciolaria trapezium or Turbinella pyrum imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473.[44] This type of bracelet was manufactured in Mohenjo-daro, Lothal and Balakot.[35] It is engraved with a chevron design which is characteristic of all shell bangles of the Indus Valley, visible here.[45]"><img alt="Indus bracelet made of Fasciolaria trapezium or Turbinella pyrum imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473.[44] This type of bracelet was manufactured in Mohenjo-daro, Lothal and Balakot.[35] It is engraved with a chevron design which is characteristic of all shell bangles of the Indus Valley, visible here.[45]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg/200px-Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg/300px-Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg/400px-Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indus bracelet made of <i>Fasciolaria trapezium</i> or <i>Turbinella pyrum</i> imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of bracelet was manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balakot" title="Balakot">Balakot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FeniXX_réédition_numérique_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeniXX_réédition_numérique-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is engraved with a chevron design which is characteristic of all shell bangles of the Indus Valley, visible <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010187029">here</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_Valley_Civilization_weight_excavated_in_Susa._Louvre_Museum_Sb_17774.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indus Valley Civilization weight in veined jasper, excavated in Susa in a 12th-century BC princely tomb. Louvre Museum Sb 17774.[46]"><img alt="Indus Valley Civilization weight in veined jasper, excavated in Susa in a 12th-century BC princely tomb. Louvre Museum Sb 17774.[46]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Indus_Valley_Civilization_weight_excavated_in_Susa._Louvre_Museum_Sb_17774.jpg/200px-Indus_Valley_Civilization_weight_excavated_in_Susa._Louvre_Museum_Sb_17774.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Indus_Valley_Civilization_weight_excavated_in_Susa._Louvre_Museum_Sb_17774.jpg/300px-Indus_Valley_Civilization_weight_excavated_in_Susa._Louvre_Museum_Sb_17774.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Indus_Valley_Civilization_weight_excavated_in_Susa._Louvre_Museum_Sb_17774.jpg/400px-Indus_Valley_Civilization_weight_excavated_in_Susa._Louvre_Museum_Sb_17774.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="844" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indus Valley Civilization weight in veined <a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">jasper</a>, excavated in Susa in a 12th-century BC princely tomb. Louvre Museum Sb 17774.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Elamite_period_(c._1500_–_c._1100_BC)"><span id="Middle_Elamite_period_.28c._1500_.E2.80.93_c._1100_BC.29"></span>Middle Elamite period (c. 1500 – c. 1100 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Middle Elamite period (c. 1500 – c. 1100 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anshan_and_Susa">Anshan and Susa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Anshan and Susa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg/220px-Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg/330px-Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg/440px-Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>An ornate design on this limestone ritual vat from the Middle Elamite period depicts creatures with the heads of goats and the tails of fish (1500–1110 BC).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Middle Elamite period began with the rise of the Anshanite dynasties around 1500 BC. Their rule was characterized by an "Elamisation" of Susa, and the kings took the title "king of Anshan and Susa". While the first of these dynasties, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidinuids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kidinuids (page does not exist)">Kidinuids</a> continued to use the Akkadian language frequently in their inscriptions, the succeeding <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igihalkids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igihalkids (page does not exist)">Igihalkids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_dynasty" title="Shutrukid dynasty">Shutrukids</a> used Elamite with increasing regularity. Likewise, Elamite language and culture grew in importance in Susiana. The Kidinuids (c. 1500 – 1400 BC) are a group of five rulers of uncertain affiliation. They are identified by their use of the older title, "king of Susa and of Anshan", and by calling themselves "servant of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirwashir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirwashir (page does not exist)">Kirwashir</a>", an Elamite deity, thereby introducing the pantheon of the highlands to Susiana. The city of Susa itself is one of the oldest in the world dating back to around 4200 BC. Since its founding Susa was known as a central power location for the Elamites and for later Persian dynasties. Susa's power would peak during the Middle Elamite period, when it would be the region's capital.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kassite_invasions">Kassite invasions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kassite invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Untash_Napirisha_stele_Louvre_Sb12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Untash_Napirisha_stele_Louvre_Sb12.jpg/170px-Untash_Napirisha_stele_Louvre_Sb12.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Untash_Napirisha_stele_Louvre_Sb12.jpg/255px-Untash_Napirisha_stele_Louvre_Sb12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Untash_Napirisha_stele_Louvre_Sb12.jpg/340px-Untash_Napirisha_stele_Louvre_Sb12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Stele of Untash Napirisha, king of Anshan and Susa. Sandstone, c. 1340–1300 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Of the Igehalkids (c. 1400 – 1210 BC), ten rulers are known, though their number was possibly larger.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of them married <a href="/wiki/Kassite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassite">Kassite</a> princesses. The Kassites were also a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a> speaking people from the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> who had taken <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> shortly after its sacking by the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a> in 1595 BC. The Kassite king of Babylon <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> who had been installed on the throne by <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (1366–1020 BC), temporarily occupied Elam around 1320 BC, and later (c. 1230 BC) another Kassite king, <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_IV" title="Kashtiliash IV">Kashtiliash IV</a>, fought Elam unsuccessfully. Kassite-Babylonian power waned, as they became dominated by the northern Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a>. Kiddin-Khutran of Elam repulsed the Kassites by defeating <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a> in 1224 BC and <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a> around 1222–1217 BC. Under the Igehalkids, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian (language)">Akkadian</a> inscriptions were rare, and Elamite highland gods became firmly established in Susa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elamite_Empire">Elamite Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Elamite Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_dynasty" title="Shutrukid dynasty">Shutrukid dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg/290px-Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg/435px-Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg/580px-Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10057" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a> ziggurat site, built c. 1250 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_dynasty" title="Shutrukid dynasty">Shutrukids</a> (c. 1210 – 1100 BC), the Elamite empire reached the height of its power. <a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhkhunte" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutruk-Nakhkhunte">Shutruk-Nakhkhunte</a> and his three sons, Kutir-Nakhkhunte II, Shilhak-In-Shushinak, and Khutelutush-In-Shushinak were capable of frequent military campaigns into Kassite Babylonia (which was also being ravaged by the empire of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> during this period), and at the same time were exhibiting vigorous construction activity—building and restoring luxurious temples in Susa and across their Empire. Shutruk-Nakhkhunte raided Babylonia, carrying home to Susa trophies like the statues of <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu_Obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Manishtushu Obelisk">Manishtushu Obelisk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stele_of_Hammurabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Stele of Hammurabi">Stele of Hammurabi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> of <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a>. In 1158 BC, after much of Babylonia had been annexed by <a href="/wiki/Ashur-Dan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-Dan I">Ashur-Dan I</a> of Assyria and Shutruk-Nakhkhunte, the Elamites defeated the Kassites permanently, killing the Kassite king of Babylon, <a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a>, and replacing him with his eldest son, Kutir-Nakhkhunte, who held it no more than three years before being ejected by the native Akkadian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a>. The Elamites then briefly came into conflict with <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, managing to take the Assyrian city of <a href="/wiki/Arrapha" title="Arrapha">Arrapha</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>) before being ultimately defeated and having a treaty forced upon them by <a href="/wiki/Ashur-Dan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-Dan I">Ashur-Dan I</a>. </p><p>Kutir-Nakhkhunte's son Khutelutush-In-Shushinak was probably born of Kutir-Nakhkhunte and his own daughter, Nakhkhunte-utu.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> of Babylon, who sacked Susa and returned the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Marduk" title="Statue of Marduk">statue of Marduk</a>, but who was then himself defeated by the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a>. He fled to Anshan, but later returned to Susa, and his brother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilhana-Hamru-Lagamar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shilhana-Hamru-Lagamar (page does not exist)">Shilhana-Hamru-Lagamar</a> may have succeeded him as last king of the Shutrukid dynasty. Following Khutelutush-In-Shushinak, the power of the Elamite empire began to wane seriously, as after the death of this ruler, Elam disappears into obscurity for more than three centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Elamite_period_(c._1100_–_540_BC)"><span id="Neo-Elamite_period_.28c._1100_.E2.80.93_540_BC.29"></span>Neo-Elamite period (c. 1100 – 540 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Neo-Elamite period (c. 1100 – 540 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-Elamite_I_(c._1100_–_c._770_BC)"><span id="Neo-Elamite_I_.28c._1100_.E2.80.93_c._770_BC.29"></span>Neo-Elamite I (c. 1100 – c. 770 BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Neo-Elamite I (c. 1100 – c. 770 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very little is known of this period. Anshan was still at least partially Elamite. There appear to have been unsuccessful alliances of Elamites, Babylonians, <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a> and other peoples against the powerful <a href="/wiki/Neo_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Assyrian Empire">Neo Assyrian Empire</a> (911–605 BC); the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-ushur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar-biti-apla-ushur">Mar-biti-apla-ushur</a> (984–979 BC) was of Elamite origin, and Elamites are recorded to have fought unsuccessfully with the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> forces under <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> (823–811 BC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-Elamite_II_(c._770_–_646_BC)"><span id="Neo-Elamite_II_.28c._770_.E2.80.93_646_BC.29"></span>Neo-Elamite II (c. 770 – 646 BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Neo-Elamite II (c. 770 – 646 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Last_arrow_of_King_Teuman_and_his_son.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Last_arrow_of_King_Teuman_and_his_son.jpg/220px-Last_arrow_of_King_Teuman_and_his_son.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Last_arrow_of_King_Teuman_and_his_son.jpg/330px-Last_arrow_of_King_Teuman_and_his_son.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Last_arrow_of_King_Teuman_and_his_son.jpg/440px-Last_arrow_of_King_Teuman_and_his_son.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2584" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Elamite archer fighting against the Neo-Assyrian troops of <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>, and protecting wounded king <a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Teumman</a> (kneeling), at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulai" title="Battle of Ulai">Battle of Ulai</a>, 653 BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destruction_of_the_Elamite_city_of_Hamanu_645-635_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Destruction_of_the_Elamite_city_of_Hamanu_645-635_BCE.jpg/220px-Destruction_of_the_Elamite_city_of_Hamanu_645-635_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Destruction_of_the_Elamite_city_of_Hamanu_645-635_BCE.jpg/330px-Destruction_of_the_Elamite_city_of_Hamanu_645-635_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Destruction_of_the_Elamite_city_of_Hamanu_645-635_BCE.jpg/440px-Destruction_of_the_Elamite_city_of_Hamanu_645-635_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Ashurbanipal's campaign against Elam is triumphantly recorded in this relief showing the sack of <a href="/wiki/Hamanu" title="Hamanu">Hamanu</a> in 647 BC. Here, flames rise from the city as <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> soldiers topple it with pickaxes and crowbars and carry off the spoils.</figcaption></figure> <p>The later Neo-Elamite period is characterized by a significant migration of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a> to the Iranian plateau. Assyrian sources beginning around 800 BC distinguish the "powerful Medes", i.e. the actual <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sagartians" title="Sagartians">Sagartians</a>, etc. Among these pressuring tribes were the <i><a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Parsu</a></i>, first recorded in 844 BC as living on the southeastern shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Urmiah">Lake Urmiah</a>, but who by the end of this period would cause the Elamites' original home, the Iranian Plateau, to be renamed Persia proper. These newly arrived <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> were also conquered by Assyria, and largely regarded as vassals of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> until the late 7th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>More details are known from the late 8th century BC, when the Elamites were allied with the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldean</a> chieftain <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Merodach-baladan</a> to defend the cause of Babylonian independence from Assyria. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humban-nikash_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humban-nikash I (page does not exist)">Humban-nikash I</a> (743–717 BC) supported Merodach-baladan against <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>, apparently without success; while his successor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shutruk-Nahhunte_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shutruk-Nahhunte II (page does not exist)">Shutruk-Nahhunte II</a> (716–699 BC), was routed by Sargon's troops during an expedition in 710, and another Elamite defeat by Sargon's troops is recorded for 708. The Assyrian dominion over Babylon was underlined by Sargon's son <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>, who defeated the Elamites, Chaldeans and Babylonians and dethroned Merodach-baladan for a second time, installing his own son <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a> on the Babylonian throne in 700. </p><p>Shutruk-Nakhkhunte II, the last Elamite to claim the old title "king of Anshan and Susa", was murdered by his brother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hallutash-Inshushinak_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hallutash-Inshushinak I (page does not exist)">Hallutash-Inshushinak I</a>, who managed to briefly capture the Assyrian governor of Babylonia Ashur-nadin-shumi and the city of Babylon in 694 BC. <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> soon responded by invading and ravaging Elam. Khallushu was in turn assassinated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kutir-Nahhunte_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kutir-Nahhunte III (page does not exist)">Kutir-Nahhunte III</a>, who succeeded him but soon abdicated in favor of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humban-Numena_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humban-Numena III (page does not exist)">Humban-numena III</a> (692–689 BC). Khumma-Menanu recruited a new army to help the Babylonians and Chaldeans against the Assyrians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halule" title="Battle of Halule">battle of Halule</a> in 691. Both sides claimed the victory in their annals, but Babylon was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> only two years later, and its Elamite allies defeated in the process. </p><p>The reigns of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humban-Haltash_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humban-Haltash I (page does not exist)">Humban-Haltash I</a> (688–681 BC) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humban-Haltash_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humban-Haltash II (page does not exist)">Humban-Haltash II</a> (680–675 BC) saw a deterioration of Elamite-Babylonian relations, and both of them raided <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>. At the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>'s reign in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> (681–669 BC), Nabu-zer-kitti-lišir, an ethnically Elamite governor in the south of Babylonia, revolted and besieged <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, but was routed by the <a href="/wiki/Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians">Assyrians</a> and fled to Elam where the king of Elam, fearing Assyrian repercussions, took him prisoner and put him to the sword.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Urtaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Urtaku">Urtaku</a> (674–664 BC) for some time wisely maintained good relations with the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (668–627 BC), who sent wheat to Susiana during a famine. But these friendly relations were only temporary, and Urtaku was killed in battle during a failed Elamite attack on Assyria. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg/220px-Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg/330px-Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg/440px-Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="5500" /></a><figcaption>Relief of a woman being fanned by an attendant while she holds what may be a spinning device before a table with a bowl containing a whole fish (700–550 BC).</figcaption></figure> <p>His successor <a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Tepti-Humban-Inshushinak</a> (664–653 BC) attacked Assyria, but was defeated and killed by <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> following the battle of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulai" title="Battle of Ulai">Ulaï</a> in 653 BC; and <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> itself was sacked and occupied by the Assyrians. In this same year the Assyrian vassal <a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median</a> state to the north fell to the invading <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> under <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a>, and displacing another Assyrian vassal people, the <i>Parsu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a> which their king <a href="/wiki/Teispes" title="Teispes">Teispes</a> captured that same year, turning it for the first time into an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> kingdom under <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> dominance that would a century later become the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid dynasty</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians">Assyrians</a> successfully subjugated and drove the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> from their <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> colonies, and the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> remained vassals of Assyria. </p><p>A brief respite to the Elamites was provided by the civil war between <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> and his own brother <a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a>, whom their father <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> had installed as the vassal king of Babylon. The Elamites gave support to Shamash-shum-ukin, but also engaged in fighting among themselves. Babylon was besieged in midsummer of 650 BC, and fell by 648 BC; Shamash-shum-ukin died in a fire. The Elamite kingdom was greatly weakened by rebellions and civil wars; kings from 651 to 640 had short reigns before being usurped, overthrown, or captured by the Assyrians. Having dealt with his brother, Ashurbanipal sensed an opportunity to devastate Elam. In 646 BC Ashurbanipal devastated Susiana with ease, and sacked Susa. He installed several vassal kings such as <a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_I" title="Tammaritu I">Tammaritu</a>, although these quickly broke off relations with Assyria over their pillages. The last Elamite king, <a href="/wiki/Humban-haltash_III" title="Humban-haltash III">Humban-Haltash III</a>, was captured in 640 BC by Ashurbanipal, who annexed and destroyed the country.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a tablet unearthed in 1854 by <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Austen Henry Layard</a>, Ashurbanipal boasts of the destruction he had wrought: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Susa, the great holy city, abode of their Gods, seat of their mysteries, I conquered. I entered its palaces, I opened their treasuries where silver and gold, goods and wealth were amassed ... I destroyed the ziggurat of Susa. I smashed its shining copper horns. I reduced the temples of Elam to naught; their gods and goddesses I scattered to the winds. The tombs of their ancient and recent kings I devastated, I exposed to the sun, and I carried away their bones toward the land of Ashur. I devastated the provinces of Elam and on their lands I sowed salt.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-Elamite_III_(646–539_BC)"><span id="Neo-Elamite_III_.28646.E2.80.93539_BC.29"></span>Neo-Elamite III (646–539 BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Neo-Elamite III (646–539 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_I_tomb_Elamite_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Xerxes_I_tomb_Elamite_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg/150px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Elamite_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Xerxes_I_tomb_Elamite_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg/225px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Elamite_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Xerxes_I_tomb_Elamite_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg/300px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Elamite_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>Elamite soldier in the Achaemenid army circa 470 BC, <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> tomb relief.</figcaption></figure> <p>The devastation was a little less complete than Ashurbanipal boasted, and a weak and fragmented Elamite rule was resurrected soon after with Shuttir-Nakhkhunte, son of Humban-umena III (not to be confused with Shuttir-Nakhkhunte, son of Indada, a petty king in the first half of the 6th century). Elamite royalty in the final century preceding the Achaemenids was fragmented among different small kingdoms, the united Elamite nation having been destroyed and colonised by the Assyrians. The three kings at the close of the 7th century (Shuttir-Nakhkhunte, Khallutush-In-Shushinak and Atta-Khumma-In-Shushinak) still called themselves "king of Anzan and of Susa" or "enlarger of the kingdom of Anzan and of Susa", at a time when the Achaemenid Persians were already ruling Anshan under Assyrian dominance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The various <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Empire">Assyrian Empires</a>, which had been the dominant force in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="East Mediterranean">East Mediterranean</a> for much of the period from the first half of the 14th century BC, began to unravel after the death of <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> in 631 BC, descending into a series of bitter internal civil wars which also spread to Babylonia. The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sagartians" title="Sagartians">Sagartians</a>, who had been largely subject to Assyria since their arrival in the region around 1000 BC, quietly took full advantage of the anarchy in Assyria, and in 616 BC freed themselves from Assyrian rule. </p><p>The Medians took control of Elam during this period. <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> the king of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sagartians" title="Sagartians">Sagartians</a> entered into an alliance with a coalition of fellow former vassals of Assyria, including <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a>, and also the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, against <a href="/wiki/Sin-shar-ishkun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shar-ishkun">Sin-shar-ishkun</a> of Assyria, who was faced with unremitting civil war in Assyria itself. This alliance then attacked a disunited and war weakened Assyria, and between 616 BC and 599 BC at the very latest, had conquered its vast empire which stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, and from <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. </p><p>The major cities in Assyria itself were gradually taken; <a href="/wiki/Arrapha" title="Arrapha">Arrapha</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kalhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalhu">Kalhu</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a>) in 616 BC, <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Ashur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dur-Sharrukin" title="Dur-Sharrukin">Dur-Sharrukin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Arbela</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>) in 613, <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> falling in 612, <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> in 608 BC, <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a> in 605 BC, and finally <a href="/wiki/Dur-Katlimmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dur-Katlimmu">Dur-Katlimmu</a> by 599 BC. Elam, already largely destroyed and subjugated by Assyria, thus became easy prey for the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> dominated <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>, and was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a> (612–546 BC) and then the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (546–332 BC), with Assyria suffering the same fate. (see <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a>, Athura).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun_Relief,_Assina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg/170px-Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg/255px-Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg/340px-Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%82%C5%A1%C5%A1ina" class="mw-redirect" title="Âššina">Âššina</a>, one of the last kings of Elam circa 522 BC was toppled, enchained and killed by <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>. The label over him says: "This is Âššina. He lied, saying <i>"I am king of Elam."</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-DB_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DB-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The prophet Ezekiel describes the status of their power in the 12th year of the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Captivity">Babylonian Captivity</a> in 587 BC: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is Elam and all her multitude, All around her grave, All of them slain, fallen by the sword, Who have gone down uncircumcised to the lower parts of the earth, Who caused their terror in the land of the living; Now they bear their shame with those who go down to the Pit. (<a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> 32:24)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Their successors Khumma-Menanu and Shilhak-In-Shushinak II bore the simple title "king", and the final king Tempti-Khumma-In-Shushinak used no honorific at all. In 540 BC, Achaemenid rule began in Susa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elymais_(187_BC_–_224_AD)"><span id="Elymais_.28187_BC_.E2.80.93_224_AD.29"></span>Elymais (187 BC – 224 AD)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Elymais (187 BC – 224 AD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymaïs</a> was the location of the death of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a> who was killed while pillaging a temple of <a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bel</a> in 187 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson._Nigel_Guy_2005_58_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson._Nigel_Guy_2005_58-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the rise and fall of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, a new dynasty of Elamite rulers established <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a> from 147 BC to 224 AD, usually under the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, until the advent of the unified <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> in 224 AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elamite_worshipper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Elamite_worshipper.jpg/170px-Elamite_worshipper.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Elamite_worshipper.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Golden statuette of a man (probably a king) carrying a goat. <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, Iran, c. 1500–1200 BC (Middle Elamite period).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statuettes">Statuettes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Statuettes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dated to approximately the 12th century BC, gold and silver figurines of Elamite worshippers are shown carrying a sacrificial goat. These divine and royal statues were meant to assure the king of the enduring protection of the deity, well-being and a long life. Works which showed a ruler and his performance of a ritual action were intended to eternalize the effectiveness of such deeds. Found near the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inshushinak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, these statuettes would have been considered charged with beneficial power.<sup id="cite_ref-art_of_elamites_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art_of_elamites-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While archaeologists cannot be certain that the location where these figures were found indicates a date before or in the time of the Elamite king Shilhak-Inshushinak, stylistic features can help ground the figures in a specific time period. The hairstyle and costume of the figures which are strewn with dots and hemmed with short fringe at the bottom, and the precious metals point to a date in the latter part of the second millennium BC rather than to the first millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-art_of_elamites_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art_of_elamites-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, any gold or silver statuettes which represent the king making a sacrifice not only served a religious function, but was also a display of wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-art_of_elamites_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art_of_elamites-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seals">Seals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Seals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylinder_seal_and_modern_impression-_worshiper_before_a_seated_ruler_or_deity;_seated_female_under_a_grape_arbor_MET_DP370181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cylinder_seal_and_modern_impression-_worshiper_before_a_seated_ruler_or_deity%3B_seated_female_under_a_grape_arbor_MET_DP370181.jpg/220px-Cylinder_seal_and_modern_impression-_worshiper_before_a_seated_ruler_or_deity%3B_seated_female_under_a_grape_arbor_MET_DP370181.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cylinder_seal_and_modern_impression-_worshiper_before_a_seated_ruler_or_deity%3B_seated_female_under_a_grape_arbor_MET_DP370181.jpg/330px-Cylinder_seal_and_modern_impression-_worshiper_before_a_seated_ruler_or_deity%3B_seated_female_under_a_grape_arbor_MET_DP370181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cylinder_seal_and_modern_impression-_worshiper_before_a_seated_ruler_or_deity%3B_seated_female_under_a_grape_arbor_MET_DP370181.jpg/440px-Cylinder_seal_and_modern_impression-_worshiper_before_a_seated_ruler_or_deity%3B_seated_female_under_a_grape_arbor_MET_DP370181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2964" data-file-height="1387" /></a><figcaption>Cylinder seal and modern impression- worshiper before a seated ruler or deity; seated female under a grape arbor MET DP370181</figcaption></figure> <p>Elamite seals reached their peak of complexity in the 4th millennium BC when their shape became cylindrical rather than stamp-like. Seals were primarily used as a form of identification and were often made out of precious stones. Because seals for different time periods had different designs and themes, seals and seal impressions can be used to track the various phases of the Elamite Empire and can teach a lot about the empire in ways which other forms of documentation cannot.<sup id="cite_ref-metmuseum_1987.343_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metmuseum_1987.343-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seal pictured shows two seated figures holding cups with a man in front of them wearing a long robe next to a table. A man is sitting on a throne, presumably the king, and is in a wrapped robe. The second figure, perhaps his queen, is draped in a wide, flounced garment and is elevated on a platform beneath an overhanging vine. A crescent is shown in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-metmuseum_1987.343_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metmuseum_1987.343-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statue_of_Queen_Napir-Asu">Statue of Queen Napir-Asu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Statue of Queen Napir-Asu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Napirasu,_SB_2731.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Statue_of_Napirasu%2C_SB_2731.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Napirasu%2C_SB_2731.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Statue_of_Napirasu%2C_SB_2731.jpg/255px-Statue_of_Napirasu%2C_SB_2731.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Statue_of_Napirasu%2C_SB_2731.jpg/340px-Statue_of_Napirasu%2C_SB_2731.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="2354" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Napirasu</figcaption></figure> <p>This life-size votive offering of Queen <a href="/wiki/Napir-Asu" title="Napir-Asu">Napir-Asu</a> was commissioned around 1300 BC in Susa, Iran. It is made of copper using the <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost-wax">lost-wax</a> casting method and rests on a solid bronze frame that weighs 1750 kg (3760 lb). This statue is different from many other Elamite statues of women because it resembles male statues due to the wide belt on the dress and the patterns which closely resemble those on male statues.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inscription on the side of the statue curses anyone, specifically men, who attempts to destroy the statue: "I, Napir-Asu, wife of <a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a>. He who would seize my statue, who would smash it, who would destroy its inscription, who would erase my name, may he be smitten by the curse of Napirisha, of Kiririsha, and of Inshushinka, that his name shall become extinct, that his offspring be barren, that the forces of Beltiya, the great goddess, shall sweep down on him. This is Napir-Asu's offering."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stele_of_Untash_Napirisha">Stele of Untash Napirisha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Stele of Untash Napirisha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stele of the Elamite king, <a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a> was believed to have been commissioned in the 12th century BC. It was moved from the original religious capital of <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a> to the city of Susa by the successor king, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shutruk-Nahnante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shutruk-Nahnante (page does not exist)">Shutruk-Nahnante</a>. Four registers of the stele are left. The remains depict the god Inshushinak validating the legitimacy of who is thought to be Shutruk-Nahnante. In the periphery are two priestesses, deity hybrids of fish and women holding streams of water, and two half-man half-mouflon guardians of the sacred tree. The names of the two priestesses are carved on their arms.<sup id="cite_ref-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King Untash Napirisha dedicated the stele to the god Ishushinak. Like other forms of art in the ancient Near East, this one portrays a king ceremonially recognizing a deity. This stele is unique in that the acknowledgement between king and god is reciprocal.<sup id="cite_ref-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_horned_elam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Two_horned_elam.jpg/170px-Two_horned_elam.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Two_horned_elam.jpg/255px-Two_horned_elam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Two_horned_elam.jpg/340px-Two_horned_elam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A carved <a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a> vase decorated with a relief depicting a "two-horned" figure wrestling with serpent goddesses. The Elamite artifact was discovered by Iran's border police in the possession of historical heritage traffickers, en route to Turkey, and was confiscated. Style is determined to be from "<a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Elamites practised <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to scarcity of sources, past scholars assumed that Elamite religion must have been characterized by the "ill-defined character of the individual gods and goddesses. ...Most of them were not only ineffable beings whose real name was either not uttered or was unknown, but also sublime ideas, not to be exactly defined by the human race."<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 403">: 403 </span></sup> Worship also varied between localities.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 401">: 401 </span></sup> However, more recent scholarship shows that Elamite deities most likely were not any less defined than these of their <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian mythology">Sumerian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian mythology">Akkadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a> neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inscriptions of many Elamite kings indicate that a concept of a supreme triad consisting of <a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inshushinak</a> (originally the civic protector god of Susa, eventually the leader of the triad<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 401">: 401 </span></sup> and guarantor of the monarchy<sup id="cite_ref-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Kiririsha" title="Kiririsha">Kiririsha</a> (an earth/mother goddess in southern Elam<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 406">: 406 </span></sup>), and <a href="/wiki/Napirisha" title="Napirisha">Napirisha</a> existed.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Neo-Elamite period <a href="/wiki/Humban" title="Humban">Humban</a>, previously a deity of limited relevance in known sources, emerged as a divine source of royal power.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another significant deity was <a href="/wiki/Pinikir" title="Pinikir">Pinikir</a>, an astral goddess of love, similar to <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, saw her as a mother goddess, and possibly originally chief deity, in northern Elam,<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_64-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 400">: 400 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later supplanted by or identified with Kiririsha, but this view is no longer supported by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were also imported deities, such as Beltiya,<sup id="cite_ref-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a>; some native Elamite deities had <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> names as well (ex. <a href="/wiki/Manzat_(goddess)" title="Manzat (goddess)">Manzat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inshushinak</a> and his attendants), indicating a long history of interchange. Some Elamite deities were also venerated outside Elam: Pinikir was known to the Hurrians and Hittites,<sup id="cite_ref-researchgate_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchgate-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simut_(god)" title="Simut (god)">Simut</a> appeared in Babylonian personal names,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an Assyrian text mentions Khumban, Napirisha and Yabru (Jabru) as protectors of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_Elamite_gods">List of Elamite gods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: List of Elamite gods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Mesopotamian equivalent</th> <th>Functions</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ashara</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Seemingly the same goddess as Eblaite <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Ishara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hišmitik</td> <td></td> <td>A deity associated with <a href="/wiki/Ruhurater" title="Ruhurater">Ruhurater</a> who shared a temple with him in <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ruhurater_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruhurater-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Humban" title="Humban">Humban</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Bestowed <i><a href="/wiki/Humban#Kittin" title="Humban">kittin</a></i> upon kings.</td> <td>Worshiped by <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> in early <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> times as well.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inshushinak</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ruhurater_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruhurater-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Tutelary god of <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>; protector of monarchy; underworld god</td> <td>Also known in Mesopotamia as an underworld god in the entourage of <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ishmekarab" title="Ishmekarab">Ishmekarab</a></td> <td></td> <td>Attendant of Inshushinak. Protector of oaths.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>The name has Akkadian origin. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jabru" title="Jabru">Jabru</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td></td> <td>Only known from Mesopotamian sources.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiririsha" title="Kiririsha">Kiririsha</a></td> <td>possibly <a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother goddess</a>; also an afterlife goddess as evidenced by the epithet "zana Liyan lahakra", "lady of death in Liyan"<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Incorrectly assumed to be a "taboo name" of Pinikir in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She and Napirisha were possibly regarded as a divine couple.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kirmašir</td> <td></td> <td>A deity from Awan.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kunzibami, Šihhaš and Šennukušu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Weather_god" title="Weather god">weather god</a>(s) </td> <td>Adad, under the Akkadian name and alongside his wife <a href="/wiki/Shala" title="Shala">Shala</a>, was himself worshiped in Elam (ex. in <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and none of these 3 names are attested outside Mesopotamian god lists, unless the ideogram <sup>d</sup>IM refers to more than one weather god in Elamite sources (ex. in personal names). Wouter Henkelman proposes Kunzibami, Šihhaš and Šennukušu are either locally used Elamite epithets of Adad or local (rather than national) weather gods, and notes that Šennukušu is a Sumerian rather than Elamite name.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lagamal" title="Lagamal">Lagamar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Underworld god, associated with Inshushinak</td> <td>The name has Akkadian origin. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manzat_(goddess)" title="Manzat (goddess)">Manzat</a><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>Goddess of the rainbow; possibly <i>Belet/Nin-Ali</i>, "lady of the city"</td> <td>Originally an Akkadian goddess </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mašti</td> <td></td> <td>Mother goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nahhunte" title="Nahhunte">Nahhunte</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sun_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun god">Sun god</a>.</td> <td>Never equated with Utu/Shamash directly though it's possible the ideographic writing "<sup>d</sup>Utu" of his name was used in personal names.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Narundi" title="Narundi">Narundi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>A goddess known from Susa.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Regarded as a sister of the so-called "Divine Seven of Elam" from Mesopotamian god lists. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Napir" title="Napir">Napir</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moon_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon god">Moon god</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Napirisha" title="Napirisha">Napirisha</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>One of the supreme gods, possibly linked to water.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Formerly incorrectly believed to be a "taboo name" of Humban.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some evidence that in Elam Inshushinak, rather than Napirisha, was associated with Ea, as well as with the god Enzag from <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinikir" title="Pinikir">Pinikir</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninsianna" title="Ninsianna">Ninsianna</a><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Goddess of love and sex, "<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_(antiquity)" title="Queen of Heaven (antiquity)">queen of heaven</a>"</td> <td>Also incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-researchgate_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchgate-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruhurater" title="Ruhurater">Ruhurater</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ruhurater_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruhurater-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Possibly a god responsible for creation of humans.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Simut_(god)" title="Simut (god)">Simut</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></td> <td>Herald of the gods<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Associated with <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> in Mesopotamia. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tepti</td> <td></td> <td>Known from Neo-Elamite sources.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tirutur</td> <td></td> <td>Known from Middle and Neo-Elamite sources.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upur-kubak</td> <td></td> <td>A goddess described as "lady who dipenses the light" by Huteltush-Inshushinak<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_name_Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the name Khuzestan">Origin of the name Khuzestan</a></div> <p>Elamite is traditionally thought to be a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>, and completely unrelated to the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a> (also isolates), and the later arriving <a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a> that came to dominate the region of Elam from the 6th century BC. It was written in a <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> adapted from the Semitic <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian (language)">Akkadian</a> script of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, although the very earliest documents were written in the quite different <a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear Elamite script">"Linear Elamite" script</a>. In 2006, two even older inscriptions in a similar script were discovered at <a href="/wiki/Jiroft" title="Jiroft">Jiroft</a> to the east of Elam, leading archaeologists to speculate that Linear Elamite had originally spread from further east to <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>. It seems to have developed from an even earlier writing known as "proto-Elamite", but scholars are not unanimous on whether or not this script was used to write Elamite or another language, as it has not yet been deciphered. Several stages of the language are attested; the earliest date back to the third millennium BC, the latest to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Elamite language may have survived as late as the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Islamic period</a> (roughly contemporary with the <a href="/wiki/Early_medieval_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Early medieval period">early medieval period</a> in Europe). Among other Islamic <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_name_Khuzestan#Supporting_documentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the name Khuzestan">medieval historians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Ibn al-Nadim</a>, for instance, wrote that "The Iranian languages are <a href="/wiki/Fahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fahlavi">Fahlavi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Pahlavi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Dari_language" title="Zoroastrian Dari language">Dari</a> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dari_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari Persian">Dari Persian</a> in modern Afghanistan), Khuzi, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Suryani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Assyrian</a>)", and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ibn_al-Muqaffa" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa">Ibn Moqaffa</a> noted that <i>Khuzi</i> was the unofficial language of the royalty of Persia, "Khuz" being the corrupted name for Elam.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suggested_relations_to_other_language_families">Suggested relations to other language families</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Suggested relations to other language families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Elamite is viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a> by the vast majority of linguists, a minority of scholars have proposed that the Elamite language could be related to the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David McAlpine believes Elamite may be related to the living Dravidian languages. This hypothesis (which has been subject to serious criticism by linguists) is considered under the rubric of <a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian languages</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Assyrians had utterly destroyed the Elamite nation, but new polities emerged in the area after Assyrian power faded. Among the nations that benefited from the decline of the Assyrians were the Iranian tribes, whose presence around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a> to the north of Elam is attested from the 9th century BC in Assyrian texts. Some time after that region fell to Madius the Scythian (653 BC), <a href="/wiki/Teispes" title="Teispes">Teispes</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenes" title="Achaemenes">Achaemenes</a>, conquered Elamite Anshan in the mid 7th century BC, forming a nucleus that would expand into the Persian Empire. They were largely regarded as vassals of the Assyrians, and the Medes, <a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Mannaeans</a>, and Persians paid tribute to Assyria from the 10th century BC until the death of <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> in 627 BC. After his death, the Medes played a major role in the destruction of the weakened Assyrian Empire in 612 BC. </p><p>The rise of the Achaemenids in the 6th century BC brought an end to the existence of Elam as an independent political power "but not as a cultural entity" (<i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>). Indigenous Elamite traditions, such as the use of the title "king of Anshan" by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>; the "Elamite robe" worn by <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_I_of_Anshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambyses I of Anshan">Cambyses I of Anshan</a> and seen on the famous winged <a href="/wiki/Genii_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genii (mythology)">genii</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>; some glyptic styles; the use of Elamite as the first of three official languages of the empire used in thousands of administrative texts found at Darius' city of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>; the continued worship of Elamite deities; and the persistence of Elamite religious personnel and cults supported by the crown, formed an essential part of the newly emerging Achaemenid culture in Persian Iran. The Elamites thus became the conduit by which achievements of the Mesopotamian civilizations were introduced to the tribes of the Iranian plateau. </p><p>Conversely, remnants of Elamite had "absorbed Iranian influences in both structure and vocabulary" by 500 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting a form of cultural continuity or fusion connecting the Elamite and the Persian periods.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arab sources refer to speakers of "Xūzī" which was not "Hebrew, Aramaic, or Persian" spoken by servants and isolated rural communities in Khuzestan until the 10th century. Scholars such as "von Spiegel, Huart, Spuler, Lazard, Potts, Orsatti, and Tavernier have already suggested or assumed that the language mentioned here is a very late form of Elamite."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name of "Elam" survived into the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> and beyond. In its Greek form, <i><a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a></i>, it emerges as designating a semi-independent state under <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> suzerainty during the 2nd century BC to the early 3rd century AD. In <a href="/wiki/Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts">Acts</a> 2:8–9 in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the language of the <i>Elamitēs</i> is one of the languages heard at the <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>. From 410 onwards <a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syrian_Ecclesiastical_Province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)">Elam</a> (Beth Huzaye) was the senior metropolitan province of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, surviving into the 14th century. Indian Carmelite historian John Marshal has proposed that the root of <a href="/wiki/Carmelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelite">Carmelite</a> history in the Indian subcontinent could be traced to the promise of restoration of Elam (Jeremiah 49:39).<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (March 2019)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaftar_elam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 4.5 inch long lapis lazuli dove is studded with gold pegs. Dated 1200 BC from Susa, a city later on shared with the Achaemenids."><img alt="A 4.5 inch long lapis lazuli dove is studded with gold pegs. Dated 1200 BC from Susa, a city later on shared with the Achaemenids." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kaftar_elam.jpg/187px-Kaftar_elam.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kaftar_elam.jpg/280px-Kaftar_elam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kaftar_elam.jpg/373px-Kaftar_elam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 4.5 inch long <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> <a href="/wiki/Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove">dove</a> is studded with gold pegs. Dated 1200 BC from <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, a city later on shared with the Achaemenids.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eshkaft-e_Salman_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elamite reliefs at Eshkaft-e Salman. The picture of a woman with dignity shows the importance of women in the Elamite era.[opinion]"><img alt="Elamite reliefs at Eshkaft-e Salman. The picture of a woman with dignity shows the importance of women in the Elamite era.[opinion]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Eshkaft-e_Salman_II.jpg/200px-Eshkaft-e_Salman_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Eshkaft-e_Salman_II.jpg/300px-Eshkaft-e_Salman_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Eshkaft-e_Salman_II.jpg/400px-Eshkaft-e_Salman_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elamite <a href="/wiki/Reliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliefs">reliefs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Eshkaft-e_Salman" title="Eshkaft-e Salman">Eshkaft-e Salman</a>. The picture of a woman with dignity shows the importance of women in the Elamite era.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Opinion" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ"><span title="This statement may be opinion presented as fact. (October 2019)">opinion</span></a></i>]</sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>In modern Iran, <a href="/wiki/Ilam_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilam Province">Ilam Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a> are named after Elam civilization. Khuzestan means land of the Khuzis and Khuzi itself is a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> name for Elamites.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jam_Arjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam Arjan">Jam Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">List of rulers of Elam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a>: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg/62px-Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg" decoding="async" width="62" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg/93px-Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg/124px-Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="251" /></a></span> <i>hatamti</i>; <a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Cuneiform Elamite</a>: <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒁹𒄬𒆷𒁶𒋾</span> <span title="Elamite-language romanization"><i lang="elx-Latn">ḫalatamti</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: <span style="font-size:125%;font-family: lang=">𒉏𒈠</span> <span title="Sumerian-language romanization"><i lang="sux-Latn">elam</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="akk-Xsux">𒉏𒈠𒆠</span> <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">elamtu</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">עֵילָם</span> <i>ʿēlām</i>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: <span lang="peo">𐎢𐎺𐎩</span> <i>hūja</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/epsd2/cbd/sux/o0044139.html">"Elam (GN)"</a>. <i>Oracc: The Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oracc%3A+The+Open+Richly+Annotated+Cuneiform+Corpus&rft.atitle=Elam+%28GN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2Fepsd2%2Fcbd%2Fsux%2Fo0044139.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032013/http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/cbd/qpn-x-places/x00000040.html">"Elamtu [ELAM] (GN)"</a>. <i>Oracc: The Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/cbd/qpn-x-places/x00000040.html">the original</a> on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oracc%3A+The+Open+Richly+Annotated+Cuneiform+Corpus&rft.atitle=Elamtu+%5BELAM%5D+%28GN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.museum.upenn.edu%2Fribo%2Fbabylon6%2Fcbd%2Fqpn-x-places%2Fx00000040.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elam: surveys of political history and archaeology, Elizabeth Carter and Matthew W. Stolper, University of California Press, 1984, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkolnikBerenbaum2007" class="citation book cs1">Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (2007). <i>Encyclopaedia Judaica, Volume 6</i>. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0028659343" title="Special:BookSources/978-0028659343"><bdi>978-0028659343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica%2C+Volume+6&rft.pages=283&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0028659343&rft.aulast=Skolnik&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Berenbaum%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHock2009" class="citation book cs1">Hock, Hans Heinrich (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IsYkilw7Q-oC&q=Elam+earliest+writing&pg=PA69"><i>Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics</i></a> (2nd ed.). Mouton de Gruyter. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110214291" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110214291"><bdi>978-3110214291</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418051423/https://books.google.com/books?id=IsYkilw7Q-oC&q=Elam+earliest+writing&pg=PA69">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+History%2C+Language+Change%2C+and+Language+Relationship%3A+An+Introduction+to+Historical+and+Comparative+Linguistics&rft.pages=69&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3110214291&rft.aulast=Hock&rft.aufirst=Hans+Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIsYkilw7Q-oC%26q%3DElam%2Bearliest%2Bwriting%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnanadesikan2008" class="citation book cs1">Gnanadesikan, Amalia (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZntngbI05cC&q=Elam+earliest+writing&pg=PA25"><i>The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet</i></a>. Blackwell. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444304688" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444304688"><bdi>978-1444304688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writing+Revolution%3A+Cuneiform+to+the+Internet&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1444304688&rft.aulast=Gnanadesikan&rft.aufirst=Amalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZntngbI05cC%26q%3DElam%2Bearliest%2Bwriting%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elam: surveys of political history and archaeology, Elizabeth Carter and Matthew W. Stolper, University of California Press, 1984, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts2016" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Daniel T. (2016). <i>The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State</i> (2nd ed.). The Cambridge University Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107476639" title="Special:BookSources/9781107476639"><bdi>9781107476639</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Elam%3A+Formation+and+Transformation+of+an+Ancient+Iranian+State&rft.pages=48&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781107476639&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesset2020a-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesset2020a_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesset2020a">Desset (2020a)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesset2020b-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesset2020b_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesset2020b">Desset (2020b)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-xl/news/other/iranian-plateau-gave-birth-to-writing-french-archaeologist/ar-BB1bR43N">"Iranian plateau gave birth to writing: French archaeologist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MSN" title="MSN">MSN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109053245/https://www.msn.com/en-xl/news/other/iranian-plateau-gave-birth-to-writing-french-archaeologist/ar-BB1bR43N">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSN&rft.atitle=Iranian+plateau+gave+birth+to+writing%3A+French+archaeologist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-xl%2Fnews%2Fother%2Firanian-plateau-gave-birth-to-writing-french-archaeologist%2Far-BB1bR43N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_BlackAndrew_GeorgeNicholas_Postgate1999" class="citation book cs1">Jeremy Black; Andrew George; Nicholas Postgate, eds. (1999). <i>A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian</i>. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-04225-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-04225-7"><bdi>3-447-04225-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Akkadian&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=3-447-04225-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/o0026796.html">"Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary: "elam"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240415210359/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/o0026796.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electronic+Pennsylvania+Sumerian+Dictionary%3A+%22elam%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foracc.museum.upenn.edu%2Fepsd2%2Fcbd%2Fsux%2Fo0026796.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kent_1953_53-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kent_1953_53_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent1953" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Roland (1953). <i>Old Persian: Grammar, Texts & Lexicon</i>. American Oriental Series. Vol. 33). American Oriental Society. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940490-33-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-940490-33-1"><bdi>0-940490-33-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Persian%3A+Grammar%2C+Texts+%26+Lexicon&rft.series=American+Oriental+Series&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=American+Oriental+Society&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=0-940490-33-1&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. T. Potts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WE62CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11"><i>The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State.</i></a> Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1107094690" title="Special:BookSources/1107094690">1107094690</a> p11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Vallat 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805215/63581/excerpt/9780521563581_excerpt.pdf">The Archaeology of Elam (excerpt)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020120928/http://assets.cambridge.org/97805215/63581/excerpt/9780521563581_excerpt.pdf">Archived</a> 20 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> assets.cambridge.org/</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/329074">"Kneeling bull holding a spouted vessel,ca. 3100–2900 BC Proto-Elamite"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329152751/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/329074">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Kneeling+bull+holding+a+spouted+vessel%2Cca.+3100%E2%80%932900+BC+Proto-Elamite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F329074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metropolitan Museum of Art, ref. 66.173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050320084135/http://www.chn.ir/english/eshownews.asp?no=4696">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chn.ir/english/eshownews.asp?no=4696">the original</a> on 20 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chn.ir%2Fenglish%2Feshownews.asp%3Fno%3D4696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penn.museum/sites/applied_science/current_projects/luristan.html">Current Projects in Luristan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202180130/https://www.penn.museum/sites/applied_science/current_projects/luristan.html">Archived</a> 2 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> penn.museum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2015" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, John (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA79"><i>World Monarchies and Dynasties</i></a>. Routledge. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317451587" title="Special:BookSources/9781317451587"><bdi>9781317451587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Monarchies+and+Dynasties&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317451587&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR63ACQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouvre1992" class="citation book cs1">Louvre, Musée du (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dDWJ_KBHwe4C&pg=PA114"><i>The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870996511" title="Special:BookSources/9780870996511"><bdi>9780870996511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+City+of+Susa%3A+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Treasures+in+the+Louvre&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780870996511&rft.aulast=Louvre&rft.aufirst=Mus%C3%A9e+du&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdDWJ_KBHwe4C%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=17119">"Site officiel du musée du Louvre"</a>. <i>cartelfr.louvre.fr</i>. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126011008/http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=17119">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cartelfr.louvre.fr&rft.atitle=Site+officiel+du+mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartelfr.louvre.fr%2Fcartelfr%2Fvisite%3Fsrv%3Dcar_not%26idNotice%3D17119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts1999" class="citation book cs1">Potts, D. T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mc4cfzkRVj4C&pg=PA147"><i>The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521564960" title="Special:BookSources/9780521564960"><bdi>9780521564960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Elam%3A+Formation+and+Transformation+of+an+Ancient+Iranian+State&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780521564960&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=D.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmc4cfzkRVj4C%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Graef, Katrien. 2018. "In Taberna Quando Sumus: On Taverns, Nadītum Women, and the Cagum in Old Babylonian Sippar." In Gender and Methodology in the Ancient near East: Approaches from Assyriology and beyond, edited by Stephanie Lynn Budin et al., 136. Barcino monographica orientalia 10. Barcelona: University of Barcelona.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potts, Daniel T. 2012. "The Elamites." In The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History, edited by Touraj Daryaee and Tūraǧ Daryāyī, 43-44. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charpin, Dominique. 2012a. "Ansi parle l' empereur' à propos de la correspondance des sukkal-mah." In Susa and Elam. Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographical Perspectives: Proceedings of the International Congress Held at Ghent University, December 14–17, 2009, edited by Katrien De Graef and Jan Tavernier, 352. Leiden: Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Anderson Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003, p. 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charpin, Dominique (2010). Writing, Law, and Kingship in Old Babylonian Mesopotamia. Translated by Todd, Jane Marie. University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10159-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10159-0">978-0-226-10159-0</a>. p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amanda H. Weavers, Scribes, and Kings: A New History of the Ancient Near East. Oxford University Press, 2022. 269. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190059040" title="Special:BookSources/9780190059040">9780190059040</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JR14-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JR14_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReade2008" class="citation book cs1">Reade, Julian E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28245304"><i>The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered (Gs Elisabeth During Caspers)</i></a>. Archaeopress. pp. 14–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0312-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0312-3"><bdi>978-1-4073-0312-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114145706/https://www.academia.edu/28245304">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus-Mesopotamia+relationship+reconsidered+%28Gs+Elisabeth+During+Caspers%29&rft.pages=14-17&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4073-0312-3&rft.aulast=Reade&rft.aufirst=Julian+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28245304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGensheimer1984" class="citation journal cs1">Gensheimer, T. R. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/paleo_0153-9345_1984_num_10_1_4350">"The Role of shell in Mesopotamia : evidence for trade exchange with Oman and the Indus Valley"</a>. <i>Paléorient</i>. <b>10</b>: 71–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fpaleo.1984.4350">10.3406/paleo.1984.4350</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326164917/https://www.persee.fr/doc/paleo_0153-9345_1984_num_10_1_4350">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pal%C3%A9orient&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+shell+in+Mesopotamia+%3A+evidence+for+trade+exchange+with+Oman+and+the+Indus+Valley&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=71-72&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fpaleo.1984.4350&rft.aulast=Gensheimer&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fpaleo_0153-9345_1984_num_10_1_4350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMI-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JMI_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2008" class="citation book cs1">McIntosh, Jane (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA189"><i>The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576079072" title="Special:BookSources/9781576079072"><bdi>9781576079072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Indus+Valley%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=182-190&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781576079072&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1AJO2A-CbccC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeniXX_réédition_numérique-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FeniXX_réédition_numérique_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FeniXX_réédition_numérique_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuimet2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guimet, Musée (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-HpYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA355"><i>Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan</i></a> (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782402052467" title="Special:BookSources/9782402052467"><bdi>9782402052467</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427234306/https://books.google.com/books?id=-HpYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA355">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Cit%C3%A9s+oubli%C3%A9es+de+l%27Indus%3A+Arch%C3%A9ologie+du+Pakistan&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=FeniXX+r%C3%A9%C3%A9dition+num%C3%A9rique&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9782402052467&rft.aulast=Guimet&rft.aufirst=Mus%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-HpYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodany2012" class="citation book cs1">Podany, Amanda H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JTvRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49"><i>Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971829-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971829-0"><bdi>978-0-19-971829-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427234312/https://books.google.com/books?id=JTvRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brotherhood+of+Kings%3A+How+International+Relations+Shaped+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971829-0&rft.aulast=Podany&rft.aufirst=Amanda+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJTvRCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoan_AruzRonald_Wallenfels2003" class="citation book cs1">Joan Aruz; Ronald Wallenfels (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA246"><i>Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium BC from the Mediterranean to the Indus</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-043-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-043-1"><bdi>978-1-58839-043-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427234037/https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA246#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>. <q>Square-shaped Indus seals of fired steatite have been found at a few sites in Mesopotamia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+First+Cities%3A+The+Third+Millennium+BC+from+the+Mediterranean+to+the+Indus&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-043-1&rft.au=Joan+Aruz&rft.au=Ronald+Wallenfels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8l9X_3rHFdEC%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JR16-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JR16_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReade2008" class="citation book cs1">Reade, Julian E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28245304"><i>The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered (Gs Elisabeth During Caspers)</i></a>. Archaeopress. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0312-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0312-3"><bdi>978-1-4073-0312-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114145706/https://www.academia.edu/28245304">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus-Mesopotamia+relationship+reconsidered+%28Gs+Elisabeth+During+Caspers%29&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4073-0312-3&rft.aulast=Reade&rft.aufirst=Julian+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28245304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=13556">"Site officiel du musée du Louvre"</a>. <i>cartelfr.louvre.fr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090055/http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=13556">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cartelfr.louvre.fr&rft.atitle=Site+officiel+du+mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartelfr.louvre.fr%2Fcartelfr%2Fvisite%3Fsrv%3Dcar_not_frame%26idNotice%3D13556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=13589">"Site officiel du musée du Louvre"</a>. <i>cartelfr.louvre.fr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091540/http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=13589">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cartelfr.louvre.fr&rft.atitle=Site+officiel+du+mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartelfr.louvre.fr%2Fcartelfr%2Fvisite%3Fsrv%3Dcar_not_frame%26idNotice%3D13589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuimet2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guimet, Musée (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-HpYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA354"><i>Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan</i></a> (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. pp. 354–355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782402052467" title="Special:BookSources/9782402052467"><bdi>9782402052467</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427234037/https://books.google.com/books?id=-HpYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA354">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Cit%C3%A9s+oubli%C3%A9es+de+l%27Indus%3A+Arch%C3%A9ologie+du+Pakistan&rft.pages=354-355&rft.pub=FeniXX+r%C3%A9%C3%A9dition+num%C3%A9rique&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9782402052467&rft.aulast=Guimet&rft.aufirst=Mus%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-HpYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ"><i>Art of the first cities : the third millennium BC from the Mediterranean to the Indus</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ/page/n419">395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+first+cities+%3A+the+third+millennium+BC+from+the+Mediterranean+to+the+Indus.&rft.pages=395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNandagopal2018" class="citation book cs1">Nandagopal, Prabhakar (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37860117"><i>Decorated Carnelian Beads from the Indus Civilization Site of Dholavira (Great Rann of Kachchha, Gujarat)</i></a>. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78491-917-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78491-917-7"><bdi>978-1-78491-917-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120032858/https://www.academia.edu/37860117">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decorated+Carnelian+Beads+from+the+Indus+Civilization+Site+of+Dholavira+%28Great+Rann+of+Kachchha%2C+Gujarat%29&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78491-917-7&rft.aulast=Nandagopal&rft.aufirst=Prabhakar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37860117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=13532">"Louvre Museum Official Website"</a>. <i>cartelen.louvre.fr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404152336/http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=13532">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cartelen.louvre.fr&rft.atitle=Louvre+Museum+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartelen.louvre.fr%2Fcartelen%2Fvisite%3Fsrv%3Dcar_not%26idNotice%3D13532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ"><i>Art of the first cities : the third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ/page/n422">398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+first+cities+%3A+the+third+millennium+B.C.+from+the+Mediterranean+to+the+Indus.&rft.pages=398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artoffirstcities0000unse"><i>Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus</i></a></span>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artoffirstcities0000unse/page/401">401</a>–402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588390431" title="Special:BookSources/9781588390431"><bdi>9781588390431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+First+Cities%3A+The+Third+Millennium+B.C.+from+the+Mediterranean+to+the+Indus&rft.pages=401-402&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781588390431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartoffirstcities0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2018" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua (12 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/susa/">"SUSA"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419030147/https://www.worldhistory.org/susa/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=SUSA&rft.date=2018-11-12&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fsusa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2005" class="citation book cs1">McIntosh, Jane (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9veK7E2JwkUC&pg=PA355"><i>Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 355–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-965-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-965-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-965-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920181741/https://books.google.com/books?id=9veK7E2JwkUC&pg=PA355">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=355-56&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-965-2&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9veK7E2JwkUC%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallat1980" class="citation book cs1">Vallat, Francois (1980). <i>Suse et l'Élam, Recherche sur les grandes civilisations</i>. Paris: Mémoire 1. pp. 43–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suse+et+l%27%C3%89lam%2C+Recherche+sur+les+grandes+civilisations&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=43-50&rft.pub=M%C3%A9moire+1&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Vallat&rft.aufirst=Francois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallat1998" class="citation book cs1">Vallat, Francois (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-i"><i>Elam</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Iranica">Encyclopedia Iranica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430035950/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-i">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elam&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Vallat&rft.aufirst=Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Felam-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ABC 1 Col.3:39–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potts 2016, p. 276–282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persiansmasterso00time/page/7"><i>Persians: Masters of Empire</i></a>. Time-Life Books. 1995. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persiansmasterso00time/page/7">7–8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-9104-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-9104-4"><bdi>0-8094-9104-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persians%3A+Masters+of+Empire&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8094-9104-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersiansmasterso00time%2Fpage%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges Roux, <i> Ancient Iraq</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DB-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DB_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/behistun-persian-text/behistun-minor-inscriptions/"><i>Behistun, minor inscriptions DBb inscription- Livius</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200310112440/https://www.livius.org/sources/content/behistun-persian-text/behistun-minor-inscriptions/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behistun%2C+minor+inscriptions+DBb+inscription-+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fsources%2Fcontent%2Fbehistun-persian-text%2Fbehistun-minor-inscriptions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Ezekiel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ezekiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson._Nigel_Guy_2005_58-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson._Nigel_Guy_2005_58_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson._Nigel_Guy2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilson. Nigel Guy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000unse_a6l6/page/58"><i>Encyclopedia of ancient Greece</i></a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000unse_a6l6/page/58">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97334-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97334-2"><bdi>978-0-415-97334-2</bdi></a>. <q>ANTIOCHUS III THE GREAT c242–187 BC Seleucid king Antiochus III the Great was the sixth king (223–187 BC) ... Antiochus landed on the mainland of Greece posing as a champion of Greek freedom against the Romans (192 BC).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+ancient+Greece&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97334-2&rft.au=Wilson.+Nigel+Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofan0000unse_a6l6%2Fpage%2F58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art_of_elamites-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art_of_elamites_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art_of_elamites_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art_of_elamites_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorada2017" class="citation web cs1">Porada, Edith (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/art/articles/art_of_elamites.php">"Art of the Elamites"</a>. <i>www.iranchamber.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301055339/http://www.iranchamber.com/art/articles/art_of_elamites.php">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranchamber.com&rft.atitle=Art+of+the+Elamites&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Porada&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fart%2Farticles%2Fart_of_elamites.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metmuseum_1987.343-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum_1987.343_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum_1987.343_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1987.343/">Cylinder seal and modern impression: worshipper before a seated ruler or deity; seated female under a grape arbor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204084600/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1987.343/">Archived</a> 4 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomanico2011" class="citation web cs1">Domanico, Emily (12 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720141345/https://apah2011.wikispaces.com/Statue%20of%20Queen%20Napir-Asu">"Statue of Queen Napir-Asu"</a>. <i>APAH2011</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apah2011.wikispaces.com/Statue%20of%20Queen%20Napir-Asu">the original</a> on 20 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APAH2011&rft.atitle=Statue+of+Queen+Napir-Asu&rft.date=2011-09-12&rft.aulast=Domanico&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapah2011.wikispaces.com%2FStatue%2520of%2520Queen%2520Napir-Asu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. D.T.Potts, second edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Borne interactive du département des Antiquités orientales. <a href="/wiki/Florence_Malbran-Labat" title="Florence Malbran-Labat">Florence Malbran-Labat</a>, Les Inscriptions de Suse : briques de l'époque paléo-élamite à l'empire néo-élamite, Paris, Éditions de la Réunion des musées nationaux, 1995, p.168–169. Miroschedji Pierre de, "Le Dieu élamite au serpent", in : Iranica antiqua, Vol.16, 1981, Gand, Ministère de l'Éducation et de la Culture, 1989, p.13–14, pl.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_64-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_64-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards,_F.B.A.GaddHammond,_F.B.A.Sollberger_F.B.A.1970" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, F.B.A., I.E.S.; Gadd, C.J.; Hammond, F.B.A., N.G.L.; Sollberger F.B.A., E., eds. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&q=supreme+goddess&pg=PA482"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History, Third Edition, Volume II, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380–1000 B.C.</i></a> Cambridge University Press (published 1975). pp. 400–416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-08691-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-08691-4"><bdi>0-521-08691-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427234308/https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&q=supreme+goddess&pg=PA482#v=snippet&q=supreme%20goddess&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%2C+Third+Edition%2C+Volume+II%2C+Part+2%2C+History+of+the+Middle+East+and+the+Aegean+Region+c.1380%E2%80%931000+B.C.&rft.pages=400-416&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-521-08691-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn1TmVvMwmo4C%26q%3Dsupreme%2Bgoddess%26pg%3DPA482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see ex. W. M. F. Henkelman, <i>The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts</i>, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahangirfar2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jahangirfar, M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38023344">"The Elamite Triads: Reflections on the Possible Continuities in Iranian Tradition"</a>. <i>Iranica Antiqua</i>. <b>LIII</b>: 108. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604192617/https://www.academia.edu/38023344/The_Elamite_Triads_Reflections_on_the_Possible_Continuities_in_Iranian_Tradition">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2021</span> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranica+Antiqua&rft.atitle=The+Elamite+Triads%3A+Reflections+on+the+Possible+Continuities+in+Iranian+Tradition&rft.volume=LIII&rft.pages=108&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Jahangirfar&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38023344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. M. F. Henkelman, <i>The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts</i>, 2008, p. 353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamyar Abdi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31797493/Elamo_Hittitica_I_An_Elamite_Goddess_in_Hittite_Court">Elamo-Hittitica I: An Elamite Goddess in Hittite Court</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423202253/https://www.academia.edu/31797493/Elamo_Hittitica_I_An_Elamite_Goddess_in_Hittite_Court">Archived</a> 23 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Digital Archive of Brief notes & Iran Review (DABIR) 3, 2017, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Hinz, The Lost World of Elam, London 1972, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamyar Abdi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31797493/Elamo_Hittitica_I_An_Elamite_Goddess_in_Hittite_Court">Elamo-Hittitica I: An Elamite Goddess in Hittite Court</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423202253/https://www.academia.edu/31797493/Elamo_Hittitica_I_An_Elamite_Goddess_in_Hittite_Court">Archived</a> 23 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Digital Archive of Brief notes & Iran Review (DABIR) 3, 2017, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Koch, Theology and Worship in Elam and Achaemenid Iran, Civilizations of the ancient Near East 3, 1995, p. 1960-1961</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-researchgate-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-researchgate_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-researchgate_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckman1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Beckman, Gary (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280224167">"The Goddess Pirinkir and Her Ritual from Hattusa (CTH 644)"</a>. <i>KTEMA</i>. No. 24. pp. 25–27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419211437/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gary-Beckman/publication/280224167_The_Goddess_Pirinkir_and_Her_Ritual_from_Hattusa_CTH_644/links/5bfc50d3299bf10737f9993c/The-Goddess-Pirinkir-and-Her-Ritual-from-Hattusa-CTH-644.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 April 2023 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KTEMA&rft.atitle=The+Goddess+Pirinkir+and+Her+Ritual+from+Hattusa+%28CTH+644%29&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=25-27&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Beckman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F280224167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. M. F. Henkelman, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2438476/%C5%A0imut">Šimut</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502020815/https://www.academia.edu/2438476/%C5%A0imut">Archived</a> 2 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> [in:] <i>Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie</i> vol. 12, 2011, p. 512</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. van der Toorn, Humbaba, [in:] K. van der Toorn, B. Becking, P. W. van der Horst, Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 1999, p. 431-432</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Lokotinov, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/266321/JANEH_Paper_VAT_10057-2--Accepted-Copy.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">An "Egyptianising" Underworld Judging an Assyrian Prince? New Perspectives on VAT 10057</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423191850/https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/266321/JANEH_Paper_VAT_10057-2--Accepted-Copy.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> 23 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 3(1), 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Murat, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31405555/Goddess_I%C5%A1hara_Tanr%C4%B1%C3%A7a_I%C5%A1hara">Goddess Išhara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522211138/https://www.academia.edu/31405555/Goddess_I%C5%A1hara_Tanr%C4%B1%C3%A7a_I%C5%A1hara">Archived</a> 22 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, <i>Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi</i> 45, 2009, p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruhurater-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruhurater_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruhurater_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruhurater_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. M. F. Henkelman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2438401/Ruhurater"><i>Ruhurater</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504180532/https://www.academia.edu/2438401/Ruhurater">Archived</a> 4 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [in:] <i>Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie</i> vol 11, 2008, p. 449</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Koch, <i>Theology and Worship in Elam and Achaemenid Iran</i>, <i>Civilizations of the ancient Near East</i> 3, 1995, p. 1961</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. M. F. Henkelman, <i>The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts</i>, 2008, p. 372</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Wiggermann, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/540407/Transtigridian_Snake_Gods">Transtigridian Snake Gods</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605222251/https://www.academia.edu/540407/Transtigridian_Snake_Gods">Archived</a> 5 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> [in:] I. L. Finkel, M. J. Geller (eds.), <i>Sumerian Gods and their Representations</i>, 1997, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. G. Lambert, <i>Išme-karāb</i> [in] <i>Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie</i> vol 5, 1980, p. 196-197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Koch, <i>Theology and Worship in Elam and Achaemenid Iran</i>, <i>Civilizations of the ancient Near East</i> 3, 1995, p. 1961</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. G. Lambert, <i>Jabnu</i> [in:] <i>Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie</i>, vol. 5, 1980, p. 229: "Jabnu is equated with Enlil in BA 5 (1906) 655 8 (from which An = Anum 1162 may be restored)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. G. Lambert, <i>Jabnu</i> [in:] <i>Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie</i>, vol. 5, 1980, p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. A. Garrison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublications/e_idd_ninkhursaga.pdf">Ninkursaga</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425175714/http://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublications/e_idd_ninkhursaga.pdf">Archived</a> 25 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [in:] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublication.php">Iconography of Deities and Demons: Electronic Pre-Publication</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401102909/https://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublication.php">Archived</a> 1 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. M. F. Henkelman, <i>The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts</i>, 2008, p. 330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. M. F. Henkelman, <i>The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts</i>, 2008, p. 354, footnote 824: "In addition to Napiriša, Hinz (1976/80b) surmised that Kiririša also was a taboo-name (for Pinigir). This theory has been convincingly discredited by Grillot & Vallat 1984: 27-9."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. M. F. Henkelman, <i>The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts</i>, 2008, p. 331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallat2011" class="citation web cs1">Vallat, F. (13 December 2011) [15 December 1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-vi">"Elam vi. Elamite religion"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108005950/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-vi">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. <q>Several divinities from the plateau can be connected to the pantheons of the principal geopolitical entities that constituted Elam (...), for example (...) Kirmašir in Awan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Elam+vi.+Elamite+religion&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft.aulast=Vallat&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Felam-vi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallat2011" class="citation web cs1">Vallat, F. (13 December 2011) [15 December 1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-vi">"Elam vi. Elamite religion"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108005950/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-vi">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. <q>In the space between this wall and a second wall the temples of several gods were built. In order from the southeast to the northeast they were the temples of Pinikir, <b>Adad and Šala</b>, Šimut and Nin-ali, the Napratep gods, and after a wide interval that of Hišmitik and Ruhuratir</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Elam+vi.+Elamite+religion&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft.aulast=Vallat&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Felam-vi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. M. F. Henkelman, <i>The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts</i>, 2008, p. 307-308, in particular "It seems therefore more likely that the three names (if they are not epithets) refer to deities in some of the local pantheons that must have existed in Elam but that remain virtually unknown to us."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. G. Lambert, <i>Lāgamāl</i> [in] <i>Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie</i> vol 6, 1983, p. 418-419</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. G. Lambert, <i>Manziʾat/Mazziʾat/Mazzât/Mazzêt</i> [in] <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index">Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606083853/http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index">Archived</a> 6 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> vol 7, 1987, p. 344-346</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallat2011" class="citation web cs1">Vallat, F. (13 December 2011) [15 December 1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-vi">"Elam vi. Elamite religion"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108005950/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-vi">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. <q>Kiririša and Mašti were "mothers of the gods."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Elam+vi.+Elamite+religion&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft.aulast=Vallat&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Felam-vi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. W. Stolper, <i>Nahhunte</i> [in:] <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index">Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606083853/http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index">Archived</a> 6 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> vol 9, 1998, p. 82-84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiggermann2010" class="citation book cs1">Wiggermann, F. (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2393450">"Siebengötter A (Sebettu)"</a>. <i>Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie</i>. Vol. 12. p. 462. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608121730/https://www.academia.edu/2393450/Siebeng%C3%B6tter_A_Sebettu_">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2021</span> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Siebeng%C3%B6tter+A+%28Sebettu%29&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie+und+vorderasiatischen+Arch%C3%A4ologie&rft.pages=462&rft.date=2010-01&rft.aulast=Wiggermann&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2393450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallat2011" class="citation web cs1">Vallat, F. (13 December 2011) [15 December 1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-vi">"Elam vi. Elamite religion"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108005950/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-vi">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. <q>Ešpurm, governor of Susa for Maništusu, dedicated a statue to the goddess Narundi</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Elam+vi.+Elamite+religion&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft.aulast=Vallat&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Felam-vi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Haas, H.Koch, <i>Religionen des alten Orients: Hethiter und Iran</i>, 2011, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. M. F. Henkelman, <i>The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts</i>, 2008, p. 330, footnote 770: "In Mesopotamia, Napiriša was considered to be "the Ea of Elam" (Commentary B l.3 to Šurpu II.163 in Reiner 1958: 50). Ea or Enki ("Lord Earth") resided in the Apsû and from there controlled the waters that fertilise the lands.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahangirfar2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jahangirfar, M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38023344">"The Elamite Triads: Reflections on the Possible Continuities in Iranian Tradition"</a>. <i>Iranica Antiqua</i>. <b>LIII</b>: 112. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604192617/https://www.academia.edu/38023344/The_Elamite_Triads_Reflections_on_the_Possible_Continuities_in_Iranian_Tradition">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2021</span> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranica+Antiqua&rft.atitle=The+Elamite+Triads%3A+Reflections+on+the+Possible+Continuities+in+Iranian+Tradition&rft.volume=LIII&rft.pages=112&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Jahangirfar&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38023344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. M. F. Henkelman, <i>The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts</i>, 2008, p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. M. F. Henkelman, <i>The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts</i>, 2008, p. 307, footnote 702: "Inšušinak is indeed equated with a Mesopotamian god, (...) Ninurta (...); in Elam he seems to have been associated, if not equated, with Ea and the Dilmunite Enzag"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckman1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Beckman, Gary (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280224167">"The Goddess Pirinkir and Her Ritual from Hattusa (CTH 644)"</a>. <i>KTEMA</i>. No. 24. p. 27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419211437/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gary-Beckman/publication/280224167_The_Goddess_Pirinkir_and_Her_Ritual_from_Hattusa_CTH_644/links/5bfc50d3299bf10737f9993c/The-Goddess-Pirinkir-and-Her-Ritual-from-Hattusa-CTH-644.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 April 2023 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KTEMA&rft.atitle=The+Goddess+Pirinkir+and+Her+Ritual+from+Hattusa+%28CTH+644%29&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Beckman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F280224167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahangirfar2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jahangirfar, M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38023344">"The Elamite Triads: Reflections on the Possible Continuities in Iranian Tradition"</a>. <i>Iranica Antiqua</i>. <b>LIII</b>: 113. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604192617/https://www.academia.edu/38023344/The_Elamite_Triads_Reflections_on_the_Possible_Continuities_in_Iranian_Tradition">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2021</span> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranica+Antiqua&rft.atitle=The+Elamite+Triads%3A+Reflections+on+the+Possible+Continuities+in+Iranian+Tradition&rft.volume=LIII&rft.pages=113&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Jahangirfar&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38023344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. M. F. Henkelman, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2438476/%C5%A0imut">Šimut</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502020815/https://www.academia.edu/2438476/%C5%A0imut">Archived</a> 2 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> [in:] <i>Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie</i> vol. 12, 2011, p. 511-512</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. M. F. Henkelman, <i>The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts</i>, 2008, p. 365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Krebernik, <i>Tirumithir, Tirutur</i> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index">Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606083853/http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index">Archived</a> 6 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> vol 14, 2014, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. M. F. Henkelman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10644935/Upur_kubak"><i>Upur-kubak</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607153030/https://www.academia.edu/10644935/Upur_kubak">Archived</a> 7 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [in:] <i>Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie</i> vol 14, 2014, p. 352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Black Athena: The linguistic evidence</i>, by Martin Bernal, p. 701</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2006" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Abdul Jaim (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWpNBAAAQBAJ"><i>Urdu/Hindi An Artificial Divide : African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, Indian Culture & Britiah Colonialism</i></a>. Algora. pp. 66–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780875864372" title="Special:BookSources/9780875864372"><bdi>9780875864372</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427234038/https://books.google.com/books?id=jWpNBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu%2FHindi+An+Artificial+Divide+%3A+African+Heritage%2C+Mesopotamian+Roots%2C+Indian+Culture+%26+Britiah+Colonialism&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=Algora&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780875864372&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Jaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWpNBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"There is much evidence, both archaeological and literary/epigraphic, to suggest that the rise of the Persian empire witnessed the fusion of Elamite and Persian elements already present in highland Fars". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State</i>. Cambridge World Archaeology. Chap 9 Introduction.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Elam%3A+Formation+and+Transformation+of+an+Ancient+Iranian+State&rft.pages=Chap+9+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+World+Archaeology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_T._Van_Bladel2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kevin T. Van Bladel (2021). "The Language of the Xuz and the Fate of Elamite". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 447–462. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186321000092">10.1017/S1356186321000092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Language+of+the+Xuz+and+the+Fate+of+Elamite&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=447-462&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186321000092&rft.au=Kevin+T.+Van+Bladel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 185–211, The First Foundation of Carmel in India 1619–2019[part-1] Dhyanavana publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89144-33-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89144-33-3">978-81-89144-33-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, Vol 1, p687-689.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Quintana Cifuentes, E., "Historia de Elam el vecino mesopotámico", Murcia, 1997. <i>Estudios Orientales</i>. IPOA-Murcia.</li> <li>Quintana Cifuentes, E., "Textos y Fuentes para el estudio del Elam", Murcia, 2000.<i> Estudios Orientales</i>. IPOA-Murcia.</li> <li>Quintana Cifuentes, E.,<i> La Lengua Elamita (Irán pre-persa)</i>, Madrid, 2010. Gram Ediciones. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-88519-17-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-88519-17-7">978-84-88519-17-7</a></li> <li>Khačikjan, Margaret: <i>The Elamite Language</i>, Documenta Asiana IV, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per gli Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici, 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-87345-01-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-87345-01-5">88-87345-01-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesset2020a" class="citation web cs1">Desset, François (2020a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canal-u.tv/video/archeorient/breaking_the_code_the_decipherment_of_linear_elamite_a_forgotten_writing_system_of_ancient_iran_3rd_millenium_bc.58549">"Breaking the Code: The Decipherment of Linear Elamite, a Forgotten Writing System of Ancient Iran (3rd Millenium BC)"</a>. <i>Canal-U</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canal-U&rft.atitle=Breaking+the+Code%3A+The+Decipherment+of+Linear+Elamite%2C+a+Forgotten+Writing+System+of+Ancient+Iran+%283rd+Millenium+BC%29&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Desset&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canal-u.tv%2Fvideo%2Farcheorient%2Fbreaking_the_code_the_decipherment_of_linear_elamite_a_forgotten_writing_system_of_ancient_iran_3rd_millenium_bc.58549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesset2020b" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Desset, François (2020b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8o1ZOUhN3t8"><i>A New History of Writing on The Iranian Plateau</i></a> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Writing+on+The+Iranian+Plateau&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Desset&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D8o1ZOUhN3t8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Persians: Masters of Empire</i>, Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia (1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-9104-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-9104-4">0-8094-9104-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittman,_Holly1984" class="citation book cs1">Pittman, Holly (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/33948"><i>Art of the Bronze Age: southeastern Iran, western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870993657" title="Special:BookSources/9780870993657"><bdi>9780870993657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+Bronze+Age%3A+southeastern+Iran%2C+western+Central+Asia%2C+and+the+Indus+Valley&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780870993657&rft.au=Pittman%2C+Holly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F33948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>D. T. Potts, "Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf",<i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 111–119, (April 2006)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts2016" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Daniel T. (2016) [1999]. <i>The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09469-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09469-7"><bdi>978-1-107-09469-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Elam%3A+Formation+and+Transformation+of+an+Ancient+Iranian+State&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-09469-7&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McAlpin, David W., <i>Proto Elamo Dravidian: The Evidence and Its Implications</i>, American Philosophy Society (1981) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-713-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-713-0">0-87169-713-0</a></li> <li>Vallat, François. 2010. "The History of Elam". The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies (CAIS)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez-MonBaselloWicks2018" class="citation book cs1">Álvarez-Mon, Javier; Basello, Gian Pietro; Wicks, Yasmina, eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yClKDwAAQBAJ&q=%22elamite%20world%22%20routledge&pg=PA1"><i>The Elamite World</i></a>. Routledge Worlds. Oxford: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-99989-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-99989-3"><bdi>978-1-138-99989-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elamite+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Routledge+Worlds&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-99989-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyClKDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522elamite%2520world%2522%2520routledge%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Giuseppe Valenza, Elamiti Elimioti Elimi Il Teatro Genealogico degli Elimi nel crocevia del Mediterraneo. Marostica, 2022, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-908854-2-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-908854-2-6">978-88-908854-2-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Zohouriyan, Maryam, Seyyed Mehdi Mousavi Kouhpar, Javad Neyestani, and Alireza Hozhabri Nobari. "Semiology of the Gryphon Motif in Ancient Elamite Architecture". In: <i>Central Asiatic Journal</i> 62, no. 2 (2019): 227–32. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13173%2Fcentasiaj.62.2.0227">10.13173/centasiaj.62.2.0227</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Elam" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Elam">Elam</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.um.es/ipoa/cuneiforme/elamita/">Lengua e historia elamita</a>, by Enrique Quintana</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/history/elamite/elamite.php">History of the Elamite Empire</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/art/articles/art_of_elamites.php">Elamite Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/stele-untash-napirisha-king-anshan-and-susa">Stele of King Untash Napirisha</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042618/http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/stele-untash-napirisha-king-anshan-and-susa">Archived</a> 1 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apah2011.wikispaces.com/Statue+of+Queen+Napir-Asu">Statue of Queen Napir Asu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720141354/https://apah2011.wikispaces.com/Statue+of+Queen+Napir-Asu">Archived</a> 20 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1987.343/">Elamite Seals</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=The_Elamite_Empire">All Empires – The Elamite Empire</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Elam_Susiana.html">Elam in Ancient Southwest Iran</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persepolistablets.blogspot.com/">Persepolis Fortification Archive Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050308174927/http://www.cappuccinomag.com/iranologyenglish/001141.shtml">Iran Before Iranians</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-index">Encyclopædia Iranica: Elam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2002/proceed/EXTRAS/SVERD1_S.PDF">Modelling population dispersal and language origins during the last 120,000 years</a></li> <li>Hamid-Reza Hosseini, <i>Shush at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jadidonline.com/story/10032009/frnk/susa_shush"><i>Shush dar dāman-e Louvre</i>, in Persian, Jadid Online, 10 March 2009</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jadidonline.com/images/stories/flash_multimedia/Susa_shush_test/susa_high.html">Audio slideshow</a> (6 min 31 sec)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222154459/http://www.elamit.net/">https://web.archive.org/web/20160222154459/http://www.elamit.net/</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Mesopotamia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Mesopotamia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Ancient Mesopotamia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mesopotamia" title="Geography of Mesopotamia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Gutium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turukkaeans" title="Turukkaeans">Tukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of cities of the ancient Near East">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_Gate.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon"><img alt="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/110px-Ishtar_Gate.gif" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/165px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/220px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(Pre)history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Mesopotamia" title="Prehistory of Mesopotamia">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrik_9" title="Nemrik 9">Nemrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutean_language" title="Sutean language">Sutean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartian_language" title="Urartian language">Urartian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture/society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Akitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonian mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sumer" title="Economy of Sumer">Economy of Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Sumer" title="Warfare in Sumer">Warfare in Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumerian_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumerian cuisine (page does not exist)">Sumerian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia" title="Music of Mesopotamia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties" title="List of Mesopotamian dynasties">List of rulers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL">Destruction by ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">Tell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian myths">Mesopotamian myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_divination" title="Mesopotamian divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_prayer" title="Mesopotamian prayer">Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Ziggurat (Temple)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists" title="List of Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Sumerian_Dictionary" title="Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary">Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Assyrian_Dictionary" title="Chicago Assyrian Dictionary">Chicago Assyrian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Hittite_Dictionary" title="Chicago Hittite Dictionary">Chicago Hittite Dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran_topics" title="Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran_topics" title="Template talk:Iran topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Prehistory"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistory</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">3400–539 BC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura-Araxes <span class="nowrap">culture (3400–2000 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite <span class="nowrap">civilization (3100–2700 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elamite <span class="nowrap">dynasties (2700–540 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian <span class="nowrap">Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi <span class="nowrap">(c.2300–675 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites <span class="nowrap">(c.1595–c.1155 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Mannai (10th–7th century BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian <span class="nowrap">Empire (911–609 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu <span class="nowrap">(860 BC–590 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median <span class="nowrap">Empire (678–549 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian <span class="nowrap">Kingdom (652–625 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian <span class="nowrap">Empire (626–539 BC)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">550 BC–AD 224</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid <span class="nowrap">Empire (550–330 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene <span class="nowrap">(c.323 BC–AD 226)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid <span class="nowrap">Empire (312–63 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frataraka" title="Frataraka">Frataraka <span class="nowrap">(c.295–220 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian <span class="nowrap">Empire (247 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of <span class="nowrap">Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">AD 224–651</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian <span class="nowrap">Empire (AD 224–651)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and<br />early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">632–1090</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (632–661)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (661–750)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (750–1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (819–999)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (821–873)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (864–928)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (861–1003)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (931–1090)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (934–1062)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">977–1432</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (977–1186)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1011–1215)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk <span class="nowrap">Empire (1037–1194)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1077–1231)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids <span class="nowrap">(1135/36-1225)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1244–1381)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate"><span class="nowrap">Ilkhanate (1256–1335)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1314–1393)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1335–1432)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1338–1357)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1370–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1370–1507)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1374–1468)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1378–1508)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1501–1736)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1736–1796)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand <span class="nowrap">Dynasty (1751–1794)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar <span class="nowrap">Empire (1789–1925)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the <span class="nowrap">Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908 bombardment of the Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921 Persian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1925–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1925–1979)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab_dispute" title="Shatt al-Arab dispute">Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Iranian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election">1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian <span class="nowrap">revolution (1979)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic</a></span><br />1979–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran"><span class="nowrap">History (1979–)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy <span class="nowrap">siege (1980)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot" title="Nojeh coup plot">Nojeh coup plot (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq <span class="nowrap">War (1980–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1981)" title="Interim Government of Iran (1981)">Interim Government of Iran (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655 <span class="nowrap">shootdown (1988)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">PJAK conflict (2004–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 Iranian presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war (2011–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against the Islamic State">International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">United States withdrawal (2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–2018 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests" title="2021–2022 Iranian protests">2021–2022 Iranian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Persians" title="List of ancient Persians">Ancient Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy in classical Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electricity_in_Iran" title="History of electricity in Iran">Electric history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iran" title="List of years in Iran">Years in Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Iran" title="Borders of Iran">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province" title="List of cities in Iran by province">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iran" title="List of largest cities of Iran">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iran" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran">twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran" title="List of earthquakes in Iran">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Iranian Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iran" title="List of islands of Iran">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Iran" title="List of mountains in Iran">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran" title="Wildlife of Iran">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">2009 presidential</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childrens%27_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Childrens' Rights in Iran">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_judicial_system_of_Iran" title="History of the judicial system of Iran">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_Iran" title="Cyberwarfare and Iran">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iran" title="List of political parties in Iran">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_and_terrorism_in_Iran" title="Assassination and terrorism in Iran">Terrorism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">state-sponsorship allegations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement_in_Iran" title="Women's rights movement in Iran">Women's rights movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly (or Council) of Experts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Iran" title="Local councils of Iran">Local councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_officials" title="List of Iranian officials">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Iran_governors-general" title="List of current Iran governors-general">Provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Bonyad (charitable trust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight_from_Iran" title="Human capital flight from Iran">Brain drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Automotive industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Iran" title="Child labour in Iran">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Economic Reform Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse" title="Iranian oil bourse">International oil bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Iran and the World Trade Organization">Iran and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran" title="List of economic laws in Iran">Main economic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy of the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milad_Tower" title="Milad Tower">Milad Tower and complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Iran" title="List of military equipment manufactured in Iran">Military equipment manufactured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Rial (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Setad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capital in Iran">Venture capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran#Technology_start-ups" title="Communications in Iran">Technology start-ups</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">Sectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fruit_production_in_Iran" title="Fruit production in Iran">fruit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System" title="Shetab Banking System">Shetab Banking System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran" title="Defense industry of Iran">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Health care</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">Pharmaceuticals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Telecommunications and IT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">TCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iran" title="List of airlines of Iran">airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Metro" title="Tehran Metro">metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Railways">railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRISL_Group" title="IRISL Group">shipping</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned<br />companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Industries_Organization" title="Defense Industries Organization">Defense Industries Organization (DIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation Industries Organization">Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries" title="Iran Electronics Industries">Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh industrial corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabahar_Free_Trade-Industrial_Zone" title="Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone">Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island Free Trade Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_research_centers" title="List of Iranian research centers">Research centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iran" title="Category:Society of Iran">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian (Farsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iranian citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">abroad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Iran" title="Ethnic minorities in Iran">Ethnic minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Turkmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">Baháʼí Faith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Zoroastrians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iran" title="Crime in Iran">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iran" title="Higher education in Iran">higher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars">scientists and scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran" title="List of universities in Iran">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iran" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iran">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">architects</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">modern / contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogging_in_Iran" title="Blogging in Iran">Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Calendars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Persian New Year (<i>Nowruz</i>)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran" title="Fashion in Iran">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Persian_antiquities_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Persian antiquities dispute">Chicago Persian antiquities dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranians" title="List of Iranians">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iran" title="Mass media in Iran">Media</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_news_agencies" title="List of Iranian news agencies">news agencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Students News Agency">student</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Iran" title="List of newspapers in Iran">newspapers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_National_Jewels" title="Iranian National Jewels">National Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national symbols of Iran">National symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran" title="Imperial Anthem of Iran">Imperial Anthem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_in_Iran" title="Opium in Iran">Opium consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iran" title="Public holidays in Iran">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Iran" title="Scouting in Iran">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">Sport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Football_in_Iran" title="Football in Iran">football</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Rap and hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Traditional</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ey_Iran" title="Ey Iran">Ey Iran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrangeles" title="Tehrangeles">Tehrangeles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran" title="Category:Iran">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template talk:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div style="overflow:auto"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/<br />dates<br /><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a><br /></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a></th> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elam</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td rowspan="2">4000–3200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Naqada_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqada I">Naqada I</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Gerzeh_culture" title="Gerzeh culture">Naqada II</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_(front_top_part_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gebel el-Arak Knife"><img alt="Gebel el-Arak Knife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/50px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/75px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/100px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">Pre-Dynastic period</a> (4000–2900 BCE) </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></b><br />(4000–3100 BCE)<br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/100px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/150px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/200px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Anu Ziggurat</a>, 4000 BCE)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolzegel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/100px-Rolzegel.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/150px-Rolzegel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/200px-Rolzegel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="714" /></a></span><br />(Anonymous "King-priests") </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa II</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows"><img alt="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/35px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/53px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/70px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1663" /></a></span><br />(Uruk influence or control) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3200–3100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Proto-Dynastic period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a>)<br />Early or legendary kings: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a></b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Pen-Abu</a></i> <i>Animal</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stork (Pharaoh)">Stork</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Canide_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canide (Pharaoh)">Canide</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Bull_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (Pharaoh)">Bull</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Shendjw</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a></b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nat-Hor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nat-Hor (page does not exist)">Nat-Hor</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">3100–2900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narmer Palette"><img alt="Narmer Palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/40px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/60px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/80px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Narmer Palette</figcaption></figure><br /><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> <a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a><sup>♀</sup> (regent) <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> <a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a> <a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneith" title="Merneith">Merneith</a><sup>♀</sup> (regent) <a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a> <a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a> <a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="13"><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></b><br />(3100–2900 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa III</a>)<br />(3100–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2900 BCE </td> <td rowspan="8" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra/Raneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a> <a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khasekhemwy"><img alt="Khasekhemwy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/30px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/45px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/60px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4103" data-file-height="5203" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period I</a> (2900–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">First Eblaite</a><br />Kingdom</b><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">First kingdom of Mari</a></b><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> I dynasty</b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Jushur" title="Jushur">Jushur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kullassina-bel" title="Kullassina-bel">Kullassina-bel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nangishlishma" title="Nangishlishma">Nangishlishma</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/En-tarah-ana" title="En-tarah-ana">En-tarah-ana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Babum" title="Babum">Babum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puannum" title="Puannum">Puannum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalibum" title="Kalibum">Kalibum</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2800 BCE <p><br /> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Kalumum" title="Kalumum">Kalumum</a> <a href="/wiki/Zuqaqip" title="Zuqaqip">Zuqaqip</a> <a href="/wiki/Atab" title="Atab">Atab</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mashda" title="Mashda">Mashda</a> <a href="/wiki/Arwium" title="Arwium">Arwium</a> <a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Balih" title="Balih">Balih</a> <a href="/wiki/En-me-nuna" title="En-me-nuna">En-me-nuna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Melem-Kish" title="Melem-Kish">Melem-Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/Barsal-nuna" title="Barsal-nuna">Barsal-nuna</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> I dynasty</b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Mesh-ki-ang-gasher" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh-ki-ang-gasher">Mesh-ki-ang-gasher</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a> ("conqueror of <a href="/wiki/Aratta" title="Aratta">Aratta</a>")</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2700 BCE </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period II</a> (2700–2600 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Zamug" title="Zamug">Zamug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tizqar" title="Tizqar">Tizqar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilku" title="Ilku">Ilku</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iltasadum" title="Iltasadum">Iltasadum</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid,_the_Fisherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid, the Fisherman">Dumuzid, the Fisherman</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a> ("made the land of Elam submit")<sup id="cite_ref-SKL_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKL-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga of Kish</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ak_gal-ukkin_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aga of Kish"><img alt="Aga of Kish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/22px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/33px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/44px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="826" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/15px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/20px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda,_2600_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/30px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/45px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/60px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="595" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old Elamite period</a></b><br />(2700–1500 BCE)<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2600 BCE </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saqqara,_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2,_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid"><img alt="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/50px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/75px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/100px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><br />(First <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period III</a> (2600–2340 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sagisu" title="Sagisu">Sagisu</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abur-lim (page does not exist)">Abur-lim</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agur-lim (page does not exist)">Agur-lim</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibbi-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibbi-Damu (page does not exist)">Ibbi-Damu</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baba-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baba-Damu (page does not exist)">Baba-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> II dynasty</b><br />(5 kings)<br /><a href="/wiki/Uhub" title="Uhub">Uhub</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mesilim" title="Mesilim">Mesilim</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nungal" title="Ur-Nungal">Ur-Nungal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Udul-kalama" title="Udul-kalama">Udulkalama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/La-ba%27shum" title="La-ba'shum">Labashum</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/En-hegal" title="En-hegal">En-hegal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugalshaengur" title="Lugalshaengur">Lugal-<br />shaengur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Ur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur I">Ur</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/A-Imdugud" title="A-Imdugud">A-Imdugud</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Pabilsag" title="Ur-Pabilsag">Ur-Pabilsag</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Palbisag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/30px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/45px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/60px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="2201" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Meskalamdug" title="Meskalamdug">Meskalamdug</a><br />(Queen <a href="/wiki/Puabi" title="Puabi">Puabi</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Akalamdug" title="Akalamdug">Akalamdug</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/En-nun-tarah-ana" title="En-nun-tarah-ana">Enun-dara-anna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mes-he" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes-he">Mes-he</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Melamanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamanna">Melamanna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kitun" title="Lugal-kitun">Lugal-kitun</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nin-kisalsi" title="Nin-kisalsi">Nin-kisalsi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Me-durba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Me-durba (page does not exist)">Me-durba</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-dalu" title="Lugal-dalu">Lugal-dalu</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2575 BCE </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a> <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/50px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/75px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/100px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="971" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="First Dynasty of Ur">Ur I dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a><br />"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk </td></tr> <tr> <td>2500 BCE </td> <td rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> (2500-539 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/The_second_kingdom_of_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="The second kingdom of Mari">Second kingdom of Mari</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ikun-Shamash" title="Ikun-Shamash">Ikun-Shamash</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iku-Shamagan" title="Iku-Shamagan">Iku-Shamagan</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iku-Shamagan"><img alt="Iku-Shamagan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/30px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/45px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/60px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="2102" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ansud" title="Ansud">Ansud</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sa%27umu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'umu">Sa'umu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ishar" title="Ishtup-Ishar">Ishtup-Ishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ikun-Mari" title="Ikun-Mari">Ikun-Mari</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iblul-Il" title="Iblul-Il">Iblul-Il</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizi (page does not exist)">Nizi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3"><b>Kish III dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ku-Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ku-Baba">Ku-Baba</a><sup>♀</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unzi (page does not exist)">Unzi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undalulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undalulu (page does not exist)">Undalulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> II dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Enshakushanna" title="Enshakushanna">Ensha-<br />kushanna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mug-si" title="Mug-si">Mug-si</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> I dynasty</b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Pabilgagaltuku" title="Pabilgagaltuku">Pabilgagaltuku</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> I dynasty</b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nanshe" title="Ur-Nanshe">Ur-Nanshe</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Nanshe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/30px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/45px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/60px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="918" /></a></span><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Akurgal" title="Akurgal">Akurgal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A%27annepada" title="A'annepada">A'annepada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Meskiagnun" title="Meskiagnun">Meskiagnun</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elulu" title="Elulu">Elulu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Balulu" title="Balulu">Balulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Peli_(king_of_Awan)" title="Peli (king of Awan)">Peli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tata_(king_of_Awan)" title="Tata (king of Awan)">Tata</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ukku-Tanhish" title="Ukku-Tanhish">Ukkutahesh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hishutash" title="Hishutash">Hishur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2450 BCE </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a> <a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enar-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enar-Damu (page does not exist)">Enar-Damu</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishar-Malik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishar-Malik (page does not exist)">Ishar-Malik</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ush,_king_of_Umma" title="Ush, king of Umma">Ush</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Enakalle" title="Enakalle">Enakalle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elamite</a> invasions<br />(3 kings)<sup id="cite_ref-SKL_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKL-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Shushun-Tarana" title="Shushun-Tarana">Shushun-<br />tarana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Napi-Ilhush" title="Napi-Ilhush">Napilhush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2425 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/wiki/Kun-Damu" title="Kun-Damu">Kun-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/30px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/45px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/60px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2595" /></a></span><br />(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adub-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adub-Damu (page does not exist)">Adub-Damu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Igrish-Halam" title="Igrish-Halam">Igrish-Halam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Irkab-Damu" title="Irkab-Damu">Irkab-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> IV dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Suen" title="Puzur-Suen">Puzur-Suen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Zababa" title="Ur-Zababa">Ur-Zababa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urur (page does not exist)">Urur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kinishe-dudu" title="Lugal-kinishe-dudu">Lugal-kinishe-dudu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisalsi" title="Lugal-kisalsi">Lugal-kisalsi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/E-iginimpa%27e" title="E-iginimpa'e">E-iginimpa'e</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Meskigal" title="Meskigal">Meskigal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Lumma" title="Ur-Lumma">Ur-Lumma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Il,_king_of_Umma" title="Il, king of Umma">Il</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gishakidu" title="Gishakidu">Gishakidu</a><br />(Queen <a href="/wiki/Bara-irnun" title="Bara-irnun">Bara-irnun</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;"><a href="/wiki/Enannatum_I" title="Enannatum I">Enannatum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Entemena" title="Entemena">Entemena</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Enannatum_II" title="Enannatum II">Enannatum II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Enentarzi" title="Enentarzi">Enentarzi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> II dynasty</b><br />Nanni<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II (page does not exist)">Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Kikku-Siwe-Temti" title="Kikku-Siwe-Temti">Kiku-siwe-tempti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2380 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><b><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a> <a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I,_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.,_39.121.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I"><img alt="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/30px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/45px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/60px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugalannemundu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugalannemundu">Lugalannemundu</a><br />"King of the four quarters of the world" </td></tr> <tr> <td>2370 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isar-Damu" title="Isar-Damu">Isar-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enna-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enna-Dagan (page does not exist)">Enna-Dagan</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikun-Ishar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikun-Ishar (page does not exist)">Ikun-Ishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishqi-Mari" title="Ishqi-Mari">Ishqi-Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Invasion by <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a><br />Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter<sup id="cite_ref-SKL_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKL-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ukush" title="Ukush">Ukush</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugalanda" title="Lugalanda">Lugalanda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Urukagina" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Luh-ishan" title="Luh-ishan">Luh-ishan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2350 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-Nirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-Nirah (page does not exist)">Puzur-Nirah</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishu-Il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishu-Il (page does not exist)">Ishu-Il</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Sin_(Akshak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Sin (Akshak) (page does not exist)">Shu-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> III dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-zage-si" title="Lugal-zage-si">Lugalzagesi</a><br />(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2340 BCE </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><b><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Period</a> (2340–2150 BCE)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="9"><b><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><b>Akkadian Governors:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Eshpum" title="Eshpum">Eshpum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ilshu-rabi" title="Ilshu-rabi">Ilshu-rabi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Epirmupi" title="Epirmupi">Epirmupi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ili-ishmani" title="Ili-ishmani">Ili-ishmani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2250 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Naram-Sin_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/25px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/38px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/50px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2300" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-ushumgal" title="Lugal-ushumgal">Lugal-ushumgal</a><br />(vassal of the Akkadians) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare Neby</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare Khendu</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare Tereru</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare Pepiseneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a> <a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Ibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="6"><b>Second <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a><br />Kingdom</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Third kingdom of Mari</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakku</a><br />dynasty)<br /><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ididish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ididish (page does not exist)">Ididish</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Dagan (page does not exist)">Shu-Dagan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishma-Dagan" title="Ishma-Dagan">Ishma-Dagan</a><br />(Vassals of the Akkadians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="5"><br /><a href="/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri" title="Shar-Kali-Sharri">Shar-Kali-Sharri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Igigi_of_Akkad" title="Igigi of Akkad">Igigi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imi" title="Imi">Imi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanum_of_Akkad" title="Nanum of Akkad">Nanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilulu" title="Ilulu">Ilulu</a> (3 years)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dudu_of_Akkad" title="Dudu of Akkad">Dudu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shu-turul" title="Shu-turul">Shu-turul</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> IV dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-nigin" title="Ur-nigin">Ur-nigin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-gigir" title="Ur-gigir">Ur-gigir</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> II dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzer-Mama" title="Puzer-Mama">Puzer-Mama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu_I" title="Ur-Ningirsu I">Ur-Ningirsu I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pirig-me" title="Pirig-me">Pirig-me</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-Baba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-Baba (page does not exist)">Lu-Baba</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-gula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-gula (page does not exist)">Lu-gula</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaku_of_Lagash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaku of Lagash (page does not exist)">Ka-ku</a><br /> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Hishep-Ratep" class="mw-redirect" title="Hishep-Ratep">Hishep-Ratep</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helu_(Awan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helu (Awan) (page does not exist)">Helu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Khita" title="Khita">Khita</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2150 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a> </td> <td colspan="8" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III period</a> (2150–2000 BCE)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BBr-M%C3%AAr" title="Nûr-Mêr">Nûr-Mêr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ilum" title="Ishtup-Ilum">Ishtup-Ilum</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtup-Ilum_statue_(head).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/25px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/38px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/50px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="810" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishgum-Addu" title="Ishgum-Addu">Ishgum-Addu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Apil-kin" title="Apil-kin">Apil-kin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian dynasty of Sumer">Gutian dynasty</a></b><br />(21 kings)<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/La-erabum" title="La-erabum">La-erabum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Si%27um" title="Si'um">Si'um</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuda_(Uruk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuda (Uruk) (page does not exist)">Kuda (Uruk)</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-ili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-ili (page does not exist)">Puzur-ili</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur-Utu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur-Utu (page does not exist)">Ur-Utu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE; rowspan=2"><b><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> II dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugalannatum" title="Lugalannatum">Lugalannatum</a><br />(vassal of the Gutians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Baba" title="Ur-Baba">Ur-Baba</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/30px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/45px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/60px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu" title="Ur-Ningirsu">Ur-Ningirsu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-gar" title="Ur-gar">Ur-gar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nam-mahani" title="Nam-mahani">Nam-mahani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><br /><a href="/wiki/Tirigan" title="Tirigan">Tirigan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2125 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">Tenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> V dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Utu-hengal" title="Utu-hengal">Utu-hengal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1">(Vassals of UR III) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Iddi-ilum" title="Iddi-ilum">Iddi-ilum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ili-Ishar" title="Ili-Ishar">Ili-Ishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tura-Dagan" title="Tura-Dagan">Tura-Dagan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ishtar" title="Puzur-Ishtar">Puzur-Ishtar</a><br />(Vassals of Ur III)<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Third dynasty of Ur">Ur III dynasty</a></b><br />"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/35px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/53px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/70px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="632" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> <a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2025-1763 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> invasions</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Elamite</a> invasions</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki Dynasty</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Third Eblaite</a><br />Kingdom</b><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ibbit-Lim" title="Ibbit-Lim">Ibbit-Lim</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibbit-Lim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/30px-Ibbit-Lim.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/45px-Ibbit-Lim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/60px-Ibbit-Lim.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="345" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Immeya" title="Immeya">Immeya</a> <a href="/wiki/Indilimma" title="Indilimma">Indilimma</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakkus</a>)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitial-Erra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitial-Erra (page does not exist)">Hitial-Erra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hanun-Dagan" title="Hanun-Dagan">Hanun-Dagan</a><br />(...)<br /><br /><br /><b>Lim Dynasty</b><br /><b>of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Yaggid-Lim" title="Yaggid-Lim">Yaggid-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yahdun-Lim" title="Yahdun-Lim">Yahdun-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasmah-Adad" title="Yasmah-Adad">Yasmah-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Zimri-Lim" title="Zimri-Lim">Zimri-Lim</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Shibtu" title="Shibtu">Shibtu</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shalim-ahum" title="Shalim-ahum">Shalim-ahum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ilu-shuma" title="Ilu-shuma">Ilu-shuma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ikunum" title="Ikunum">Ikunum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sargon_I" title="Sargon I">Sargon I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_II" title="Puzur-Ashur II">Puzur-Ashur II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Assyria" title="Naram-Sin of Assyria">Naram-Sin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Erishum_II" title="Erishum II">Erishum II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="6" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)<br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_(1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/30px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/45px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/60px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin" title="Dynasty of Isin">Dynasty of Isin</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Ishbi-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ilishu" title="Shu-Ilishu">Shu-Ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Iddin-Dagan" title="Iddin-Dagan">Iddin-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Eshtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipit-Eshtar">Lipit-Eshtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ninurta" title="Ur-Ninurta">Ur-Ninurta</a> <a href="/wiki/Bur-Suen" title="Bur-Suen">Bur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Enlil" title="Lipit-Enlil">Lipit-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Erra-imitti" title="Erra-imitti">Erra-imitti</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-bani" title="Enlil-bani">Enlil-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya">Zambiya</a> <a href="/wiki/Iter-pisha" title="Iter-pisha">Iter-pisha</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-du-kuga" title="Ur-du-kuga">Ur-du-kuga</a> <a href="/wiki/Suen-magir" title="Suen-magir">Suen-magir</a> <a href="/wiki/Damiq-ilishu" title="Damiq-ilishu">Damiq-ilishu</a><br /><b>Dynasty of Larsa</b>: <a href="/wiki/Naplanum" title="Naplanum">Naplanum</a> <a href="/wiki/Emisum" title="Emisum">Emisum</a> <a href="/wiki/Samium" title="Samium">Samium</a> <a href="/wiki/Zabaia" title="Zabaia">Zabaia</a> <a href="/wiki/Gungunum" title="Gungunum">Gungunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abisare" title="Abisare">Abisare</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumuel" title="Sumuel">Sumuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-Adad" title="Nur-Adad">Nur-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iddinam" title="Sin-Iddinam">Sin-Iddinam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Eribam" title="Sin-Eribam">Sin-Eribam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iqisham" title="Sin-Iqisham">Sin-Iqisham</a> <a href="/wiki/Silli-Adad" title="Silli-Adad">Silli-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Warad-Sin" title="Warad-Sin">Warad-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin I">Rim-Sin I</a> (...) <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin II">Rim-Sin II</a><br /><b>Uruk VI dynasty</b>: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sîn-kāšid</a> Sîn-iribam <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-g%C4%81mil" title="Sîn-gāmil">Sîn-gāmil</a> Ilum-gamil <a href="/wiki/An-am" title="An-am">An-am</a> <a href="/wiki/Irdanene" title="Irdanene">Irdanene</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AEm-Anum" title="Rîm-Anum">Rîm-Anum</a> Nabi-ilišu </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Siwe-Palar-Khuppak" title="Siwe-Palar-Khuppak">Siwe-Palar-Khuppak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1800–1595 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Yamhad_dynasty" title="Yamhad dynasty">Yamhad dynasty</a>)<br />(Amorites) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a></b><br /> <p>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">Shamshi-Adad</a> dynasty<br />1808–1736 BCE)<br />(Amorites)<br /><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_I" title="Ishme-Dagan I">Ishme-Dagan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Mut-Ashkur" title="Mut-Ashkur">Mut-Ashkur</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush_of_Assyria" title="Rimush of Assyria">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Asinum" title="Asinum">Asinum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a><br /><br /> (Non-dynastic usurpers<br />1735–1701 BCE)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Sin" title="Puzur-Sin">Puzur-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a><br /><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Adaside_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaside dynasty">Adaside dynasty</a><br />1700–722 BCE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Libaya" title="Libaya">Libaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad I">Sharma-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Iptar-Sin" title="Iptar-Sin">Iptar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Bazaya" title="Bazaya">Bazaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Lullaya" title="Lullaya">Lullaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ninua" title="Shu-Ninua">Shu-Ninua</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad II">Sharma-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Erishum III">Erishum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_II" title="Shamshi-Adad II">Shamshi-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_II" title="Ishme-Dagan II">Ishme-Dagan II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_III" title="Shamshi-Adad III">Shamshi-Adad III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_I" title="Ashur-nirari I">Ashur-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_III" title="Puzur-Ashur III">Puzur-Ashur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nasir_I" title="Enlil-nasir I">Enlil-nasir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-ili" title="Nur-ili">Nur-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-shaduni" title="Ashur-shaduni">Ashur-shaduni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_I" title="Ashur-rabi I">Ashur-rabi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_I" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe I">Ashur-nadin-ahhe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-Nasir_II" title="Enlil-Nasir II">Enlil-Nasir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_II" title="Ashur-nirari II">Ashur-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-nisheshu" title="Ashur-bel-nisheshu">Ashur-bel-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rim-nisheshu" title="Ashur-rim-nisheshu">Ashur-rim-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_II" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe II">Ashur-nadin-ahhe II</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="4" rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/40px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/60px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/80px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3170" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">First Babylonian dynasty</a><br />("Old Babylonian Period")<br />(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a> <a href="/wiki/Abi-eshuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-eshuh">Abi-eshuh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-ditana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-ditana">Ammi-ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-saduqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-saduqa">Ammi-saduqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Kassite_rulers" title="Early Kassite rulers">Early Kassite rulers</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><br /><br /><b>Second Babylonian dynasty<br />("<a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">Sealand Dynasty</a>")</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a> <a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty"><sup>m</sup>DIŠ+U-EN</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intermediate Period">Second Intermediate Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixteenth</a></b><br /><b>Dynasty</b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></b><br /><b>Dynasty</b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth</a></b><br /><b>Dynasty</b> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br />("<a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>")<br /><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_(axe_of_Ahmose_I,_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II)_Colorized_per_source.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos"><img alt="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/35px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/53px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/70px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos</figcaption></figure><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a> <a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Apepi_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apepi (pharaoh)">Apepi</a> <a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></b><br />(1600–1260 BCE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kirta" title="Kirta">Kirta</a> <a href="/wiki/Shuttarna_I" title="Shuttarna I">Shuttarna I</a> <a href="/wiki/Parshatatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshatatar">Parshatatar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1531–1155 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tutankhamun"><img alt="Tutankhamun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/30px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/45px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/60px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Tutankhamun</figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/30px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/45px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/60px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="3973" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>Third Babylonian dynasty (<a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Agum-Kakrime" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum-Kakrime">Agum-Kakrime</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a> <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-harbe_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadashman-harbe I">Kadashman-harbe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnaburiash II">Burnaburiash II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliashu_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliashu IV">Kashtiliashu IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a> <a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="3"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Middle Elamite period</a> <p>(1500–1100 BCE)<br /><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Kidinuid dynasty</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Igehalkid dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a><br /><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a> <a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a> <a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a><sup>♀</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Elamite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite Empire">Elamite Empire</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutrukid Dynasty">Shutrukid dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhunte" title="Shutruk-Nakhunte">Shutruk-Nakhunte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1155–1025 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a></b><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a> <a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a><br /><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyria</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_I" title="Eriba-Adad I">Eriba-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nirari" title="Enlil-nirari">Enlil-nirari</a> <a href="/wiki/Arik-den-ili" title="Arik-den-ili">Arik-den-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli" title="Ashur-nadin-apli">Ashur-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Ashur-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_I" title="Ashur-dan I">Ashur-dan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur" title="Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur">Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutakkil-Nusku" title="Mutakkil-Nusku">Mutakkil-Nusku</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Asharid-apal-Ekur" title="Asharid-apal-Ekur">Asharid-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_II" title="Eriba-Adad II">Eriba-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_IV" title="Shamshi-Adad IV">Shamshi-Adad IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_II" title="Shalmaneser II">Shalmaneser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_IV" title="Ashur-nirari IV">Ashur-nirari IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_II" title="Ashur-rabi II">Ashur-rabi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_II" title="Ashur-resh-ishi II">Ashur-resh-ishi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_II" title="Ashur-dan II">Ashur-dan II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><b>Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">Second Dynasty of Isin</a>")</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neo-Elamite period</a> (1100–540 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1025–934 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><b>Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a> <a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>911–745 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a><br /><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a><br /><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Samaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Samaria">Kingdom of Samaria</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> <a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a><sup>♀</sup> (regent) <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-Dan III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/45px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/68px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/90px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>Eight Babylonian Dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a> (five kings) <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin II">Nabu-shuma-ukin II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Humban-Tahrid dynasty</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Urtak_(king_of_Elam)" title="Urtak (king of Elam)">Urtak</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Teumman</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ummanigash_(son_of_Urtak)" title="Ummanigash (son of Urtak)">Ummanigash</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_(son_of_Urtak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammaritu (son of Urtak)">Tammaritu I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Indabibi" title="Indabibi">Indabibi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Humban-haltash_III" title="Humban-haltash III">Humban-haltash III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">745–609 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taharqa"><img alt="Taharqa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/30px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/45px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/60px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Taharqa</figcaption></figure>("<a href="/wiki/Black_Pharaohs" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Pharaohs">Black Pharaohs</a>")<br /><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a> <a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a> <a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a> <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></b><br /> <p><b>(<a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a> <a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Assyrian conquest of Egypt">Assyrian conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Elam" title="Assyrian conquest of Elam">Assyrian conquest of Elam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a> <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a> <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10"><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> <a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a> <a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10"><b><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes IV">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetis</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra II of Egypt">Cleopatra II Philometor Soter</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra III of Egypt">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra IV of Egypt">Cleopatra IV</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice III of Egypt">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI of Egypt">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIV of Egypt">Ptolemy XIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="11"><b>Hellenistic Period</b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/90px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a> <br /><b><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>141–30 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Kingdom of Judea</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="9" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">30 BCE–116 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="4">(<a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Egypt">Roman conquest of Egypt</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">116–117 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates of Parthia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>117–224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>224–270 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="6"><b><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/80px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>270–273 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#48D1CC;" colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Vaballathus" title="Vaballathus">Vaballathus</a> <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Antiochus" title="Septimius Antiochus">Antiochus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">273–395 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">395–618 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>618–628 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Sasanian conquest of Egypt">Sasanian conquest of Egypt</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Province of Egypt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahralanyozan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahralanyozan">Sahralanyozan</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">628–641 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>639–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="9"><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" rowspan="1" colspan="7"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/10px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/15px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/20px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology"> Chronology of the Neolithic period</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" colspan="7" align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/12px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/18px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/24px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Central Asia">Rulers of Ancient Central Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalloSimpson1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Hallo" title="William W. Hallo">Hallo, W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Kelly_Simpson" title="William Kelly Simpson">Simpson, W.</a> (1971). <i>The Ancient Near East</i>. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Harcourt%2C+Brace%2C+Jovanovich&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/rulers_of_mesopotamia">"Rulers of Mesopotamia"</a>. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rulers+of+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford%2C+CNRS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ox.ac.uk%2Fwiki%2Frulers_of_mesopotamia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasPotts2020" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Ariane; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Potts" title="Timothy Potts">Potts, Timothy</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14"><i>Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins</i></a>. Getty Publications. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2"><bdi>978-1-60606-649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia%3A+Civilization+Begins&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-649-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft.au=Potts%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsHEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoux1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Roux" title="Georges Roux">Roux, Georges</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC&pg=PT534"><i>Ancient Iraq</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7"><bdi>978-0-14-193825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Iraq&rft.pages=532-534+%28Chronological+Tables%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-193825-7&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklZX8B_RzzYC%26pg%3DPT534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKL-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_121-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Per <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Unger" title="Merrill Unger">Unger, Merrill F.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qw6vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4"><bdi>978-1-62564-606-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Aramaeans+of+Damascus%3A+A+Study+in+Archaeological+Illumination+of+Bible+History&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-606-4&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Merrill+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqw6vCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elam" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elamite_kingdom" title="Template:Elamite kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elamite_kingdom" title="Template talk:Elamite kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elamite_kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elamite kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elam</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan_(ancient_city)" title="Awan (ancient city)">Awan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Elamite_kings" title="List of Elamite kings">List of Elamite kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Elam" title="Assyrian conquest of Elam">Assyrian conquest of Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Susa" title="Battle of Susa">Battle of Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulai" title="Battle of Ulai">Battle of Ulai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian languages</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite cuneiform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elamite_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Male deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humban" title="Humban">Humban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inshushinak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmekarab" title="Ishmekarab">Ishmekarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabru" title="Jabru">Jabru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagamal" title="Lagamal">Lagamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahhunte" title="Nahhunte">Nahhunte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napir" title="Napir">Napir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napirisha" title="Napirisha">Napirisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhurater" title="Ruhurater">Ruhurater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simut_(god)" title="Simut (god)">Simut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Female deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishmekarab" title="Ishmekarab">Ishmekarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiririsha" title="Kiririsha">Kiririsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzat_(goddess)" title="Manzat (goddess)">Manzat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narundi" title="Narundi">Narundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinikir" title="Pinikir">Pinikir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shala" title="Shala">Shala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kneeling_Bull_with_Vessel" title="Kneeling Bull with Vessel">Kneeling Bull with Vessel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_rock_relief_in_Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Elamite rock relief in Naqsh-e Rostam">Elamite rock relief in Naqsh-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshkaft-e_Salman" title="Eshkaft-e Salman">Eshkaft-e Salman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128904#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128904#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128904#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83181686">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575957">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Elam"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge601535&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559967905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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