CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Satellite spending - Ballotpedia</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4c1bea2568a3b8e6c506ee3e","wgCSPNonce":false,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Satellite_spending","wgTitle":"Satellite spending","wgCurRevisionId":9092336,"wgRevisionId":9092336,"wgArticleId":868351,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using DynamicPageList3 dplreplace parser function","Campaign finance concepts and issues"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Satellite_spending","wgRelevantArticleId":868351,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":false,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":false};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.ballotpediabootstrap.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.ballotpediabootstrap.bootstrap.scripts","skins.ballotpediabootstrap.tooltips","ext.SimpleTooltip","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.DoubleDropdown","ext.SingleDropdown","ext.FrontPageRSS","ext.PredictIt","ext.APIWidget","skins.ballotpediabootstrap.scripts"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cskins.ballotpediabootstrap.styles&only=styles&skin=ballotpediabootstrap"/> <script async="" src="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=ballotpediabootstrap"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=ballotpediabootstrap"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.39.6"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="description" content="Ballotpedia: The Encyclopedia of American Politics"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1000"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no"/> <meta name="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ballotpedia"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Satellite spending - Ballotpedia"/> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/wiki/opensearch_desc.php" title="Ballotpedia (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="license" href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Ballotpedia Atom feed" href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Satellite_spending"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Ballotpedia"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Satellite spending"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://ballotpedia.org/Satellite_spending"/>  <script type="text/javascript"> var bp_env = "LIVE"; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> function imgError(image) { if ( image.src.includes("https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api/storage/uploads/thumbs/") ) { image.onerror = ""; //var new_src = image.src.replace("https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api/storage/uploads/thumbs/", "https://api.ballotpedia.org/v3/thumbnail/"); //image.src = new_src; } return true; } </script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Libre+Franklin:ital,wght@0,200;0,300;0,400;0,500;0,600;0,700;0,800;0,900;1,200;1,300;1,400;1,500;1,600;1,700;1,800;1,900&family=Open+Sans:ital,wght@0,200;0,400;0,600;0,800;1,200;1,400;1,600;1,800&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript">!function(t,o,e){e=t.createElement(o),t=t.getElementsByTagName(o)[0],e.async=1,e.src="https://resonantbrush.com/v2/0/fesblzozuRJjzHOf_VUD5C1xGS4NlcUiO5VCnQgEPI1ISxgUs3JntMnY9dAPUFAYqZJXR0cCujx",t.parentNode.insertBefore(e,t)}(document,"script"),function(t,o){t[o]=t[o]||function(){(t[o].q=t[o].q||[]).push(arguments)}}(document,window,"script","admiral");!function(t,e,n,a){function o(t){try{return t=localStorage.getItem("v4ac1eiZr0"),t&&t.split(",")[4]>0}catch(e){}return!1}function r(){var a=o();if(a){var r=t[e].pubads();typeof r.setTargeting===n&&r.setTargeting("admiral-engaged","true")}}a=t[e]=t[e]||{},a.cmd=a.cmd||[],typeof a.pubads===n?r():typeof a.cmd.unshift===n?a.cmd.unshift(r):a.cmd.push(r)}(window,"googletag","function");</script> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PRFQ44Z');</script> <script id="headerbidder" type="text/javascript" src="//a.publir.com/platform/1375.js"></script><script>var googletag = googletag || {};googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || [];</script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://cadmus.script.ac/dmvhk981ozp8w/script.js'></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/SB-promo-header.css"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Satellite_spending rootpage-Satellite_spending skin-ballotpediabootstrap action-view">  <script> document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", async function(event) { let trackingCategories = ['Election policy tracking', 'Redistricting tracking', 'Donor disclosure tracking', 'Current governors', 'Current member, U.S. House', 'Current member, U.S. Senate', 'ESG page views', 'Federalism tracking', 'UI tracking', 'State ballots, 2021', 'State ballots, 2022', 'TASP GA', 'Education policy tracking', 'Criminal justice policy tracking', 'UL profile', 'UL overview', 'Work requirement page views', 'REINS page views', 'DOE page views', 'TSP2023', 'TSP2023school', 'School district election breakoffs']; let lis = document.querySelectorAll("#catlinks li"); let allCategories = ''; for (let i = 0; i < lis.length; i++) { if (trackingCategories.includes(lis[i].textContent)) { allCategories = allCategories + lis[i].textContent + '|'; } } allCategories = allCategories.slice(0, -1); if (allCategories) { ga('send', 'event', 'Page Category View', 'Page Category', allCategories, { nonInteraction: true }); } if ((allCategories && allCategories.includes("Republican Party")) || (allCategories && allCategories.includes("Democratic Party"))) { ga('send', 'event', 'Non-tracking category', 'Page URL', `${allCategories} - ${window.location.pathname}`, { nonInteraction: true }); } }); </script> <div id="modal-email" class="modal fade" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" aria-label="Press escape to close" data-dismiss="modal">×</button> <h4 class="modal-title">Sign up to receive Ballotpedia's daily newsletter</h4> </div> <div id="right-container" style="margin: 4%;"> <form class="form" id="whatcounts-form" name="whatcounts-form-skin" action="javascript:void(0)" onsubmit="submitForm(event)"> <input type="hidden" name="list_ids" id="list_ids" value="18" /> <input type="hidden" name="cmd" value="subscribe" /> <input type="hidden" name="goto" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="errors_to" value="" /> <input type="hidden" id="format_mime" name="format" value="mime" /> <input type="hidden" id="custom_source" name="custom_source" value="site_skin" /> <p class="form-field email pd-text required required-custom"> <label class="field-label" for="email">Email *</label> <input type="text" name="email" id="email" value="" class="text" size="30" maxlength="255"> </p> <p class="form-field first_name pd-text"> <label class="field-label" for="first_name">First Name</label> <input type="text" name="first_name" id="first_name" value="" class="text" size="30" maxlength="40"> </p> <div class="text-center"> <div id="recaptcha-service" class="g-recaptcha" style="display: inline-block" data-callback="recaptchaCallback" data-sitekey="6LdtdxgUAAAAAPd0NqIuHMYS_GQReTlIbayVJ_qn"></div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?hl=en"></script> <p id="showSkinCaptchaMessage">Please complete the Captcha above</p> </div> <p class="submit"> <input type="submit" value="Subscribe" style="text-shadow:none !important;background:#334aab !important;color:white !important;"> </p> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <script> window.recaptchaCallback = undefined; var captcha = false; document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function(event) { window.recaptchaCallback = function recaptchaCallback(response) { let formData = new FormData(); formData.append('g-recaptcha-response', response); fetch("https://ballotpedia.org/recaptcha.php", { body: formData, method: "POST" }).then(function(res) { return res.text(); }).then(function(data) { if (data) { captcha = true; } }); } }); function submitForm(e) { if (!captcha) { e.preventDefault(); document.getElementById('showSkinCaptchaMessage').style.display = 'block'; } else { $.post("https://ballotpedia.org/whatcounts_subscribe.php", { email: $('#email').val(), first: $('#first_name').val(), last: $('#last_name').val(), list_ids: $('#list_ids').val() }, function(result) { setTimeout(function() { window.location = 'https://ballotpedia.org/Thank_you'; }, 1000); }); } } </script>    <div id="modal-facebook" class="modal fade" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" aria-label="Press escape to close" data-dismiss="modal">×</button> <h4 class="modal-title">Ballotpedia on Facebook</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <p><a class="btn-block btn-lg btn-primary" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FSatellite_spending"><span class="fa fa-facebook"></span>   Share this page</a><br /></p> <p><a class="btn-block btn-lg btn-primary" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/Ballotpedia/"><span class="fa fa-facebook"></span>   Follow Ballotpedia</a><br /></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="modal-twitter" class="modal fade" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" aria-label="Press escape to close" data-dismiss="modal">×</button> <h4 class="modal-title">Ballotpedia on Twitter</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <p><a class="btn-block btn-lg btn-info" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/home?status=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FSatellite_spending"><span class="fa fa-twitter"></span>   Share this page</a><br /></p> <p><a class="btn-block btn-lg btn-info" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/Ballotpedia/"><span class="fa fa-twitter"></span>   Follow Ballotpedia</a><br /></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="bp-header" class="affix"> <div id="bp-header-mid"> <div class="container"> <div class="row header-blue-row"> <a href="#" class="bp-header-email-toggle" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-email"><button class="header-btn-mobile hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg">Subscribe</button></a> <a href="#" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-twitter"><i class="fa fa-twitter header-icon-mobile hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a href="#" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-facebook"><i class="fa fa-facebook header-icon-mobile hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>  <a href="https://donate.ballotpedia.org" target="_blank"><button class="header-btn-mobile hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg">Donate</button></a> </div>  <div class="row vcenter main-header-row">  <div class="col-xs-1 hidden-lg"> <a href="#" id="bp-header-nav-toggle"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-menu-hamburger"></span></a> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-lg-12"> <div class="row vcenter"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2 col-lg-3 text-center hidden-xs"> <a href="#" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-twitter"><i class="fa fa-twitter header-icon" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a href="#" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-facebook"><i class="fa fa-facebook header-icon" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>  <a href="#" class="bp-header-email-toggle hidden-lg" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-email"><button class="header-subscribe-btn">Subscribe</button></a> <a href="#" class="bp-header-email-toggle hidden-xs hidden-sm hidden-md" style="margin-left: 30px" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-email"><button class="header-subscribe-btn">Subscribe</button></a> </div>  <div class="col-xs-2 center-block hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg"> <a href="/"><img style="width: 50px; vertical-align: unset" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/images/bp-logo-sm.svg" alt="Ballotpedia Logo" title="The Encyclopedia of American Politics"></a> </div>  <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-6 col-md-8 col-lg-6">  <a class="center-block hidden-xs" id="bp-header-logo-desktop" href="/"> <img src="/wiki/skins/BallotpediaBootstrap/images/bp-logo.svg" alt="Ballotpedia Logo" title="The Encyclopedia of American Politics"> </a>  <div id="bp-header-search"> <form action="/wiki/index.php" id="searchform"> <div class="form-group"> <button type="submit" class="bp-header-search-go btn-link"><span class="fa fa-search"></span></button> <input id="searchInput" class="search-query" type="search" accesskey="f" title="Special:Search" placeholder="Search the Encyclopedia of American Politics." name="search" value=""> <input class="searchButton btn hidden" type="submit" name="go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="mw-searchButton" value="Go"/> </div> </form></div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2 col-lg-3 text-center hidden-xs"> <a href="https://donate.ballotpedia.org" target="_blank"><button class="header-donate-btn">Donate</button></a> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="col-xs-1 hidden-lg toc-mobile"> <a href="#" id="bp-header-toc-toggle"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-list"></span></a> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-page-base"></div> <div id="mw-head-base"></div> <a id="top"></a>  <div id="contentwrapper" class="user-loggedout not-editable container with-navbar with-navbar-fixed">  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1548351491831-0' style="text-align:center;" class="ad header-ad"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1548351491831-0'); }); </script> </div> <div id="div-hre-Ballotpedia---New-3053" class="publirAds"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { if (event.slot.getSlotElementId() == "div-hre-Ballotpedia---New-3053") { googletag.display("div-hre-Ballotpedia---New-3053"); } }); }); </script> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-offset-0 col-md-12" role="main"> <div class="mw-body" id="content"> <div id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;" ></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading page-header" lang="en"><span dir="auto"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Satellite spending</span></span></h1>  <div id="bodyContent"> <div id="siteSub">From Ballotpedia</div> <div id="contentSub" ></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table style="width:180px; background:#F8F8F8; border:1px solid #ccc; float:right; padding:5px; margin:5px; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#407374; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; color:white; font-size:120%;">Campaign finance </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/Civil_Liberties_Policy" title="Civil Liberties Policy"><img alt="Civil Liberties Policy Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/00/Civil_Liberties_Policy_Logo.png/200px-Civil_Liberties_Policy_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/00/Civil_Liberties_Policy_Logo.png/300px-Civil_Liberties_Policy_Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/00/Civil_Liberties_Policy_Logo.png/400px-Civil_Liberties_Policy_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%;"><hr style="background-color:#407374;" /><a href="/Federal_campaign_finance_laws_and_regulations" title="Federal campaign finance laws and regulations">Federal campaign finance laws and regulations</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%;"><a href="/Campaign_finance_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign finance reform">Campaign finance reform</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%;"><a href="/History_of_campaign_finance_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="History of campaign finance reform">History of campaign finance reform</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%;"><a href="/State_by_state_comparison_of_campaign_finance_reporting_requirements" class="mw-redirect" title="State by state comparison of campaign finance reporting requirements">State by state comparison of campaign finance reporting requirements</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%;"><a href="/Election_Policy" title="Election Policy">Election policy</a><hr style="background-color:#407374;" /> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#407374; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; color:white;">State information </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%; font-size:90%; font-weight:normal;"><center> <small> <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Alabama" title="Campaign finance requirements in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Alaska" title="Campaign finance requirements in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Arizona" title="Campaign finance requirements in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Arkansas" title="Campaign finance requirements in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_California" title="Campaign finance requirements in California">California</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Colorado" title="Campaign finance requirements in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Connecticut" title="Campaign finance requirements in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Delaware" title="Campaign finance requirements in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Florida" title="Campaign finance requirements in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Georgia" title="Campaign finance requirements in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Hawaii" title="Campaign finance requirements in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Idaho" title="Campaign finance requirements in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Illinois" title="Campaign finance requirements in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Indiana" title="Campaign finance requirements in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Iowa" title="Campaign finance requirements in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Kansas" title="Campaign finance requirements in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Kentucky" title="Campaign finance requirements in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Louisiana" title="Campaign finance requirements in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Maine" title="Campaign finance requirements in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Maryland" title="Campaign finance requirements in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Massachusetts" title="Campaign finance requirements in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Michigan" title="Campaign finance requirements in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Minnesota" title="Campaign finance requirements in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Mississippi" title="Campaign finance requirements in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Missouri" title="Campaign finance requirements in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Montana" title="Campaign finance requirements in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Nebraska" title="Campaign finance requirements in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Nevada" title="Campaign finance requirements in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_New_Hampshire" title="Campaign finance requirements in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_New_Jersey" title="Campaign finance requirements in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_New_Mexico" title="Campaign finance requirements in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_New_York" title="Campaign finance requirements in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_North_Carolina" title="Campaign finance requirements in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_North_Dakota" title="Campaign finance requirements in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Ohio" title="Campaign finance requirements in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Oklahoma" title="Campaign finance requirements in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Oregon" title="Campaign finance requirements in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Pennsylvania" title="Campaign finance requirements in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Rhode_Island" title="Campaign finance requirements in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_South_Carolina" title="Campaign finance requirements in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_South_Dakota" title="Campaign finance requirements in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Tennessee" title="Campaign finance requirements in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Texas" title="Campaign finance requirements in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Utah" title="Campaign finance requirements in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Vermont" title="Campaign finance requirements in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Virginia" title="Campaign finance requirements in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Washington" title="Campaign finance requirements in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_West_Virginia" title="Campaign finance requirements in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Wisconsin" title="Campaign finance requirements in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Wyoming" title="Campaign finance requirements in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></small> <hr style="background-color:#407374;" /> </center></th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Public_Policy" title="Public Policy"><img alt="Public Policy Logo-one line.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/200px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="34" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/300px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/400px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="162" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="float:right; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; ; max-width:200px;" class="toclimit-3"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Usage"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Usage</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Issue_advocacy"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Issue advocacy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Buckley_v._Valeo"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Buckley v. Valeo</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Bipartisan_Campaign_Reform_Act"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Citizens_United_v._Federal_Election_Commission"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission</i></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Noteworthy_events"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Noteworthy events</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#2019"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">2019</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Pursuing_America's_Greatness_v._FEC"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Pursuing America's Greatness v. FEC</i></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#2018"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">2018</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Recent_news"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Recent news</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <p><i>This article does not receive scheduled updates. If you would like to help our coverage grow, consider <a href="/Donate" class="mw-redirect" title="Donate">donating</a> to Ballotpedia. <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.happyfox.com/new">Contact</a> our team to suggest an update.</i> </p><p><b>Satellite spending</b> refers to political spending not controlled by candidates or their campaigns; that is, any political expenditures made by groups or individuals that are not directly affiliated with a candidate. This includes spending by political party committees, <a href="/Super_PAC" title="Super PAC">super PACs</a>, trade associations, and <a href="/501(c)(4)" title="501(c)(4)">501(c)(4)</a> <a href="/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit groups</a>. This type of spending includes <a href="/Express_advocacy" title="Express advocacy">express</a> and <a href="/Issue_advocacy" title="Issue advocacy">issue advocacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-definition_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stats_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Usage">Usage</span></h2> <p>What Ballotpedia defines satellite spending is commonly referred to as <i>outside spending</i> by opponents of this type of activity. Ballotpedia defines political spending that is not controlled by candidates or their campaigns, as <b>satellite spending</b> because, as with satellites in space, in neither case does the center necessarily control the satellites, even though the center does explain their orbit. Numerous satellites orbit the earth each day, all of which have different reasons for doing so. Numerous instances of satellite spending related to an election or issue orbit around the campaign or topic, but have different purposes and objectives relative to them. </p><p>When covering campaigns and issues, Ballotpedia describes the specific satellite spending listed below according to the way that spending is described by other groups observing the elections and campaigns. Where Ballotpedia is in disagreement with other groups' description, or perhaps because of ambiguity in available descriptions, we make our most educated determination. </p><p>It should be noted that our determination is not be taken to express an opinion about the intention of the issue group, nor of the law. Issue advocacy, for instance, has varied uses and the evolution of its usage is described in the section below. </p><p>Satellite spending typically takes one of the following forms:<sup id="cite_ref-moritz_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moritz-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b><a href="/Express_advocacy" title="Express advocacy">Express advocacy</a></b>, which refers to political advertisements that expressly and clearly support or oppose a particular electoral outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-moritz_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moritz-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brennan_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennan-5">[5]</a></sup></li> <li><b>Electioneering communications</b>, or advertisements "that do not expressly advocate the election or defeat of a candidate but that are nevertheless aimed at influencing the outcome of an election." Although an electioneering communication does not expressly advocate for or against a candidate, it does refer explicitly to a candidate. Such advertisements are broadcast within the 60-day period preceding a general election or the 30-day period preceding a primary.<sup id="cite_ref-moritz_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moritz-4">[4]</a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/Issue_advocacy" title="Issue advocacy">Issue advocacy</a></b> is focused on "broad political issues rather than specific candidates."<sup id="cite_ref-moritz_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moritz-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brennan_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennan-5">[5]</a></sup></li> <li><b>Communication costs</b>, which apply primarily to unions, trade groups and other member organizations. Such groups "can communicate with their members and stockholders on any subject, but when the communications expressly advocate the election or defeat of a clearly-identified federal candidate, the directly-associated costs have to be reported to the Federal Election Commission."<sup id="cite_ref-moritz_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moritz-4">[4]</a></sup></li></ol> <p>Regulations and reporting requirements vary depending on the type of organization making an expenditure and the type of expenditure being made. A <a href="/Super_PAC" title="Super PAC">super PAC</a> is required to register with the <a href="/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a> (FEC) and must file regular reports disclosing the group's receipts, disbursements, and other financial information. Other organizations, such as unions, corporations or <a href="/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit groups</a>, must file disclosure reports with the FEC if they spend more than $250 in a calendar year on express advocacy. These organizations must also report to the FEC when they have spent more than $10,000 in aggregate on electioneering communications in a single year.<sup id="cite_ref-moritz_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moritz-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>At the federal level, this kind of spending, regardless of the form it takes, cannot be coordinated with a candidate's campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-moritz_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moritz-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Issue_advocacy">Issue advocacy</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/300px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/400px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Seal of the United States Supreme Court</div></div></div> <p>The meaning of issue advocacy has evolved and has multiple potential uses as a way of raising awareness about both political and social issues. Below is a history of its development. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Buckley_v._Valeo">Buckley v. Valeo</span></h3> <p>The 1976 <i><a href="/Buckley_v._Valeo" title="Buckley v. Valeo">Buckley v. Valeo</a></i> <a href="/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> decision established two types of political advertising: express advocacy and <a href="/Issue_advocacy" title="Issue advocacy">issue advocacy</a>. Express advocacy advertisements explicitly recommend election or defeat of a candidate. They are also subject to federal campaign regulations. Issue advocacy advertisements, on the other hand, educate voters on broader issues; they are not campaign-oriented.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-6">[6]</a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Buckley</i> decision established a test by which to judge whether political advertisements were express advocacy or <a href="/Issue_advocacy" title="Issue advocacy">issue advocacy</a> by use of the so-called “magic words,” which are "clear expressions of support or opposition" for a particular electoral outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-6">[6]</a></sup> Examples of clear expression or opposition include terms like “vote for,” “election,” "support,” "vote against,” “defeat” and "reject.” Advertisements avoiding those magic words are not considered express advocacy; rather, they are considered <a href="/Issue_advocacy" title="Issue advocacy">issue advocacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brennan_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennan-5">[5]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bipartisan_Campaign_Reform_Act">Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:177px;"><a href="/John_McCain" title="John McCain"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/John_McCain%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_111th_Congress.jpg/175px-John_McCain%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_111th_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="214" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/John_McCain%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_111th_Congress.jpg/263px-John_McCain%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_111th_Congress.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/John_McCain%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_111th_Congress.jpg/350px-John_McCain%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_111th_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="550" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:John_McCain,_official_photo_portrait,_111th_Congress.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Sen. <a href="/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican">R</a>)</div></div></div> <p>According to the Congressional Research Service, two campaign finance issues dominated the public discourse during the 1990s: "soft money" and <a href="/Issue_advocacy" title="Issue advocacy">issue advocacy</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-crs_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-7">[7]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">Two issues—soft money and issue advocacy (issue advertising)—were especially prominent. Soft money is a term of art referring to funds generally perceived to influence elections but not regulated by campaign finance law. At the federal level before BCRA, soft money came principally in the form of large contributions from otherwise prohibited sources, and went to party committees for “party-building” activities that indirectly supported elections. Similarly, <a href="/Issue_advocacy" title="Issue advocacy">issue advocacy</a> traditionally fell outside FECA regulation because these advertisements praised or criticized a federal candidate—often by urging voters to contact the candidate—but did not explicitly call for election or defeat of the candidate (which would be <a href="/Express_advocacy" title="Express advocacy">express advocacy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-8">[8]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Congressional Research Service</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To address these issues, Congress passed the <a href="/Bipartisan_Campaign_Reform_Act" title="Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act">Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act</a> in 2002, also known as the McCain-Feingold Act, named for the law's two primary sponsors in the <a href="/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, <a href="/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican">R</a>) and <a href="/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</a> (<a href="/Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Democrat">D</a>). As enacted, the law prohibited national political parties, federal candidates and officeholders from soliciting soft money contributions in federal elections. The law also barred corporations and unions from using their treasury funds to finance electioneering communications, which are defined as "broadcast ads referring to clearly identified federal candidates within 60 days of a general election or 30 days of a primary election or caucus." In 2010, the <a href="/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> ruled in <i><a href="/Citizens_United_v._Federal_Election_Commission" title="Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission">Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission</a></i> that this latter provision was unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-appendix_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appendix-9">[9]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citizens_United_v._Federal_Election_Commission"><i>Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission</i></span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:177px;"><a href="/File:Anthony_Kennedy.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/5/59/Anthony_Kennedy.jpg/175px-Anthony_Kennedy.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="233" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/5/59/Anthony_Kennedy.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="320" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:Anthony_Kennedy.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Justice <a href="/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> penned the majority opinion in <i>Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission</i>.</div></div></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Citizens_United_v._Federal_Election_Commission" title="Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission">Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>On January 21, 2010, the <a href="/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> ruled that the <a href="/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment">First Amendment</a> right to freedom of expression applies to corporations; thus, the government cannot limit political spending by corporations. Justice <a href="/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> penned the majority opinion, which was joined by Chief Justice <a href="/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> and Justices <a href="/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>, <a href="/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>, and <a href="/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-slate_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-11">[11]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">Although the First Amendment provides that “Congress shall make no law ... abridging the freedom of speech,” §441b’s prohibition on corporate independent expenditures is an outright ban on speech, backed by criminal sanctions. It is a ban notwithstanding the fact that a PAC created by a corporation can still speak, for a PAC is a separate association from the corporation. Because speech is an essential mechanism of democracy—it is the means to hold officials accountable to the people—political speech must prevail against laws that would suppress it by design or inadvertence.<sup id="cite_ref-courtopinion_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courtopinion-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-8">[8]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Justice Anthony Kennedy</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The court upheld requirements for disclaimer and disclosure by the sponsors of political advertisements. The court also sustained the prohibition against direct contributions by corporations to candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-nationaljournal_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationaljournal-13">[13]</a></sup> </p><p>Justice <a href="/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a> penned the dissent, which was joined by Justices <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>, <a href="/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, and <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>. </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">The basic premise underlying the Court’s ruling is its iteration, and constant reiteration, of the proposition that the First Amendment bars regulatory distinctions based on a speaker’s identity, including its 'identity' as a corporation. While that glittering generality has rhetorical appeal, it is not a correct statement of the law. Nor does it tell us when a corporation may engage in electioneering that some of its shareholders oppose. It does not even resolve the specific question whether Citizens United may be required to finance some of its messages with the money in its PAC. The conceit that corporations must be treated identically to natural persons in the political sphere is not only inaccurate but also inadequate to justify the Court’s disposition of this case.<sup id="cite_ref-courtopinion_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courtopinion-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-8">[8]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Justice John Paul Stevens</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Noteworthy_events"><a href="/Noteworthy_events" title="Noteworthy events">Noteworthy events</a></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2019">2019</span></h3> <h4><span id="Pursuing_America.27s_Greatness_v._FEC"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Pursuing_America's_Greatness_v._FEC"><i>Pursuing America's Greatness v. FEC</i></span></h4> <p>Judge <a href="/Tanya_S._Chutkan" title="Tanya S. Chutkan">Tanya S. Chutkan</a> issued an order overturning an <a href="/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">FEC</a> regulation which limited how political committees could use the names of candidates in their campaign materials. Her <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ecf.dcd.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/show_public_doc?2015cv1217-48">March 21, 2019, decision</a> held that the regulation violated the First Amendment because it was a restriction on speech that was not narrowly tailored to promote a compelling government interest.<sup id="cite_ref-FECcase_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FECcase-14">[14]</a></sup> </p><p>The regulation in question, known as the <i>PAC Name Prohibition</i>, was issued in 1992. It prevented <a href="/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">political action committees (PACs)</a> not affiliated with a particular candidate's campaign from using that candidate's name in any name under which the committee conducted political activities, such as in the name of a website or fundraising drive, unless the committee was unambiguously opposed to the candidate in question. A separate rule which was not impacted by the ruling prohibits PACs themselves from being named after candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-FECcase_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FECcase-14">[14]</a></sup> </p><p>The plaintiff, Pursuing America's Greatness, was a PAC which supported <a href="/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a>'s (R) <a href="/Mike_Huckabee_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Mike Huckabee presidential campaign, 2016">2016 presidential campaign</a>. It issued the legal challenge after being ordered by the FEC to take down a website and Facebook page titled, "I Like Mike Huckabee".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> </p><p>In granting the group's motion for summary judgment, Judge Chutkan ruled that the regulation was a content-based restriction of speech and therefore would need to stand up to strict legal scrutiny. This meant that the government would need to demonstrate a compelling need for the regulation and provide evidence that a less stringent regulation would not suffice. She found that the government's desire to prohibit PACs from misrepresenting themselves as supporting a candidate they do not was a compelling need. However, she also found that the FEC had not demonstrated that a more narrow regulation would not suffice.<sup id="cite_ref-FECcase_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FECcase-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2018">2018</span></h3> <p>On July 16, 2018, the <a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury" title="U.S. Department of the Treasury">U.S. Department of the Treasury</a> and the <a href="/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> announced that tax-exempt nonprofit groups described under section <a href="/IRS_code,_section_501" title="IRS code, section 501">501(c)</a> of the nation's tax code would no longer be required to disclose the names and addresses of their donors on tax documents. The policy change did not apply to reporting requirements for <a href="/501(c)(3)" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> groups, which remained unchanged. Groups covered by the policy change included <a href="/501(c)(4)" title="501(c)(4)">501(c)(4)</a> organizations, such as <a href="/Americans_for_Prosperity" title="Americans for Prosperity">Americans for Prosperity</a>, <a href="/Organizing_for_Action" title="Organizing for Action">Organizing for Action</a>, the <a href="/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">National Rifle Association</a>, and <a href="/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a>. The policy change took immediate effect.<sup id="cite_ref-officialannouncement_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialannouncement-17">[17]</a></sup> </p><p>In a press release, U.S. Treasury Secretary <a href="/Steve_Mnuchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Mnuchin">Steve Mnuchin</a> said, "Americans shouldn't be required to send the IRS information that it doesn't need to effectively enforce our tax laws, and the IRS simply does not need tax returns with donor names and addresses to do its job in this area. It is important to emphasize that this change will in no way limit transparency. The same information about tax-exempt organizations that was previously available to the public will continue to be available, while private taxpayer information will be better protected." Senate Majority Leader <a href="/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> (R-Ky.) praised the policy change: "It's particularly welcome news to those of us who are intently focused on defending the First Amendment, for those of who raised concerns during the last administration about activist regulators punishing free speech and free association. The IRS will no longer pointlessly demand private contributor lists from whole categories of tax-exempt organizations."<sup id="cite_ref-officialannouncement_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialannouncement-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> </p><p>Democrats criticized the decision, arguing that it could make it easier for foreign entities to influence U.S. elections by making undisclosed donations to politically active nonprofit groups. Sen. <a href="/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Sheldon Whitehouse</a> (D-R.I.) said, "When you have dark money, you have an avenue for foreign influence that by definition you cannot police. And why, in this world in which every red light is blinking, according to our own [director of national intelligence) about Russian interference, why would we want to expand this avenue, not narrow it?" Sen. Ben Cardin (D-Md.) said, "It jeopardizes our national security. It allows for us not to have transparency in our political system."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> </p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recent_news">Recent news</span></h2> <p>The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms <b>Outside spending.</b> These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles. </p> <div class="rss-feed"> <p><b><span style="font-size:135%"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&tbm=nws&q=Outside+spending&um=1&ie=UTF-8">Satellite spending - Google News</a></span></b> </p> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/Independent_expenditure" title="Independent expenditure">Independent expenditure</a></li> <li><a href="/Express_advocacy" title="Express advocacy">Express advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/Issue_advocacy" title="Issue advocacy">Issue advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/Nonprofit_regulation_in_the_states" title="Nonprofit regulation in the states">Nonprofit regulation in the states</a></li> <li><a href="/State_nonprofit_regulation_information" title="State nonprofit regulation information">State nonprofit regulation information</a></li> <li><a href="/Super_PAC" title="Super PAC">Super PAC</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-definition-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-definition_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.opensecrets.org/outsidespending/index.php"><i>OpenSecrets.org</i>, "Outside Spending," accessed September 22, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stats-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-stats_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.opensecrets.org/outsidespending/cycle_tots.php?cycle=2016&view=A&chart=A#viewpt"><i>OpenSecrets.org</i>, "Total Outside Spending by Election Cycle, All Groups," accessed September 22, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/article/426652/campaign-finance-super-pacs?target=author&tid=900140"><i>National Review.com</i>, "Why the Media Hate Super PACs," November 6, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moritz-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-moritz_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-moritz_4-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-moritz_4-2">4.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-moritz_4-3">4.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-moritz_4-4">4.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-moritz_4-5">4.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-moritz_4-6">4.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/thenewsoftmoney/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2014/06/the-new-soft-money-WEB.pdf"><i>The Ohio State University Moritz College of Law</i>, "The New Soft Money: Outside Spending in Congressional Elections," accessed September 22, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brennan-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brennan_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brennan_5-1">5.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brennan_5-2">5.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/d/download_file_10667.pdf"><i>Brennan Center</i>, "Express Advocacy and Issue Advocacy: Historical and Legal Evolution of Political Advertising," accessed February 12, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_6-1">6.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_6-2">6.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/scandal/etc/ads.html"><i>PBS</i>, "Issue Ads," accessed February 12, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crs-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_7-1">7.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41542.pdf"><i>Congressional Research Service</i>, "The State of Campaign Finance Policy: Recent Developments and Issues for Congress," August 5, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quotedisclaimer-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_8-1">8.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_8-2">8.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-appendix-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-appendix_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.fec.gov/info/appfour.htm"><i>Federal Election Commission</i>, "Appendix 4: The Federal Election Campaign Laws: A Short History," accessed September 23, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slate-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-slate_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2010/01/money_grubbers.2.html"><i>Slate</i>, "Money Grubbers: The Supreme Court kills campaign finance reform," January 21, 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/22/us/politics/22scotus.html?hp"><i>The New York Times</i>, "Justices, 5-4, Reject Corporate Spending Limit," January 21, 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-courtopinion-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-courtopinion_12-0">12.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-courtopinion_12-1">12.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/09pdf/08-205.pdf"><i>Supreme Court of the United States</i>, "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission: Opinion," January 21, 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationaljournal-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nationaljournal_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaljournal.com/columns/rules-of-the-game/court-unlikely-to-stop-with-citizens-united-20100121"><i>National Journal</i>, "Court Unlikely To Stop With Citizens United," January 21, 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FECcase-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FECcase_14-0">14.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FECcase_14-1">14.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FECcase_14-2">14.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ecf.dcd.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/show_public_doc?2015cv1217-48"><i>United States District Court for the District of Columbia</i>, "Pursuing America's Greatness v. Federal Election Commission," March 21, 2019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.fec.gov/updates/pursuing-americas-greatness-v-fec-appeals-court/"><i>Federal Election Commission</i>, "Pursuing America's Greatness v. FEC (Appeals court)," August 9, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/03/21/705594068/federal-court-ruling-may-open-the-door-to-more-scam-pacs"><i>National Public Radio</i>, "Federal Court Ruling May Open The Door To More 'Scam PACs'," March 21, 2019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-officialannouncement-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-officialannouncement_17-0">17.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-officialannouncement_17-1">17.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm426"><i>U.S. Department of the Treasury</i>, "Treasury Department and IRS Announce Significant Reform to Protect Personal Donor Information to Certain Tax-Exempt Organizations," July 16, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/jul/17/conservatives-cheer-irs-announcement-shielding-don/"><i>The Washington Times</i>, "Conservatives cheer IRS rule change shielding donor lists from disclosure," July 17, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://thehill.com/policy/finance/397896-senate-panel-advances-trump-irs-nominee"><i>The Hill</i>, "Senate panel advances Trump IRS nominee," July 19, 2018</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <hr style="background-color:#407374; height:1px" /> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:Ballotpedia" title="Template:Ballotpedia"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Ballotpedia&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">Ballotpedia</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">About</a></b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact information">Overview</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:What_people_are_saying" title="Ballotpedia:What people are saying">What people are saying</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Donate" title="Ballotpedia:Donate">Support Ballotpedia</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact information">Contact</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ways_you_can_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Ways you can help">Contribute</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Job_opportunities" title="Ballotpedia:Job opportunities">Job opportunities</a><hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Executive:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Leslie_Graves" title="Ballotpedia:Leslie Graves">Leslie Graves, President</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Gwen_Beattie" title="Ballotpedia:Gwen Beattie">Gwen Beattie, Chief Operating Officer</a><br /> <p><b>Communications:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Alison_Graves" title="Ballotpedia:Alison Graves">Alison Graves</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Carley_Allensworth" title="Ballotpedia:Carley Allensworth">Carley Allensworth</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Abigail_Campbell" title="Ballotpedia:Abigail Campbell">Abigail Campbell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Sarah_Groat" title="Ballotpedia:Sarah Groat">Sarah Groat</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Nathaniel_Harwood" title="Ballotpedia:Nathaniel Harwood">Nathaniel Harwood</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Dillon_Redmond" title="Ballotpedia:Dillon Redmond">Dillon Redmond</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Erica_Shumaker" title="Ballotpedia:Erica Shumaker">Erica Shumaker</a><br /> <b>External Relations:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Andrew_Heath" title="Ballotpedia:Andrew Heath">Andrew Heath</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Hannah_Nelson" title="Ballotpedia:Hannah Nelson">Hannah Nelson</a><br /> <b>Operations:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Meghann_Olshefski" title="Ballotpedia:Meghann Olshefski">Meghann Olshefski</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Amanda_Herbert" title="Ballotpedia:Amanda Herbert">Amanda Herbert</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mandy_Morris" title="Ballotpedia:Mandy Morris">Mandy Morris</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Caroline_Presnell" title="Ballotpedia:Caroline Presnell">Caroline Presnell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kelly_Rindfleisch" title="Ballotpedia:Kelly Rindfleisch">Kelly Rindfleisch</a><br /> <b>Policy:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jimmy_McAllister" title="Ballotpedia:Jimmy McAllister">Jimmy McAllister</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Molly_Byrne" title="Ballotpedia:Molly Byrne">Molly Byrne</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jon_Dunn" title="Ballotpedia:Jon Dunn">Jon Dunn</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Annelise_Reinwald" title="Ballotpedia:Annelise Reinwald">Annelise Reinwald</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Emma_Soukup" title="Ballotpedia:Emma Soukup">Emma Soukup</a><br /> <b>Content Strategy:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Josh_Altic" title="Ballotpedia:Josh Altic">Josh Altic</a> <br /> <b>Tech:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Matt_Latourelle" title="Ballotpedia:Matt Latourelle">Matt Latourelle</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ryan_Burch" title="Ballotpedia:Ryan Burch">Ryan Burch</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kirsten_Corrao" title="Ballotpedia:Kirsten Corrao">Kirsten Corrao</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Beth_Dellea" title="Ballotpedia:Beth Dellea">Beth Dellea</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Travis_Eden" title="Ballotpedia:Travis Eden">Travis Eden</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Tate_Kamish" title="Ballotpedia:Tate Kamish">Tate Kamish</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Margaret_Kearney" title="Ballotpedia:Margaret Kearney">Margaret Kearney</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Eric_Lotto" title="Ballotpedia:Eric Lotto">Eric Lotto</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Joseph_Sanchez" title="Ballotpedia:Joseph Sanchez">Joseph Sanchez</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mary_Susmitha" title="Ballotpedia:Mary Susmitha">Mary Susmitha</a><br /> </p> <b>Contributors:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Scott_Rasmussen" title="Ballotpedia:Scott Rasmussen">Scott Rasmussen</a> <hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b>Editorial Content</b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Geoff_Pallay" title="Ballotpedia:Geoff Pallay">Geoff Pallay, Director of Editorial Content and Editor-in-Chief</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ken_Carbullido" title="Ballotpedia:Ken Carbullido">Ken Carbullido, Vice President of Election Product and Technology Strategy</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Daniel_Anderson" title="Ballotpedia:Daniel Anderson">Daniel Anderson, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ryan_Byrne" title="Ballotpedia:Ryan Byrne">Ryan Byrne, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Cory_Eucalitto" title="Ballotpedia:Cory Eucalitto">Cory Eucalitto, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mandy_Gillip" title="Ballotpedia:Mandy Gillip">Mandy Gillip, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Doug_Kronaizl" title="Ballotpedia:Doug Kronaizl">Doug Kronaizl, Local Elections Project Manager</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jaclyn_Beran" title="Ballotpedia:Jaclyn Beran">Jaclyn Beran</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Marielle_Bricker" title="Ballotpedia:Marielle Bricker">Marielle Bricker</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Joseph_Brusgard" title="Ballotpedia:Joseph Brusgard">Joseph Brusgard</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Emma_Burlingame" title="Ballotpedia:Emma Burlingame">Emma Burlingame</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kelly_Coyle" title="Ballotpedia:Kelly Coyle">Kelly Coyle</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Thomas_Ellis" title="Ballotpedia:Thomas Ellis">Thomas Ellis</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Frank_Festa" title="Ballotpedia:Frank Festa">Frank Festa</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Nicole_Fisher" title="Ballotpedia:Nicole Fisher">Nicole Fisher</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Brianna_Hosea" title="Ballotpedia:Brianna Hosea">Brianna Hosea</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Joseph_Greaney" title="Ballotpedia:Joseph Greaney">Joseph Greaney</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Thomas_Grobben" title="Ballotpedia:Thomas Grobben">Thomas Grobben</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jaime_Healy-Plotkin" title="Ballotpedia:Jaime Healy-Plotkin">Jaime Healy-Plotkin</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Tyler_King" title="Ballotpedia:Tyler King">Tyler King</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Glorie_Martinez" title="Ballotpedia:Glorie Martinez">Glorie Martinez</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Nathan_Maxwell" title="Ballotpedia:Nathan Maxwell">Nathan Maxwell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ellie_Mikus" title="Ballotpedia:Ellie Mikus">Ellie Mikus</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jackie_Mitchell" title="Ballotpedia:Jackie Mitchell">Jackie Mitchell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ellen_Morrissey" title="Ballotpedia:Ellen Morrissey">Ellen Morrissey</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mackenzie_Murphy" title="Ballotpedia:Mackenzie Murphy">Mackenzie Murphy</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kaley_Platek" title="Ballotpedia:Kaley Platek">Kaley Platek</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Samantha_Post" title="Ballotpedia:Samantha Post">Samantha Post</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Adam_Powell" title="Ballotpedia:Adam Powell">Adam Powell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ethan_Rice" title="Ballotpedia:Ethan Rice">Ethan Rice</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Spencer_Richardson" title="Ballotpedia:Spencer Richardson">Spencer Richardson</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Victoria_Rose" title="Ballotpedia:Victoria Rose">Victoria Rose</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Briana_Ryan" title="Ballotpedia:Briana Ryan">Briana Ryan</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Myj_Saintyl" title="Ballotpedia:Myj Saintyl">Myj Saintyl</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Maddy_Salucka" title="Ballotpedia:Maddy Salucka">Maddy Salucka</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Maddie_Sinclair_Johnson" title="Ballotpedia:Maddie Sinclair Johnson">Maddie Sinclair Johnson</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Abbey_Smith" title="Ballotpedia:Abbey Smith">Abbey Smith</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ethan_Sorell" title="Ballotpedia:Ethan Sorell">Ethan Sorell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Janie_Valentine" title="Ballotpedia:Janie Valentine">Janie Valentine</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Joel_Williams" title="Ballotpedia:Joel Williams">Joel Williams</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Samuel_Wonacott" title="Ballotpedia:Samuel Wonacott">Samuel Wonacott</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Trenton_Woodcox" title="Ballotpedia:Trenton Woodcox">Trenton Woodcox</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mercedes_Yanora" title="Ballotpedia:Mercedes Yanora">Mercedes Yanora</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr style="background-color:#407374; height:1px" />    </div></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Satellite_spending&oldid=9092336">https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Satellite_spending&oldid=9092336</a>" </div> <div id="catlinks-container" style="display:none"><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Pages_using_DynamicPageList3_dplreplace_parser_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Pages using DynamicPageList3 dplreplace parser function (page does not exist)">Pages using DynamicPageList3 dplreplace parser function</a></li><li><a href="/Category:Campaign_finance_concepts_and_issues" title="Category:Campaign finance concepts and issues">Campaign finance concepts and issues</a></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="visualClear"></div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1548351407491-0'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1548351407491-0'); }); </script> </div> <div id="div-hre-Ballotpedia---New-3054" class="publirAds"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { if (event.slot.getSlotElementId() == "div-hre-Ballotpedia---New-3054") { googletag.display("div-hre-Ballotpedia---New-3054"); } }); }); </script> </div> <div class="visualClear"></div> <div class="row" id="footer-links"> <div style="text-align:center; font-size:16px; color:#666; width: 100%;"> <p>Ballotpedia features 556,140 encyclopedic articles written and curated by our professional staff of editors, writers, and researchers. Click here to <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.happyfox.com/new">contact our editorial staff or report an error</a>. For media inquiries, <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="mailto:media@ballotpedia.org">contact us here</a>. Please <a href="/Support" title="Support">donate here</a> to support our continued expansion. </p> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Information_about_voting">Information about voting</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Voter_Toolkit" title="Ballotpedia's Voter Toolkit">Your 2024 Election Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/Sample_Ballot_Lookup" title="Sample Ballot Lookup">What's on my ballot?</a></li> <li><a href="/Where_do_I_vote" title="Where do I vote">Where do I vote?</a></li> <li><a href="/Online_voter_registration_in_the_50_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Online voter registration in the 50 states">How do I register to vote?</a></li> <li><a href="/Absentee_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Absentee voting">How do I request a ballot?</a></li> <li><a href="/Elections_calendar" title="Elections calendar">When do I vote?</a></li> <li><a href="/State_Poll_Opening_and_Closing_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="State Poll Opening and Closing Times">When are polls open?</a></li> <li><a href="/Who_represents_me" title="Who represents me">Who Represents Me?</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2024_Elections">2024 Elections</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_election,_2024" title="Presidential election, 2024">2024 Presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_candidates,_2024" title="Presidential candidates, 2024">2024 Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_Congress_elections,_2024" title="United States Congress elections, 2024">2024 Congressional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/2024_ballot_measures" title="2024 ballot measures">2024 Ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/State_executive_official_elections,_2024" title="State executive official elections, 2024">2024 State executive elections</a></li> <li><a href="/State_legislative_elections,_2024" title="State legislative elections, 2024">2024 State legislative elections</a></li> <li><a href="/State_judicial_elections,_2024" title="State judicial elections, 2024">2024 State judge elections</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_municipal_elections,_2024" title="United States municipal elections, 2024">2024 Local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/School_board_elections,_2024" title="School board elections, 2024">2024 School board elections</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2024_Election_analysis">2024 Election analysis</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Election_Analysis_Hub,_2024" title="Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2024">2024 elections analysis hub</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Pivot_Counties_in_the_2024_presidential_election" title="Election results, 2024: Pivot Counties in the 2024 presidential election">Pivot Counties in the 2024 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_New_members_elected_to_Congress" title="Election results, 2024: New members elected to Congress">New members elected to Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/Incumbents_defeated_in_state_legislative_elections,_2024" title="Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections, 2024">Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislative_seats_that_changed_party_control" title="Election results, 2024: State legislative seats that changed party control">State legislative seats that changed party control</a></li> <li><a href="/2024_ballot_measures#Trends_in_2024" title="2024 ballot measures">Ballot measure trends in 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Analysis_of_voter_turnout_in_the_2024_general_election" title="Election results, 2024: Analysis of voter turnout in the 2024 general election">2024 general election voter turnout</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Wave_elections" title="Election results, 2024: Wave elections">Wave elections in 2024</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2025_Elections">2025 Elections</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Gubernatorial_elections,_2025" title="Gubernatorial elections, 2025">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/State_executive_official_elections,_2025" title="State executive official elections, 2025">State executives</a></li> <li><a href="/State_legislative_elections,_2025" title="State legislative elections, 2025">State legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/2025_ballot_measures" title="2025 ballot measures">Ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/State_judicial_elections,_2025" title="State judicial elections, 2025">State judges</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_municipal_elections,_2025" title="United States municipal elections, 2025">Municipal officials</a></li> <li><a href="/School_board_elections,_2025" title="School board elections, 2025">School boards</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Trending">Trending</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Election_results,_2024" title="Election results, 2024">2024 Election results</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_election,_2024" title="Presidential election, 2024">2024 Presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_candidates,_2024" title="Presidential candidates, 2024">2024 Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Analysis_of_voter_turnout_in_the_2024_general_election" title="Election results, 2024: Analysis of voter turnout in the 2024 general election">2024 general election voter turnout</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Top_15_Ballot_Measures_and_Trends_to_Watch,_2024" title="Ballotpedia's Top 15 Ballot Measures and Trends to Watch, 2024">Ballotpedia's top 15 ballot measures and trends to watch in 2024</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://news.ballotpedia.org/">Ballotpedia News</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_Policy">Public Policy</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Administrative_State_Index" title="Administrative State Index">Administrative state</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_criminal_justice_policy" title="Index of articles about criminal justice policy">Criminal justice policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_education_policy" title="Index of articles about education policy">Education policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance_(ESG)" title="Index of articles about environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG)">Environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG)</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_federalism" title="Index of articles about federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_unemployment_insurance" title="Index of articles about unemployment insurance">Unemployment insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_work_requirements" title="Index of articles about work requirements">Work requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/Public_Policy" title="Public Policy">Policy in the states</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Information_for_candidates">Information for candidates</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Survey" title="Survey">Ballotpedia's Candidate Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballot_access_for_major_and_minor_party_candidates" title="Ballot access for major and minor party candidates">How do I run for office?</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Candidate_Connection" title="Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection">How do I update a page?</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results" class="mw-redirect" title="Election results">Election results</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSddoUjxvy5yEyoKoltTe6-B_j668rbBsbcf7UDJI8cOgG2FBA/viewform">Send us candidate contact info</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Get_Engaged">Get Engaged</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Support" title="Support">Donate to Ballotpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/Contact_us" title="Contact us">Contact us</a></li> <li><a href="/Report_an_error" title="Report an error">Report an error</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Events" title="Ballotpedia:Events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia_Email_Updates" title="Ballotpedia Email Updates">Newsletters</a></li> <li><a href="/On_the_Ballot" title="On the Ballot">Ballotpedia Podcast</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Job_opportunities" title="Ballotpedia:Job opportunities">Careers</a></li> <li><a href="/Support:Volunteer" title="Support:Volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Ad_policy" title="Ballotpedia:Ad policy">Ad Policy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.bonfire.com/store/ballotpedia/">Ballotpedia Boutique</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Services">Services</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/News_and_events" title="News and events">Media inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Buy_Political_Data" title="Ballotpedia:Buy Political Data">Data sales</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Buy_Political_Data" title="Ballotpedia:Buy Political Data">API</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Premium_Research_Services" title="Ballotpedia:Premium Research Services">Premium Research Services</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Additional_analysis">Additional analysis</span></h3> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/home">Election legislation tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/State_government_trifectas" title="State government trifectas">State Trifectas</a></li> <li><a href="/State_government_triplexes" title="State government triplexes">State Triplexes</a></li> <li><a href="/Status_of_redistricting_after_the_2020_census" title="Status of redistricting after the 2020 census">Redistricting</a></li> <li><a href="/Pivot_Counties:_The_counties_that_voted_Obama-Obama-Trump_from_2008-2016" title="Pivot Counties: The counties that voted Obama-Obama-Trump from 2008-2016">Pivot Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia_Courts:_State_Partisanship" title="Ballotpedia Courts: State Partisanship">State Supreme Court Partisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Polling_Indexes" title="Ballotpedia's Polling Indexes">Polling indexes</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="sidebar-wrapper sidebar-left-wrapper" id="sidebar-left"> <div id="navtitle" class="navtitle"> <h2><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-menu-hamburger"></span> SITE NAVIGATION</h2> </div> <ul><li><a href="/Election_results,_2024" title="Election results, 2024">2024 Election results hub</a></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Election_Analysis_Hub,_2024" title="Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2024">Ballotpedia's 2024 elections analysis</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Pivot_Counties_in_the_2024_presidential_election" title="Election results, 2024: Pivot Counties in the 2024 presidential election">Pivot Counties in the 2024 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_New_members_elected_to_Congress" title="Election results, 2024: New members elected to Congress">New members elected to Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Comparison_of_state_delegations_to_the_118th_and_119th_Congresses" title="Election results, 2024: Comparison of state delegations to the 118th and 119th Congresses">Comparison of state delegations to the 118th and 119th Congresses</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Congressional_margin_of_victory_analysis" title="Election results, 2024: Congressional margin of victory analysis">Congressional margin of victory analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Congressional_elections_decided_by_10_percentage_points_or_fewer" title="Election results, 2024: Congressional elections decided by 10 percentage points or fewer">Congressional elections decided by 10 percentage points or fewer</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislative_veto-proof_majorities" title="Election results, 2024: State legislative veto-proof majorities">State legislative veto-proof majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/Incumbents_defeated_in_state_legislative_elections,_2024" title="Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections, 2024">Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections</a></li> <li><a href="/Margin_of_victory_analysis_for_the_2024_state_legislative_elections" title="Margin of victory analysis for the 2024 state legislative elections">State legislative margin of victory analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislative_seats_that_changed_party_control" title="Election results, 2024: State legislative seats that changed party control">State legislative seats that changed party control</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislative_races_decided_by_fewer_than_100_votes" title="Election results, 2024: State legislative races decided by fewer than 100 votes">State legislative races decided by fewer than 100 votes</a></li> <li><a href="/2024_ballot_measures#Trends_in_2024" title="2024 ballot measures">Ballot measure trends in 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Analysis_of_voter_turnout_in_the_2024_general_election" title="Election results, 2024: Analysis of voter turnout in the 2024 general election">Analysis of voter turnout in the 2024 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Wave_elections" title="Election results, 2024: Wave elections">Wave elections in 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Elections" title="Elections">2024 Elections</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_election,_2024" title="Presidential election, 2024">2024 Presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_candidates,_2024" title="Presidential candidates, 2024">2024 Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_Congress_elections,_2024" title="United States Congress elections, 2024">2024 Congressional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/Special_elections_to_the_118th_United_States_Congress_(2023-2024)" title="Special elections to the 118th United States Congress (2023-2024)">Special Congressional elections (2023-2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/State_executive_official_elections,_2024" title="State executive official elections, 2024">2024 State executive elections</a></li> <li><a href="/State_legislative_elections,_2024" title="State legislative elections, 2024">2024 State legislative elections</a></li> <li><a href="/State_judicial_elections,_2024" title="State judicial elections, 2024">2024 State judge elections</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_municipal_elections,_2024" title="United States municipal elections, 2024">2024 Local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/2024_ballot_measures" title="2024 ballot measures">2024 Ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Top_15_Elections_to_Watch,_2024" title="Ballotpedia's Top 15 Elections to Watch, 2024">Ballotpedia's top 15 elections to watch in 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Top_15_Ballot_Measures_and_Trends_to_Watch,_2024" title="Ballotpedia's Top 15 Ballot Measures and Trends to Watch, 2024">Ballotpedia's top 15 ballot measures to watch in 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Main_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Main page">2025 Elections</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Elections_calendar" title="Elections calendar">Upcoming elections</a></li> <li><a href="/Statewide_primary_elections_calendar" title="Statewide primary elections calendar">2025 Statewide primary dates</a></li> <li><a href="/State_executive_official_elections,_2025" title="State executive official elections, 2025">2025 State executive elections</a></li> <li><a href="/State_legislative_elections,_2025" title="State legislative elections, 2025">2025 State legislative elections</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_municipal_elections,_2025" title="United States municipal elections, 2025">2025 Local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/2025_ballot_measures" title="2025 ballot measures">2025 Ballot measures</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Joe_Biden_presidential_administration" title="Joe Biden presidential administration">The Biden administration</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Joe_Biden%27s_Cabinet" title="Joe Biden's Cabinet">Cabinet officials</a></li> <li><a href="/Joe_Biden%27s_executive_orders_and_actions" title="Joe Biden's executive orders and actions">Executive orders and actions</a></li> <li><a href="/Joe_Biden_presidential_administration#Key_legislation" title="Joe Biden presidential administration">Key legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_judges_nominated_by_Joe_Biden" title="Federal judges nominated by Joe Biden">Judicial nominations</a></li> <li><a href="/Joe_Biden_presidential_transition#White_House_senior_staff" title="Joe Biden presidential transition">White House senior staff</a></li> <li><a href="/Joe_Biden:_Vetoed_legislation" title="Joe Biden: Vetoed legislation">Vetoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Federal_Politics" title="Federal Politics">Government</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Executive_Branch" title="Executive Branch">U.S. President</a></li> <li><a href="/Legislative_Branch" title="Legislative Branch">U.S. Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballot_Measures_overview" title="Ballot Measures overview">Ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_federal_courts" title="United States federal courts">Federal courts</a></li> <li><a href="/States#State_governments" title="States">State government</a></li> <li><a href="/Municipal_Government" title="Municipal Government">Municipal government</a></li> <li><a href="/School_Boards_and_School_Board_Elections" title="School Boards and School Board Elections">School boards</a></li> <li><a href="/Recall_overview" title="Recall overview">Recalls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Public_Policy" title="Public Policy">Public Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/Administrative_State_Index" title="Administrative State Index">Administrative state</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_criminal_justice_policy" title="Index of articles about criminal justice policy">Criminal justice policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_education_policy" title="Index of articles about education policy">Education policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance_(ESG)" title="Index of articles about environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG)">Environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG)</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_federalism" title="Index of articles about federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_unemployment_insurance" title="Index of articles about unemployment insurance">Unemployment insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_work_requirements" title="Index of articles about work requirements">Work requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/Public_Policy" title="Public Policy">Policy in the states</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">More...</a></span> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Sample_ballot&Source=sidebar">Ballotpedia's Sample Ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%E2%80%99s_Voter_Toolkit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia’s Voter Toolkit">Ballotpedia's 2024 Voter Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/Survey" title="Survey">Ballotpedia's Candidate Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/Status_of_redistricting_after_the_2020_census" title="Status of redistricting after the 2020 census">Redistricting</a></li> <li><a href="/State_government_trifectas" title="State government trifectas">Trifectas</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_Policy" title="Election Policy">Election policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballot_Access" title="Ballot Access">Running for office</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/home">Election legislation tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/On_the_Ballot" title="On the Ballot">Ballotpedia's weekly podcast</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">About us</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">About Ballotpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/Support" title="Support">Donate</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_editorial_independence_policy" title="Ballotpedia's editorial independence policy">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Index_of_Contents" title="Ballotpedia:Index of Contents">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Job_opportunities" title="Ballotpedia:Job opportunities">Job opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="/News_and_events" title="News and events">News and events</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Staff" title="Ballotpedia:Staff">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/Support:Volunteer" title="Support:Volunteer">Volunteer</a></li></ul></li</ul> </div>   <div class="sidebar-wrapper sidebar-right-wrapper" id="sidebar-right"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1548352229745-0' style='height:600px; width:160px;position: -webkit-sticky; /* Safari */ position: sticky; top: 0;'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1548352229745-0'); }); </script> </div> </div>   <div id="footer" role="contentinfo" class="footer container footer-sticky" > <ul id="footer-places"><li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li><li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/Ballotpedia:About">About Ballotpedia</a></li><li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/Ballotpedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li></ul><ul id="footer-custom"><li class="dropup"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Satellite+spending" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o">Login</a></li></ul><div style="clear:both"></div> </div>   <script>!function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod ? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments) : n.queue.push(arguments)}; if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version="2.0"; n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,document,"script","https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js" ); fbq("init", "360312574466105"); fbq("track", "PageView"); </script> <noscript><img height="1" width="1" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=360312574466105&ev=PageView&noscript=1"/></noscript>   <script> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2jx2'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.216","walltime":"0.279","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1172,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":41103,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19336,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":11,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":100},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":12738,"limit":5000000},"timingprofile":["100.00% 60.076 1 -total"," 20.14% 12.102 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.04% 11.439 1 Template:Policy_HNT"," 17.25% 10.363 1 Template:Ballotpedia"," 15.06% 9.048 1 Template:Navbox"," 10.63% 6.389 3 Template:Quote"," 6.96% 4.180 1 Template:News_feed_form"," 5.67% 3.406 1 Template:NewTreasuryguidelinesJuly2018"," 5.11% 3.068 1 Template:Tnavbar"," 3.47% 2.084 1 Template:RSS"]},"cachereport":{"timestamp":"20241125083134","ttl":900,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script>     <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-7416006-3', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <script src="https://ssl.google-analytics.com/ga.js"></script>   <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-GC6ZZT3P70"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-GC6ZZT3P70'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> var _qevents = _qevents || []; (function() { var elem = document.createElement('script'); elem.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://secure" : "http://edge") + ".quantserve.com/quant.js"; elem.async = true; elem.type = "text/javascript"; var scpt = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; scpt.parentNode.insertBefore(elem, scpt); })(); _qevents.push({ qacct:"p-Lx8vcgWv5twR2" }); </script> <noscript> <div style="display:none;"> <img src="//pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-Lx8vcgWv5twR2.gif" border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="Quantcast"/> </div> </noscript>   <script type="text/javascript"> _atrk_opts = { atrk_acct:"3N+Vi1a4ZP00iC", domain:"ballotpedia.org",dynamic: true}; (function() { var as = document.createElement('script'); as.type = 'text/javascript'; as.async = true; as.src = "https://d31qbv1cthcecs.cloudfront.net/atrk.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(as, s); })(); </script> <noscript><img src="https://d5nxst8fruw4z.cloudfront.net/atrk.gif?account=3N+Vi1a4ZP00iC" style="display:none" height="1" width="1" alt="" /></noscript>  <script type="text/javascript"> piAId = '482201'; piCId = '4426'; piHostname = 'pi.pardot.com'; (function() { function async_load(){ if ( window.location.href != "https://ballotpedia.org/Main_Page" && window.location.href != "https://ballotpedia.org/Election_results,_2018" ) { var s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://pi' : 'http://cdn') + '.pardot.com/pd.js'; var c = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; c.parentNode.insertBefore(s, c); } } if(window.attachEvent) { window.attachEvent('onload', async_load); } else { window.addEventListener('load', async_load, false); } })(); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://fkrkkmxsqeb5bj9r.s3.amazonaws.com/1375.js"></script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":385});});</script> </body> </html>