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<button aria-controls="toc-Locations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Locations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_auctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_auctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Notable auctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_auctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Price-fixing_scandal_in_2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Price-fixing_scandal_in_2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Price-fixing scandal in 2000 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Price-fixing_scandal_in_2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insufficient_or_invalid_provenance_for_looted_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insufficient_or_invalid_provenance_for_looted_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Insufficient or invalid provenance for looted works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insufficient_or_invalid_provenance_for_looted_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christie's_Fine_Art_Storage_Services_(CFASS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christie's_Fine_Art_Storage_Services_(CFASS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Christie's Fine Art Storage Services (CFASS) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christie's_Fine_Art_Storage_Services_(CFASS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seminal_Use_of_Blockchain_Technology_in_Art_Provenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seminal_Use_of_Blockchain_Technology_in_Art_Provenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Seminal Use of Blockchain Technology in Art Provenance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seminal_Use_of_Blockchain_Technology_in_Art_Provenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_and_other_ventures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_and_other_ventures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Educational and other ventures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_and_other_ventures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Christie's</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" > 40 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="كريستيز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كريستيز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="کریستیز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کریستیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Кристис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кристис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%E2%80%99s" title="Christie’s – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christie’s" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="کریستیز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کریستیز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="크리스티스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크리스티스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Քրիստիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրիստիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="क्रिस्टीज़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रिस्टीज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%27%D7%A1" title="כריסטי'ס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כריסטי'ס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კრისტის აუქციონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კრისტის აუქციონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%E2%80%99s" title="Christie’s – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Christie’s" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="クリスティーズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリスティーズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%E2%80%99s" title="Christie’s – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Christie’s" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%E2%80%99s" title="Christie’s – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Christie’s" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Кристис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кристис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%E2%80%99s" title="Christie’s – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Christie’s" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="คริสตีส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสตีส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Крістіз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крістіз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Christie's" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%B3%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%97" title="佳士得 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="佳士得" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%B3%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%97" title="佳士得 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="佳士得" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q503176#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Christie's</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Christie%27s_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Christie%27s_Logo.svg/220px-Christie%27s_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Christie%27s_Logo.svg/330px-Christie%27s_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Christie%27s_Logo.svg/440px-Christie%27s_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="62" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Christie%27s_King_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Christie%27s_King_Street.jpg/220px-Christie%27s_King_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Christie%27s_King_Street.jpg/330px-Christie%27s_King_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Christie%27s_King_Street.jpg/440px-Christie%27s_King_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1862" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Christie's in <a href="/wiki/King_Street,_St_James%27s" title="King Street, St James's">King Street, St James's</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Subsidiary</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">Art, <a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">auctions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1766; 258 years ago (1766)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/James_Christie_(auctioneer)" title="James Christie (auctioneer)">James Christie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality">London</div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pinault" title="François Pinault">François Pinault</a> (owner)<a href="#cite_note-Carol_Vogel_1998-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Cerutti" title="Guillaume Cerutti">Guillaume Cerutti</a> (CEO)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>6.2 billion (2023)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Art%C3%A9mis" title="Groupe Artémis">Groupe Artémis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christies.com">christies.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christie%27s_(Manhattan,_New_York)_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Christie%27s_%28Manhattan%2C_New_York%29_001.jpg/220px-Christie%27s_%28Manhattan%2C_New_York%29_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Christie%27s_%28Manhattan%2C_New_York%29_001.jpg/330px-Christie%27s_%28Manhattan%2C_New_York%29_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Christie%27s_%28Manhattan%2C_New_York%29_001.jpg/440px-Christie%27s_%28Manhattan%2C_New_York%29_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Christie's American branch at <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Center" title="Rockefeller Center">Rockefeller Center</a> in New York</figcaption></figure> Christie's is a British <a href="/wiki/Auction_house" title="Auction house">auction house</a> founded in 1766 by <a href="/wiki/James_Christie_(auctioneer)" title="James Christie (auctioneer)">James Christie</a>. Its main premises are on <a href="/wiki/King_Street,_St_James%27s" title="King Street, St James's">King Street, St James's</a> in London, and it has additional salerooms in New York, Paris, Hong Kong, Milan, Amsterdam, Geneva, Shanghai, and Dubai.<a href="#cite_note-Christie's_Locations-3">[3]</a> It is owned by <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Art%C3%A9mis" title="Groupe Artémis">Groupe Artémis</a>, the holding company of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pinault" title="François Pinault">François Pinault</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In 2022 Christie's sold US$8.4 billion in art and luxury goods, an all-time high for any auction house.<a href="#cite_note-All-Time_High-6">[6]</a> On 15 November 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Salvator_Mundi_(Leonardo)" title="Salvator Mundi (Leonardo)">Salvator Mundi</a> was sold at Christie's in New York for $450 million to Saudi Prince <a href="/wiki/Badr_bin_Abdullah_Al_Saud" title="Badr bin Abdullah Al Saud">Badr bin Abdullah Al Saud</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings" title="List of most expensive paintings">the highest price ever paid for a painting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peep-at-Christies-Gillray.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Peep-at-Christies-Gillray.jpeg/220px-Peep-at-Christies-Gillray.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Peep-at-Christies-Gillray.jpeg/330px-Peep-at-Christies-Gillray.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Peep-at-Christies-Gillray.jpeg/440px-Peep-at-Christies-Gillray.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="3696" /></a><figcaption>In A Peep at Christies (1799), <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> caricatured actress <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farren" title="Elizabeth Farren">Elizabeth Farren</a> and huntsman <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_12th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a> examining paintings appropriate to their tastes and heights.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3></div> The official company literature states that founder <a href="/wiki/James_Christie_(auctioneer)" title="James Christie (auctioneer)">James Christie</a> (1730–1803) conducted the first sale in London on 5 December 1766,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and the earliest auction catalogue the company retains is from December 1766. However, other sources note that James Christie rented auction rooms from 1762, and newspaper advertisements for Christie's sales dating from 1759 have also been traced.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> After his death, Christie's son, <a href="/wiki/James_Christie_the_Younger" title="James Christie the Younger">James Christie the Younger</a> (1773–1831) took over the business.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_006_-_Auction_Room,_Christie%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_006_-_Auction_Room%2C_Christie%27s.jpg/220px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_006_-_Auction_Room%2C_Christie%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_006_-_Auction_Room%2C_Christie%27s.jpg/330px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_006_-_Auction_Room%2C_Christie%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_006_-_Auction_Room%2C_Christie%27s.jpg/440px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_006_-_Auction_Room%2C_Christie%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption>The Microcosm of London (1808), an engraving of Christie's auction room</figcaption></figure> Christie's was a public company, listed on the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a>, from 1973 to 1999. In 1974, Jo Floyd was appointed chairman of Christie's. He served as chairman of Christie's International plc from 1976 to 1988, until handing over to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Lord Carrington</a>, and later was a non-executive director until 1992.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Christie's International Inc. held its first sale in the United States in 1977. Christie's growth was slow but steady since 1989, when it had 42% of the auction market.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clay_tablet,_record_of_barley_and_emmer._Late_Uruk_period,_3300-3100_BCE._Purchased_via_Christie%27s,_no_provenance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Clay_tablet%2C_record_of_barley_and_emmer._Late_Uruk_period%2C_3300-3100_BCE._Purchased_via_Christie%27s%2C_no_provenance.jpg/220px-Clay_tablet%2C_record_of_barley_and_emmer._Late_Uruk_period%2C_3300-3100_BCE._Purchased_via_Christie%27s%2C_no_provenance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Clay_tablet%2C_record_of_barley_and_emmer._Late_Uruk_period%2C_3300-3100_BCE._Purchased_via_Christie%27s%2C_no_provenance.jpg/330px-Clay_tablet%2C_record_of_barley_and_emmer._Late_Uruk_period%2C_3300-3100_BCE._Purchased_via_Christie%27s%2C_no_provenance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Clay_tablet%2C_record_of_barley_and_emmer._Late_Uruk_period%2C_3300-3100_BCE._Purchased_via_Christie%27s%2C_no_provenance.jpg/440px-Clay_tablet%2C_record_of_barley_and_emmer._Late_Uruk_period%2C_3300-3100_BCE._Purchased_via_Christie%27s%2C_no_provenance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3953" data-file-height="2597" /></a><figcaption>Clay tablet, a record of barley and emmer. Late Uruk period, 3300–3100 BCE. Purchased via Christie's in 1989, no provenance. British Museum</figcaption></figure> In 1990, the company reversed a long-standing policy and guaranteed a minimum price for a collection of artworks in its May auctions.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 1996, sales exceeded those of <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> for the first time since 1954.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> However, profits did not grow at the same pace;<a href="#cite_note-Carol_Vogel_1998-1">[1]</a> from 1993 through 1997, Christie's annual pretax profits were about $60M , whereas Sotheby's annual pretax profits were about $265M for those years.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15">[15]</a> In 1993, Christie's paid $10.9M for the London gallery <a href="/wiki/Spink_%26_Son" title="Spink & Son">Spink & Son</a>, which specialised in Oriental art and British paintings; the gallery was run as a separate entity. The company bought Leger Gallery for $3.3M in 1996, and merged it with Spink to become Spink-Leger.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Spink-Leger closed in 2002. To make itself competitive with Sotheby's in the property market, Christie's bought Great Estates in 1995, then the largest network of independent estate agents in North America, changing its name to Christie's Great Estates Inc.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-12">[12]</a> In December 1997, under the chairmanship of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Allsopp,_6th_Baron_Hindlip" title="Charles Allsopp, 6th Baron Hindlip">Lord Hindlip</a>, Christie's put itself on the auction block, but after two months of negotiations with the consortium-led investment firm <a href="/wiki/Warburg_Dillon_Read" class="mw-redirect" title="Warburg Dillon Read">SBC Warburg Dillon Read</a> it did not attract a bid high enough to accept.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15">[15]</a> In May 1998, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pinault" title="François Pinault">François Pinault</a>'s holding company, Groupe Artémis S.A., first bought 29.1 per cent of the company for $243.2M, and subsequently purchased the rest of it in a deal that valued the entire company at $1.2bn.<a href="#cite_note-Carol_Vogel_1998-1">[1]</a> The company has since not been reporting profits, though it gives sale totals twice a year. Its policy, in line with UK accounting standards, is to convert non-UK results using an average exchange rate weighted daily by sales throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg.com-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> In 2002, Christie's France held its first auction in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Like Sotheby's, Christie's became increasingly involved in high-profile private transactions. In 2006, Christie's offered a reported $21M guarantee to the <a href="/wiki/Donald_Judd" title="Donald Judd">Donald Judd</a> Foundation and displayed the artist's works for five weeks in an exhibition that later won an <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Art_Critics" title="International Association of Art Critics">AICA award</a> for "Best Installation in an Alternative Space".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 2007 it brokered a $68M deal that transferred <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eakins" title="Thomas Eakins">Thomas Eakins</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Gross_Clinic" title="The Gross Clinic">The Gross Clinic</a> (1875) from the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson Medical College">Jefferson Medical College</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Thomas Jefferson University</a> in Philadelphia to joint ownership by the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts" title="Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts">Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In the same year, the <a href="/wiki/Haunch_of_Venison" title="Haunch of Venison">Haunch of Venison</a> gallery<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> became a subsidiary of the company.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> On 28 December 2008, <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a> reported that Pinault's debts left him "considering" the sale of Christie's and that a number of "<a href="/wiki/Private_equity" title="Private equity">private equity</a> groups" were thought to be interested in its acquisition.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In January 2009, the company employed 2,100 people worldwide, though an unspecified number of staff and consultants were soon to be cut due to a worldwide downturn in the art market;<a href="#cite_note-downturn-24">[24]</a> later news reports said that 300 jobs would be cut.<a href="#cite_note-downturn2-25">[25]</a> With sales for premier Impressionist, Modern, and contemporary artworks tallying only US$248.8M in comparison to US$739M just a year before, a second round of job cuts began after May 2009.<a href="#cite_note-BloombergSecondCut-26">[26]</a> In 2012, Impressionist works, which dominated the market during the 1980s boom, were replaced by contemporary art as Christie's top category. Asian art was the third most lucrative area.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg.com-17">[17]</a> With income from classic auctioneering falling, treaty sales made £413.4 million ($665M) in the first half of 2012, an increase of 53% on the same period last year; they now represent more than 18% of turnover.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The company has since promoted curated events, centred on a theme rather than an art classification or time period.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> As part of a companywide review in 2017, Christie's announced the layoffs of 250 employees, or 12 per cent of the total work force, based mainly in Britain and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-auto-29">[29]</a> In June 2021, Christie's Paris held its first sale dedicated to women artists, most notably <a href="/wiki/Louise_Moillon" title="Louise Moillon">Louise Moillon's</a> Nature morte aux raisins et pêches.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 2022 Christie's sold $8.4bn in art and luxury goods, an all-time high for any auction house.<a href="#cite_note-All-Time_High-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Christie's agreed to acquire American <a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">classic car</a> auction house, <a href="/wiki/Gooding_%26_Company" title="Gooding & Company">Gooding & Company</a>, in September 2024.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commissions">Commissions</h2></div> From 2008 until 2013, Christie's charged 25 per cent for the first $50,000; 20 per cent on the amount between $50,001 and $1M, and 12 per cent on the rest. From 2013, it charged 25 per cent for the first $75,000; 20 per cent on the next $75,001 to $1.5M and 12 per cent on the rest.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> As of 2023, Christie's commission (buyer's premium) is 26 per cent of the hammer price of each lot up to £800,000/US$1,000,000, plus 21 per cent of the hammer price from £800,001/US$1,000,001 up to and including £4,500,000/US$6,000,000, and 15 per cent on the rest.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2></div> As of 2023, Christie's has offices in 46 countries worldwide, with salerooms in London, New York, Paris, Geneva, Milan, Amsterdam, Dubai, Hong Kong, and Shanghai.<a href="#cite_note-Christie's_Locations-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> Christie's flagship saleroom is in London on <a href="/wiki/King_Street,_St_James%27s" title="King Street, St James's">King Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James's">St. James's</a>, where it has been based since 1823. It had a second London saleroom in <a href="/wiki/South_Kensington" title="South Kensington">South Kensington</a> which opened in 1975 and primarily handled the middle market. Christie's permanently closed the South Kensington saleroom in July 2017 as part of their restructuring plans announced in March 2017. The closure was due in part to a considerable decrease in sales between 2015 and 2016 in addition to the company expanding its online sales presence.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In early 2017, Christie's also announced plans to scale back its operation in Amsterdam.<a href="#cite_note-auto-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3></div> In 1977, led by then Chairman <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lash" title="Stephen Lash">Stephen Lash</a>, the company opened its first international branch on <a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue" title="Park Avenue">Park Avenue</a> in New York City in the <a href="/wiki/Trump_Park_Avenue" title="Trump Park Avenue">Delmonico's Hotel</a> grand ballroom on the second floor;<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> in 1997 it took a 30-year lease on a 28,000 m2 (300,000 sq ft) space in <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Center" title="Rockefeller Center">Rockefeller Center</a> for $40M.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Until 2001, Christie's East, a division that sold lower-priced art and objects, was located at 219 East 67th Street. In 1996, Christie's bought a townhouse on East 59th Street in Manhattan as a separate gallery where experts could show clients art in complete privacy to conduct private treaty sales.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-12">[12]</a> Christie's opened a <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly Hills">Beverly Hills</a> saleroom in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In April 2017, in moved to a 4,500 sq ft (420 m2) two-story flagship space in Beverly Hills, designed by <a href="/wiki/Kulapat_Yantrasast" title="Kulapat Yantrasast">wHY</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> Christie's has been operating a space in Hong Kong's <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_House" title="Alexandra House">Alexandra House</a> since 2014. In 2021, the company announced plans to move its Hong Kong headquarters to the <a href="/wiki/Zaha_Hadid" title="Zaha Hadid">Zaha Hadid</a>-designed luxury tower The Henderson in 2024, where it will launch year-round auctions. Measuring more than 50,000 sq ft (4,600 m2) over four storeys, the new space, which incorporates a permanent saleroom and galleries, is comparable in size to Christie's London headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_auctions">Notable auctions</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontormo_(Jacopo_Carucci)_(Italian,_Florentine)_-_Portrait_of_a_Halberdier_(Francesco_Guardi%3F)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pontormo_%28Jacopo_Carucci%29_%28Italian%2C_Florentine%29_-_Portrait_of_a_Halberdier_%28Francesco_Guardi%3F%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/175px-Pontormo_%28Jacopo_Carucci%29_%28Italian%2C_Florentine%29_-_Portrait_of_a_Halberdier_%28Francesco_Guardi%3F%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pontormo_%28Jacopo_Carucci%29_%28Italian%2C_Florentine%29_-_Portrait_of_a_Halberdier_%28Francesco_Guardi%3F%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/263px-Pontormo_%28Jacopo_Carucci%29_%28Italian%2C_Florentine%29_-_Portrait_of_a_Halberdier_%28Francesco_Guardi%3F%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pontormo_%28Jacopo_Carucci%29_%28Italian%2C_Florentine%29_-_Portrait_of_a_Halberdier_%28Francesco_Guardi%3F%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/350px-Pontormo_%28Jacopo_Carucci%29_%28Italian%2C_Florentine%29_-_Portrait_of_a_Halberdier_%28Francesco_Guardi%3F%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3261" data-file-height="4295" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pontormo" title="Pontormo">Pontormo</a>, Portrait of a Halberdier, 1528–1530. Sold by Christie's for US$35.2 million in 1989. (J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In 1848 the sale of the contents of <a href="/wiki/Stowe_House" title="Stowe House">Stowe House</a> after the bankruptcy of the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham_and_Chandos" title="Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos">Duke of Buckingham and Chandos</a> was one of the first and most publicised <a href="/wiki/British_country_house_contents_auctions" title="British country house contents auctions">British country house contents auctions</a>. The sale raised £75,400 and included the <a href="/wiki/Chandos_portrait" title="Chandos portrait">Chandos portrait</a> of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li>The 1882 sale of the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Palace" title="Hamilton Palace">Hamilton Palace</a> collection raised £332,000.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li>In March 1987, Vincent van Gogh's <a href="/wiki/Sunflowers_(series_of_paintings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflowers (series of paintings)">Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers</a> fetched an auction record of $39.9M at Christie's, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings" title="List of most expensive paintings">most expensive painting in the world</a> at the time, at more than three times the price of the previous worldwide record for the highest paid for any painting.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li> <li>In November 1987, during the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> auction, Christie's auctioned a <a href="/wiki/Bugatti_Royale" title="Bugatti Royale">Bugatti Royale</a> automobile for a <a href="/wiki/Most_expensive_cars_sold_in_auction" class="mw-redirect" title="Most expensive cars sold in auction">world record price</a> of £5.5M.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li>In May 1989, <a href="/wiki/Pontormo" title="Pontormo">Pontormo</a>'s Portrait of a Halberdier was sold to the <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a> for $35.2M, more than tripling the previous auction record for an <a href="/wiki/Old_Master" title="Old Master">Old Master</a> painting.<a href="#cite_note-Pontormo-47">[47]</a></li> <li>On 11 November 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Leicester" title="Codex Leicester">Codex Leicester</a> was sold to <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> for <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>30,802,500.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li>In 1998, Christie's in New York sold the famous <a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Palimpsest" title="Archimedes Palimpsest">Archimedes Palimpsest</a> after the conclusion of a lawsuit in which its ownership was disputed.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li> <li>In November 1999, a single strand necklace of 41 natural and graduated pearls, which belonged to <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hutton" title="Barbara Hutton">Barbara Hutton</a>, was auctioned by Christie's Geneva for $1,476,000.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li> <li>In June 2001, <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a> sold 20 of his cars at Christie's, saying he didn't drive them often because he was frequently out of the country. The sale, which included a 1993 Jaguar XJ220, the most expensive at £234,750, and several Ferraris, Rolls-Royces, and Bentleys, raised nearly £2M.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li>In 2006, a single Imperial <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> porcelain bowl, another item which belonged to Barbara Hutton, was auctioned by Christie's Hong Kong for a price of US$19.5M.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li>On 16 May 2006, Christie's auctioned a <a href="/wiki/Stradivarius" title="Stradivarius">Stradivarius</a> called <a href="/wiki/Hammer_Stradivarius" title="Hammer Stradivarius">The Hammer</a> for a record US$3,544,000. It was, at that time, the most paid at public auction for any musical instrument.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li> <li>In November 2006, four celebrated paintings by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a> were sold for a total of $192M, after being <a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">restituted</a> by Austria to Jewish heirs after a lengthy legal battle.<a href="#cite_note-Klimt-55">[55]</a></li> <li>In December 2006, one of the three versions of the Givenchy <a href="/wiki/Little_black_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn" class="mw-redirect" title="Little black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn">black dress</a> worn by <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> in the film <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(film)" title="Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)">Breakfast at Tiffany's</a> was sold for £467,200 at Christie's South Kensington.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li>In 2006, controversy arose after Christie's auctioned artefacts known to be looted from <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Art_Info_News-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li>In November 2007, an album of eight leaves, ink on paper, by China's <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> court painter <a href="/wiki/Dong_Qichang" title="Dong Qichang">Dong Qichang</a> was sold at the Christie's Hong Kong Chinese Paintings Auction for US$6,235,500, a world auction record for the artist.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li>In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Ink_wash_painting" title="Ink wash painting">ink wash painting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gundam" title="Gundam">Gundam</a> painted by <a href="/wiki/Tenmyouya_Hisashi" title="Tenmyouya Hisashi">Tenmyouya Hisashi</a> in 2005 was sold in the Christie's auction held in Hong Kong at a price of US$600,000.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li>In June 2008, <a href="/wiki/Le_Bassin_Aux_Nymph%C3%A9as" title="Le Bassin Aux Nymphéas">Le Bassin Aux Nymphéas</a> by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a> was sold for a price of $80.4M, the highest price ever for a Monet.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li>Over a three-day sale in Paris in February 2009, Christie's auctioned the monumental private collection of <a href="/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)" title="Yves Saint Laurent (designer)">Yves Saint Laurent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berg%C3%A9" title="Pierre Bergé">Pierre Bergé</a> for a record-breaking 370M euros.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-64">[64]</a> It was the most expensive private collection ever sold at auction,<a href="#cite_note-NYTYSL-65">[65]</a> breaking auction records for <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-64">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/%22Dragons%22_armchair" title=""Dragons" armchair">"Dragons" armchair</a> by Irish furniture designer <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Gray" title="Eileen Gray">Eileen Gray</a> sold for 21.9M euros, setting an auction record for a piece of 20th century decorative art.<a href="#cite_note-TelegApr16-66">[66]</a></li> <li>In 2009, controversy arose again after the auction of two imperial bronze zodiac sculptures (for US$36M) collected by <a href="/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)" title="Yves Saint Laurent (designer)">Yves Saint Laurent</a>, as the items had been looted in 1860 from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Old Summer Palace</a> of Beijing by French and British forces at the close of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Christie's Hong Kong, November 2009 sale of Fine Modern Chinese Paintings, sold a work by <a href="/wiki/Fu_Baoshi" title="Fu Baoshi">Fu Baoshi</a> titled Landscape inspired by Dufu's Poetic Sentiments, for HK$60M (US$7.7M) – a world record for the artist.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li>Christie's auctioned <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nude,_Green_Leaves_and_Bust" title="Nude, Green Leaves and Bust">Nude, Green Leaves and Bust</a> on 4 May 2010. The piece sold for US$106.5M, making the sale among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings" title="List of most expensive paintings">most expensive paintings</a> ever sold.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li>On 14 June 2010 <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Amedeo Modigliani</a>'s <a href="/wiki/T%C3%AAte_(sculpture)" title="Tête (sculpture)">Tête</a>, a limestone sculpture of a woman's head, sold for $52.6M, making it one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_sculptures" title="List of most expensive sculptures">most expensive sculpture ever sold</a>, and at the time the most expensive work of art sold in France.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li>On 18 April 2012, the silver cup given to the marathon winner, Greek athlete <a href="/wiki/Spyridon_Louis" title="Spyridon Louis">Spyridon Louis</a>, at the first modern Olympic Games staged in Athens in 1896 sold for £541,250, breaking the auction record for Olympic memorabilia.<a href="#cite_note-Olympic_memorabilia-71">[71]</a></li> <li>On 22 June 2012, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s personal <a href="/wiki/Annotated" class="mw-redirect" title="Annotated">annotated</a> copy of the Acts Passed at a Congress of the United States of America from 1789, which includes <a href="/wiki/The_Constitution_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The Constitution of the United States">The Constitution of the United States</a> and a draft of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>, was sold at Christie's for a record $9,826,500, with fees the final cost, to <a href="/wiki/The_Mount_Vernon_Ladies%27_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association">The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association</a>. This was the record for a document sold at auction.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li>On 12 November 2013, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(artist)" title="Francis Bacon (artist)">Francis Bacon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Three_Studies_of_Lucian_Freud" title="Three Studies of Lucian Freud">Three Studies of Lucian Freud</a> sold for <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>142.4M(including the buyer's premium) to an unnamed buyer, <a href="/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Real versus nominal value (economics)">nominally</a> becoming <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings" title="List of most expensive paintings">the most expensive work of art ever to be sold at auction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_sale-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-indy_sherwin-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-76">[76]</a></li> <li>On 11 May 2015, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Les_Femmes_d%27Alger#Version_"O"" title="Les Femmes d'Alger">Les Femmes d'Alger ("Version O")</a> sold for <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>179.3M to an unnamed buyer, becoming the most expensive work of art ever to be sold at auction at Christie's New York. In November of the same year, Amedeo Modigliani's Nu Couché (1917–18) sold at Christie's in New York for $170.4M, making it the second most expensive work sold at auction.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li>In May 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_Blue" title="Oppenheimer Blue">Oppenheimer Blue</a> diamond sold for <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">CHF</a>56,837,000, a record price for a jewel at auction.<a href="#cite_note-GuardMay16-78">[78]</a></li> <li>On 7 July 2016, the highest price ever sold for an old master painting at Christie's was achieved with £44,882,500 for <a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a>' <a href="/wiki/File:Lot_and_his_daughters,_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" title="File:Lot and his daughters, by Peter Paul Rubens.jpg">Lot and his Daughters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li>On 11 November 2017, a <a href="/wiki/Patek_Philippe_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Patek Philippe SA">Patek Philippe</a> Titanium wristwatch Ref. 5208T-010 was sold for $6.226M (<a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">CHF</a>6,200,000) in Geneva, making it one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_watches_sold_at_auction" title="List of most expensive watches sold at auction">most expensive watches ever sold at auction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci,_Salvator_Mundi,_c.1500,_oil_on_walnut,_45.4_%C3%97_65.6_cm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_Salvator_Mundi%2C_c.1500%2C_oil_on_walnut%2C_45.4_%C3%97_65.6_cm.jpg/175px-Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_Salvator_Mundi%2C_c.1500%2C_oil_on_walnut%2C_45.4_%C3%97_65.6_cm.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_Salvator_Mundi%2C_c.1500%2C_oil_on_walnut%2C_45.4_%C3%97_65.6_cm.jpg/263px-Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_Salvator_Mundi%2C_c.1500%2C_oil_on_walnut%2C_45.4_%C3%97_65.6_cm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_Salvator_Mundi%2C_c.1500%2C_oil_on_walnut%2C_45.4_%C3%97_65.6_cm.jpg/350px-Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_Salvator_Mundi%2C_c.1500%2C_oil_on_walnut%2C_45.4_%C3%97_65.6_cm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="4856" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Salvator_Mundi_(Leonardo)" title="Salvator Mundi (Leonardo)">Salvator Mundi</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Most_expensive_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Most expensive painting">most expensive painting</a> ever sold at auction.</figcaption></figure>On 15 November 2017, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Salvator_Mundi_(Leonardo)" title="Salvator Mundi (Leonardo)">Salvator Mundi</a> sold for a record $450.3M (including buyer's premium).<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li>On 4 July 2019, a bust fragment of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> was sold for £4.7M.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Antiquities_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Antiquities (Egypt)">Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities</a> had tried to stop the auction, citing concerns that the bust had been looted from a temple and illegally taken from Egypt in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-85">[85]</a></li> <li>On 25 June 2020, Christie's sold a <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Quran_manuscript" title="Timurid Quran manuscript">Timurid Quran manuscript</a>, described as "rare and breathtaking", for £7M (with fees), ten times its estimate.<a href="#cite_note-:0-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-87">[87]</a> The price was the highest price ever paid for a Quran manuscript.<a href="#cite_note-:0-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-87">[87]</a> Probably created at a <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> prince's court, the manuscript comprised 534 folios of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a> on "gold-flecked, coloured paper from <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming China</a>". The sale was criticized that since the "object apparently has no provenance prior to the 1980s, we can't know anything about the context in which it was removed from its country of origin."<a href="#cite_note-:0-86">[86]</a></li> <li>In October 2020, Christie's sold <a href="/wiki/Stan_(dinosaur)" title="Stan (dinosaur)">Stan</a>, one of the world's most complete <a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus_rex" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannosaurus rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</a> skeletons for US$31.8M, <a href="/wiki/List_of_dinosaur_specimens_sold_at_auction" title="List of dinosaur specimens sold at auction">setting a new world record for any dinosaur skeleton</a> or fossil ever sold at auction at the time.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li>In May 2022, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>'s silkscreen painting <a href="/wiki/Shot_Marilyns" title="Shot Marilyns">Shot Sage Blue Marilyn</a> sold at Christie's New York for $195M, making it the most expensive work of American art sold at auction and the most expensive work of 20th-century art sold at auction.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li>In September and October 2022 at Christie's, the <a href="/wiki/Production_of_the_James_Bond_films" title="Production of the James Bond films">James Bond film franchise</a> auctioned 61 lots of vehicles, watches, costumes, props, posters, and memorabilia from the 25 Bond films. The auction raised nearly £7M from 28 countries, and proceeds went to over 45 charities.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li> <li>In November 2022, the art collection of Microsoft co-founder <a href="/wiki/Paul_Allen" title="Paul Allen">Paul Allen</a> was auctioned at Christie's New York.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> It was the biggest sale in art auction history, surpassing $1.5bn in sales. Six works sold for more than $100M: <a href="/wiki/Seurat" class="mw-redirect" title="Seurat">Seurat</a>'s Les Poseuses Ensemble (Petite version), ($149M, with fees); <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>'s 1888–90 La Montagne Sainte-Victoire ($138M); <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">van Gogh's</a> Verger avec cyprès ($117M); and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a>'s 1903 Birch Forest ($105M). The auction also included paintings by <a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hockney" title="David Hockney">David Hockney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein" title="Roy Lichtenstein">Roy Lichtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Edward Hopper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Johns" title="Jasper Johns">Jasper Johns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger" title="Jan Brueghel the Younger">Jan Brueghel the Younger</a>. Proceeds from the auction benefitted undisclosed philanthropies.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li>In May 2023, the jewellery collection once owned by Austrian billionaire <a href="/wiki/Heidi_Horten" title="Heidi Horten">Heidi Horten</a>, who died in 2022, set a record for the most valuable single collection of jewels in an auction, fetching CHF180M ($201M).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In August 2023, Christie's cancelled a second Horten jewellery sale, which had been scheduled for November, after Jewish charities and organizations refused to accept portions of the proceeds from the first sale citing the source of Horten's wealth.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Price-fixing_scandal_in_2000">Price-fixing scandal in 2000</h3></div> In 2000, allegations surfaced of a price-fixing arrangement between Christie's and <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a>. Executives from Christie's subsequently alerted the Department of Justice of their suspicions of commission-fixing <a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">collusion</a>. Christie's gained immunity from prosecution in the United States as a longtime employee of Christie's confessed and cooperated with the US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>. Numerous members of Sotheby's senior management were fired soon thereafter, and <a href="/wiki/A._Alfred_Taubman" title="A. Alfred Taubman">A. Alfred Taubman</a>, the largest shareholder of Sotheby's at the time, took most of the blame; he and Dede Brooks (the CEO) were given jail sentences, and Christie's, Sotheby's and their owners also paid a civil lawsuit settlement of $512M.<a href="#cite_note-AR-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-CM-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-KW-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insufficient_or_invalid_provenance_for_looted_works">Insufficient or invalid provenance for looted works</h3></div> Christie's has been criticised for "an embarrassing history of a lack of transparency around <a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">provenance</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:0-86">[86]</a> In 2003, Christie's was criticised for its handling of two <a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi-looted</a> artworks claimed by heirs of the original Jewish owners. In one case, it refused to divulge to the heirs the location of an Italian painting formerly owned by Jewish Viennese banker Heinrich Graf, looted by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Christie's eventually revealed the holder's name after the Jewish Community of Vienna filed a successful suit in the UK on behalf of Graf's American daughters in late 2004.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In the other 2003 case Christie's declined to inform the family that it had discovered that a painting consigned to it had been looted from Ulla and Moriz Rosenthal, a Jewish couple murdered in Auschwitz.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> On 19 May 2020, the craft supply company <a href="/wiki/Hobby_Lobby" title="Hobby Lobby">Hobby Lobby</a>, who purchased material for loan or donation to <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Bible" title="Museum of the Bible">The Museum of the Bible</a>, filed a diversity action on the auction house regarding the sale and purchase of the <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> tablet by private sale agreement on 14 July 2014, allegedly while knowing the Iraqi-origin cuneiform object had a fake provenance.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In June 2020, they were forced to withdraw four Greek and Roman antiquities from sale after it was discovered that they came from "sites linked to convicted antiquities traffickers".<a href="#cite_note-:0-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The same month, they were criticised for putting up a <a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin</a> plaque and two <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> <a href="/wiki/Alusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alusi">alusi</a> figures for auction.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-111">[111]</a> The plaque was tied to similar plaques taken from Nigeria during the <a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition of 1897</a> and remained unsold after an auction was held.<a href="#cite_note-:2-111">[111]</a> The alusi figures are alleged to have been taken from Nigeria during the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a> and were sold for €212,500 (after fees), below their low estimate of €250,000.<a href="#cite_note-:2-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Christie's claims to require "verifiable documented provenance that the object was taken out of its source nation prior to the earlier date of 2000, or the date which is legally applicable between the country in which the sale takes place and the source nation".<a href="#cite_note-:2-111">[111]</a> In November 2014, Christie's had to withdraw a prehistoric sculpture from <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, valued at $800,000–$1.2m, put on auction by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Steinhardt" title="Michael Steinhardt">Michael Steinhardt</a>, a US-billionaire, who was given a lifetime ban on acquiring further antiquities by the Manhattan district attorney's office in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> After having acquired artworks with unverified <a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">provenance</a> for years, for example by convicted art dealer <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Medici_(art_dealer)" title="Giacomo Medici (art dealer)">Giacomo Medici</a>, Steinhard's collection had been subjected to search warrants and investigations since 2017. He finally surrendered 180 looted and illegally smuggled antiquities valued at $70m. According to <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, the district attorney said: "For decades, Michael Steinhardt displayed a rapacious appetite for plundered artefacts without concern for the legality of his actions, the legitimacy of the pieces he bought and sold or the grievous cultural damage he wrought across the globe.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In February 2023 a French court ordered Christie's to unconditionally restitute Dutch painting The Penitent Magdalene, signed <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_van_der_Werff" title="Adriaen van der Werff">Adriaen van der Werff</a> (1707), looted in 1942 from Lionel Hauser in Paris and last sold by the auction house without any provenance in London in April 2005.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Christie's had offered the Hauser heirs 50 per cent of the sale price; the heirs refused the offer and took the case to court.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christie's_Fine_Art_Storage_Services_(CFASS)">Christie's Fine Art Storage Services (CFASS)</h2></div> Christie's first ventured into storage services for outside clients in 1984, when it opened a 100,000 square feet brick warehouse in London that was granted "Exempted Status" by <a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs" title="HM Revenue and Customs">HM Revenue and Customs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-online.wsj.com-119">[119]</a> meaning that property may be imported into the United Kingdom and stored without incurring import duties and <a href="/wiki/VAT" class="mw-redirect" title="VAT">VAT</a>. Christie's Fine Art Storage Services, or CFASS, is a wholly owned subsidiary that runs Christie's storage operation. In September 2008, Christie's signed a 50-year lease on an early 1900s warehouse of the historic <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_Dock_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York Dock Company (page does not exist)">New York Dock Company</a><a href="#cite_note-An_exodus_from_Red_Hook-120">[120]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Red_Hook,_Brooklyn" title="Red Hook, Brooklyn">Red Hook, Brooklyn</a>, and subsequently spent $30M converting it into a six-storey, 250,000 square feet<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> art-storage facility.<a href="#cite_note-online.wsj.com-119">[119]</a> The facility opened in 2010 and features high-tech security and climate controls that maintain a virtually constant 70°[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and 50% relative humidity.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Located near the Upper Bay tidal waterway near the Atlantic Ocean, the Brooklyn facility was hit by at least one storm surge during <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy" title="Hurricane Sandy">Hurricane Sandy</a> in 2012. CFASS subsequently faced client defections and complaints arising from damage to works of art.<a href="#cite_note-An_exodus_from_Red_Hook-120">[120]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/AXA" class="mw-redirect" title="AXA">AXA</a> Art Insurance filed a lawsuit in New York court alleging that CFASS' "gross negligence" during the hurricane damaged art collected by late cellist <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Piatigorsky" title="Gregor Piatigorsky">Gregor Piatigorsky</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Piatigorsky" title="Jacqueline Piatigorsky">Jacqueline Rebecca Louise de Rothschild</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Later that year, StarNet Insurance Co., the insurer for the <a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Neiman" title="LeRoy Neiman">LeRoy Neiman</a> Foundation and the artist's estate, also filed a lawsuit in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">New York Supreme Court</a> claiming that the storage company's negligence caused more than $10M in damages to Neiman's art.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seminal_Use_of_Blockchain_Technology_in_Art_Provenance">Seminal Use of Blockchain Technology in Art Provenance</h2></div> In 2018, Christie's began giving out "digital passports" stored on the <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a> to a select number of private collectors purchasing art. These "certificates of ownership" offered to the buyer a clear and transparent <a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">provenance</a> record of the piece of art they were purchasing, a record that could never be erased or manipulated, and accessible worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Six years later in October 2024, two auctions exhibited this block-chain technology on the biggest scale to date. On October 2, Christie's New York showcased the work of <a href="/wiki/Diane_Arbus" title="Diane Arbus">Diane Arbus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Sherman" title="Cindy Sherman">Cindy Sherman</a> in An Eye Towards the Real: Photographs from the Collection of Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Traina" title="Trevor Traina">Trevor Traina</a> - a former U.S. ambassador to Austria and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Web3" title="Web3">web3</a> wallet provider Kresus. Eight days later on October 10, Christie's New York auctioned Ascend, a digital work created by Ryan Koopmans and Alice Wexell, marking the first time a piece inscribed on <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_protocol" title="Bitcoin protocol">Bitcoin's Ordinals protocol</a> had been sold in a live auction at Christie’s. Christie's sees the "integration of physical and digital ownership" as the future of art auctioning, and the most efficient way for buyers to know they have bought a work with as accurate and secure a provenance as possible.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educational_and_other_ventures">Educational and other ventures</h2></div> Christie's Education previously offered master's degree programs in London and New York, but they were planned to be phased out in 2019. In 2020, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a>, Christie's noted that there was a lack of racial diversity in the art world, and admitted that Christie's degree programs only exacerbated these inequities.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> However, Christie's continue to offer non-degree programmes in London, New York, Hong Kong and Amsterdam as well as online.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In addition they offer an Art Business Masterclass Certificate and the Luxury Masterclass Certificate.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Bonhams" title="Bonhams">Bonhams</a>, Christie's is a shareholder in the London-based <a href="/wiki/Art_Loss_Register" title="Art Loss Register">Art Loss Register</a>, a privately owned database used by law enforcement services worldwide to trace and recover stolen art.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2></div> Since its acquisition by François Pinault, Christie's CEOs have been as follows: <ul><li>1999–2010: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Dolman" title="Edward Dolman">Edward Dolman</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li>2010–2014: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Murphy" title="Steven Murphy">Steven Murphy</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li> <li>2014–2017: <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Barbizet" title="Patricia Barbizet">Patricia Barbizet</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></li> <li>2017–present: <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Cerutti" title="Guillaume Cerutti">Guillaume Cerutti</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Carol_Vogel_1998-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carol_Vogel_1998_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carol_Vogel_1998_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carol_Vogel_1998_1-2">c</a> Carol 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240120040857/https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/christies-2023-sales-total-1234690334/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ARTnews&rft.atitle=Christie%E2%80%99s+Brings+in+%246.2+B.+in+2023%2C+Down+More+Than+%242+B.+from+Last+Year%27s+Total&rft.date=2023-12-18&rft.aulast=Cassady&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnews.com%2Fart-news%2Fnews%2Fchristies-2023-sales-total-1234690334%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christie's_Locations-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christie's_Locations_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christie's_Locations_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/locations/">"Christie's 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Retrieved 3 December 2008. <q>James Christie conducted the first sale in London on 5 December 1766.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christies.com+%E2%80%93+About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Ffeatures%2Fwelcome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Daily_Gazetteer" title="Daily Gazetteer">Gazetteer and London Daily Advertiser</a> (London, England), 25 September 1762; Issue 10460 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> M.A. Michael (2019). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40805885/_Not_exactly_a_connoisseur_A_new_portrait_of_James_Christie_by_Benjamin_Vandergucht_1752_1794_and_the_auctioneer_s_family_history">Not Exactly a Connoisseur A New Portrait of James Christie</a>". The British Art Journal (London: Robin Simon). 19:76. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Sarah Lyall (27 February 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/27/arts/jo-floyd-74-led-growth-and-change-at-christie-s.html">Jo Floyd, 74; Led Growth and Change at Christie's</a> The New York Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_12-2">c</a> Carol Vogel (11 February 1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/11/arts/at-the-wire-auction-fans-it-s-it-s-christie-s.html">At the Wire, Auction Fans, It's, It's . . . Christie's!</a> The New York Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Rita Reif (12 March 1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/12/arts/christie-s-reverses-stand-on-price-guarantees.html">Christie's Reverses Stand on Price Guarantees</a> The New York Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Carol Vogel (6 May 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/06/business/international-business-frenchman-gets-big-stake-in-christie-s.html">Frenchman Gets Big Stake In Christie's</a> The New York Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1">b</a> Carol Vogel (19 February 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/19/arts/christie-s-ends-talks-on-takeover-by-swiss.html">Christie's Ends Talks On Takeover By Swiss</a> The New York Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Carol Vogel (22 June 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/22/arts/inside-art-manager-and-collector.html">Re: Real Estate</a> The New York Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-bloomberg.com-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg.com_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg.com_17-1">b</a> Scott Reyburn (17 July 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-07-17/rothko-private-sales-help-boost-christie-s-revenue-13-.html">Rothko, Private Sales Help Boost Christie's Revenue 13%</a> <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Souren_Melikian" title="Souren Melikian">Souren Melikian</a> (17 January 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/17/style/17iht-melik_ed3__1.html">The battle of Paris: Christie's rising</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Souren_Melikian" title="Souren Melikian">Souren Melikian</a> (12 January 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/12/arts/12iht-melik13.html">How Christie's kept top spot over Sotheby's in 2006 sales</a> The New York Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Judd Tully (24 October 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blouinartinfo.com/market-news/article/38947-private-sales-go-public-why-christies-and-sothebys-are-embracing-galleries-like-never-before">Private Sales Go Public: Why Christie's and Sotheby's Are Embracing Galleries Like Never Before</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023122731/http://www.blouinartinfo.com/market-news/article/38947-private-sales-go-public-why-christies-and-sothebys-are-embracing-galleries-like-never-before">Archived</a> 23 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Colin Gleadell (27 February 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3663467/Christies-move-stuns-dealers.html">Christie's move stuns dealers</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Kate Taylor (16 April 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysun.com/arts/auction-houses-vs-dealers/52493/">Auction Houses Vs. Dealers</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Sun">New York Sun</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2008" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Kate (28 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091009132201/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/consumer_goods/article5404112.ece">"Pinault woes may force Château Latour sell-off"</a>. (London) Sunday Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/consumer_goods/article5404112.ece">the original</a> on 9 October 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%28London%29+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Pinault+woes+may+force+Ch%C3%A2teau+Latour+sell-off&rft.date=2008-12-28&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fbusiness%2Findustry_sectors%2Fconsumer_goods%2Farticle5404112.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-downturn-24"><a href="#cite_ref-downturn_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerdigier2009" class="citation news cs1">Werdigier, Julia (12 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/13/business/worldbusiness/13auction.html">"Christie's Plans Cuts as Auctions Slow"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Christie%27s+Plans+Cuts+as+Auctions+Slow&rft.date=2009-01-12&rft.aulast=Werdigier&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F13%2Fbusiness%2Fworldbusiness%2F13auction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-downturn2-25"><a href="#cite_ref-downturn2_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolson2009" class="citation news cs1">Holson, Laura M. (8 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/08/nyregion/08auction.html">"In World of High-Glamour, Low-Pay Jobs, the Recession Has Its Bright Spots"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 10 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+World+of+High-Glamour%2C+Low-Pay+Jobs%2C+the+Recession+Has+Its+Bright+Spots&rft.date=2009-02-08&rft.aulast=Holson&rft.aufirst=Laura+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F02%2F08%2Fnyregion%2F08auction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BloombergSecondCut-26"><a href="#cite_ref-BloombergSecondCut_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601088&sid=aqb7SPnwv3RM">"Christie's Resumes Cutting Jobs After May N.Y. Auctions Decline"</a>. Bloomberg News. 18 June 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Christie%27s+Resumes+Cutting+Jobs+After+May+N.Y.+Auctions+Decline&rft.date=2009-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3D20601088%26sid%3Daqb7SPnwv3RM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Georgina Adam (17 October 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theartnewspaper.com/articles/Battle+for+private+selling+shows/27295">Battle for private selling shows</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023000033/http://theartnewspaper.com/articles/Battle%2Bfor%2Bprivate%2Bselling%2Bshows/27295">Archived</a> 23 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Art_Newspaper" title="The Art Newspaper">The Art Newspaper</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds2016" class="citation news cs1">Childs, Mary (26 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/70d74b86-c386-11e5-808f-8231cd71622e,Authorised=false.html?siteedition=uk&_i_location=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.ft.com%252Fcms%252Fs%252F0%252F70d74b86-c386-11e5-808f-8231cd71622e.html%253Fsiteedition%253Duk&_i_referer=&classification=conditional_standard&iab=barrier-app#axzz3z6fCpaCf">"'Curated' auctions and new buyers keep Christie's in the frame"</a>. Financial Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1766">0307-1766</a>. 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Observer. 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Bloomberg News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Merger+of+Christie%27s%2C+Gooding+Auction+Houses+Applauded+as+%27Overdue%27&rft.date=2024-09-12&rft.aulast=Elliot&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2024-09-12%2Fchristie-s-auction-house-buys-gooding-and-even-competitors-are-happy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Carol Vogel (18 February 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/18/christies-raises-its-commissions-for-first-time-in-five-years/">Christie's Raises Its Commissions for First Time in Five Years</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/en/help/buying-guide-important-information/financial-information">"Buyer's premium"</a>. 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Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/7cd9636a-fed0-3aa9-b036-d933e12b270f">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Christie%27s+to+close+South+Kensington+sale+room&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft.aulast=Spero&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F7cd9636a-fed0-3aa9-b036-d933e12b270f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antiquestradegazette.com/news/2017/christie-s-south-kensington-to-close-sooner-than-expected/">"Christie's South Kensington to close sooner than expected"</a>. 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The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 3 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Christie%27s+hid+Nazi+past+of+painting&rft.date=2003-10-24&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Pratley&rft.aufirst=Nils&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2003%2Foct%2F24%2Fgermany.arttheft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3211127.stm">"Christie's denies Nazi cover-up"</a>. 24 October 2003. 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Retrieved 9 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Looted+Antiques+Seized+From+Billionaire%27s+Home%2C+Prosecutors+Say&rft.date=2018-01-06&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=McKinley&rft.aufirst=James+C.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F01%2F05%2Fnyregion%2Fantiques-seized-from-billionaire-michael-steinhardt-cyrus-vance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberge2021" class="citation web cs1">Alberge, Dalya (7 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/07/us-billionaire-michael-steinhardt-surrenders-70m-dollars-stolen-art">"US billionaire surrenders $70m of stolen art"</a>. the Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207103919/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/07/us-billionaire-michael-steinhardt-surrenders-70m-dollars-stolen-art">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+billionaire+surrenders+%2470m+of+stolen+art&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft.aulast=Alberge&rft.aufirst=Dalya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2021%2Fdec%2F07%2Fus-billionaire-michael-steinhardt-surrenders-70m-dollars-stolen-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/02/01/french-court-orders-christies-to-restitute-a-nazi-looted-painting-sold-in-london">"French court orders Christie's to restitute a Nazi-looted painting sold in London"</a>. The Art Newspaper – International art news and events. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Newspaper+%E2%80%93+International+art+news+and+events&rft.atitle=French+court+orders+Christie%27s+to+restitute+a+Nazi-looted+painting+sold+in+London&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2F2023%2F02%2F01%2Ffrench-court-orders-christies-to-restitute-a-nazi-looted-painting-sold-in-london&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilla2023" class="citation web cs1">Villa, Angelica (31 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/crhisties-returns-dutch-painting-proust-heirs-restitution-1234655870/">"Christie's Ordered to Return Painting That Was Confiscated During World War II to Proust Heirs"</a>. ARTnews.com. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARTnews.com&rft.atitle=Christie%27s+Ordered+to+Return+Painting+That+Was+Confiscated+During+World+War+II+to+Proust+Heirs&rft.date=2023-01-31&rft.aulast=Villa&rft.aufirst=Angelica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnews.com%2Fart-news%2Fnews%2Fcrhisties-returns-dutch-painting-proust-heirs-restitution-1234655870%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/police-and-justice/article/2022/07/07/legal-battle-over-mary-magdalene-painting-looted-by-nazis-in-paris_5989370_105.html">"Legal battle over 'Mary Magdalene' painting looted by Nazis in Paris"</a>. Le Monde.fr. 7 July 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Legal+battle+over+%27Mary+Magdalene%27+painting+looted+by+Nazis+in+Paris&rft.date=2022-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Fpolice-and-justice%2Farticle%2F2022%2F07%2F07%2Flegal-battle-over-mary-magdalene-painting-looted-by-nazis-in-paris_5989370_105.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.news/justice-orders-the-return-of-a-painting-looted-by-the-nazis-from-a-cousin-of-marcel-proust/">"Justice orders the return of a painting looted by the Nazis from a cousin of Marcel Proust"</a>. Time News. 28 January 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time+News&rft.atitle=Justice+orders+the+return+of+a+painting+looted+by+the+Nazis+from+a+cousin+of+Marcel+Proust&rft.date=2023-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.news%2Fjustice-orders-the-return-of-a-painting-looted-by-the-nazis-from-a-cousin-of-marcel-proust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-online.wsj.com-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-online.wsj.com_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-online.wsj.com_119-1">b</a> Kelly Crow (26 April 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703709804575202083586359768#">The Ultimate Walk-In Closet: Christie's Offers Art Storage in Brooklyn</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-An_exodus_from_Red_Hook-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-An_exodus_from_Red_Hook_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-An_exodus_from_Red_Hook_120-1">b</a> Laura Gilbert (26 April 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/An-exodus-from-Red-Hook-/29346">An exodus from Red Hook</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Art_Newspaper" title="The Art Newspaper">The Art Newspaper</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diane_Cardwell" title="Diane Cardwell">Diane Cardwell</a> (24 August 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/25/nyregion/25christies.html">A High-Tech Home for Multimillion-Dollar Works of Art</a> The New York Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Jennifer Maloney (10 May 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324744104578473423704512226">Builder Is Bullish on New York City's Fine-Art Storage Market: Developer Starts Construction of Art Storage Facility in Long Island City</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Laura Gilbert (20 August 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theartnewspaper.com/articles/Axa-sues-Christies-storage-services-over-Sandy-damage/30215">Axa sues Christie's storage services over Sandy damage</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Art_Newspaper" title="The Art Newspaper">The Art Newspaper</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Laura Gilbert (12 December 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theartnewspaper.com/articles/Christies-storage-hit-by-second-lawsuit-over-storm-damage/31352">Christie's storage hit by second lawsuit over storm damage</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Art_Newspaper" title="The Art Newspaper">The Art Newspaper</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webflowinternal.artory.com/blog/artory-to-join-christies-panel-on-art-and-blockchain">Artory to Join Christie’s Panel on Art and Blockchain</a> Artory. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Dorian Batycka (11 October 2024), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/10/11/from-ordinals-to-ownership-christies-explores-new-frontiers-of-blockchain-based-provenance">From ordinals to ownership: Christie's explores new frontiers of blockchain-based provenance</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Art_Newspaper" title="The Art Newspaper">The Art Newspaper</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.christies.com/news/2020/june/statement">"A statement from Christie's Education"</a>. education.christies.com. Retrieved 29 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=education.christies.com&rft.atitle=A+statement+from+Christie%27s+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.christies.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2Fjune%2Fstatement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Karen_W._Arenson" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen W. Arenson">Karen W. Arenson</a> (20 October 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/20/nyregion/20christies.html">Getting a Master's Looking at the Masters</a> The New York Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.christies.com/faqs-masterclass">"FAQs | Christie's Education London"</a>. education.christies.com. Retrieved 29 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=education.christies.com&rft.atitle=FAQs+%7C+Christie%27s+Education+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.christies.com%2Ffaqs-masterclass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buildingconservation.com/directory/ad157.htm">The Art Loss Register, Ltd.</a>: "The Art Loss Register is the world's largest database of stolen art and antiques dedicated to their recovery. Its shareholders include Christie's, Bonhams, members of the insurance industry and art trade associations. " Retrieved 27 September 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antiquestradegazette.com/news/2010/christie-s-appoint-new-ceo/">"Christie's appoint new CEO"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antiques_Trade_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiques Trade Gazette">Antiques Trade Gazette</a>. 27 September 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiques+Trade+Gazette&rft.atitle=Christie%27s+appoint+new+CEO&rft.date=2010-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquestradegazette.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2Fchristie-s-appoint-new-ceo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/2014/12/02/christies-ceo-resign/">"Christie's CEO Steven Murphy will step down"</a>. Fortune. Retrieved 23 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=Christie%27s+CEO+Steven+Murphy+will+step+down&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2014%2F12%2F02%2Fchristies-ceo-resign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-12-02/christie-s-ceo-murphy-to-step-down-chairwoman-barbizet-promoted">"Christie's Names Barbizet First Woman CEO as Murphy Exits"</a>. Bloomberg. Retrieved 14 May 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogrebin2016" class="citation web cs1">Pogrebin, Robin (14 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/14/arts/design/christies-chief-executive-to-step-down-hand-reins-to-guillaume-cerutti.html">"Christie's Chief Executive to Step Down and Hand Reins to Guillaume Cerutti"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Christie%27s+Chief+Executive+to+Step+Down+and+Hand+Reins+to+Guillaume+Cerutti&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft.aulast=Pogrebin&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F12%2F14%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fchristies-chief-executive-to-step-down-hand-reins-to-guillaume-cerutti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristie%27s" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li>J. Herbert, Inside Christie's, London, 1990 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340430439" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340430439">978-0340430439</a>)</li> <li>P. A. Colson, The Story of Christie's, London, 1950</li> <li>H. C. Marillier, Christie's, 1766–1925, London, 1926</li> <li>M. A. Michael, A Brief History of Christie's Education... , London, 2008 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0955780707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0955780707">978-0955780707</a>)</li> <li>W. Roberts, Memorials of Christie's, 2 vols, London, 1897</li> <li>"Going Once." <a href="/wiki/Phaidon_Press" title="Phaidon Press">Phaidon Press</a>, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7202-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7202-5">978-0-7148-7202-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Christie%27s" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Christie's">Christie's</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christies.com">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christieseducation.com">Christie's Education Graduate Programmes official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christiesrealestate.com">Christie's International Real Estate – Luxury Properties and Estates official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcadja.com/auctions/en/christie_s/auction-house/10157/">Christie's page on Arcadja Art database with several auction catalogs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/7045720/Bill-Brooks.html">Bill Brooks</a> – Daily Telegraph obituary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfass.com/">Christie's Fine Art Storage Services</a> – Official website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404270067">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/152888287">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143640357">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95020474">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2011625323&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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