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data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ပင်မ မီနူး</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ဘေးဘားသို့ရွှေ့ပါ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ဝှက်ရန်</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> အညွှန်း </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC" title="ဗဟိုစာမျက်နှာသို့ သွားရန် [z]" accesskey="z"><span>ဗဟိုစာမျက်နှာ</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="လက်ရှိ အဖြစ်အပျက်များမှ နောက်ခံ အချက်အလက်များကို ရှာရန်"><span>လက်ရှိဖြစ်ရပ်များ</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%9C%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဝီကီမှ လတ်တလော အပြောင်းအလဲများ စာရင်း [r]" accesskey="r"><span>လတ်တလော အပြောင်းအလဲများ</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a 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autocapitalize="sentences" title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယားတွင် ရှာဖွေရန် [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="အထူး:ရှာဖွေရန်"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ရှာဖွေရန်</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="ကိုယ်ပိုင် ကိရိယာများ"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ပုံပန်းသွင်ပြင်"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ပုံပန်းသွင်ပြင်" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ပုံပန်းသွင်ပြင်</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=my" class=""><span>လှူဒါန်းမှု</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA&returnto=%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="အကောင့်တစ်ခုကို ဖန်တီးပြီး ဝင်ရောက်ရန် သင့်အား တိုက်တွန်းပါသည်။ သို့သော် မဖြစ်မနေ မဟုတ်ပါ။" class=""><span>အကောင့် ဖန်တီးရန်</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:UserLogin&returnto=%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="သင့်အား အကောင့်ဝင်ရန် တိုက်တွန်းပါသည်။ သို့သော် မဖြစ်မနေ လုပ်ဆောင်ရန် မဟုတ်ပါ။ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>အကောင့်ဝင်ရန်</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="နောက်ထပ် ရွေးချယ်စရာများ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ကိုယ်ပိုင် ကိရိယာများ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ကိုယ်ပိုင် ကိရိယာများ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="အသုံးပြုသူ မီနူး" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=my"><span>လှူဒါန်းမှု</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA&returnto=%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="အကောင့်တစ်ခုကို ဖန်တီးပြီး ဝင်ရောက်ရန် သင့်အား တိုက်တွန်းပါသည်။ သို့သော် မဖြစ်မနေ မဟုတ်ပါ။"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>အကောင့် ဖန်တီးရန်</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:UserLogin&returnto=%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="သင့်အား အကောင့်ဝင်ရန် တိုက်တွန်းပါသည်။ သို့သော် မဖြစ်မနေ လုပ်ဆောင်ရန် မဟုတ်ပါ။ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>အကောင့်ဝင်ရန်</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ထွက်ပြီးသား တည်းဖြတ်သူများအတွက် စာမျက်နှာများ <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%A1%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AE:%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" aria-label="တည်းဖြတ်ခြင်းအကြောင်း ပိုမိုလေ့လာရန်"><span>ပိုမို လေ့လာရန်</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8F%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဤအိုင်ပီလိပ်စာမှ ပြုလုပ်ထားသော တည်းဖြတ်မှုများ၏ စာရင်း [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ဆောင်ရွက်ချက်များ</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8F%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဤအိုင်ပီလိပ်စာမှ တည်းဖြတ်မှုများအကြောင်း ဆွေးနွေးချက် [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ဆွေးနွေးရန်</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ဆိုဒ်"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="မာတိကာ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">မာတိကာ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ဘေးဘားသို့ရွှေ့ပါ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ဝှက်ရန်</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">အစပိုင်း</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ကိုးကား" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ကိုးကား"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">၁</span> <span>ကိုးကား</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ကိုးကား-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="မာတိကာ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">နိခါတကဗေဒ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in ၁၀၆ languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">၁၀၆ ဘာသာစကားများ ၁၀၆ ခု</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie – အာဖရိကန်" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paleontologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="အာဖရိကန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85)" title="إحاثة (علم) – အာရဗီ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إحاثة (علم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="အာရဗီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="باليونتولوجيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باليونتولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontolox%C3%ADa" title="Paleontoloxía – အက်စ်တိုးရီးယား" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paleontoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="အက်စ်တိုးရီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologiya" title="Paleontologiya – အဇာဘိုင်ဂျန်" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paleontologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="အဇာဘိုင်ဂျန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Палеонтология – ဘက်ရှ်ကာ" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Палеонтология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="ဘက်ရှ်ကာ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Палеанталогія – ဘီလာရုစ်" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палеанталогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ဘီလာရုစ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Палеанталёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палеанталёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Палеонтология – ဘူလ်ဂေးရီးယား" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Палеонтология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ဘူလ်ဂေးရီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="နိခါတကဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နိခါတကဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জীবাশ্মবিজ্ঞান – ဘင်္ဂါလီ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীবাশ্মবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ဘင်္ဂါလီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologiezh" title="Paleontologiezh – ဘရီတွန်" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paleontologiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ဘရီတွန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologija" title="Paleontologija – ဘော့စ်နီးယား" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Paleontologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ဘော့စ်နီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – ကတ်တလန်" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="ကတ်တလန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%AB-s%C4%95ng-%C5%ADk-h%C5%8Fk" title="Gū-sĕng-ŭk-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gū-sĕng-ŭk-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontolog%C3%ACa" title="Paleontologìa – ခိုစီကန်" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Paleontologìa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="ခိုစီကန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie – ချက်" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paleontologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ချက်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Палеонтологи – ချူဗက်ရှ်" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Палеонтологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ချူဗက်ရှ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontoleg" title="Paleontoleg – ဝေလ" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Paleontoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ဝေလ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A6ontologi" title="Palæontologi – ဒိန်းမတ်" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Palæontologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ဒိန်းမတ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A4ontologie" title="Paläontologie – ဂျာမန်" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paläontologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ဂျာမန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Παλαιοντολογία – ဂရိ" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παλαιοντολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ဂရိ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="ဆောင်းပါးကောင်းတံဆိပ်"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology – အင်္ဂလိပ်" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Paleontology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="အင်္ဂလိပ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologio" title="Paleontologio – အက်စ်ပရန်တို" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paleontologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="အက်စ်ပရန်တို" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="ဆောင်းပါးကောင်းတံဆိပ်"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontolog%C3%ADa" title="Paleontología – စပိန်" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paleontología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="စပိန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontoloogia" title="Paleontoloogia – အက်စ်တိုးနီးယား" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paleontoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="အက်စ်တိုးနီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – ဘာစ်ခ်" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ဘာစ်ခ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="دیرین‌شناسی – ပါရှန်" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیرین‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ပါရှန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – ဖင်လန်" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ဖင်လန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A9ontologie" title="Paléontologie – ပြင်သစ်" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paléontologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ပြင်သစ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale%C3%B6ntology" title="Paleöntology – အနောက် ဖရီစီရန်" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Paleöntology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="အနောက် ဖရီစီရန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pail%C3%A9-ointeola%C3%ADocht" title="Pailé-ointeolaíocht – အိုင်းရစ်ရှ်" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pailé-ointeolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="အိုင်းရစ်ရှ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontolox%C3%ADa" title="Paleontoloxía – ဂါလီစီယာ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paleontoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ဂါလီစီယာ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="פלאונטולוגיה – ဟီဘရူး" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלאונטולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ဟီဘရူး" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवाश्मविज्ञान – ဟိန်ဒူ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीवाश्मविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ဟိန်ဒူ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologija" title="Paleontologija – ခရိုအေးရှား" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paleontologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ခရိုအေးရှား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%90sl%C3%A9nytan" title="Őslénytan – ဟန်ဂေရီ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Őslénytan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ဟန်ဂေရီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A7%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հնէաբանություն – အာမေးနီးယား" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնէաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="အာမေးနီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – အင်တာလင်ဂွါ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="အင်တာလင်ဂွါ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi – အင်ဒိုနီးရှား" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paleontologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="အင်ဒိုနီးရှား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Paleontologie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologio" title="Paleontologio – အီဒို" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paleontologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="အီဒို" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steingervingafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Steingervingafræði – အိုက်စ်လန်" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Steingervingafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="အိုက်စ်လန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – အီတလီ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="အီတလီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古生物学 – ဂျပန်" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古生物学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ဂျပန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A9ontologi" title="Paléontologi – ဂျာဗား" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paléontologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ဂျာဗား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პალეონტოლოგია – ဂျော်ဂျီယာ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პალეონტოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ဂျော်ဂျီယာ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Палеонтология – ကာဇာချ" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Палеонтология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="ကာဇာချ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="고생물학 – ကိုရီးယား" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고생물학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ကိုရီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Палеонтология – ကာဂျစ်" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Палеонтология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="ကာဂျစ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeontologia" title="Palaeontologia – လက်တင်" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Palaeontologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="လက်တင်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontolojia" title="Paleontolojia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Paleontolojia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie – လင်ဘာဂစ်ရှ်" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Paleontologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="လင်ဘာဂစ်ရှ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologija" title="Paleontologija – လစ်သူဝေးနီးယား" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paleontologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="လစ်သူဝေးနီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontolo%C4%A3ija" title="Paleontoloģija – လတ်ဗီးယား" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Paleontoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="လတ်ဗီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi – စူကူမီနန်" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Paleontologi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="စူကူမီနန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Палеонтологија – မက်ဆီဒိုးနီးယား" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Палеонтологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="မက်ဆီဒိုးနီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="പാലിയെന്റോളജി – မလေယာလမ်" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാലിയെന്റോളജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="မလေယာလမ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Палеонтологи – မွန်ဂိုလီးယား" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Палеонтологи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="မွန်ဂိုလီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जीवाश्मशास्त्र – မာရသီ" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवाश्मशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="မာရသီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi – မလေး" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paleontologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="မလေး" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A4ontologie" title="Paläontologie – အနိမ့် ဂျာမန်" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Paläontologie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="အနိမ့် ဂျာမန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवाश्म विज्ञान – နီပေါ" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जीवाश्म विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="နီပေါ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie – ဒတ်ခ်ျ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paleontologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ဒတ်ခ်ျ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi – နော်ဝေ နီးနောစ်" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paleontologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="နော်ဝေ နီးနောစ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi – နော်ဝေ ဘွတ်ခ်မော်လ်" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paleontologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="နော်ဝေ ဘွတ်ခ်မော်လ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – အိုစီတန်" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="အိုစီတန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੈਲੀਓਨਟੋਲੋਜੀ – ပန်ချာပီ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਲੀਓਨਟੋਲੋਜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="ပန်ချာပီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – ပိုလန်" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ပိုလန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontolog%C3%ACa" title="Paleontologìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Paleontologìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="پیلیاونٹالوجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیلیاونٹالوجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="لرغونې ژوند پوهنه – ပက်ရှ်တွန်း" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لرغونې ژوند پوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="ပက်ရှ်တွန်း" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia – ပေါ်တူဂီ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paleontologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ပေါ်တူဂီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie – ရိုမေနီယား" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paleontologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ရိုမေနီယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Палеонтология – ရုရှ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Палеонтология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ရုရှ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology – စကော့တ်" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Paleontology" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="စကော့တ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%BD%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="پئلئينٽولاجي – စင်ဒီ" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پئلئينٽولاجي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="စင်ဒီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologija" title="Paleontologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paleontologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පාෂාණීය ධාතු විද්‍යාව – စင်ဟာလာ" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පාෂාණීය ධාතු විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="စင်ဟာလာ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paleontology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontol%C3%B3gia" title="Paleontológia – ဆလိုဗက်" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paleontológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="ဆလိုဗက်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologija" title="Paleontologija – ဆလိုဗေးနီးယား" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paleontologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="ဆလိုဗေးနီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hograadka_Guud" title="Hograadka Guud – ဆိုမာလီ" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hograadka Guud" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="ဆိုမာလီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologjia" title="Paleontologjia – အယ်လ်ဘေးနီးယား" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paleontologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="အယ်လ်ဘေးနီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Палеонтологија – ဆားဘီးယား" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Палеонтологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ဆားဘီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A9ontologi" title="Paléontologi – ဆူဒန်" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Paléontologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="ဆူဒန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi – ဆွီဒင်" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paleontologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ဆွီဒင်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palantolojia" title="Palantolojia – ဆွာဟီလီ" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Palantolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="ဆွာဟီလီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தொல்லுயிரியல் – တမီးလ်" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொல்லுயிரியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="တမီးလ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="บรรพชีวินวิทยา – ထိုင်း" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บรรพชีวินวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ထိုင်း" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontolohiya" title="Paleontolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paleontolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontoloji" title="Paleontoloji – တူရကီ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paleontoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="တူရကီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Палеонтологія – ယူကရိန်း" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Палеонтологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ယူကရိန်း" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="رکازیات – အူရ်ဒူ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رکازیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="အူရ်ဒူ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologiya" title="Paleontologiya – ဥဇဘတ်" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paleontologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ဥဇဘတ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%95_sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Cổ sinh vật học – ဗီယက်နမ်" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cổ sinh vật học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ဗီယက်နမ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6silav" title="Fösilav – ဗိုလာပိုက်" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Fösilav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="ဗိုလာပိုက်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontolohiya" title="Paleontolohiya – ဝါရေး" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Paleontolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ဝါရေး" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古生物学 – ဝူ တရုတ်" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古生物学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ဝူ တရုတ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პალეონტოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პალეონტოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="פאלעאנטאלאגיע – ရဟူဒီ" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאלעאנטאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ရဟူဒီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古生物学 – တရုတ်" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古生物学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="တရုတ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3%CD%98-seng-bu%CC%8Dt-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Kó͘-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kó͘-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="古生物學 – ကွမ်းတုံ" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古生物學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="ကွမ်းတုံ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7205#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="ဘာသာစကားလင့်ခ်များကို တည်းဖြတ်ရန်" class="wbc-editpage">လင့်ခ်များကို တည်းဖြတ်ရန်</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="noprint">ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား မှ</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="my" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA:Geological_time_spiral.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Geological_time_spiral.png/400px-Geological_time_spiral.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Geological_time_spiral.png/600px-Geological_time_spiral.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Geological_time_spiral.png/800px-Geological_time_spiral.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2145" /></a><figcaption>နိခါတကဗေဒသည် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်ရှိ သက်ရှိတို့၏ သမိုင်းကြောင်း တလျှောက်လုံးကို လေ့လာစူးစမ်းသော ပညာဖြစ်သည်။</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA:Joda_paleontologist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Joda_paleontologist.jpg/220px-Joda_paleontologist.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Joda_paleontologist.jpg/330px-Joda_paleontologist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Joda_paleontologist.jpg/440px-Joda_paleontologist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>John Day Fossil Beds National Monument တွင် တွေ့ရသော နိခါတကဗေဒပညာရှင်တစ်ဦး</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA:Europasaurus_Praeparation.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Europasaurus_Praeparation.JPG/220px-Europasaurus_Praeparation.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Europasaurus_Praeparation.JPG/330px-Europasaurus_Praeparation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Europasaurus_Praeparation.JPG/440px-Europasaurus_Praeparation.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Europasaurus holgeri ၏ ကျောက်ဖြစ်ရုပ်ကြွင်း အရိုးစုကို ပြင်ဆင်နေစဉ်</figcaption></figure> <p><b>နိခါတကဗေဒ</b> (Paleontology) ဆိုသည်မှာ သမိုင်းမတင်မီခေတ်က သက်ရှိများကို လေ့လာသော ပညာရပ်ဖြစ်ပြီး သက်ရှိတို့ ဆင့်ကဲပြောင်းလဲလာပုံ၊ ၎င်းတို့အချင်းချင်း နှင့် သဘာဝ ပတ်ဝန်းကျင်နှင့် ပတ်သက်ဆက်စပ်နေပုံ တို့ ပါဝင်သည်။ သမိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ သိပ္ပံပညာ ဖြစ်သဖြင့် စမ်းသပ်မှုများ ပြုလုပ်၍ အကျိုးသက်ရောက်မှုကို သက်သေပြခြင်းမျိုး မဟုတ်ပဲ မည်သို့ ဖြစ်ပျက်ခဲ့သည်ကို ရှင်းပြခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ နိခါတကဗေဒ ဆိုင်ရာ လေ့လာခြင်းကို ဘီစီ ၅ ရာစုကပင် စတင်ခဲ့သည်ဟု မှတ်တမ်းများ တွေ့ရှိရသည်။ ထိုသိပ္ပံပညာသည် ၁၈ ရာစု အတွင်း ဂျော့ရှ် ကူဗီရာ ၏ နှိုင်းရခန္ဓာဗေဒ (comparative anatomy) ပညာ ဆိုင်ရာ ဆောင်ရွက်မှုများကြောင့် ခိုင်မာသော ပညာရပ်တစ်ခု ဖြစ်လာခဲ့ပြီး ၁၉ ရာစု အတွင်းတွင် လျင်မြန်စွာ တိုးတက်လာခဲ့သည်။ ၁၉၉၀ ခုနှစ်များမှ စ၍ <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="တရုတ်နိုင်ငံ">တရုတ်နိုင်ငံ</a>တွင် တွေ့ရှိရသော <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကျောက်ဖြစ်ရုပ်ကြွင်း">ကျောက်ဖြစ်ရုပ်ကြွင်း</a> များမှ အစောပိုင်း သတ္တဝါတို့၏ ဆင့်ကဲဖြစ်ပေါ်ပြောင်းလဲမှု၊ အစောပိုင်း ငါးများ၊ ဒိုင်နိုဆောများ နှင့် ငှက်နှင့် နို့တိုက်သတ္တဝါတို့ ဆင့်ကဲပြောင်းလဲလာခြင်း တို့အတွက် အထောက်အထား အသစ်များ ရရှိခဲ့သည်။ နိခါတကဗေဒသည် <a 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အခြေအနေတို့ကို အသေးစိတ်လေ့လာနိုင်ပြီး ဖြစ်သည်။ </p><p>ရှေးဟောင်းသက်ရှိများကို ခွဲခြားလေ့လာရာ၌ သတ္တဝါများ၏ ဆင့်ကဲဖြစ်စဉ်၊ မျိုးရိုးစဉ်ဆက် ဆင်းသက်လာမှုဖြစ်စဉ်များကို ဖော်ထုတ်ရာတွင် ယခင်ကာလများက အခက်အခဲများရှိခဲ့သော်လည်း ၂၀-ရာစုနှောင်းပိုင်းကာလများ၌ DNA ဖြင့် ခွဲခြားလာနိုင်သောကြောင့် အငြင်းပွားဖွယ်ကိစ္စများကို အနီးစပ်ဆုံး အဖြေပေးနိုင်လာပြီဖြစ်သည်။ ပညာရှင်တစ်ဦးကလည်း နိခါတကဗေဒပညာကို သမိုင်းသိပ္ပံပညာရပ်ဟူ၍လည်း သတ်မှတ်ခဲ့သည်။ သူ၏ အဆိုအရ အတိတ်ကာလ ဖြစ်ပျက်ခဲ့သော အကြောင်းအရာများကို အတည်ပြုသတ်မှတ် ဖော်ထုတ်နိုင်ရန်အတွက်သမိုင်းပညာနှင့် ခေတ်သစ်သိပ္ပံပညာရပ်များကို ပေါင်းစပ်ထားခြင်းဖြစ်သည်ဟု ဆိုသည်။<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>၁<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ကိုးကား"><span id=".E1.80.80.E1.80.AD.E1.80.AF.E1.80.B8.E1.80.80.E1.80.AC.E1.80.B8"></span>ကိုးကား</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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