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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1893 official standardization for metre-based systems of measurement in the USA</div> <p> The <b>Mendenhall Order</b> marked a decision to change the fundamental standards of length and mass of the United States from the customary standards based on those of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial unit">England</a> to <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric standards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendenhall1922_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendenhall1922-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was issued on April 5, 1893, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin_Mendenhall" title="Thomas Corwin Mendenhall">Thomas Corwin Mendenhall</a>, superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a>, with the approval of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Griffin_Carlisle" class="mw-redirect" title="John Griffin Carlisle">John Griffin Carlisle</a>. The order was issued as the Survey's <i>Bulletin No. 26 – Fundamental Standards of Length and Mass</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards_before_the_order">Standards before the order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendenhall_Order&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Standards before the order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1834, the United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Houses of Parliament</a> were destroyed in a <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Parliament" title="Burning of Parliament">fire</a>, and the British standards of length and mass were also destroyed. "When the new imperial standards to replace them were completed in 1855, two copies of the yard and one copy of the <a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois" title="Avoirdupois">avoirdupois</a> pound were presented to the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson19769_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson19769-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were superior to the yard then in use, so one of them<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_bronzeYard_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST_bronzeYard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was adopted as the United States national standard yard. These yards were taken to England and re-compared with the imperial yard in 1876 and 1888. The pound<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_IApound_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST_IApound-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provided by the United Kingdom agreed with the United States mint pound, which remained the national standard according to Barbrow and Judson. Hockert claims the UK pound replaced the mint pound.<sup id="cite_ref-Hockert2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hockert2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These were the fundamental standards for customary length and mass measurements in the United States, but the Office of Weights and Measures had other standards for metric measurements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_recognition_of_the_metric_system">Official recognition of the metric system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendenhall_Order&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Official recognition of the metric system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Metric_Act_of_1866" title="Metric Act of 1866">Metric Act of 1866</a> was passed by Congress and allowed, but did not require, the use of the metric system. Included in the law was a table of conversion factors between the traditional and metric units. The United States Coast Survey (which in 1878 became the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey) Office of Weights and Measures had on hand a number of metric standards, and selected the iron Committee Meter<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_CommMeter_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST_CommMeter-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the platinum Arago Kilogram<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_AragoKilo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST_AragoKilo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be the national standards for metric measurement. The standard yard and pound previously mentioned continued to be the standards for customary measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson197610_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson197610-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A series of conferences in France between 1870 and 1875 led to the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Metre_Convention" title="Metre Convention">Metre Convention</a> and to the permanent establishment of the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a>, abbreviated BIPM after the French name. The BIPM made meter and kilogram standards for all the countries that signed the treaty; the two meters<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_BIPMmeter_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST_BIPMmeter-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two kilograms<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_BIPMkilo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST_BIPMkilo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allocated to the United States arrived in 1890, and were adopted as national standards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson197616_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson197616-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reasons_for_the_change">Reasons for the change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendenhall_Order&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reasons for the change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The imperial standard yard of 1855 was found<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be unstable and shortening by measurable amounts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson197616_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson197616-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the mint pound was found to be "likewise unfit for use". For several years before the Mendenhall order was actually issued, the Office of Weights and Measures was "practically forced" to use the metric standards because of their superior stability, and because they were better designed for carrying out precision comparisons.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_comparator_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST_comparator-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Office found that the conversion tables in the 1866 law were satisfactory and used them to derive customary length and mass from the metric standards. The conversions were 1 yard = <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">3600</span>⁄<span class="den">3937</span></span> meter and 1 pound = <span style="white-space:nowrap">0.453<span style="margin-left:0.25em">592</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">4277</span></span> kilogram. Therefore, the Mendenhall order amounted to a formal announcement of a change that had already occurred in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendenhall1922_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendenhall1922-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another motivation for the order was that later that year, in August 1893, an <a href="/wiki/International_Electrical_Congress#1893_in_Chicago" title="International Electrical Congress">International Electrical Congress</a> would be held in connection with the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Fair in Chicago</a>. Associated with the Congress would be a "Chamber of Delegates", officially organized for the purpose of coming to an international agreement on units of electrical quantities. As Mendenhall wrote, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In view of the probable success of this movement and of the certainty that such definitions would be built upon a metric foundation, it was deemed wise to have definite recognition of these national prototypes [of the meter and the kilogram] as the fundamental standards of reference in all metrological operations in which the United States Government was concerned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendenhall1922379_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendenhall1922379-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refinement_of_the_conversions">Refinement of the conversions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendenhall_Order&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Refinement of the conversions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definitions of 1893 remained unchanged for 66 years, but increasing precision in measurements gradually made the differences in the standards in use in English-speaking countries important. By the <a href="/wiki/International_yard_and_pound" title="International yard and pound">international yard and pound</a> agreement of July 1, 1959, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States agreed that 1 yard = 0.9144 meter and that 1 avoirdupois pound = <span style="white-space:nowrap">0.453<span style="margin-left:0.25em">592</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">37</span></span> kilogram (but see <a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)#US_survey_foot" title="Foot (unit)">U.S. survey foot</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson197620_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson197620-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards_versus_systems">Standards versus systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendenhall_Order&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Standards versus systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mendenhall ordered that the standards used for the most accurate length and mass comparison change from certain yard and pound objects to certain meter and kilogram objects, but did not require anyone outside of the Office of Weights and Measures to change from the customary units to the metric system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendenhall_Order&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric system in the United States">Metric system in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendenhall_Order&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarbrowJudson1976" class="citation book cs1">Barbrow, Louis E.; Judson, Lewis V. (1976) [1963]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-691a9b38e29a85d0925f4db586b60735/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-691a9b38e29a85d0925f4db586b60735.pdf"><i>Weights and measures standards of the United States: A brief history</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NBS Special Publication 447. Washington D.C.: US Department of Commerce - Superintendent of Document.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weights+and+measures+standards+of+the+United+States%3A+A+brief+history&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Commerce+-+Superintendent+of+Document&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Barbrow&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft.au=Judson%2C+Lewis+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGOVPUB-C13-691a9b38e29a85d0925f4db586b60735%2Fpdf%2FGOVPUB-C13-691a9b38e29a85d0925f4db586b60735.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMendenhall+Order" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendenhall1922" class="citation journal cs1">Mendenhall, T.C. (6 October 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1647062">"The United States Fundamental Standards of Length and Mass"</a>. <i>Science</i>. New Series. <b>56</b> (1449): 337–380. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1922Sci....56..377M">1922Sci....56..377M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.56.1449.377">10.1126/science.56.1449.377</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1647062">1647062</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17833047">17833047</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+United+States+Fundamental+Standards+of+Length+and+Mass&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1449&rft.pages=337-380&rft.date=1922-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1647062%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1922Sci....56..377M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17833047&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.56.1449.377&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft.aulast=Mendenhall&rft.aufirst=T.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1647062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMendenhall+Order" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Footnotes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendenhall1922-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendenhall1922_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendenhall1922_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMendenhall1922">Mendenhall 1922</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson19769-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson19769_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarbrowJudson1976">Barbrow & Judson 1976</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIST_bronzeYard-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIST_bronzeYard_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990826141236/http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=17">"Bronze Yard No. 11"</a>. <i>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=17">the original</a> on 26 August 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology+%28NIST%29&rft.atitle=Bronze+Yard+No.+11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.nist.gov%2Fobject.asp%3FObjID%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMendenhall+Order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIST_IApound-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIST_IApound_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991111114344/http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=19">"Imperial Avoirdupois Pound"</a>. <i>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=19">the original</a> on 11 November 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology+%28NIST%29&rft.atitle=Imperial+Avoirdupois+Pound&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.nist.gov%2Fobject.asp%3FObjID%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMendenhall+Order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hockert2015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hockert2015_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hockert, Carol. (21 July 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/document/05-gen-15-annual-finalpdf">Address to the National Conference on Weights and Measures to Commemorate Their 100th Meeting</a>". National Institute of Standards and Technology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIST_CommMeter-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIST_CommMeter_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990826124504/http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=12">"Committee Meter"</a>. <i>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=12">the original</a> on 26 August 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology+%28NIST%29&rft.atitle=Committee+Meter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.nist.gov%2Fobject.asp%3FObjID%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMendenhall+Order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIST_AragoKilo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIST_AragoKilo_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991111114300/http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=20">"Arago Kilogram"</a>. <i>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=20">the original</a> on 11 November 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology+%28NIST%29&rft.atitle=Arago+Kilogram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.nist.gov%2Fobject.asp%3FObjID%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMendenhall+Order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson197610-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson197610_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarbrowJudson1976">Barbrow & Judson 1976</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIST_BIPMmeter-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIST_BIPMmeter_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991111111802/http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=37">"National Prototype Meter No. 27"</a>. <i>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=37">the original</a> on 11 November 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology+%28NIST%29&rft.atitle=National+Prototype+Meter+No.+27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.nist.gov%2Fobject.asp%3FObjID%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMendenhall+Order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIST_BIPMkilo-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIST_BIPMkilo_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991111112604/http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=38">"Prototype Kilogram 20, replica"</a>. <i>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=38">the original</a> on 11 November 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology+%28NIST%29&rft.atitle=Prototype+Kilogram+20%2C+replica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.nist.gov%2Fobject.asp%3FObjID%3D38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMendenhall+Order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson197616-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson197616_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson197616_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarbrowJudson1976">Barbrow & Judson 1976</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIST_comparator-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIST_comparator_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000412110323/http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=54">"Fischer Transverse Invar Beam Comparator"</a>. <i>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=54">the original</a> on 12 April 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology+%28NIST%29&rft.atitle=Fischer+Transverse+Invar+Beam+Comparator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.nist.gov%2Fobject.asp%3FObjID%3D54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMendenhall+Order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendenhall1922379-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendenhall1922379_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMendenhall1922">Mendenhall 1922</a>, p. 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson197620-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbrowJudson197620_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarbrowJudson1976">Barbrow & Judson 1976</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendenhall_Order&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mendenhall, T. C. (1893). "Fundamental Standards of Length and Mass". Reprinted in Barbrow, Louis E. and Judson, Lewis V. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-691a9b38e29a85d0925f4db586b60735/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-691a9b38e29a85d0925f4db586b60735.pdf">"Weights and measures standards of the United States: A brief history (NBS Special Publication 447)."</a> Washington D.C.: Superintendent of Documents. pp. 28–29.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendenhall_Order&oldid=1244563220">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendenhall_Order&oldid=1244563220</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Economic history of the United States">Economic history of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metrication_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Metrication in the United States">Metrication in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1893_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1893 in the United States">1893 in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1893_documents" title="Category:1893 documents">1893 documents</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_shortened_footnotes_from_May_2021" title="Category:Use shortened footnotes from May 2021">Use shortened footnotes from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_June_2020" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from June 2020">Vague or ambiguous time from June 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 September 2024, at 21:05<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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