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Nicolaus I – Vikipeedia
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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sisukord</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">peida</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Paavstiks_saamine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paavstiks_saamine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Paavstiks saamine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paavstiks_saamine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suhted_Frangi_valitsejatega" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suhted_Frangi_valitsejatega"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Suhted Frangi valitsejatega</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suhted_Frangi_valitsejatega-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suhted_Bütsantsiga_ja_Konstantinoopoli_patriarhiga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suhted_Bütsantsiga_ja_Konstantinoopoli_patriarhiga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Suhted Bütsantsiga ja Konstantinoopoli patriarhiga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suhted_Bütsantsiga_ja_Konstantinoopoli_patriarhiga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suhted_gallikaani_piiskoppidega" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suhted_gallikaani_piiskoppidega"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Suhted gallikaani piiskoppidega</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suhted_gallikaani_piiskoppidega-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suhted_Hispaania_piiskoppidega" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suhted_Hispaania_piiskoppidega"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Suhted Hispaania piiskoppidega</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suhted_Hispaania_piiskoppidega-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suhted_Itaalia_piiskoppidega" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suhted_Itaalia_piiskoppidega"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Suhted Itaalia piiskoppidega</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suhted_Itaalia_piiskoppidega-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liturgilised_otsused" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgilised_otsused"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Liturgilised otsused</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgilised_otsused-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kristlik_eetika_ja_moraal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristlik_eetika_ja_moraal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kristlik eetika ja moraal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kristlik_eetika_ja_moraal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuuria_ja_uued_kardinalid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuuria_ja_uued_kardinalid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Kuuria ja uued kardinalid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuuria_ja_uued_kardinalid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misjon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misjon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Misjon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misjon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicolaus_I_kultuuriloos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicolaus_I_kultuuriloos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Nicolaus I kultuuriloos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicolaus_I_kultuuriloos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Surm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinnang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinnang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Hinnang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinnang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kirjandus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kirjandus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Kirjandus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kirjandus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Välislingid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Välislingid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Välislingid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Välislingid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicolaus I</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 69 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pous_Nicolaas_I" title="Pous Nicolaas I – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pous Nicolaas I" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_I._(Papst)" title="Nikolaus I. (Papst) – šveitsisaksa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nikolaus I. (Papst)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="šveitsisaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="نيكولا الأول – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيكولا الأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Nikolaus_I" title="Paus Nikolaus I – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paus Nikolaus I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Nicolaus_I" title="Paus Nicolaus I – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paus Nicolaus I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-h%C3%B4ng_Nicolaus_1-s%C3%A8" title="Kàu-hông Nicolaus 1-sè – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-hông Nicolaus 1-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_I_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Мікалай I (Папа Рымскі) – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мікалай I (Папа Рымскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_I_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Мікалай I (папа рымскі) – valgevene (taraškievitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мікалай I (папа рымскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="valgevene (taraškievitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaz_Ia%C3%B1_(pab)" title="Nikolaz Iañ (pab) – bretooni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nikolaz Iañ (pab)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_I_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0)" title="Николай I (папа) – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Николай I (папа)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Nicolau_I" title="Papa Nicolau I – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Papa Nicolau I" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_I_(papa)" title="Nicolás I (papa) – sebu" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nicolás I (papa)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_I._Velik%C3%BD" title="Mikuláš I. Veliký – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mikuláš I. Veliký" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Nikolaus_1." title="Pave Nikolaus 1. – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pave Nikolaus 1." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_I._(Papst)" title="Nikolaus I. (Papst) – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nikolaus I. (Papst)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84" title="Πάπας Νικόλαος Α΄ – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάπας Νικόλαος Α΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pope Nicholas I" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_I_(papa)" title="Nicolás I (papa) – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nicolás I (papa)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolao_la_1-a_(papo)" title="Nikolao la 1-a (papo) – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nikolao la 1-a (papo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_I.a" title="Nikolas I.a – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nikolas I.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85" title="پاپ نیکلاس یکم – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپ نیکلاس یکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Ier_(pape)" title="Nicolas Ier (pape) – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nicolas Ier (pape)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Niocl%C3%A1s_I" title="Pápa Nioclás I – iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pápa Nioclás I" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolao_I,_papa" title="Nicolao I, papa – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nicolao I, papa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-f%C3%B2ng_Nicolaus_1-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Kau-fòng Nicolaus 1-sṳ – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kau-fòng Nicolaus 1-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9_%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%98%A4_1%EC%84%B8" title="교황 니콜라오 1세 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교황 니콜라오 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_I.,_papa" title="Nikola I., papa – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nikola I., papa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Nicolas_I" title="Papa Nicolas I – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papa Nicolas I" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Niccol%C3%B2_I" title="Papa Niccolò I – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papa Niccolò I" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ניקולאוס הראשון – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקולאוס הראשון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Nikolas_I" title="Paus Nikolas I – jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paus Nikolas I" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96_I_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98)" title="ნიკოლოზ I (პაპი) – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკოლოზ I (პაპი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Nikolasi_I" title="Papa Nikolasi I – suahiili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Papa Nikolasi I" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_I_(papa)" title="Nicolaus I (papa) – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicolaus I (papa)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikalojus_I_Didysis" title="Mikalojus I Didysis – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mikalojus I Didysis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Mikl%C3%B3s_p%C3%A1pa" title="I. Miklós pápa – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Miklós pápa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_I" title="Папа Никола I – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папа Никола I" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="पोप निकोलस पहिला – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोप निकोलस पहिला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="نيكولا الاول – Egiptuse araabia" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيكولا الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egiptuse araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="نیکلاس اول – mazandaraani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیکلاس اول" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandaraani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1u-hu%C3%B2ng_Nicolaus_1-si%C3%A9" title="Gáu-huòng Nicolaus 1-sié – idamini" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáu-huòng Nicolaus 1-sié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="idamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Nicolaas_I" title="Paus Nicolaas I – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paus Nicolaas I" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B91%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87)" title="ニコラウス1世 (ローマ教皇) – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニコラウス1世 (ローマ教皇)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_I" title="Nikolas I – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nikolas I" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_Ier_(papa)" title="Nicolau Ier (papa) – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nicolau Ier (papa)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_I._(Paapst)" title="Nikolaus I. (Paapst) – alamsaksa" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nikolaus I. (Paapst)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="alamsaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_I_Wielki" title="Mikołaj I Wielki – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mikołaj I Wielki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Nicolau_I" title="Papa Nicolau I – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papa Nicolau I" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Nicolae_I" title="Papa Nicolae I – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papa Nicolae I" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_I_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Николай I (папа римский) – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Николай I (папа римский)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikoll%C3%AB_I" title="Nikollë I – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nikollë I" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_I" title="Niccolò I – sitsiilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Niccolò I" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_I._(p%C3%A1pe%C5%BE)" title="Mikuláš I. (pápež) – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mikuláš I. (pápež)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape%C5%BE_Nikolaj_I." title="Papež Nikolaj I. – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papež Nikolaj I." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_I" title="Папа Никола I – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папа Никола I" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_I_(papa)" title="Nikola I (papa) – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nikola I (papa)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_I" title="Nikolaus I – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nikolaus I" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_I" title="Nicolaus I – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nicolaus I" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Nicol%C3%A1s_I" title="Papa Nicolás I – tagalogi" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papa Nicolás I" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ho%C3%A0ng_Nic%C3%B4la_I" title="Giáo hoàng Nicôla I – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hoàng Nicôla I" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Nicolaus" title="I. Nicolaus – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Nicolaus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_I" title="Миколай I – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Миколай I" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="نیکولا اول – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیکولا اول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Nicolas_I" title="Papa Nicolas I – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papa Nicolas I" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%90%84%E8%80%81%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="尼各老一世 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼各老一世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3p%C3%B9_Nicholas_1k" title="Pópù Nicholas 1k – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pópù Nicholas 1k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%B0%BC%E9%96%A3%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="聖尼閣一世 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖尼閣一世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_I" title="Nicolaus I – dõmli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nicolaus I" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dõmli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%90%84%E8%80%81%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="尼各老一世 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼各老一世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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th{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}</style></div><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background: #F7D79C;">Nicolaus I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Pope_Nicholas_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pope_Nicholas_I.jpg/207px-Pope_Nicholas_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pope_Nicholas_I.jpg/310px-Pope_Nicholas_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pope_Nicholas_I.jpg/414px-Pope_Nicholas_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="626" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Valitsemisaja algus</th><td> <a href="/wiki/24._aprill" title="24. aprill">24. aprill</a> <a href="/wiki/858" title="858">858</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Valitsemisaja lõpp</th><td> <a href="/wiki/13._november" title="13. november">13. november</a> <a href="/wiki/867" title="867">867</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Eelkäija</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_III" title="Benedictus III">Benedictus III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Järeltulija</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Hadrianus_II" title="Hadrianus II">Hadrianus II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Sünnikuupäev</th><td> 800–820 ?</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Sünnikoht</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Rooma" title="Rooma">Rooma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Surmakuupäev</th><td> <a href="/wiki/13._november" title="13. november">13. november</a> <a href="/wiki/867" title="867">867</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Surmakoht</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Rooma" title="Rooma">Rooma</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nicolaus I</b> oli <a href="/wiki/Paavst" title="Paavst">paavst</a> aastatel <a href="/wiki/858" title="858">858</a>–<a href="/wiki/867" title="867">867</a>. Ta oli 105. paavst. </p><p>Nicolaus sündis <a href="/wiki/Rooma" title="Rooma">Roomas</a> ajavahemikul <a href="/wiki/800" title="800">800</a>–<a href="/wiki/820" title="820">820</a> ja oli linnaametniku (<i>defensor</i> või <i>regionarius</i>) Theodoruse (Teodoro) poeg. "<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>" järgi sai Nicolaus nooruses tolle aja kohta korraliku hariduse. </p><p>Paavst <a href="/wiki/Sergius_II" title="Sergius II">Sergius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ordinatsioon" title="Ordinatsioon">ordineeris</a> ta <a href="/wiki/Diakon" title="Diakon">alamdiakoniks</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_(paavst)" title="Leo IV (paavst)">Leo IV</a> määras ta umbes <a href="/wiki/853" title="853">853</a>. aastal <a href="/wiki/Kardinal" title="Kardinal">kardinaldiakoniks</a>. Ta osales 853. aastal Rooma <a href="/wiki/Sinod" title="Sinod">sinodil</a>, kus <a href="/wiki/Ekskommunikatsioon" title="Ekskommunikatsioon">ekskommunitseeriti</a> hilisem <a href="/wiki/Vastupaavst" title="Vastupaavst">vastupaavst</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anastasius_Bibliothecarius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anastasius Bibliothecarius (pole veel kirjutatud)">Anastasius Bibliothecarius</a>. </p><p>Nicolaus oli mõjukas vaimulik <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_III" title="Benedictus III">Benedictus III</a> ajal, kelle nõunikuks ta sai. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paavstiks_saamine">Paavstiks saamine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Paavstiks saamine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Paavstiks saamine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicolaus I valiti paavstiks pühapäeval <a href="/wiki/24._aprill" title="24. aprill">24. aprillil</a> 858 ja teda tunnustas Benedictus III surma järel Rooma saabunud <a href="/wiki/Frangi_keiser" title="Frangi keiser">Frangi keiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_(Frangi_keiser)" title="Ludwig II (Frangi keiser)">Ludwig II</a>. </p><p>Rooma <a href="/wiki/Vaimulik" title="Vaimulik">vaimulikud</a> ja kodanikud valisid esmalt paavstiks San Marco kardinalpreestri <a href="/wiki/Hadrianus_II" title="Hadrianus II">Hadrianuse</a>, kes loobus sellest ametist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suhted_Frangi_valitsejatega">Suhted Frangi valitsejatega</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Suhted Frangi valitsejatega"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Suhted Frangi valitsejatega" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicolaus I korraldas <a href="/wiki/26._aprill" title="26. aprill">26. aprillil</a> või <a href="/wiki/27._aprill" title="27. aprill">27. aprillil</a> 858 Roomas viibinud keiser Ludwig II auks uhke pidusöögi. Paavst külastas hiljem Rooma lähistel laagris asunud keisrit, kes tuli talle isiklikult vastu ja talutas tema hobust. </p><p>Kui Lotringi kuningas <a href="/wiki/Lothar_II_(Lotring)" title="Lothar II (Lotring)">Lothar II</a> otsustas end <a href="/wiki/862" title="862">862</a>. aastal lahutada, kaebas kuninganna Teutberga paavstile. <a href="/wiki/28._aprill" title="28. aprill">28. aprillil</a> või <a href="/wiki/29._aprill" title="29. aprill">29. aprillil</a> 862 toimunud Aacheni sinodil kinnitasid kohalikud vaimulikud nende lahutuse ja tunnustasid <a href="/wiki/Juuni" title="Juuni">juunis</a> <a href="/wiki/863" title="863">863</a> toimunud Metzi sinodil Lothar II otsust abielluda oma armukese Waldradaga. Sinodil viibinud paavsti <a href="/wiki/Legaat" title="Legaat">legaadid</a> kiitsid <a href="/wiki/Altk%C3%A4emaks" title="Altkäemaks">altkäemaksu</a> saamisel kuninga uue abielu heaks. </p><p>Kölni peapiiskop Günther ja Trieri peapiiskop Thietgaud otsustasid Metzi sinodi otsused viia Rooma paavstile tutvumiseks, kuid Nicolaus I <a href="/wiki/Ekskommunikatsioon" title="Ekskommunikatsioon">ekskommunitseeris</a> <a href="/wiki/Oktoober" title="Oktoober">oktoobris</a> 863 toimunud Lateraani sinodil mõlemad vaimulikud ja tagandas nad ametist süüdistatuna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bigaamia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bigaamia (pole veel kirjutatud)">bigaamia</a> soosimises. </p><p>Keiser Ludwig II ähvardas vaimulike ekskommunitseerimise järel Roomat rünnata, sundides paavsti ilma toiduta kaheks päevaks <a href="/wiki/Rooma_Peetri_kirik" title="Rooma Peetri kirik">Rooma Peetri kirikusse</a> varjule põgenema, kuid keiser otsustas siiski paavsti nõudmistele järele anda ja Lothar II pidi Teutberga oma kotta tagasi võtma. </p><p>Nicolaus I käskis <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_Paljaspea" title="Charles II Paljaspea">Charles II Paljaspea</a> valduste piiskoppe ekskommunitseerida Arles’i krahvi Boso abikaasa Engiltrude, kes oli mehe juurest armukesega minema jooksnud. 860. aastal peetud Milano sinodil Engiltrude ekskommunitseeriti. </p><p>Nicolaus I toetas 863. aastal Charles II Paljaspea tütart Judithit, kes oli abiellunud <a href="/wiki/Flandria_krahv" title="Flandria krahv">Flandria krahvi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldwin_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baldwin I (pole veel kirjutatud)">Baldwin I</a>-ga ilma isa nõusolekuta, mistõttu Frangi <a href="/wiki/Piiskop" title="Piiskop">piiskopid</a> olid ta ekskommunitseerinud. Nicolaus I selgitas aga abielu puutumatust ja kutsus Charles II-st Baldwiniga ära leppima. </p><p>Bretagne’i hertsog Salomon suhtles paavstiga vaimulike määramise asjus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suhted_Bütsantsiga_ja_Konstantinoopoli_patriarhiga"><span id="Suhted_B.C3.BCtsantsiga_ja_Konstantinoopoli_patriarhiga"></span>Suhted Bütsantsiga ja Konstantinoopoli patriarhiga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Suhted Bütsantsiga ja Konstantinoopoli patriarhiga"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Suhted Bütsantsiga ja Konstantinoopoli patriarhiga" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCtsantsi_keiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Bütsantsi keiser">Bütsantsi keiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a> tagandas 858. aastal <a href="/wiki/Konstantinoopoli_patriarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinoopoli patriarh">Konstantinoopoli patriarhi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignatios_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignatios I (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ignatios I</a>, kuid Nicolaus I taunis keisri otsust ega tunnustanud seda. Uus patriarh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photios I (pole veel kirjutatud)">Photios I</a> saatis koos keisriga paavstile kirja, et saada temalt tunnustust. </p><p>Paavst saatis seepeale <a href="/wiki/Konstantinoopol" title="Konstantinoopol">Konstantinoopolisse</a> oma legaadid, Porto piiskopi Rodoaldi ja Anagni piiskopi Zachariase. <a href="/wiki/Mai" title="Mai">Mais</a> <a href="/wiki/861" title="861">861</a> toimunud kirikukogul tunnustasid Bütsantsi vaimulikud Photiost legitiimse patriarhina, paavsti legaatidele anti nende poolehoiu saamiseks altkäemaksu. </p><p>Konstantinoopolist naasnud saadikud kutsusid paavsti Photiost toetama, kuid paavst keeldus seda tegemast. Ignatios I saatis Rooma oma esindaja arhimandriit Theognostose, mille järel kirjutas paavst Photiosele, et Ignatios on seaduslik patriarh. Paavst kutsus <a href="/wiki/8._mai" title="8. mai">8. mail</a> 862 kõiki Idamaade patriarhe Photiost mitte tunnustama. Augustis 863 peetud sinodil tagandas ja ekskommunitseeris paavst patriarh Photiose ning mõlemad legaadid. </p><p>Keiser saatis paavstile Photiose poolt dikteeritud kirja, milles ta selgitas, et paavst ei suuda Ignatiost aidata, kuid paavst õigustas <a href="/wiki/28._september" title="28. september">28. septembril</a> <a href="/wiki/865" title="865">865</a> oma otsust. </p><p>Paavsti ja Konstantinoopoli patriarhi vahel puhkes vaidlus Illüüria vikariaadi pärast, mis traditsiooni järgi allus Rooma jurisdiktsioonile. Rooma kirik laiendas oma jurisdiktsiooni ka Konstantinoopolile kuulunud Lõuna-Itaalia ja <a href="/wiki/Sitsiilia" title="Sitsiilia">Sitsiilia</a> üle. </p><p>Konstantinoopoli patriarhi ärritas aga paavsti otsus alustada misjonitegevust <a href="/wiki/Bulgaaria" title="Bulgaaria">Bulgaarias</a>. Nicolaus I saatis <a href="/wiki/866" title="866">866</a>. aastal Bulgaariasse kuningas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris I (pole veel kirjutatud)">Boris I</a> palvel Porto piiskopi <a href="/wiki/Formosus" title="Formosus">Formosuse</a>. Paavst saatis samal aastal Konstantinoopolisse delegatsiooni, mida juhtis Ostia piiskop Donatus. Photios pidas <a href="/wiki/August" title="August">augustist</a> <a href="/wiki/September" title="September">septembrini</a> 867 kirikukogu, kus Nicolaus I ekskommunitseeriti, kuid kirikukogu otsus jõudis Rooma alles pärast paavsti surma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suhted_gallikaani_piiskoppidega">Suhted gallikaani piiskoppidega</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Suhted gallikaani piiskoppidega"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Suhted gallikaani piiskoppidega" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicolaus I nõudis Reimsi peapiiskopilt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hincmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hincmar (pole veel kirjutatud)">Hincmarilt</a> tagandatud piiskoppide juhtumite ülevaatamist, kuna vaimulikud apelleerisid Rooma. </p><p>Nicolaus I käskis vaadata üle 861. või 862. aastal tagandatud Soissons’i piiskopi Rothadi juhtumi, kes ennistati <a href="/wiki/865" title="865">865</a>. aastal ametisse tagasi. </p><p><a href="/wiki/866" title="866">866</a>. aastal puhkes vaidlus Wulfadi määramise üle Bourges’i peapiiskopiks. </p><p>Paavst kinnitas 863. aastal Benedictus III otsuse Soissons’i kirikukogu otsuste tunnustamise osas, ehkki Leo IV oli need hukka mõistnud. Kirikukogu leidis, et paavsti loata ametisse tagasi ennistatud Reimsi peapiiskopi Ebbo ordinatsioonid olid õigustatud. </p><p>Paavst süüdistas Beauvais’ piiskoppi Odot Konstantinoopoli patriarhi Photiose toetamises, keda paavst ei tunnustanud. </p><p>Ta kinnitas <a href="/wiki/Corbie_klooster" title="Corbie klooster">Corbie kloostri</a> privileegid ja tunnustas 867. aastal Vézelay kloostri asutamist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suhted_Hispaania_piiskoppidega">Suhted Hispaania piiskoppidega</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Suhted Hispaania piiskoppidega"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Suhted Hispaania piiskoppidega" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Viikingid" title="Viikingid">Viikingite</a> hävitatud Iria Flavia linnas tegutsenud piiskopkonna <a href="/wiki/Kapiitel" title="Kapiitel">kapiitel</a> palus paavstilt umbes aastal 860, et piiskopkonna keskus viidaks üle <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compostella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compostella (pole veel kirjutatud)">Compostellasse</a>. Paavst soovis, et piiskopkonna keskuse funktsioonid jaotatakse Iria ja Compostella vahel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suhted_Itaalia_piiskoppidega">Suhted Itaalia piiskoppidega</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Suhted Itaalia piiskoppidega"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Suhted Itaalia piiskoppidega" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicolaus I pani <a href="/wiki/24._veebruar" title="24. veebruar">24. veebruaril</a> 861 kirikuvande alla ja tagandas ametist <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> peapiiskopi Johannes X, kes keeldus paavstile kuuletumast, nõudis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sufragaanpiiskop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sufragaanpiiskop (pole veel kirjutatud)">sufragaanpiiskoppidelt</a> raha, vangistas <a href="/wiki/Preester" title="Preester">preestreid</a>, võltsis <a href="/wiki/Dokument" title="Dokument">dokumente</a> oma nõuete õigustamiseks ning kohtles paavsti legaate ebaväärikalt. </p><p>Johannes siirdus <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Paviasse</a> ja kaebas paavsti otsuse üle keisrile, kes andis talle kaasa saadikud ja saatis Rooma. Nicolaus I nõudis vaimuliku juhtumi arutamist sinodil, kuid Johannes põgenes Roomast. Paavst siirdus seepeale Ravennasse juhtumit uurima, keiser soovitas Johannesel andestust paluda ja <a href="/wiki/18._november" title="18. november">18. novembril</a> 861 ennistati ta ametisse tagasi. </p><p>Kuna Johannes suhtles aktiivselt ekskommunitseeritud Kölni peapiiskopi Güntheriga ja Trieri peapiiskopi Thietgaudiga, ekskommunitseeriti ta <a href="/wiki/Oktoober" title="Oktoober">oktoobris</a> 863 koos Bergamo piiskopi Haganoga uuesti ning pidi taas andestust paluma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liturgilised_otsused">Liturgilised otsused</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Liturgilised otsused"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Liturgilised otsused" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicolaus I vähendas <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">advendiaja</a> seniselt 40 päevalt nelja nädalani. </p><p>Ta leidis, et <a href="/wiki/Kolmainsus" title="Kolmainsus">Kolmainsuse</a> (Isa ja Poja ja Püha Vaimu) nimel tehtud <a href="/wiki/Ristimine" title="Ristimine">ristimine</a> on kehtiv, isegi kui selle viib läbi juut või pagan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taasristimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taasristimine (pole veel kirjutatud)">taasristimine</a> pole aga õigustatud. </p><p>Ta kutsus <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B5ulud" title="Jõulud">jõuluööl</a> ja taevaminemise püha eelsel ööl usklikke paastuma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kristlik_eetika_ja_moraal">Kristlik eetika ja moraal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Kristlik eetika ja moraal"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&action=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Kristlik eetika ja moraal" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicolaus I keelas 866. aastal <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B5id" title="Nõid">nõidade</a> ülekuulamisel piinamise kasutamise. </p><p>Ta taunis <a href="/wiki/Duell" title="Duell">duelli</a>, mida pidas <a href="/wiki/Jumal" title="Jumal">Jumala</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Kirik_(institutsioon)" title="Kirik (institutsioon)">kiriku</a> seaduste rikkumiseks. </p><p>Ta korraldas 860. aasta oktoobris ja detsembris Roomat tabanud üleujutuste ajal elanike abistamist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kuuria_ja_uued_kardinalid">Kuuria ja uued kardinalid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Kuuria ja uued kardinalid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&action=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Kuuria ja uued kardinalid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicolaus I ajast on teada 9 uut kardinali, sealhulgas ka hilisemad paavstid <a href="/wiki/Formosus" title="Formosus">Formosus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanus_(paavst)" title="Romanus (paavst)">Romanus</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Johannes_VIII_(paavst)" title="Johannes VIII (paavst)">Johannes VIII</a>. Ta ordineeris 65 piiskoppi, 7 preestrit ja 4 <a href="/wiki/Diakon" title="Diakon">diakonit</a>. Ta saatis 861. aastal <a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">palliumi</a> Vienne’i piiskopile Adole ja <a href="/wiki/Detsember" title="Detsember">detsembris</a> 865 Bremeni peapiiskopile Rambertile. </p><p>861. aastal peetud Rooma sinodil mõisteti hukka igaüks, kes eitab, et paavsti valimine kuulub preestrite, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Priimas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priimas (pole veel kirjutatud)">priimaste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aadlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Aadlik">aadlike</a> ja kogu Rooma kiriku vaimulike pädevusse. </p><p>Tema ajal oli <a href="/wiki/Kuuria" title="Kuuria">kuurias</a> üheks mõjukamaks vaimulikuks endine <a href="/wiki/Vastupaavst" title="Vastupaavst">vastupaavst</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anastasius_Bibliothecarius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anastasius Bibliothecarius (pole veel kirjutatud)">Anastasius Bibliothecarius</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primicerius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primicerius (pole veel kirjutatud)">primiceriuse</a> ametit pidas vaimulik Leo. </p> <ol><li>Formosus</li> <li>Gaudericus (Gauderico)</li> <li>Johannes</li> <li>Leo (Leone)</li> <li>Leo (Leone)</li> <li>Leo (Leone)</li> <li>Leo (Leone)</li> <li>Paulus</li> <li>Romanus</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Misjon">Misjon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Misjon"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&action=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Misjon" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicolaus I alustas 865. aasta paiku katoliku kiriku <a href="/wiki/Misjon" title="Misjon">misjonit</a> Bulgaarias, kuhu ta saatis Porto piiskopi ja tulevase paavsti Formosuse. </p><p>Paavst kutsus Rooma ka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrillos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrillos (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kyrillose</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methodios (pole veel kirjutatud)">Methodiose</a>, kuid suri enne nende saabumist. </p><p>Ta kinnitas <a href="/wiki/31._mai" title="31. mai">31. mail</a> <a href="/wiki/864" title="864">864</a> <a href="/wiki/Ansgar" title="Ansgar">Ansgari</a> Bremeni peapiiskopiks ja ühendas Bremeni ja Hamburgi peapiiskopkonnad. Ta määras Ansgari ja tema järeltulijad Bremeni peapiiskopi kohal paavstlikeks legaatideks <a href="/wiki/Taanlased" title="Taanlased">taanlaste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rootslased" title="Rootslased">rootslaste</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Slaavlased" title="Slaavlased">slaavlaste</a> misjoni läbiviimisel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nicolaus_I_kultuuriloos">Nicolaus I kultuuriloos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Muuda alaosa "Nicolaus I kultuuriloos"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&action=edit&section=11" title="Muuda alaosa "Nicolaus I kultuuriloos" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicolaus I oli teadaolevalt esimene paavst, kes toetus oma põhimõtete õigustamiseks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudo-Isidorus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudo-Isidorus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Pseudo-Isidoruse</a> dekreetidele, seda seoses Soissons’i tagandatud piiskopi Rothadi juhtumiga. </p><p>Tema ajal renoveeriti Roomas Santa Maria in Cosmedini ja Santa Maria Nuova kirikud. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surm">Surm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Muuda alaosa "Surm"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&action=edit&section=12" title="Muuda alaosa "Surm" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicolaus I suri <a href="/wiki/13._november" title="13. november">13. novembril</a> 867 stressist põhjustatud terviserikkesse ja maeti <a href="/wiki/Rooma_Peetri_kirik" title="Rooma Peetri kirik">Rooma Peetri kirikusse</a>. Teda austatakse <a href="/wiki/Katoliku_kirik" title="Katoliku kirik">katoliku kirikus</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BChak" title="Pühak">pühakuna</a> ja tema mälestuspäev on 13. november. Juba 868. aastal arutati Troyes’ kirikukogul tema nime lisamist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Missakaanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Missakaanon (pole veel kirjutatud)">missakaanonisse</a>. <a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>. aastal paigutati tema nimi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooma_m%C3%A4rt%C3%BCroloogia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rooma märtüroloogia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Rooma märtüroloogiasse</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinnang">Hinnang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Muuda alaosa "Hinnang"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&action=edit&section=13" title="Muuda alaosa "Hinnang" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kirikuloolane <a href="/wiki/John_Norman_Davidson_Kelly" title="John Norman Davidson Kelly">J. N. D. Kelly</a> kirjeldab, et "Nicolaus I jaoks oli paavst <a href="/wiki/Jumal" title="Jumal">Jumala</a> esindaja maa peal, kellel oli autoriteet kogu <a href="/wiki/Kirik_(institutsioon)" title="Kirik (institutsioon)">kiriku</a> üle, <a href="/wiki/Sinod" title="Sinod">sinodite</a> eesmärgiks oli paavsti otsused ellu viia, kirikul oli õigus mõjutada riiki ja selle järele vaadata, samuti tuli ilmaliku vürsti sekkumine kiriku asjadesse hukka mõista." </p><p>Paavsti legaat Arsenius nimetas teda "summus pontifex et universalis papa." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kirjandus">Kirjandus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&action=edit&section=14" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Bakita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Bakita (pole veel kirjutatud)">John Bakita</a>: <i>Nicholas I (858–867): An analysis of his interpretation of papal primacy</i>. Ann Arbor, 1979.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Joseph_Belletzkie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Joseph Belletzkie (pole veel kirjutatud)">Robert Joseph Belletzkie</a>: <i>Pope Nicholas I and John of Ravenna. The Struggle for Ecclesiastical Rights in the Ninth Century</i>. "Church History", 49, 1980: 262–272.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl-Ulrich_Betz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl-Ulrich Betz (pole veel kirjutatud)">Karl-Ulrich Betz</a>: <i>Hinkmar von Reims, Nikolaus I., Pseudo-Isidor</i>. Bonn, 1964.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Carol_Bishop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Carol Bishop (pole veel kirjutatud)">Jane Carol Bishop</a>: <i>Pope Nicholas I and the First Age of Papal Independance</i>. Ann Arbor-London, 1981.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Blanke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich Blanke (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ulrich Blanke</a>: <i>Studien zur Geschichte des Papsttums im letzten Drittel des 9. Jahrhunderts. Geistige und politische Anschauungen der Nachfolger Nikolaus I</i>. Münster, 1955.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yves_Congar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yves Congar (pole veel kirjutatud)">Yves Congar</a>: <i>Nicolas Ier: ses positions ecclésiologiques</i>. "Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia" 21, 1967: 393–410.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Conrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Conrad (pole veel kirjutatud)">Max Conrad</a>: <i>Römisches Recht bei Papst Nicolaus I</i>. "Neues Archiv" 36, 1911: 719–722.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_T._Dennis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George T. Dennis (pole veel kirjutatud)">George T. Dennis</a>: <i>The "anti-Greek" Character of the Responsa of Nicholas I</i>. "Orientalia Christiana Periodica" 24, 1958: 165–174.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Duj%C4%8Dev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Dujčev (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ivan Dujčev</a>: <i>Die Responsa Nicolai I. papae ad Consulta Bulgarorum als Quelle für die bulgarische Geschichte</i>. I. Dujčev, Medioevo bizantino-slavo, I. Roma, 1965: 125–148.</li> <li>Ivan Dujčev: <i>I "Responsa" di papa Nicolò I ai Bulgari neoconvertiti</i>. "Aevum" 42, 1968: 403–428.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Dvornik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Dvornik (pole veel kirjutatud)">Francis Dvornik</a>: <i>Photius, Nicholas I and Hadrian II</i>. "Byzantinoslavica" 34, 1973: 33–50.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenio_Frugoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenio Frugoni (pole veel kirjutatud)">Arsenio Frugoni</a>: <i>La Chiesa di Niccolò I. Niccolò I e il potere temporale</i>. "Humanitas" 4, 1949: 495–501, 603–609.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Fuhrmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horst Fuhrmann (pole veel kirjutatud)">Horst Fuhrmann</a>: <i>Papst Nikolaus I. und die Absetzung des Erzbischofs Johannes von Ravenna</i>. "Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte", Kanonistische Abteilung 44, 1958: 353–358.</li> <li>W. Georgi: <i>Erzbischof Gunthar von Köln und die Konflikte um das Reich König Lothars II. Überlegungen zum politischen und rechtlichen Kontext der Absetzung durch Papst Nikolaus I. im Jahre</i>. "Jahrbuch des Kölnischen Geschichtsvereins" 66, 1995: 1–33.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Goffart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Goffart (pole veel kirjutatud)">Walter Goffart</a>: <i>The Privilege of Nicholas I for St. Calais: a New Theory</i>. "Revue Bénédictine" 71, 1961: 287–337.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Greinacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Greinacher (pole veel kirjutatud)">Anton Greinacher</a>: <i>Die Anschauungen des Papstes Nikolaus I. über das Verhältnis von Staat und Kirche</i>. Berlin, Leipzig, 1909.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Haller" title="Johannes Haller">Johannes Haller</a>: <i>Nikolaus I. und Pseudo-Isidor</i>. Leipzig, 1936.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Heiser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lothar Heiser (pole veel kirjutatud)">Lothar Heiser</a>: <i>Die Responsa ad consulta Bulgarorum des Papstes Nikolaus I</i>. Trier, 1979.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Herbers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Herbers (pole veel kirjutatud)">Klaus Herbers</a>: <i>Der Konflikt Papst Nikolaus' I. mit Erzbischof Johannes VII. von Ravenna (861)</i>. P. Heinig, "Diplomatische und chronologische Studien aus der Arbeit an den Regesta Imperii". Köln, 1991: 51–66.</li> <li>Klaus Herbers: <i>Papst Nikolaus I. und Patriarch Photios. Das Bild des byzantinischen Gegners in lateinischen Quellen</i>. O. Engels, "Die Begegnung des Westens mit dem Osten". Sigmaringen, 1993: 51–74.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_A._Holmes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul A. Holmes (pole veel kirjutatud)">Paul A. Holmes</a>: <i>Nicholas I's "Reply to the Bulgarians" Revisited</i>. "Ecclesia Orans" 7, 1990: 131–143.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Norman_Davidson_Kelly" title="John Norman Davidson Kelly">J. N. D. Kelly</a>: <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Popes</i>. 1996.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angeliki_Laiou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angeliki Laiou (pole veel kirjutatud)">Angeliki Laiou</a>: <i>"Consensus facit nuptias – Et non": Pope Nicholas I's Responsa to the Bulgarians as a Source for Byzantine Marriage Customs</i>. "Rechtshistorisches Journal" 4, 1985: 189–201.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_A._Norwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick A. Norwood (pole veel kirjutatud)">Frederick A. Norwood</a>: <i>The Political Pretensions of Pope Nicholas I</i>. "Church History" 15, 1946: 271–285.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Perels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Perels (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ernst Perels</a>: <i>Ein Berufungsschreiben Papst Nikolaus' I. zur fränkischen Reichssynode in Rom</i>. "Neues Archiv" 32, 1907: 133–149.</li> <li>Ernst Perels: <i>Die Briefe Papst Nikolaus' I</i>. "Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde" (NA) 37, 1912: 535–586; NA 39, 1914: 43–153.</li> <li>Ernst Perels: <i>Papst Nikolaus I. und Anastasius Bibliothecarius.</i> Berlin 1920.</li> <li>Ernst Perels: <i>Papst Nikolaus I. im Streit zwischen Le Mans und St. Calais</i>. A. Brackmann, "Papsttum und Kaisertum. Forschungen für Paul Kehr". München, 1926: 146–162.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pirenne" title="Henri Pirenne">Henri Pirenne</a>: <i>La bulle fausse de Nicolas Ier pour le monastère de Saint-Pierre à Gand</i>. "Bulletin de la Commission Royale" 71, 1902: 156–172.</li> <li>Henri Quentin: <i>Lettre de Nicolas Ier pour le concile de Soissons et formules ecclésiastiques de la province de Tours dans un manuscrit de Nicolas Le Fèvre</i>. "Le Moyen Âge" 17, 1904: 97–114.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Richterich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Richterich (pole veel kirjutatud)">Johannes Richterich</a>: <i>Papst Nikolaus I</i>. Bern, 1903.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Roy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Roy (pole veel kirjutatud)">Jules Roy</a>: <i>Principes du pape Nicolas Ier sur les rapports des deux puissances</i>. "Études d'histoire du Moyen Âge dédiées à Gabriel Monod". 1896: 95–105.</li> <li>Jules Roy: <i>Saint Nicolas Ier</i>. Paris, 1899.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathias_Schmoeckel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathias Schmoeckel (pole veel kirjutatud)">Mathias Schmoeckel</a>: <i>Nicolaus I. und das Beweisrecht im 9. Jahrhundert</i>. R. Helmholz, "Grundlagen des Rechts. Festschrift für Peter Landau". Paderborn, 2000: 53–76.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fedor_Schneider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fedor Schneider (pole veel kirjutatud)">Fedor Schneider</a>: <i>Ein interpolierter Brief Papst Nikolaus' I. und der Primat von Bourges</i>. "Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde" 32, 1907: 476–492.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schr%C3%B6rs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Schrörs (pole veel kirjutatud)">Heinrich Schrörs</a>: <i>Papst Nikolaus I und Pseudo-Isidor</i>. "Historisches Jahrbuch" (HJ) 25, 1904: 1–33; HJ 26, 1905: 711–713.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Somerville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Somerville (pole veel kirjutatud)">Robert Somerville</a>: <i>Pope Nicholas I and John Scottus Eriugena: JE 2833</i>. "Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte", Kanonistische Abteilung 114, 1997: 67–85.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Voigt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Voigt (pole veel kirjutatud)">Karl Voigt</a>: <i>Zu den Privilegien Benedikts III. und Nikolaus' I. für Corbie</i>. "Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung" 35, 1914: 142–147.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Välislingid"><span id="V.C3.A4lislingid"></span>Välislingid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_I&action=edit&section=15" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11054a.htm">Artikkel Nicolaus I kohta.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios853.htm#Niccolo">Artikkel Nicolaus I kohta.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-ix.htm">9. sajandi konsistooriumid.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_0858-0867-_Nicholaus_I,_Magnus,_Sanctus.html">Nicolaus I dokumendid.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07647a.htm">Artikkel patriarh Ignatios I-st.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12043b.htm">Artikkel patriarh Photiosest.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07356b.htm">Artikkel Reimsi peapiiskopist Hincmarist.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11276b.htm">Artikkel duellist.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07088a.htm">Artikkel Kölni peapiiskopist Güntherist.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04592a.htm">Artikkel Kyrillosest ja Methodiosest.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12771b.htm">Artikkel Rennes’i peapiiskopkonnast.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06394b.htm">Artikkel Gaudete pühapäevast.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02377c.htm">Artikkel Beauvais’ piiskopkonnast.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01145b.htm">Artikkel Vienne’i piiskopist Adost.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05647a.htm">Artikkel paastust.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04187b.htm">Artikkel Compostellast.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13057a.htm">Artikkel Rimbertist.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07121b.htm">Artikkel Hamburgist.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02258b.htm">Artikkel ristimisest.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13716a.htm">Artikkel Sensi piiskopkonnast.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm">Artikkel nõidadest.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12260a.htm">Artikkel paavstiametist.</a> <i>(inglise keeles)</i></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 0.5em auto; clear: both; font-size:95%; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="30%">Eelnev<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Benedictus_III" title="Benedictus III">Benedictus III</a></b> </td> <td width="40%"><b><a href="/wiki/Rooma_paavst" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooma paavst">Rooma paavst</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/858" title="858">858</a>–<a href="/wiki/867" title="867">867</a> </td> <td width="30%">Järgnev<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Hadrianus_II" title="Hadrianus II">Hadrianus II</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox mw-collapsible autocollapse"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5502657">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:2px;background-color:#fdfdfd;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{font-weight:bold;background-color:#ccccff}.mw-parser-output .mw-collapsed .navbox-titleimage{display:none}.mw-parser-output .navbox-titleimage{margin:0;padding:2px;float:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-content .hlist{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox a{white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="navbox-titleimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/113px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></div> <div class="navbox-title" style="background:background-color: gold; color:inherit"><div style="margin:0 4em;">Roomakatoliku kiriku <a href="/wiki/Paavst" title="Paavst">paavstid</a></div></div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <p><b>1.–4. sajand:</b> <a href="/wiki/Peetrus" title="Peetrus">Peetrus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Linus" title="Linus">Linus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Anacletus_I" title="Anacletus I">Anacletus I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clemens_I" title="Clemens I">Clemens I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Evaristus" title="Evaristus">Evaristus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_I_(paavst)" title="Aleksander I (paavst)">Aleksander I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_I" title="Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Telesphorus" title="Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Hyginus" title="Hyginus">Hyginus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pius_I" title="Pius I">Pius I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Anicetus" title="Anicetus">Anicetus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Soter" title="Soter">Soter</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Eleutherus" title="Eleutherus">Eleutherus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Victor_I" title="Victor I">Victor I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Zephyrinus" title="Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Calixtus_I" title="Calixtus I">Calixtus I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Urbanus_I" title="Urbanus I">Urbanus I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pontianus" title="Pontianus">Pontianus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Anterus" title="Anterus">Anterus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Fabianus" title="Fabianus">Fabianus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Cornelius" title="Cornelius">Cornelius</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Lucius_I" title="Lucius I">Lucius I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_I" title="Stephanus I">Stephanus I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_II" title="Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_(paavst)" title="Dionysius (paavst)">Dionysius</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Felix_I" title="Felix I">Felix I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Eutychianus" title="Eutychianus">Eutychianus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Caius" title="Caius">Caius</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Marcellinus" title="Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_I" title="Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_(paavst)" title="Eusebius (paavst)">Eusebius</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Miltiades_(paavst)" title="Miltiades (paavst)">Miltiades</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Silvester_I" title="Silvester I">Silvester I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Marcus_(paavst)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus (paavst)">Marcus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Julius_I" title="Julius I">Julius I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Liberius" title="Liberius">Liberius</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Damasus_I" title="Damasus I">Damasus I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Siricius" title="Siricius">Siricius</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_(paavst)" title="Anastasius I (paavst)">Anastasius I</a> </p><p><b>5.–8. sajand:</b> <a href="/wiki/Innocentius_I" title="Innocentius I">Innocentius I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Zosimus" title="Zosimus">Zosimus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Bonifatius_I" title="Bonifatius I">Bonifatius I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Coelestinus_I" title="Coelestinus I">Coelestinus I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_III" title="Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(paavst)" title="Leo I (paavst)">Leo I</a> Suur <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Hilarius" title="Hilarius">Hilarius</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Simplicius" title="Simplicius">Simplicius</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Felix_III" title="Felix III">Felix III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gelasius_I" title="Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II" title="Anastasius II">Anastasius II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Symmachus" title="Symmachus">Symmachus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Hormisdas" title="Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_I_(paavst)" title="Johannes I (paavst)">Johannes I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Felix_IV" title="Felix IV">Felix IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Bonifatius_II" title="Bonifatius II">Bonifatius II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_II_(paavst)" title="Johannes II (paavst)">Johannes II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Agapetus_I" title="Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Silverius" title="Silverius">Silverius</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Vigilius" title="Vigilius">Vigilius</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pelagius_I" title="Pelagius I">Pelagius I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_III_(paavst)" title="Johannes III (paavst)">Johannes III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_I" title="Benedictus I">Benedictus I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pelagius_II" title="Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gregorius_I_Suur" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorius I Suur">Gregorius I Suur</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sabinianus" title="Sabinianus">Sabinianus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Bonifatius_III" title="Bonifatius III">Bonifatius III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Bonifatius_IV" title="Bonifatius IV">Bonifatius IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Adeodatus_I" title="Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Bonifatius_V" title="Bonifatius V">Bonifatius V</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Honorius_I" title="Honorius I">Honorius I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Severinus_(paavst)" title="Severinus (paavst)">Severinus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_IV_(paavst)" title="Johannes IV (paavst)">Johannes IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Theodorus_I" title="Theodorus I">Theodorus I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Martinus_I" title="Martinus I">Martinus I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Eugenius_I" title="Eugenius I">Eugenius I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Vitalianus" title="Vitalianus">Vitalianus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Adeodatus_II" title="Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Donus" title="Donus">Donus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Agatho" title="Agatho">Agatho</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(paavst)" title="Leo II (paavst)">Leo II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_II" title="Benedictus II">Benedictus II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_V_(paavst)" title="Johannes V (paavst)">Johannes V</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Conon" title="Conon">Conon</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sergius_I" title="Sergius I">Sergius I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_VI_(paavst)" title="Johannes VI (paavst)">Johannes VI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_VII_(paavst)" title="Johannes VII (paavst)">Johannes VII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sisinnius" title="Sisinnius">Sisinnius</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Constantinus" title="Constantinus">Constantinus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gregorius_II" title="Gregorius II">Gregorius II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gregorius_III" title="Gregorius III">Gregorius III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Zacharias" title="Zacharias">Zacharias</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_II" title="Stephanus II">Stephanus II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Paulus_I" title="Paulus I">Paulus I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_III" title="Stephanus III">Stephanus III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Hadrianus_I" title="Hadrianus I">Hadrianus I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_(paavst)" title="Leo III (paavst)">Leo III</a> </p><p><b>9.–12. sajand:</b> <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_IV" title="Stephanus IV">Stephanus IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Paschalis_I" title="Paschalis I">Paschalis I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Eugenius_II" title="Eugenius II">Eugenius II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(paavst)" title="Valentinus (paavst)">Valentinus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gregorius_IV" title="Gregorius IV">Gregorius IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sergius_II" title="Sergius II">Sergius II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_(paavst)" title="Leo IV (paavst)">Leo IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_III" title="Benedictus III">Benedictus III</a> <b>·</b>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolaus I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Hadrianus_II" title="Hadrianus II">Hadrianus II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_VIII_(paavst)" title="Johannes VIII (paavst)">Johannes VIII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Marinus_I" title="Marinus I">Marinus I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Hadrianus_III" title="Hadrianus III">Hadrianus III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_V" title="Stephanus V">Stephanus V</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Formosus" title="Formosus">Formosus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Bonifatius_VI" title="Bonifatius VI">Bonifatius VI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_VI" title="Stephanus VI">Stephanus VI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Romanus_(paavst)" title="Romanus (paavst)">Romanus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Theodorus_II" title="Theodorus II">Theodorus II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_IX" title="Johannes IX">Johannes IX</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_IV" title="Benedictus IV">Benedictus IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Leo_V_(paavst)" title="Leo V (paavst)">Leo V</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sergius_III" title="Sergius III">Sergius III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_III" title="Anastasius III">Anastasius III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Lando" title="Lando">Lando</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_X" title="Johannes X">Johannes X</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_(paavst)" title="Leo VI (paavst)">Leo VI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_VII" title="Stephanus VII">Stephanus VII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_XI" title="Johannes XI">Johannes XI</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Leo_VII" title="Leo VII">Leo VII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_VIII" title="Stephanus VIII">Stephanus VIII</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Marinus_II" title="Marinus II">Marinus II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Agapetus_II" title="Agapetus II">Agapetus II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_XII" title="Johannes XII">Johannes XII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Leo_VIII" title="Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_V" title="Benedictus V">Benedictus V</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Leo_VIII" title="Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_XIII" title="Johannes XIII">Johannes XIII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_VI" title="Benedictus VI">Benedictus VI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_VII" title="Benedictus VII">Benedictus VII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_XIV" title="Johannes XIV">Johannes XIV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_XV" title="Johannes XV">Johannes XV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gregorius_V" title="Gregorius V">Gregorius V</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Silvester_II" title="Silvester II">Silvester II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_XVII" title="Johannes XVII">Johannes XVII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_XVIII" title="Johannes XVIII">Johannes XVIII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sergius_IV" title="Sergius IV">Sergius IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_VIII" title="Benedictus VIII">Benedictus VIII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_XIX" title="Johannes XIX">Johannes XIX</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_IX" title="Benedictus IX">Benedictus IX</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Silvester_III" title="Silvester III">Silvester III</a> <b>·</b>  Benedictus IX <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gregorius_VI" title="Gregorius VI">Gregorius VI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clemens_II" title="Clemens II">Clemens II</a> <b>·</b>  Benedictus IX <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Damasus_II" title="Damasus II">Damasus II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Leo_IX" title="Leo IX">Leo IX</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Victor_II" title="Victor II">Victor II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_IX" title="Stephanus IX">Stephanus IX</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_II" title="Nicolaus II">Nicolaus II</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_II_(paavst)" title="Aleksander II (paavst)">Aleksander II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gregorius_VII" title="Gregorius VII">Gregorius VII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Victor_III" title="Victor III">Victor III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Urbanus_II" title="Urbanus II">Urbanus II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Paschalis_II" title="Paschalis II">Paschalis II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gelasius_II" title="Gelasius II">Gelasius II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Calixtus_II" title="Calixtus II">Calixtus II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Honorius_II" title="Honorius II">Honorius II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Innocentius_II" title="Innocentius II">Innocentius II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Coelestinus_II" title="Coelestinus II">Coelestinus II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Lucius_II" title="Lucius II">Lucius II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Eugenius_III" title="Eugenius III">Eugenius III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_IV" title="Anastasius IV">Anastasius IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Hadrianus_IV" title="Hadrianus IV">Hadrianus IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_III_(paavst)" title="Aleksander III (paavst)">Aleksander III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Lucius_III" title="Lucius III">Lucius III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Urbanus_III" title="Urbanus III">Urbanus III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gregorius_VIII" title="Gregorius VIII">Gregorius VIII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clemens_III" title="Clemens III">Clemens III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Coelestinus_III" title="Coelestinus III">Coelestinus III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Innocentius_III" title="Innocentius III">Innocentius III</a> </p><p><b>13.–16. sajand:</b> <a href="/wiki/Honorius_III" title="Honorius III">Honorius III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gregorius_IX" title="Gregorius IX">Gregorius IX</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Coelestinus_IV" title="Coelestinus IV">Coelestinus IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Innocentius_IV" title="Innocentius IV">Innocentius IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_IV_(paavst)" title="Aleksander IV (paavst)">Aleksander IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Urbanus_IV" title="Urbanus IV">Urbanus IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clemens_IV" title="Clemens IV">Clemens IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gregorius_X" title="Gregorius X">Gregorius X</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Innocentius_V" title="Innocentius V">Innocentius V</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Hadrianus_V" title="Hadrianus V">Hadrianus V</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_XXI" title="Johannes XXI">Johannes XXI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_III" title="Nicolaus III">Nicolaus III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Martinus_IV" title="Martinus IV">Martinus IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Honorius_IV" title="Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_IV" title="Nicolaus IV">Nicolaus IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Coelestinus_V" title="Coelestinus V">Coelestinus V</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Bonifatius_VIII" title="Bonifatius VIII">Bonifatius VIII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_XI" title="Benedictus XI">Benedictus XI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clemens_V" title="Clemens V">Clemens V</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_XXII" title="Johannes XXII">Johannes XXII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_XII" title="Benedictus XII">Benedictus XII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clemens_VI" title="Clemens VI">Clemens VI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Innocentius_VI" title="Innocentius VI">Innocentius VI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Urbanus_V" title="Urbanus V">Urbanus V</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gregorius_XI" title="Gregorius XI">Gregorius XI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Urbanus_VI" title="Urbanus VI">Urbanus VI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Bonifatius_IX" title="Bonifatius IX">Bonifatius IX</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Innocentius_VII" title="Innocentius VII">Innocentius VII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gregorius_XII" title="Gregorius XII">Gregorius XII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Martinus_V" title="Martinus V">Martinus V</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Eugenius_IV" title="Eugenius IV">Eugenius IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_V" title="Nicolaus V">Nicolaus V</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Calixtus_III" title="Calixtus III">Calixtus III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pius_II" title="Pius II">Pius II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Paulus_II" title="Paulus II">Paulus II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_IV" title="Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Innocentius_VIII" title="Innocentius VIII">Innocentius VIII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_VI" title="Aleksander VI">Aleksander VI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pius_III" title="Pius III">Pius III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Julius_II" title="Julius II">Julius II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Leo_X" title="Leo X">Leo X</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Hadrianus_VI" title="Hadrianus VI">Hadrianus VI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clemens_VII" title="Clemens VII">Clemens VII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Paulus_III" title="Paulus III">Paulus III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Julius_III" title="Julius III">Julius III</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_II" title="Marcellus II">Marcellus II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Paulus_IV" title="Paulus IV">Paulus IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pius_IV" title="Pius IV">Pius IV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pius_V" title="Pius V">Pius V</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gregorius_XIII" title="Gregorius XIII">Gregorius XIII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_V" title="Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Urbanus_VII" title="Urbanus VII">Urbanus VII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gregorius_XIV" title="Gregorius XIV">Gregorius XIV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Innocentius_IX" title="Innocentius IX">Innocentius IX</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clemens_VIII" title="Clemens VIII">Clemens VIII</a> </p><p><b>17.–20. sajand:</b> <a href="/wiki/Leo_XI" title="Leo XI">Leo XI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Paulus_V" title="Paulus V">Paulus V</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gregorius_XV" title="Gregorius XV">Gregorius XV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Urbanus_VIII" title="Urbanus VIII">Urbanus VIII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Innocentius_X" title="Innocentius X">Innocentius X</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_VII" title="Aleksander VII">Aleksander VII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clemens_IX" title="Clemens IX">Clemens IX</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clemens_X" title="Clemens X">Clemens X</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Innocentius_XI" title="Innocentius XI">Innocentius XI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_VIII" title="Aleksander VIII">Aleksander VIII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Innocentius_XII" title="Innocentius XII">Innocentius XII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clemens_XI" title="Clemens XI">Clemens XI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Innocentius_XIII" title="Innocentius XIII">Innocentius XIII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_XIII_(paavst)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictus XIII (paavst)">Benedictus XIII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clemens_XII" title="Clemens XII">Clemens XII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_XIV" title="Benedictus XIV">Benedictus XIV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clemens_XIII" title="Clemens XIII">Clemens XIII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clemens_XIV" title="Clemens XIV">Clemens XIV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pius_VI" title="Pius VI">Pius VI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pius_VII" title="Pius VII">Pius VII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Leo_XII" title="Leo XII">Leo XII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pius_VIII" title="Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gregorius_XVI" title="Gregorius XVI">Gregorius XVI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pius_X" title="Pius X">Pius X</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_XV" title="Benedictus XV">Benedictus XV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI">Pius XI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_XXIII" title="Johannes XXIII">Johannes XXIII</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Paulus_VI" title="Paulus VI">Paulus VI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Paulus_I" title="Johannes Paulus I">Johannes Paulus I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Paulus_II" title="Johannes Paulus II">Johannes Paulus II</a> </p><p><b>21. sajand:</b> <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_XVI" title="Benedictus XVI">Benedictus XVI</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Franciscus" title="Franciscus">Franciscus</a> </p> </div> <div 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