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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_existence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_existence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early existence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_existence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mergers_and_acquisitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mergers_and_acquisitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Mergers and acquisitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mergers_and_acquisitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verizon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verizon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Verizon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verizon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Spam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Early U.S. Internet service provider</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">UUNET Technologies, Inc.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pre-worldcom-logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1f/Pre-worldcom-logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="76" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="76" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">UUNET Technologies Logo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">Trade name</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Verizon Enterprise Solutions<br />Verizon Business</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">UUNET Communications Services (1987–1989)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1987<span class="noprint">; 38 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1987</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">2006<span class="noprint">; 19 years ago</span><span style="display: none;"> (<span class="dtend">2006</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Acquired by <a href="/wiki/Verizon_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Communications">Verizon Communications</a> in 2006</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ashburn,_Virginia" title="Ashburn, Virginia">Ashburn, Virginia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data">Conferencing, Contact Centers, Data and IP Services, <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a>, IT Solutions and Hosting, Managed Networks, Premises Equipment (CPE), Security, Voice, <a href="/wiki/VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Communications">Verizon Communications</a> (2006–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011101022347/http://www.uu.net/">uu.net</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2001-11-01)</td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="1" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 220px; float: right; clear: right; border: 1px solid #8888aa; padding: 5px; margin: 0 0 15px 15px; text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #ccf; text-align: center;"><span class="anchor" id="Internet_History_Timeline"></span><span class="anchor" id="Internet_history_timeline"></span><b>Internet history timeline</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><b>Early research and development:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1960–1964: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> networking concepts developed</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1962–1964: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> networking ideas</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1965<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1965</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> concepts conceived</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1966<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1966</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1967<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1967</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> planning begins</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1967<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1967</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1969<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1969</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1970<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1970</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/InterNIC#History" title="InterNIC">Network Information Center</a> (NIC)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1971<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1971</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Tymnet" title="Tymnet">Tymnet</a> switched-circuit network</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1972<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1972</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">Merit Network's packet-switched network operational</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1972<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1972</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA) established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1973<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1973</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> network demonstrated</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1973<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1973</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</a> development begins</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1974<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1974</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> specification published</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1975<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1975</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a> commercial packet-switched network</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1976<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1976</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> protocol approved and deployed on <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data networks</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1978<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1978</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a> introduced</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1979<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1979</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Activities Board</a> (IAB)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1980<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1980</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> news using <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1980<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1980</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> standard introduced</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1981<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1981</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a> established</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Merging the networks and creating the Internet:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1981<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1981</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/CSNET" title="CSNET">Computer Science Network</a> (CSNET)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1982<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1982</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> protocol suite formalized</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1982<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1982</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1983<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1983</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1983<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1983</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/MILNET" title="MILNET">MILNET</a> split off from ARPANET</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1984<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1984</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI Reference Model</a> released</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1985<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1985</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Domain_names#Domain_name_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">First .COM domain name registered</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1986<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1986</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> with 56 kbit/s links</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1986<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1986</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1987<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1987</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UUNET</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">Complete <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> (BGP)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PSINet" title="PSINet">PSINet</a> founded, allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Internet_Exchange" title="Federal Internet Exchange">Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Government_Open_Systems_Interconnection_Profile" title="Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile">GOSIP</a> (without <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">ARPANET decommissioned</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">Advanced Network and Services</a> (ANS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_existence">UUNET/Alternet</a> allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Archie_(search_engine)" title="Archie (search engine)">Archie search engine</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_information_server" title="Wide area information server">Wide area information server</a> (WAIS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchange" title="Commercial Internet eXchange">Commercial Internet eXchange</a> (CIX)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">ANS CO+RE</a> allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (WWW)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1992<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1992</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1992<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1992</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC) established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">Classless Inter-Domain Routing</a> (CIDR)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/InterNIC" title="InterNIC">InterNIC</a> established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> added <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> access</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NCSA_Mosaic" title="NCSA Mosaic">Mosaic web browser</a> released</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">Full text web search engines</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a> (NANOG) established</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">New Internet architecture with commercial <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a> connected at <a href="/wiki/Network_Access_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Access Point">NAPs</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> decommissioned</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/GOSIP" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSIP">GOSIP</a> updated to allow <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Very_high-speed_Backbone_Network_Service" title="Very high-speed Backbone Network Service">very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> proposed</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> changes pricing model from hourly to monthly</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11b</a> wireless networking</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Abilene_Network" title="Abilene Network">Abilene Network</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/VBNS" class="mw-redirect" title="VBNS">vBNS+</a> allows broader access</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2000<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> bursts</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Proposed_domains" title="Top-level domain">New top-level domain names activated</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_II" title="Code Red II">Code Red II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nimda" title="Nimda">Nimda</a> worms</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I</a></span></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_LambdaRail" title="National LambdaRail">National LambdaRail</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Internet_Governance" title="Working Group on Internet Governance">UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN WSIS phase II</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2006<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2010<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDs" title="Top-level domain">First internationalized country code top-level domains</a> registered</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2012<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domains" title="Generic top-level domain">ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2013<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2013</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation" title="Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2014<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NetMundial_Initiative" title="NetMundial Initiative">NetMundial international Internet governance proposal</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2016<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Examples of Internet services:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a> Internet movie database</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo!</a> web directory</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> online retailer</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> online auction and shopping</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> classified advertisements</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook (formerly Hotmail)</a> free web-based e-mail</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">RankDex</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1997<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1997</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1997<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1997</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Babel_Fish_(website)" title="Babel Fish (website)">Babel Fish</a> automatic translation</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Groups" title="Yahoo Groups">Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> Internet payment system</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> review aggregator</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/2channel" title="2channel">2ch</a> Anonymous textboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/I-mode" title="I-mode">i-mode</a> mobile internet service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2000<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Futaba_Channel" title="Futaba Channel">2chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> business networking</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a> social networking site</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> Internet voice calls</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent file</a> host</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> social networking site</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcast</a> media file series</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> image hosting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> video sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> link voting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> virtual globe</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2006<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> microblogging</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> anonymous news and information leaks</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Google Street View</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> and virtual bookshop</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a> (EC2)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a> cloud-based file hosting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a>, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM-based</a> music streaming service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a>, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Threshold_pledge_system" title="Threshold pledge system">threshold pledge system</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">digital currency</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2010<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2011<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2011<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2012<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a>, massive open online courses</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2016<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video sharing">video sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>UUNET Technologies, Inc.</b>, formerly <b>UUNET Communications Services</b>, was an American commercial <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a>. Founded in 1987, it was one of the first and largest commercial ISPs and one of the early <a href="/wiki/Tier_1_network" title="Tier 1 network">Tier 1 networks</a>. It was based in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a>. Today, UUNET is an internal brand of <a href="/wiki/Verizon_Business" title="Verizon Business">Verizon Business</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/MCI_Inc." title="MCI Inc.">MCI</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUNET&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUNET&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to its founding, access to <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> and e-mail exchange from non-<a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> sites was accomplished using a cooperative network of systems running the <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a> <a href="/wiki/Protocol_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (computing)">protocol</a> over <a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">POTS</a> lines. During the mid-1980s, growth of this network began to put considerable strain on the resources voluntarily provided by the larger UUCP <a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">hubs</a>. This prompted <a href="/wiki/Rick_Adams_(internet_pioneer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rick Adams (internet pioneer)">Rick Adams</a>, a system administrator at the Center for Seismic Studies, to explore the possibilities of providing these services commercially as a way to reduce the burden on the existing hubs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_existence">Early existence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUNET&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early existence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With funding in the form of a loan from <a href="/wiki/Usenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenix">Usenix</a>, UUNET Communications Services began operations in 1987 as a non-profit corporation providing <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> feeds, e-mail exchange, and access to a large repository of software source code and related information. The venture proved successful and shed its non-profit status within two years. At the same time, the company changed its name to UUNET Technologies. In 1990, UUNET launched its AlterNet service, which provided access to an <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> backbone independent of the constraints of those operated by the government. That network lives on in a much larger form and serves as the core of a set of products that include access at <a href="/wiki/Dial-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up">dial-up</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadband_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband Internet">broadband</a> speeds as well as <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting" class="mw-redirect" title="Web hosting">web hosting</a>. UUNET raised $6 Million from Accel Partners, Menlo Ventures, and New Enterprise Associates in 1993 and $8.2 million in 1996 for expanding its network and hiring new executives with experience in marketing.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-1990s, UUNET was the fastest-growing ISP, outpacing MCI and <a href="/wiki/Sprint_Nextel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprint Nextel">Sprint</a>. At its peak, Internet traffic was briefly doubling every few months, which translates to 10x growth each year. However, the continuing UUNET claims of such growth (long after it had fallen to lower, albeit still substantial levels) artificially fueled the expectations of the dot-com and telecom companies of the late 1990s, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a> and crash in 2000/2001.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mergers_and_acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUNET&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mergers and acquisitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1996, UUNET was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Fiber_Systems" title="Metropolitan Fiber Systems">MFS</a> on 30 April 1996. This was an independent acquisition unrelated to the acquisition of MFS by WorldCom. However, as MFS was a public company and the acquisition made the company a Wall Street darling,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it likely influenced WorldCom's decision to pursue MFS.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, UUNET was acquired by <a href="/wiki/WorldCom" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCom">WorldCom</a> on 26 August 1996, as part of WorldCom's purchase of MFS Communications Company.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, UUNET was fully integrated with WorldCom and the name was dropped from all official documents. </p><p>In 2002, the owner of UUNET at that time (WorldCom) filed for what was then the largest <a href="/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection">Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection</a> in history. </p><p>In 2005, its Internet service and infrastructure, assigned <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_system_(Internet)" title="Autonomous system (Internet)">AS</a>701, maintained the highest outdegree of any ISP.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Why is this relevant to this section? (March 2009)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verizon">Verizon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUNET&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Verizon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, WorldCom was purchased by <a href="/wiki/Verizon_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Communications">Verizon Communications</a> and now operates under the <a href="/wiki/Verizon_Business" title="Verizon Business">Verizon Business</a> name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spam">Spam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUNET&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After it had been sold and resold during the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a>, UUNET acquired the nickname <i>SpewSpewNET</i>. This nickname was given because UUNET had become a home for many distributors of <a href="/wiki/Spam_(electronic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (electronic)">spam</a>, including distributors of both <a href="/wiki/Newsgroup_spam" title="Newsgroup spam">Newsgroup spam</a> and <a href="/wiki/E-mail_spam" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail spam">E-mail spam</a>. UUNET also became known for providing <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_hosting" title="Bulletproof hosting">bulletproof hosting</a> to many <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a> whose chief form of advertisement was spam. Because UUNET started with a loan from <a href="/wiki/Usenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenix">Usenix</a> and controlled the e-mail addresses for <a href="/wiki/Usenet#Moderated_and_unmoderated_newsgroups" title="Usenet">moderated</a> <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> groups, it was hard to block email traffic to or from Usenet. In 1997, UUNET had lost so much credit that on 1 August, after finding alternate routes for moderated newsgroups, a <a href="/wiki/Usenet_death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet death penalty">Usenet death penalty</a> (UDP) was issued against UUNET.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A week later, the UDP was lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998 UUNET threatened legal action<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for hosting a <a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a> image with "SPAMUNET" on it.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUNET&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1987 – UUNET Communications Services is founded and passes its first traffic via the <a href="/wiki/CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a> Network on 12 May using <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a> (Unix to Unix Copy Protocol).</li> <li>1989 – UUNET becomes a for-profit corporation.</li> <li>1990 – UUNET launches AlterNet.</li> <li>1991 – UUNET participates in the founding of the Commercial Internet Exchange Association.</li> <li>1992 - UUNET with MFS co-creates <a href="/wiki/MAE-East" title="MAE-East">MAE-East</a>, for a time the world's busiest Internet exchange and "center of the internet".</li> <li>1994 – <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> paid $16.4 million for a 15 percent share of the company.</li> <li>1995 – In May, UUNET is listed on the <a href="/wiki/NASDAQ" class="mw-redirect" title="NASDAQ">NASDAQ</a> stock market in an <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a> that would become part of the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot-com boom">dot-com boom</a>.</li> <li>1995 – UUNET Technologies Inc places a takeover bid against <a href="/wiki/Unipalm_Pipex" class="mw-redirect" title="Unipalm Pipex">Unipalm Pipex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1996 – UUNET Technologies agreed to a merger with <a href="/wiki/MFS_Communications_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="MFS Communications Company">MFS Communications Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1996 – <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Fiber_Systems" title="Metropolitan Fiber Systems">Metropolitan Fiber Systems</a> (MFS) acquires UUNET for $2 Billion on 12 August 1996. This marked the day UUNET stopped existing as an independent company.</li> <li>1996 – <a href="/wiki/WorldCom" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCom">WorldCom</a> acquires MFS on New Year's Eve – 31 Dec. at 11:58 p.m EST for $12.4 billion.</li> <li>1997 – <a href="/wiki/Usenet_Death_Penalty" title="Usenet Death Penalty">Usenet death penalty</a> (UDP) issued against UUNET, and lifted a week later.</li> <li>1997 – On 10 November, <a href="/wiki/WorldCom" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCom">WorldCom</a> and <a href="/wiki/MCI_Inc." title="MCI Inc.">MCI</a> announced their US$37 billion merger including combining internetMCI & UUNET Internet operations.</li> <li>1998 – The combined <a href="/wiki/MCI_WorldCom" class="mw-redirect" title="MCI WorldCom">MCI WorldCom</a> opens for business on 15 September after being given the go-ahead from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">DOJ</a>, subsequent to divesting internet MCI.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1998 – <a href="/wiki/WorldCom" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCom">WorldCom</a> acquires CompuServe Network Services from <a href="/wiki/H%26R_Block" title="H&R Block">H&R Block</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=ANS_Communications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ANS Communications (page does not exist)">ANS Communications</a> from <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>. Both become part of UUNET in 1999.</li> <li>1999 – On 5 October, MCI Worldcom announces its intentions to buy <a href="/wiki/Sprint_Nextel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprint Nextel">Sprint</a> for $129 billion.</li> <li>2000 – The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">DOJ</a> denied the MCI WorldCom / Sprint merger on Antitrust Grounds.</li> <li>2001 – The UUNET brand is folded into <a href="/wiki/WorldCom" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCom">WorldCom</a>'s product line and disappears.</li> <li>2002 – WorldCom <a href="/wiki/WorldCom#Bankruptcy" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCom">files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection</a> as a result of a <a href="/wiki/WorldCom#Accounting_scandals" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCom">massive $11 billion accounting scandal</a>.</li> <li>2003 – The UUNET brand re-emerges as <a href="/wiki/WorldCom" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCom">WorldCom</a>'s wholesale-only brand.</li> <li>2004 – WorldCom <a href="/wiki/WorldCom#Post-bankruptcy" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCom">emerges from Chapter 11 bankruptcy</a> and renames itself to <a href="/wiki/MCI_Inc." title="MCI Inc.">MCI</a>, still using the UUNET brand for wholesale business.</li> <li>2005 – MCI again drops the UUNET brand for wholesale business. The name is no longer in use.</li> <li>2006 – Verizon acquires MCI, including its UUNET subsidiary, now known as Verizon Business. AS701 remains the backbone of Verizon Business although its origin dates back to 1990 when it was under the UUNET flag.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUNET&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_headquartered_in_Northern_Virginia" title="List of companies headquartered in Northern Virginia">List of companies headquartered in Northern Virginia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUNET&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFlynn1995" class="citation news cs1">Flynn, Laurie (5 February 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/05/business/technology-internet-server-takes-a-big-step.html">"Technology; Internet Server Takes a Big Step"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erik.selwerd.nl/uunet/Spamunet.gif">the original</a> on 10 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=erik.selwerd.nl&rft.atitle=SPAMUNET+gif&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ferik.selwerd.nl%2Fuunet%2FSpamunet.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUUNET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516234141/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-3213074.html">"UUNET Moves to Acquire Unipalm-Pipex"</a>. <i>HighBeam Research</i>. Internet Business News. 3 January 1995. 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(May 1996). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/01/business/uunet-and-mfs-plan-to-merge-as-internet-meets-fiber-optics.html">"Uunet and MFS Plan to Merge As Internet Meets Fiber Optics"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604173508/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/01/business/uunet-and-mfs-plan-to-merge-as-internet-meets-fiber-optics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Uunet+and+MFS+Plan+to+Merge+As+Internet+Meets+Fiber+Optics&rft.date=1996-05&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F05%2F01%2Fbusiness%2Fuunet-and-mfs-plan-to-merge-as-internet-meets-fiber-optics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUUNET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/1998/July/329at.html">"Justice Department clears Worldcom/MCI merger after MCI agrees to sell its internet business"</a>. <i>United States Department of Justice</i>. 15 July 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117235641/https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/1998/July/329at.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Justice+Department+clears+Worldcom%2FMCI+merger+after+MCI+agrees+to+sell+its+internet+business&rft.date=1998-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Farchive%2Fopa%2Fpr%2F1998%2FJuly%2F329at.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUUNET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUNET&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linux.oreillynet.com/pub/a/linux/2000/05/09/lessons.html">Tim O'Reilly discusses UUNET as an open source-derived business. Includes some history.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/groups?scoring=d&q=UUNET+MCI&meta=group=news.admin.net-abuse.email">Discussions about UUNET spam</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:news.admin.net-abuse.email">news:news.admin.net-abuse.email</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups-beta.google.com/group/comp.org.usenix/msg/e34a9ea79940cdbb?hl=en">Usenet message in comp.org.usenix announcing UUNET creation (29 Jan 1987)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spamhaus.org/news.lasso?article=158">Estimated spam Business on UUNET</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Bob_Bernard" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Bernard">Bob Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Blodget" title="Henry Blodget">Henry Blodget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Clark" title="James H. Clark">James H. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Davis_(businessman)" title="Bob Davis (businessman)">Bob Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Ebbers" title="Bernard Ebbers">Bernard Ebbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Filo" title="David Filo">David Filo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Gasparino" title="Charlie Gasparino">Charlie Gasparino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Grasso" title="Richard Grasso">Richard Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Grubman" title="Jack Grubman">Jack Grubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Harris_(entrepreneur)" title="Josh Harris (entrepreneur)">Josh Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Hawkins" title="Jeff Hawkins">Jeff Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Jonas" title="Howard Jonas">Howard Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Kearby" title="Gerry Kearby">Gerry Kearby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Koogle" title="Timothy Koogle">Timothy Koogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Lay" title="Kenneth Lay">Kenneth Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Levitt" title="Arthur Levitt">Arthur Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Meeker" title="Mary Meeker">Mary Meeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PayPal_Mafia" title="PayPal Mafia">PayPal Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Leary" title="Kevin O'Leary">Kevin O'Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Olim" title="Jason Olim">Jason Olim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Paternot" title="Stephan Paternot">Stephan Paternot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Rutt" title="Jim Rutt">Jim Rutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Saylor" title="Michael J. Saylor">Michael J. Saylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Skilling" title="Jeffrey Skilling">Jeffrey Skilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer" title="Eliot Spitzer">Eliot Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_D._Sullivan" title="Scott D. Sullivan">Scott D. Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaleil_Isaza_Tuzman" title="Kaleil Isaza Tuzman">Kaleil Isaza Tuzman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Wainwright" title="Julie Wainwright">Julie Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Yang" title="Jerry Yang">Jerry Yang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3Com" title="3Com">3Com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/360networks" title="360networks">360networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AboveNet" title="AboveNet">AboveNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actua_Corporation" title="Actua Corporation">Actua Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspan_Networks" title="Airspan Networks">Airspan Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akamai_Technologies" title="Akamai Technologies">Akamai Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alteon_WebSystems" title="Alteon WebSystems">Alteon WebSystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">America Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Andersen" title="Arthur Andersen">Arthur Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ask.com" title="Ask.com">Ask Jeeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Coat_Systems" title="Blue Coat Systems">Blue Coat Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boo.com" title="Boo.com">Boo.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books-A-Million" title="Books-A-Million">Books-A-Million</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadband_Sports" title="Broadband Sports">Broadband Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast.com" title="Broadcast.com">Broadcast.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDNow" title="CDNow">CDNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemdex" title="Chemdex">Chemdex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_Connect" title="Steel Connect">CMGI Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_Networks" title="Cobalt Networks">Cobalt Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_One" title="Commerce One">Commerce One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covad" title="Covad">Covad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberian_Outpost" title="Cyberian Outpost">Cyberian Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CyberRebate" title="CyberRebate">CyberRebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digex" title="Digex">Digex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CueCat" title="CueCat">Digital Convergence Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Insight" title="Digital Insight">Digital Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine,_Inc." title="Divine, Inc.">Divine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DoubleClick" title="DoubleClick">DoubleClick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGain" title="EGain">eGain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egghead_Software" title="Egghead Software">Egghead Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic_Marketing" title="Epidemic Marketing">Epidemic Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excite_(web_portal)" title="Excite (web portal)">Excite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooz.com" title="Flooz.com">Flooz.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freei" title="Freei">Freei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadzoox" title="Gadzoox">Gadzoox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GeoCities" title="GeoCities">GeoCities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Crossing" title="Global Crossing">Global Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GovWorks" title="GovWorks">govWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handspring,_Inc." title="Handspring, Inc.">Handspring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healtheon" title="Healtheon">Healtheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeGrocer" title="HomeGrocer">HomeGrocer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HotBot" title="HotBot">HotBot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoseek" title="Infoseek">Infoseek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoSpace" title="InfoSpace">InfoSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inktomi" title="Inktomi">Inktomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_Intelligence" title="Interactive Intelligence">Interactive Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_America" title="Internet America">Internet America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IVillage" title="IVillage">iVillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWon" title="IWon">iWon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozmo.com" title="Kozmo.com">Kozmo.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lastminute.com" title="Lastminute.com">lastminute.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Learning_Company" title="The Learning Company">The Learning Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Audio" title="Liquid Audio">Liquid Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LookSmart" title="LookSmart">LookSmart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycos" title="Lycos">Lycos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelfire" title="Angelfire">Angelfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(web_hosting)" title="Tripod (web hosting)">Tripod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MarchFirst" class="mw-redirect" title="MarchFirst">MarchFirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroStrategy" title="MicroStrategy">MicroStrategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net2Phone" title="Net2Phone">Net2Phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBank" title="NetBank">NetBank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Solutions" title="Network Solutions">Network Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NorthPoint_Communications" title="NorthPoint Communications">NorthPoint Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmniSky" title="OmniSky">OmniSky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm,_Inc." title="Palm, Inc.">Palm, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pets.com" title="Pets.com">Pets.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PFSweb" title="PFSweb">PFSweb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixelon" title="Pixelon">Pixelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLX_Technology" title="PLX Technology">PLX Technology</a></li> <li><a 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