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class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Protaktinium&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26undo%3D1551288%26undoafter%3D1551281" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Protaktinium&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26undo%3D1551288%26undoafter%3D1551281" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Protaktinium&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26undo%3D1551288%26undoafter%3D1551281" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Protaktinium&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26undo%3D1551288%26undoafter%3D1551281" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wys bron van Protaktinium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Hierdie artikel bestaan slegs in hierdie taal. Voeg die artikel by vir ander tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voeg tale by</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Protaktinium" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protaktinium&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protaktinium&action=edit" title="Wysig die 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R. | title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 86th | location = Boca Raton (FL) | publisher = CRC Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-8493-0486-5 | access-date = 21 Mei 2017 | archive-date = 3 Maart 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf | url-status = bot: unknown }}</ref> }} {{Elementboks_eweerstand_ohmmteen20 | 177 n}} {{Elementboks_termiesegeleiding_wpmkteen300k | 47 }} {{Elementboks_cas_nommer | 7440-13-3 }} {{Elementboks afdeling geskiedenis |kleur1=#ff99cc | kleur2=black }} {{Elementboks ontdekdatum | 1913 }} {{Elementboks ontdekdeur | Kazimierz Fajans en Oswald Helmuth Göhring}} {{Elementboks_isotope_begin | kleur1=#ff99cc | kleur2=black| isotopevan=protaktinium|daaris=y }} {{Elementboks_isotope_verval | mg=229 | sim=Pa | nv=[[Sintetiese radioaktiewe isotoop|sin]] | hl=1,5 [[dag|d]] | vm=[[Elektronvangs|ε]] | ve=0,311 | pg=229 | ps=[[Torium|Th]] }} {{Elementboks_isotope_verval | mg=230 | sim=Pa | nv=[[Sintetiese radioaktiewe isotoop|sin]] | hl=17,4 [[dag|d]] | vm=[[Elektronvangs|ε]] | ve=1,310 | pg=230 | ps=[[Torium|Th]] }} {{elementboks_isotope_verval | mg=231 | sim=Pa | nv=100% | hl=3,276×10<sup>4</sup> [[jaar|j]] | vm=[[Alfaverval|α]] | ve=5,150 | pg=227 | ps=[[aktinium|Ac]] }} {{Elementboks_isotope_verval | mg=232 | sim=Pa | nv=[[Sintetiese radioaktiewe isotoop|sin]] | hl=1,31 [[dag|d]] | vm=[[Betaverval|β<sup>−</sup>]] | ve=1,337 | pg=232 | ps=[[Uraan|U]] }} {{Elementboks_isotope_verval | mg=233 | sim=Pa | nv=spoor | hl=26,967 [[dag|d]] | vm=[[betaverval|β<sup>−</sup>]] | ve=0,5701 | pg=233 | ps=[[Uraan|U]] }} {{Elementboks_isotope_verval | mg=234 | sim=Pa | nv=spoor | hl=6,75 [[uur|h]] | vm=[[Betaverval|β<sup>−</sup>]] | ve=2,195 | pg=234 | ps=[[Uraan|U]] }} {{Elementboks_isotope_verval | mg=234m | sim=Pa | nv=spoor | hl=1,17 [[minuut|min]] | vm=[[betaverval|β<sup>−</sup>]] | ve=2,29 | pg=234 | ps=[[Uraan|U]] }} {{Elementboks_isotope_eindig}} {{Elementboks_voetskrif | kleur1=#ff99cc | kleur2=black }} '''Protaktinium''' is 'n [[chemiese element]] met die simbool '''Pa''' en [[atoomgetal]] 91. Dit is 'n metaalsilwerige [[aktinied]]. == Ontdekking == Tydens die bestudering van die vervalreeks van uraan-238 ontdek Kasimir Fajans en Otto Göhring in [[1913]] die kortlewende isotoop <sup>234m</sup>Pa ([[halfleeftyd]] van 1,17 minuut) en noem dit '''brevium''' (afgelei van ''brevis'', [[Latyn]] vir "kort"). Die stabiele isotoop <sup>231</sup>Pa is in 1917–1918 ontdek deur Lise Meitner en Otto Hahn; hulle stel die naam protaktinium voor in hul artikel ''The Mother Substance of Actinium: a New Radioactive Element of Long Half-life'' uit 1918 omdat hulle kon aantoon dat [[aktinium]] 'n vervalproduk is van die radioaktiewe protaktinium, en ''proto aktinium'' "vir aktinium" beteken. Gelyktydig is dieselfde ontdekking gedoen deur die Britse wetenskaplikes Frederick Soddy, John Cranston en Alexander Fleck. In [[1927]] kon Aristid von Grosse 2&nbsp;mg Pa<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> produseer. Sewe jaar later isoleer hy hieruit protaktinium deur die oksied te vervang met jodied en dit dan in 'n hoë vakuum oor 'n verhitte element te lei: 2PaI<sub>5</sub> → 2Pa + 5I<sub>2</sub>. In [[1949]] is die naam protaktinium aangeneem deur [[IUPAC]] en is Hahn en Meitner as die ontdekkers aangewys. In [[1961]] was die United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority in staat om 125 gram 99,9% suiwer protaktinium te produseer uit 60 ton afvalmateriaal in 'n 12-stap-proses. In totaal kos dit 500&nbsp;000 dollar en vir baie jare was dit die enigste bron van protaktinium. Vir navorsing is dit verkoop teen 2&nbsp;800 dollar per gram. == Toepassings == As gevolg van die skaarsheid, hoë radioaktiwiteit en giftigheid daarvan is daar geen bekende industriële gebruike vir protaktinium nie. Op klein skaal word dit toegepas by basiese navorsing. == Eienskappe == Protaktinium is 'n aktinied met 'n metaalglans en is redelik stabiel in [[lug]]. By temperature onder 1,4 kelvin vertoon dit supergeleidende eienskappe. == Verskyning == In die mineraal uraniet (pekblende) word protaktinium in 'n konsentrasie van ongeveer 0,1 dpm aangetref. Sommige uranietbronne in die [[Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo]] bevat hoër konsentrasies: tot 3 dpm. == Isotope == {{Hoofartikel|Isotope van protaktinium}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" ! colspan="6" | Stabielste isotope |- ! [[Isotoop|Iso]] ! [[Relatiewe aanwesigheid|RA]] (%) ! [[Halfleeftyd]] ! [[vervalvorm|VV]] ! [[vervalenergie|VE]] (M[[elektronvolt|eV]]) ! [[vervalproduk|VP]] |- | <sup>230</sup>Pa | [[Sintetiese radio-isotoop|sin]] | 17,4 [[dag|d]] | [[Alfastraling|α]] | 1,310 | <sup>226</sup>[[Aktinium|Ac]] |- | <sup>231</sup>Pa | [[Sintetiese radio-isotoop|sin]] | 3,2760 · 10<sup>4</sup> [[jaar|j]] | [[Alfastraling|α]] | 5,149 | <sup>227</sup>[[Aktinium|Ac]] |- | <sup>233</sup>Pa | [[Sintetiese radio-isotoop|sin]] | 26,967 [[dag|d]] | [[Betaverval|β-]] | 1,245 | <sup>233</sup>[[Uraan|U]] |} Van protaktinium is 29 radio-isotope bekend. Met 'n [[halfleeftyd]] van 32&nbsp;760 jaar is <sup>231</sup>Pa die stabielste. Ander isotope met redelike lang halfleeftye is <sup>233</sup>Pa (byna 27 dae) en <sup>230</sup>Pa (17,4 dae). Die oorblywende isotope is baie onstabiel. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == {{Commons-kategorie inlyn|Protactinium}} {{Wikt-inlyn|protaktinium}} * [https://www.webelements.com/protactinium/ webelements.com skakel] {{Navigasie Periodieke tabel}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Protaktinium]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Sjablone wat op hierdie bladsy gebruik word: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">Sjabloon:Cite book</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Cite_book&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">Sjabloon:Cite journal</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Cite_journal&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">wys bronkode</a>) (half-beskerm)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Commons-kategorie_inlyn" title="Sjabloon:Commons-kategorie inlyn">Sjabloon:Commons-kategorie 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