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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spiru Haret</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="سبيرو هاريت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سبيرو هاريت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="اسپیرو هارت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اسپیرو هارت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiru_Haret" title="Spiru Haret – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Spiru Haret" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiru_Haret" title="Spiru Haret – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spiru Haret" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiru_Haret" title="Spiru Haret – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spiru Haret" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%84" title="Σπίρου Χαρέτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπίρου Χαρέτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiru_Haret" title="Spiru Haret – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Spiru Haret" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="اسپیرو هارت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسپیرو هارت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiru_Haret" title="Spiru Haret – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spiru Haret" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A9" title="Սպիրու Հարեթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպիրու Հարեթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiru_Haret" title="Spiru Haret – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spiru Haret" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiru_Haret" title="Spiru Haret – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spiru Haret" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82,_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83" title="Харет, Спиру – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Харет, Спиру" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiru_Haret" title="Spiru Haret – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Spiru Haret" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Спіру Харет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спіру Харет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2576756#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Romanian mathematician, astronomer and politician</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the village in Brăila County, see <a href="/wiki/Berte%C8%99tii_de_Jos" title="Berteștii de Jos">Berteștii de Jos</a>. For an institution, see <a href="/wiki/Spiru_Haret_University" title="Spiru Haret University">Spiru Haret University</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Spiru Haret</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiru_Haret_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Spiru_Haret_%281%29.jpg/220px-Spiru_Haret_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Spiru_Haret_%281%29.jpg/330px-Spiru_Haret_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Spiru_Haret_%281%29.jpg/440px-Spiru_Haret_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="710" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Spiridon Haret</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1851-02-15</span>)</span>15 February 1851<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 December 1912<span style="display:none">(1912-12-17)</span> (aged 61)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Bellu_Cemetery" title="Bellu Cemetery">Bellu Cemetery</a>, Bucharest, Romania</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Sava_National_College" title="Saint Sava National College">Saint Sava National College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/N-body_problem" title="N-body problem">N-body problem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Romanian education system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Ana Popescu </div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="22 January 1883">1883</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Politehnica_University_of_Bucharest" title="Politehnica University of Bucharest">School of Bridges and Roads</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1885AnPar..18I...1H">Sur l’invariabilité des grandes axes des orbites planétaires</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1878)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Puiseux" title="Victor Puiseux">Victor Puiseux</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Romania)" title="Ministry of Culture (Romania)">Minister of Religious Affairs and Public Instruction</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />31 March 1897 – 30 March 1899</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Dimitrie Sturdza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_M%C3%A2rzescu" class="mw-redirect" title="George Mârzescu">George Mârzescu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Take_Ionescu" title="Take Ionescu">Take Ionescu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 February 1901 – 20 December 1904</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Dimitrie Sturdza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_C._Arion" title="Constantin C. Arion">Constantin C. Arion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Vl%C4%83descu" title="Mihail Vlădescu">Mihail Vlădescu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 March 1907 – 28 December 1910</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Dimitrie Sturdza</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Istrati" title="Constantin Istrati">Constantin Istrati</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_C._Arion" title="Constantin C. Arion">Constantin C. Arion</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Romania)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Romania)">Interior Minister</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />13 December 1904 – 20 December 1904</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Dimitrie Sturdza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Vasile Lascăr</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Grigore_Cantacuzino" title="Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino">Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Spiru C. Haret</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Romanian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[ˈspiru<span class="wrap"> </span>haˈret]</a></span>; 15 February 1851 – 17 December 1912) was a <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>. He made a fundamental contribution to the <a href="/wiki/N-body_problem" title="N-body problem"><i>n</i>-body problem</a> in <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">celestial mechanics</a> by proving that using a <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_approximation" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of approximation">third degree approximation</a> for the disturbing forces implies instability of the <a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">major axes</a> of the orbits, and by introducing the concept of <i>secular perturbations</i> in relation to this. </p><p>As a politician, during his three terms as <a href="/wiki/Education_minister" title="Education minister">Minister of Education</a>, Haret ran deep reforms, building the modern Romanian education system. He was made a full <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Romanian_Academy" title="List of members of the Romanian Academy">member of the Romanian Academy</a> in 1892. </p><p>He also founded the <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Astronomical_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucharest Astronomical Observatory">Bucharest Astronomical Observatory</a>, appointing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Coculescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolae Coculescu (page does not exist)">Nicolae Coculescu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Coculescu" class="extiw" title="ro:Nicolae Coculescu">ro</a>]</span> as its first director. The crater <a href="/wiki/Haret_(crater)" title="Haret (crater)">Haret</a> on the Moon is named after him. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiru_Haret&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haret was born in <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, to Constantin and Smaranda Haret,<sup id="cite_ref-Ana_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ana-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were of <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Romania">Armenian</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-ziare_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ziare-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His baptismal record listed his name as Spiridon Haret.<sup id="cite_ref-Ana_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ana-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He started his studies in <a href="/wiki/Dorohoi" title="Dorohoi">Dorohoi</a> Iași, and in 1862 moved to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sava_National_College" title="Saint Sava National College">Saint Sava High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fse_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fse-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He showed an early talent for mathematics, publishing two textbooks (one in <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a> and one in <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a>) when he was still a high school student. In 1869 he entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a>, where he studied <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>. In 1870, while a student in his second term, he became teacher of mathematics at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nifon_Seminary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nifon Seminary (page does not exist)">Nifon Seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, but quit the following year in order to continue his studies. In 1874, at age 23, he graduated with a degree in physics and mathematics. </p><p>After graduation, Haret won a scholarship competition organized by <a href="/wiki/Titu_Maiorescu" title="Titu Maiorescu">Titu Maiorescu</a> and went to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in order to study mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a>. There he earned a mathematics diploma in 1875 and a physics diploma in 1876. Two years later (on 18 January 1878), he earned his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> by defending his thesis, <i>Sur l’invariabilité des grandes axes des orbites planétaires</i> (<i>On the invariability of the major axis of planetary orbits</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Mac_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mac-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in front of examiners led by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Puiseux" title="Victor Puiseux">Victor Puiseux</a>, his Ph.D. advisor.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this work he proved a result fundamental for the <i>n</i>-body problem in astronomy, the thesis being published in volume 18 of <i>Annales de l'<a href="/wiki/Paris_Observatory" title="Paris Observatory">Observatoire de Paris</a></i>. Haret was the first Romanian to obtain a Ph.D. degree in Paris. </p><p>After his return to Romania in 1878, Haret largely abandoned scientific research and dedicated the rest of his life to improving Romanian education, which was heavily underdeveloped at the time, both as professor and as politician. He was appointed professor of <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">rational mechanics</a> at the Faculty of Science of the University of Bucharest.<sup id="cite_ref-Mac_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mac-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year (1879), Haret became a correspondent member of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a>, receiving full membership in 1892. He kept the professorship at the Faculty of Science until his retirement in 1910, when he was followed as professor of mechanics by <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Pompeiu" title="Dimitrie Pompeiu">Dimitrie Pompeiu</a>. From 1882 he was also a professor of <a href="/wiki/Analytical_geometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical geometry">analytical geometry</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Politehnica_University_of_Bucharest" title="Politehnica University of Bucharest">School of Bridges and Roads</a> in Bucharest. After retirement, Haret occasionally lectured at the informal <i>People's University</i>. </p><p>Haret was the <a href="/wiki/Education_minister" title="Education minister">Minister of Public Education</a> in three <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">liberal</a> governments, between 1897 and 1899, 1901–1904, and 1907–1910. As Minister of Education he ran a complete reform, basically building the modern <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Romanian education system</a>. </p><p>The folk song "<a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2nt%C4%83_cucu-n_Bucovina" title="Cântă cucu-n Bucovina">Cântă cucu-n Bucovina</a>" ("Sings the Cuckoo in Bukovina") was composed in 1904 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Mandicevschi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Mandicevschi (page does not exist)">Constantin Mandicevschi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Mandicevschi" class="extiw" title="de:Constantin Mandicevschi">de</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" class="extiw" title="ru:Мандычевский, Константин">ru</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Мандичевський Костянтин Васильович">uk</a>]</span> at Haret's request for commemorating the 400th anniversary of the death of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Moldavia">Prince of Moldavia</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_the_Great" title="Stephen the Great">Stephen the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1883, he married in <a href="/wiki/Buz%C4%83u" title="Buzău">Buzău</a> a local, Ana Popescu, 15 years his junior. The two had a son, Ion, who died at age 1, and later adopted a child, Mihai. Haret died in Bucharest in 1912 of cancer, and was buried in the city's <a href="/wiki/Bellu_Cemetery" title="Bellu Cemetery">Bellu Cemetery</a>; Ana Haret died in 1941, aged 74.<sup id="cite_ref-Ana_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ana-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_activity">Scientific activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiru_Haret&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scientific activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haret's major scientific contribution was made in 1878, in his Ph.D. thesis <i>Sur l’invariabilité des grandes axes des orbites planétaires</i>. At the time it was known that planets disturb each other's orbits, thus deviating from the <a href="/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">elliptic</a> motion described by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">First Law</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Laplace">Pierre Laplace</a> (in 1773) and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Lagrange" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Louis Lagrange">Joseph Louis Lagrange</a> (in 1776) had already studied the problem, both of them showing that the major axes of the orbits are stable, by using a first degree approximation of the perturbing forces. In 1808 <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Siméon Denis Poisson</a> had proved that the stability also holds when using second degree approximations. In his thesis, Haret proved by using third degree approximations that the axes are not stable as previously believed, but instead feature a time variability, which he called <i>secular perturbations</i>. This result implies that planetary motion is not absolutely stable. <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a> considered this result <i>a great surprise</i> and continued Haret’s research, which eventually led him to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">chaos theory</a>. Haret established the instability of the model of the <i>n</i>-body problem assuming frequencies to be incommensurable; Poincaré also took into account <a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(astronomy)" title="Commensurability (astronomy)">commensurabilities</a>, and using <a href="/wiki/Generalized_Fourier_series" title="Generalized Fourier series">generalized Fourier series</a> (which generate <a href="/wiki/Quasiperiodicity" title="Quasiperiodicity">quasi-periodic</a> solutions), he proved the divergence of these series (which means instability), thus confirming Haret’s result.<sup id="cite_ref-obspm_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obspm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tisserand" title="Félix Tisserand">Félix Tisserand</a> recommended the extension of Haret's method to other astronomic problems and, much later, in 1955, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Meffroy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Meffroy (page does not exist)">Jean Meffroy</a> restarted Haret’s research using new techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after his return to Romania, Haret abandoned research, focusing for the rest of his life on teaching and, as Minister of Education, on the reform of the education system. He only published an article on the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_acceleration" title="Tidal acceleration">secular acceleration</a> of the Moon in 1880 and one on <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a> (1912).<sup id="cite_ref-Mac_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mac-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dimitrie_Paciurea_-_Spiru_Haret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dimitrie_Paciurea_-_Spiru_Haret.jpg/220px-Dimitrie_Paciurea_-_Spiru_Haret.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dimitrie_Paciurea_-_Spiru_Haret.jpg/330px-Dimitrie_Paciurea_-_Spiru_Haret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dimitrie_Paciurea_-_Spiru_Haret.jpg/440px-Dimitrie_Paciurea_-_Spiru_Haret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2177" data-file-height="3030" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Spiru Haret by <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Paciurea" title="Dimitrie Paciurea">Dimitrie Paciurea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1910 he published <i>Social mechanics</i>, which used mathematics to explain social behaviour (somehow anticipating the fictional "<a href="/wiki/Psychohistory_(fictional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychohistory (fictional)">psychohistory</a>" branch of mathematics developed by <a href="/wiki/Hari_Seldon" title="Hari Seldon">Hari Seldon</a>, the fictional character of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Foundation_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="The Foundation Series"><i>Foundation</i></a>, published 40 years later). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiru_Haret&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ana-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ana_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ana_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ana_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIulian_Bunila2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iulian Bunila (14 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adevarul.ro/locale/buzau/femeia-i-a-sucit-mintile-spiru-haret-roman-doctorat-matematici-sorbona-s-a-indragostit-adolescenta-15-ani-mai-tanara-1_561d0b34f5eaafab2c9e0e99/index.html">"Femeia care i-a sucit mințile lui Spiru Haret. Primul român cu doctorat în matematici la Sorbona s-a îndrăgostit de o adolescentă cu 15 ani mai tânără"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Adev%C4%83rul" title="Adevărul">Adevărul</a></i> (in Romanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adev%C4%83rul&rft.atitle=Femeia+care+i-a+sucit+min%C8%9Bile+lui+Spiru+Haret.+Primul+rom%C3%A2n+cu+doctorat+%C3%AEn+matematici+la+Sorbona+s-a+%C3%AEndr%C4%83gostit+de+o+adolescent%C4%83+cu+15+ani+mai+t%C3%A2n%C4%83r%C4%83&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft.au=Iulian+Bunila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadevarul.ro%2Flocale%2Fbuzau%2Ffemeia-i-a-sucit-mintile-spiru-haret-roman-doctorat-matematici-sorbona-s-a-indragostit-adolescenta-15-ani-mai-tanara-1_561d0b34f5eaafab2c9e0e99%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiru+Haret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ziare-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ziare_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamelia_Badea2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Camelia Badea (10 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ziare.com/scoala/invatamant/mari-politicieni-romani-spiru-haret-reformatorul-societatii-romanesti-1217833">"Mari politicieni români: Spiru Haret, reformatorul societății românești"</a>. <i>ziare.com</i> (in Romanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ziare.com&rft.atitle=Mari+politicieni+rom%C3%A2ni%3A+Spiru+Haret%2C+reformatorul+societ%C4%83%C8%9Bii+rom%C3%A2ne%C8%99ti&rft.date=2013-02-10&rft.au=Camelia+Badea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fziare.com%2Fscoala%2Finvatamant%2Fmari-politicieni-romani-spiru-haret-reformatorul-societatii-romanesti-1217833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiru+Haret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fse-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fse_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsespiruharet.ro/despre-spiru-haret/">"Despre Spiru Haret"</a>. <i>www.fsespiruharet.ro</i> (in Romanian). Federația Sindicatelor din Educație "Spiru Haret"<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fsespiruharet.ro&rft.atitle=Despre+Spiru+Haret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsespiruharet.ro%2Fdespre-spiru-haret%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiru+Haret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mac-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mac_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mac_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mac_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Haret.html">"Spiru Haret"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spiru+Haret&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FHaret.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiru+Haret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=196373">Spiru Haret</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timpul.md/articol/constantin-mandicevschi-autorul-renumitului-cantec-romanesc-canta-cucu-n-bucovina-113263.html">"Constantin Mandicevschi – autorul renumitului cântec românesc "Cântă cucu-n Bucovina"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Timpul</i> (in Romanian). 24 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Timpul&rft.atitle=Constantin+Mandicevschi+%E2%80%93+autorul+renumitului+c%C3%A2ntec+rom%C3%A2nesc+%22C%C3%A2nt%C4%83+cucu-n+Bucovina%22&rft.date=2017-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimpul.md%2Farticol%2Fconstantin-mandicevschi-autorul-renumitului-cantec-romanesc-canta-cucu-n-bucovina-113263.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiru+Haret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obspm-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obspm_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagda_StavinschiVasile_Mioc2004" class="citation cs2">Magda Stavinschi; Vasile Mioc (2004), "Astronomical Researches in Poincaré's and Romanian Works", in Nicole Capitaine (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syrte.obspm.fr/journees2004/pdf/ProcJournees04.pdf"><i>Journées 2004</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Observatory" title="Paris Observatory">Paris Observatory</a>, pp. 155–156, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-901057-51-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-901057-51-9"><bdi>2-901057-51-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Astronomical+Researches+in+Poincar%C3%A9%27s+and+Romanian+Works&rft.btitle=Journ%C3%A9es+2004&rft.pages=155-156&rft.pub=Paris+Observatory&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-901057-51-9&rft.au=Magda+Stavinschi&rft.au=Vasile+Mioc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyrte.obspm.fr%2Fjournees2004%2Fpdf%2FProcJournees04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiru+Haret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_Meffroy1955" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jean Meffroy (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1955BuAst..19..197M">"Contribution a L'Étude de la Stabilité du Systéme Solaire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy & Astrophysics">Bulletin Astronomique</a></i> (in French). <b>19</b>: 197–221. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955BuAst..19..197M">1955BuAst..19..197M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+Astronomique&rft.atitle=Contribution+a+L%27%C3%89tude+de+la+Stabilit%C3%A9+du+Syst%C3%A9me+Solaire&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=197-221&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1955BuAst..19..197M&rft.au=Jean+Meffroy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2F1955BuAst..19..197M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiru+Haret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIon_Bulei1990" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ion Bulei (1990), <i>Atunci când veacul se năștea... lumea româneasca 1900–1908</i> [<i>When the century was born... the Romanian world 1900–1908</i>] (in Romanian), Editura Eminescu, pp. 82–96</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atunci+c%C3%A2nd+veacul+se+n%C4%83%C8%99tea...+lumea+rom%C3%A2neasca+1900%E2%80%931908&rft.pages=82-96&rft.pub=Editura+Eminescu&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Ion+Bulei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiru+Haret" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiru_Haret&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spiru_Haret" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Spiru Haret">Spiru Haret</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstantin_Schifirneț" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Schifirne%C8%9B" title="Constantin Schifirneț">Constantin Schifirneț</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4394842">"Spiru Haret, reformatorul societății românești"</a> [Spiru Haret, the reformer of Romanian society], <i>Studiu Introductiv la Operele Lui Spiru Haret, Vol. I, Editura Comunicare.ro, 2009, Pp. 13-42</i> (in Romanian)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studiu+Introductiv+la+Operele+Lui+Spiru+Haret%2C+Vol.+I%2C+Editura+Comunicare.ro%2C+2009%2C+Pp.+13-42&rft.atitle=Spiru+Haret%2C+reformatorul+societ%C4%83%C8%9Bii+rom%C3%A2ne%C8%99ti&rft.au=Constantin+Schifirne%C8%9B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4394842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiru+Haret" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstantin_Schifirneț2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Schifirne%C8%9B" title="Constantin Schifirneț">Constantin Schifirneț</a> (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistadesociologie.ro/pdf-uri/nr.3-4-2014/07-CSchifirnet.pdf">"Spiru Haret, Education and School Legislation Reform"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Revista română de sociologie</i>, <b>XXV</b> (3–4): 311–326</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83+de+sociologie&rft.atitle=Spiru+Haret%2C+Education+and+School+Legislation+Reform&rft.volume=XXV&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=311-326&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Constantin+Schifirne%C8%9B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistadesociologie.ro%2Fpdf-uri%2Fnr.3-4-2014%2F07-CSchifirnet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiru+Haret" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorin-Avram_Vîrtop2019" class="citation cs2">Sorin-Avram Vîrtop (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utgjiu.ro/revista/dppd/pdf/2019-02/03_VIRTOP.pdf">"Beyond mythology and tradition of an educational reform or about the realism of Spiru Haret's educational reform (1851–1912)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Analele Universității "Constantin Brâncuși" din Târgu Jiu</i>, <b>2</b> (2)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analele+Universit%C4%83%C8%9Bii+%22Constantin+Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i%22+din+T%C3%A2rgu+Jiu&rft.atitle=Beyond+mythology+and+tradition+of+an+educational+reform+or+about+the+realism+of+Spiru+Haret%27s+educational+reform+%281851%E2%80%931912%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Sorin-Avram+V%C3%AErtop&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utgjiu.ro%2Frevista%2Fdppd%2Fpdf%2F2019-02%2F03_VIRTOP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiru+Haret" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bsclupan.asm.md/?lng=0&action=show&cat=91&obj=176">"Spiru Haret"</a>. <i>bsclupan.asm.md</i> (in Romanian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrei_Lupan_Central_Scientific_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrei Lupan Central Scientific Library (page does not exist)">Andrei Lupan Central Scientific Library</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83_Central%C4%83_%E2%80%9EAndrei_Lupan%E2%80%9D_a_Academiei_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_a_Moldovei" class="extiw" title="ro:Biblioteca Științifică Centrală „Andrei Lupan” a Academiei de Științe a Moldovei">ro</a>]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bsclupan.asm.md&rft.atitle=Spiru+Haret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbsclupan.asm.md%2F%3Flng%3D0%26action%3Dshow%26cat%3D91%26obj%3D176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiru+Haret" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411111051/http://www.ligaspiruharet.ro/">"Liga Spiru Haret"</a>. 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083896770">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/65962492">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/408081/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdGM8hd6CCk9fCjg9mKh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119461080">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb97089242">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10355559z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10355559z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/111862">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p298456974">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=131016">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810672804505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284283705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058526976106706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07039955?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=196373">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:haret.spiru">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/81325">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119461080.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119461080">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/098416278">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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Golescu">A. Golescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manolache_Costache_Epureanu" title="Manolache Costache Epureanu">Epureanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Vernescu" title="George D. Vernescu">Vernescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._A._Rosetti" title="C. A. Rosetti">C. A. Rosetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastase_Stolojan" title="Anastase Stolojan">Stolojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Teriachiu" title="Alexandru Teriachiu">Teriachiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugeniu_St%C4%83tescu" title="Eugeniu Stătescu">Stătescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Chi%C8%9Bu" title="Gheorghe Chițu">Chițu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radu_Mihai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radu Mihai (page does not exist)">Mihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Nacu" title="Constantin Nacu">Nacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Rosetti" title="Theodor Rosetti">T. Rosetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_B._%C8%98tirbei" title="Alexandru B. Știrbei">Știrbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Manu" title="Gheorghe Manu">Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Fleva" title="Nicolae Fleva">Fleva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Sturdza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_Lasc%C4%83r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Lascăr (page does not exist)">Lascăr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Pherekyde" title="Mihail Pherekyde">Pherekyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Grigore_Cantacuzino" title="Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino">Cantacuzino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Ol%C4%83nescu" title="Constantin Olănescu">Olănescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petre_S._Aurelian" title="Petre S. Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Pallade" title="George D. Pallade">Pallade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">I. I. C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Marghiloman" title="Alexandru Marghiloman">Marghiloman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_C._Arion" title="Constantin C. Arion">C. Arion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take_Ionescu" title="Take Ionescu">T. Ionescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Mor%C8%9Bun" title="Vasile Morțun">Morțun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_C._Constantinescu" title="Alexandru C. Constantinescu">Constantinescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_S%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%9Beanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Sărățeanu (page does not exist)">Sărățeanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_V%C4%83itoianu" title="Artur Văitoianu">Văitoianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gh._M%C3%A2rzescu" title="Gheorghe Gh. 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Duca">Duca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vaida-Voevod" title="Alexandru Vaida-Voevod">Vaida-Voevod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Popovici" title="Mihai Popovici">Popovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mihalache" title="Ion Mihalache">Mihalache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Mironescu" title="Gheorghe Mironescu">Mironescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Incule%C8%9B" title="Ion Inculeț">Inculeț</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumitru_Iuca" title="Dumitru Iuca">Iuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu" title="Gheorghe Tătărescu">Tătărescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Franasovici" title="Richard Franasovici">Franasovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_C%C4%83linescu" title="Armand Călinescu">Călinescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marinescu" title="Gabriel Marinescu">Marinescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ottescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolae Ottescu (page does not exist)">Ottescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Ghelmegeanu" title="Mihail Ghelmegeanu">Ghelmegeanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Popescu" title="David Popescu">David Popescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Petrovicescu" title="Constantin Petrovicescu">Petrovicescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrie_I._Popescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimitrie I. Popescu (page does not exist)">Dumitru Popescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurel_Aldea" title="Aurel Aldea">Aldea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Penescu" title="Nicolae Penescu">Penescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_S%C4%83n%C4%83tescu" title="Constantin Sănătescu">Sănătescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_R%C4%83descu" title="Nicolae Rădescu">Rădescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teohari_Georgescu" title="Teohari Georgescu">Georgescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teohari_Georgescu" title="Teohari Georgescu">Georgescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Dr%C4%83ghici" title="Alexandru Drăghici">Drăghici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_%C8%98tefan" title="Pavel Ștefan">Ștefan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Dr%C4%83ghici" title="Alexandru Drăghici">Drăghici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_Onescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornel Onescu (page does not exist)">Onescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_St%C4%83nescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Stănescu (page does not exist)">Stănescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bobu" title="Emil Bobu">Bobu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Coman" title="Teodor Coman">Coman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Homo%C8%99tean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Homoștean (page does not exist)">Homoștean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Postelnicu" title="Tudor Postelnicu">Postelnicu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania since 1989</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Chi%C8%9Bac" title="Mihai Chițac">Chițac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doru-Viorel_Ursu" title="Doru-Viorel Ursu">Ursu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Babiuc" title="Victor Babiuc">Babiuc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_D%C4%83nescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Dănescu (page does not exist)">Dănescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doru_Ioan_T%C4%83r%C4%83cil%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doru Ioan Tărăcilă (page does not exist)">Tărăcilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavril_Dejeu" title="Gavril Dejeu">Dejeu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Dudu_Ionescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Dudu Ionescu (page does not exist)">C. Ionescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Rus" title="Ioan Rus">Rus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_S%C4%83niu%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marian Săniuță (page does not exist)">Săniuță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Blaga" title="Vasile Blaga">Blaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristian_David_(politician)" title="Cristian David (politician)">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Oprea" title="Gabriel Oprea">Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liviu_Dragnea" title="Liviu Dragnea">Dragnea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Nica" title="Dan Nica">Nica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Blaga" title="Vasile Blaga">Blaga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traian_Iga%C8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traian Igaș (page does not exist)">Igaș</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Berca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Berca (page does not exist)">Berca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Rus" title="Ioan Rus">Rus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Du%C8%99a" title="Mircea Dușa">Dușa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radu_Stroe" title="Radu Stroe">Stroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Oprea" title="Gabriel Oprea">Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petre_Tob%C4%83" title="Petre Tobă">Tobă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drago%C8%99_Tudorache" title="Dragoș Tudorache">Tudorache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Dan" title="Carmen Dan">Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Moga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolae Moga (page does not exist)">Moga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Vela" title="Marcel Vela">Vela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Bode" title="Lucian Bode">Bode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from 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