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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American painter and sculptor</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Australian footballer, see <a href="/wiki/Jack_Whitten_(footballer)" title="Jack Whitten (footballer)">Jack Whitten (footballer)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jack Whitten</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist_Jack_Whitten_in_2017.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Artist_Jack_Whitten_in_2017.png/220px-Artist_Jack_Whitten_in_2017.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Artist_Jack_Whitten_in_2017.png/330px-Artist_Jack_Whitten_in_2017.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c5/Artist_Jack_Whitten_in_2017.png 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">December 5, 1939</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 20, 2018<span style="display:none">(2018-01-20)</span> (aged 78)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Abstract painting</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jack Whitten</b> (December 5, 1939 – January 20, 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-wapoObit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapoObit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an American painter and sculptor. In 2016, he was awarded a <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Whitten&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whitten was born in 1939 in <a href="/wiki/Bessemer,_Alabama" title="Bessemer, Alabama">Bessemer, Alabama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Otfinoski2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otfinoski2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Siegel2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siegel2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planning a career as an army doctor, Whitten entered pre-medical studies at <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuskegee Institute">Tuskegee Institute</a> from 1957 to 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-Otfinoski2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otfinoski2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ArtArt1995_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtArt1995-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also traveled to nearby <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a> to hear <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> speak during the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> and was deeply moved by his vision for a changed America.<sup id="cite_ref-wapoObit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapoObit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960, Whitten went to <a href="/wiki/Southern_University" title="Southern University">Southern University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge, Louisiana</a> to begin studying art<sup id="cite_ref-ArtArt1995_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtArt1995-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became involved in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Baton_Rouge#Civil_Rights_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baton Rouge">Civil Rights demonstrations</a> there. Whitten participated in a march from downtown <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton Rouge">Baton Rouge</a> to the state capitol. Whitten's artist ability led him to be in charge of producing the signs and slogans to be used at that demonstration.<sup id="cite_ref-walkerart.org_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walkerart.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whitten believed strongly about <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>'s nonviolent approach. However, witnessing the violent reactions from the segregationist made him realize that if he remained in the South he would turn violent himself.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angered by the violent resistance to change he experienced he moved to <a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, New York">New York City</a> in 1960. He enrolled immediately at the <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union_for_the_Advancement_of_Science_and_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art">Cooper Union</a> in the fall of 1960,<sup id="cite_ref-walkerart.org_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walkerart.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> graduating with a bachelor's degree in fine art in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-Otfinoski2014_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otfinoski2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ArtArt1995_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtArt1995-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards he remained in New York as a working artist, heavily influenced by the abstract expressionists then dominating the art community, especially <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Willem de Kooning</a><sup id="cite_ref-wp_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Romare_Bearden" title="Romare Bearden">Romare Bearden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-walkerart.org_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walkerart.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Whitten&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after graduating from <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union" title="Cooper Union">Cooper Union</a>, Whitten had the opportunity to meet other black artists which included, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Jacob Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lewis_(artist)" title="Norman Lewis (artist)">Norman Lewis</a>, while he remained in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> to start his art career.<sup id="cite_ref-https_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-https-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5+1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5+1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whitten's art style was known to be abstract but he liked to refer to his art as art with truth and soul.<sup id="cite_ref-walkerart.org_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walkerart.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of Whitten's artwork was inspired by his own experiences during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>. Whitten concluded that <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> obstructed the <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> of people of color. Therefore, Whitten believed that it was his destiny to restore the culture through his pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whitten's <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">paintings</a> dated back to as early as the 1960s. A large portion of Whitten's <a href="/wiki/Artwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Artwork">artwork</a> had a feathery, soft effect which Whitten discovered was desirable by placing a <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">mesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric">fabric</a> over his wet <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_paint" title="Acrylic paint">acrylic</a> paintings. Whitten also used a T-shaped <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tool</a>, which he would call the "developer". Whitten would move the T-shaped tool across the surface of his <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> in one single motion. This technique was used to represent one point being related to another.<sup id="cite_ref-https_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-https-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Monolith_I,_1988,_Jack_Whitten_at_Glenstone_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Black_Monolith_I%2C_1988%2C_Jack_Whitten_at_Glenstone_2023.jpg/220px-Black_Monolith_I%2C_1988%2C_Jack_Whitten_at_Glenstone_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/72/Black_Monolith_I%2C_1988%2C_Jack_Whitten_at_Glenstone_2023.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption><i>Black Monolith I, A Tribute to James Baldwin</i> (1988) at <a href="/wiki/Glenstone" title="Glenstone">Glenstone</a> in 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>One of Whitten's most famous pieces of work are his <i>Black Monolith Series</i>. Most of the work in this series was a homage or tribute to black activist, <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-https_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-https-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two known works from this series includes Whitten's, <i>Black Monolith III for <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a>, 1998</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the author of <a href="/wiki/Invisible_Man" title="Invisible Man">Invisible Man</a>, <i>Black Monolith II for <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a>, 1994</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whitten's work was featured in the Annual Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting at the <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitney Museum of American Art">Whitney Museum of American Art</a> in 1972. The Whitney mounted a solo exhibition of his paintings in 1974. He has also had individual shows at numerous private galleries and universities, including a 10-year retrospective in 1983 at the <a href="/wiki/Studio_Museum_in_Harlem" title="Studio Museum in Harlem">Studio Museum in Harlem</a> and an exhibition of memorial paintings in 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Contemporary_Art_Center" title="Atlanta Contemporary Art Center">Atlanta Contemporary Arts Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whitten spent long portions of the summer in Crete, where he had a studio and made sculptures.<sup id="cite_ref-wp_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout his career, Whitten concerned himself with the techniques and materials of painting and the relationship of artworks to their inspirations. At times he has pursued quickly-applied gestural techniques akin to photography or printmaking. At other times the deliberative and constructive hand is evident. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> labeled him the father of a "new abstraction." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9.11.01,_2006,_Jack_Whitten_at_BMA_2022.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/9.11.01%2C_2006%2C_Jack_Whitten_at_BMA_2022.jpeg/220px-9.11.01%2C_2006%2C_Jack_Whitten_at_BMA_2022.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/9.11.01%2C_2006%2C_Jack_Whitten_at_BMA_2022.jpeg/330px-9.11.01%2C_2006%2C_Jack_Whitten_at_BMA_2022.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/9.11.01%2C_2006%2C_Jack_Whitten_at_BMA_2022.jpeg/440px-9.11.01%2C_2006%2C_Jack_Whitten_at_BMA_2022.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="222" /></a><figcaption><i>9.11.01</i> (2006) at the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Art" title="Baltimore Museum of Art">Baltimore Museum of Art</a> in 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/9/11_terrorist_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 terrorist attacks">terrorist attacks</a> on the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> occurred, Whitten was at his studio on Lispenard Street in <a href="/wiki/Tribeca" title="Tribeca">Tribeca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Artnet_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Artnet-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following years, he constructed a monumental painting, with ashes embedded into it, as a memorial of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> awarded Whitten the 2015 <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts</a> Award.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibitions">Exhibitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Whitten&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exhibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, curator Katy Siegel organized the exhibition <i>Light Years: Jack Whitten, 1971-73</i> at the Rose Art Museum at Brandeis University.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhibition featured many works created by Whitten between 1971 and 1973, which had never been exhibited before.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, a retrospective exhibition was organized by The Museum of Contemporary Art in San Diego.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhibition traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Wexner_Center_for_the_Arts" title="Wexner Center for the Arts">Wexner Center for the Arts</a> in 2015<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to the <a href="/wiki/Walker_Art_Center" title="Walker Art Center">Walker Art Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> from September 13, 2015, to January 24, 2016 <sup id="cite_ref-walkerart.org_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walkerart.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of his Walker engagement, Whitten wrote an Artist Op-Ed on racism and "the role of art in times of unspeakable violence."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 3, 2018 <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Bridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal Bridges">Crystal Bridges</a> featured two of Whitten's pieces from the 1970s; one of which was the <i>Homage to Malcolm, 1970</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, a retrospective "Odyssey: Jack Whitten Sculpture 1963–2016" was organized around the time of his passing and opened at the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Art" title="Baltimore Museum of Art">Baltimore Museum of Art</a> from April 22, 2018, to July 29, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-wp_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhibition traveled to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2018/odyssey-jack-whitten-sculpture">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York from September 6 to December 2, 2018, and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfah.org/exhibitions/odyssey-jack-whitten-sculpture">Museum of Fine Arts, Houston</a> from March 3 to May 27, 2019. In 2019, the first solo exhibition in a European institution was shown at <a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Bahnhof" title="Hamburger Bahnhof">Hamburger Bahnhof</a> Museum für Gegenwart Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_market">Art market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Whitten&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Art market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whitten was represented by <a href="/wiki/Hauser_%26_Wirth" title="Hauser & Wirth">Hauser & Wirth</a> (2016–2018), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Gray_Associates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Gray Associates (page does not exist)">Alexander Gray Associates</a> (2007–2016) and Zeno X Gallery.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Whitten&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At 78, Whitten died on January 20, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-walkerart.org_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walkerart.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitten and his wife Mary resided in <a href="/wiki/Queens,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens, New York">Queens, New York</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Whitten&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wapoObit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wapoObit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapoObit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/entertainment/museums/jack-whitten-a-neglected-artist-who-embraced-african-and-expressionist-art/2018/01/22/f9df8190-ffa8-11e7-8acf-ad2991367d9d_story.html">Washington Post, Jack Whitten</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204350/https://www.arts.gov/news/2016/president-obama-award-national-medals-arts">"President Obama to Award National Medals of Arts | NEA"</a>. <i>www.arts.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arts.gov/news/2016/president-obama-award-national-medals-arts">the original</a> on 2017-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arts.gov&rft.atitle=President+Obama+to+Award+National+Medals+of+Arts+%7C+NEA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.gov%2Fnews%2F2016%2Fpresident-obama-award-national-medals-arts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberger2018" class="citation web cs1">Greenberger, Alex (2018-01-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artnews.com/2018/01/21/jack-whitten-beloved-painter-abstract-cosmologies-dies-78/">"Jack Whitten, Beloved Painter of Abstract Cosmologies, Dies at 78"</a>. <i>ARTnews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARTnews&rft.atitle=Jack+Whitten%2C+Beloved+Painter+of+Abstract+Cosmologies%2C+Dies+at+78&rft.date=2018-01-21&rft.aulast=Greenberger&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnews.com%2F2018%2F01%2F21%2Fjack-whitten-beloved-painter-abstract-cosmologies-dies-78%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Otfinoski2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Otfinoski2014_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Otfinoski2014_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Otfinoski2014_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Otfinoski2014" class="citation book cs1">Steven Otfinoski (14 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcWHdpRoDkUC&pg=PA222"><i>African Americans in the Visual Arts</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 222–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0777-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0777-6"><bdi>978-1-4381-0777-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Americans+in+the+Visual+Arts&rft.pages=222-&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0777-6&rft.au=Steven+Otfinoski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBcWHdpRoDkUC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siegel2006-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siegel2006_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaty_Siegel2006" class="citation book cs1">Katy Siegel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fDxQAAAAMAAJ"><i>High Times, Hard Times: New York Painting, 1967-1975</i></a>. Independent Curators International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933045-39-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933045-39-9"><bdi>978-1-933045-39-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Times%2C+Hard+Times%3A+New+York+Painting%2C+1967-1975&rft.pub=Independent+Curators+International&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-933045-39-9&rft.au=Katy+Siegel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfDxQAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArtArt1995-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArtArt1995_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArtArt1995_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArtArt1995_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMobile_Museum_of_ArtHuntsville_Museum_of_Art1995" class="citation book cs1">Mobile Museum of Art; Huntsville Museum of Art (1 March 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PopIAQAAIAAJ"><i>Alabama impact: contemporary artists with Alabama ties</i></a>. Mobile Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781885820013" title="Special:BookSources/9781885820013"><bdi>9781885820013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alabama+impact%3A+contemporary+artists+with+Alabama+ties&rft.pub=Mobile+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1995-03-01&rft.isbn=9781885820013&rft.au=Mobile+Museum+of+Art&rft.au=Huntsville+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPopIAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walkerart.org-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-walkerart.org_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walkerart.org_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walkerart.org_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walkerart.org_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walkerart.org_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walkerart.org_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSung" class="citation web cs1">Sung, Victoria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://walkerart.org/magazine/jack-whitten-in-his-own-words">"Stories of the Soul: A Farewell to Jack Whitten"</a>. <i>Walker Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Walker+Art&rft.atitle=Stories+of+the+Soul%3A+A+Farewell+to+Jack+Whitten&rft.aulast=Sung&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwalkerart.org%2Fmagazine%2Fjack-whitten-in-his-own-words&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeBerry2018" class="citation web cs1">DeBerry, Linda (23 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crystalbridges.org/blog/an-interview-with-artist-jack-whitten/">"An Interview with artist Jack Whitten"</a>. <i>Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crystal+Bridges+Museum+of+American+Art&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+artist+Jack+Whitten&rft.date=2018-01-23&rft.aulast=DeBerry&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrystalbridges.org%2Fblog%2Fan-interview-with-artist-jack-whitten%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wp-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wp_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmee2018" class="citation news cs1">Smee, Sebastian (January 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/jack-whitten-a-neglected-artist-who-embraced-african-and-expressionist-art/2018/01/22/f9df8190-ffa8-11e7-8acf-ad2991367d9d_story.html">"Jack Whitten: once neglected artist lately the toast of the art world"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Jack+Whitten%3A+once+neglected+artist+lately+the+toast+of+the+art+world&rft.date=2018-01-22&rft.aulast=Smee&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmuseums%2Fjack-whitten-a-neglected-artist-who-embraced-african-and-expressionist-art%2F2018%2F01%2F22%2Ff9df8190-ffa8-11e7-8acf-ad2991367d9d_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-https-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-https_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-https_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-https_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSung" class="citation web cs1">Sung, Victoria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://walkerart.org/magazine/jack-whitten-in-his-own-words">"Stories of the Soul: A farewell to Jack Whitten"</a>. <i>Walker Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Walker+Art&rft.atitle=Stories+of+the+Soul%3A+A+farewell+to+Jack+Whitten&rft.aulast=Sung&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwalkerart.org%2Fmagazine%2Fjack-whitten-in-his-own-words&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5+1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5+1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.org/beyond-the-gallery/frank-bowling-and-5-1">"Frank Bowling and 5+1"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MFA_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="MFA Boston">MFA Boston</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MFA+Boston&rft.atitle=Frank+Bowling+and+5%2B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.org%2Fbeyond-the-gallery%2Ffrank-bowling-and-5-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeBerry2018" class="citation web cs1">DeBerry, Linda (23 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crystalbridges.org/blog/an-interview-with-artist-jack-whitten/.">"An interview with artist Jack Whitten"</a>. <i>Crystal Bridge Museum of American Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crystal+Bridge+Museum+of+American+Art&rft.atitle=An+interview+with+artist+Jack+Whitten&rft.date=2018-01-23&rft.aulast=DeBerry&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrystalbridges.org%2Fblog%2Fan-interview-with-artist-jack-whitten%2F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/768447">"Black Monolith III for Barbara Jordan"</a>. <i>The MET</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+MET&rft.atitle=Black+Monolith+III+for+Barbara+Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F768447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/216671">"Black Monolith II (For Ralph Ellison)"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Museum&rft.atitle=Black+Monolith+II+%28For+Ralph+Ellison%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooklynmuseum.org%2Fopencollection%2Fobjects%2F216671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochran2008" class="citation web cs1">Cochran, Rebecca Dimling (8 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artforum.com/picks/jack-whitten-20164">"Jack Whitten at The Atlanta Contemporary Art Center"</a>. <i>Artforum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artforum&rft.atitle=Jack+Whitten+at+The+Atlanta+Contemporary+Art+Center&rft.date=2008-05-08&rft.aulast=Cochran&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Dimling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artforum.com%2Fpicks%2Fjack-whitten-20164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Artnet-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Artnet_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elisabeth Kley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/reviews/kley/jack-whitten-9-15-11.asp">"Jack Whitten | FROM GARBAGE TO GEMS"</a> <i>ArtNet</i>, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Abbe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/unmasked-the-all-american-art-of-jack-whitten-opens-at-walker-art-center/326366841/">"Unmasked: All-American art of Jack Whitten opens at Walker Art Center"</a>, <i>StarTribune</i>, September 14, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeBerry2018" class="citation web cs1">DeBerry, Linda (23 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crystalbridges.org/blog/an-interview-with-artist-jack-whitten/">"An interview with artist Jack Whitten"</a>. <i>Crystal Bridge Museum of American Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crystal+Bridge+Museum+of+American+Art&rft.atitle=An+interview+with+artist+Jack+Whitten&rft.date=2018-01-23&rft.aulast=DeBerry&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrystalbridges.org%2Fblog%2Fan-interview-with-artist-jack-whitten%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandeis.edu/rose/exhibitions/past.html">"Light Years: Jack Whitten, 1971-73"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Light+Years%3A+Jack+Whitten%2C+1971-73&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandeis.edu%2Frose%2Fexhibitions%2Fpast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/201310/jack-whitten-44088">"Gregory Williams on Jack Whitten"</a>. <i>www.artforum.com</i>. December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.artforum.com&rft.atitle=Gregory+Williams+on+Jack+Whitten&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artforum.com%2Fprint%2Freviews%2F201310%2Fjack-whitten-44088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcasd.org/exhibitions/jack-whitten-five-decades-painting">"JACK WHITTEN: FIVE DECADES OF PAINTING: Saturday, Sep 20, 2014-Sunday, Jan 04, 2015 at MCASD La Jolla"</a>, Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wexarts.org/exhibitions/jack-whitten-five-decades-painting">"Jack Whitten: Five Decades of Painting, May 16, 2015–Aug 2, 2015"</a>, Wexner Center for the Arts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walkerart.org/calendar/2015/jack-whitten-five-decades-painting">"Jack Whitten: Five Decades of Painting"</a>, Walker.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Whitten, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://walkerart.org/magazine/jack-whitten-art-violence">"A Circle of Blood"</a>, Sightlines, Walker, December 3, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeBerry2018" class="citation web cs1">DeBerry, Linda (23 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crystalbridges.org/blog/an-interview-with-artist-jack-whitten/">"An interview with artist Jack Whitten"</a>. <i>Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crystal+Bridges+Museum+of+American+Art&rft.atitle=An+interview+with+artist+Jack+Whitten&rft.date=2018-01-23&rft.aulast=DeBerry&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrystalbridges.org%2Fblog%2Fan-interview-with-artist-jack-whitten%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/hamburger-bahnhof/exhibitions/detail/jack-whitten-jacks-jacks.html">"Jack Whitten: Jack's Jacks"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jack+Whitten%3A+Jack%27s+Jacks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smb.museum%2Fen%2Fmuseums-institutions%2Fhamburger-bahnhof%2Fexhibitions%2Fdetail%2Fjack-whitten-jacks-jacks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Whitten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alex Greenberger (April 15, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artnews.com/art-news/market/hauser-wirth-adds-jack-whitten-to-its-roster-plans-show-for-spring-2017-6170/">Hauser & Wirth Adds Jack Whitten to Its Roster, Plans Show for Spring 2017</a> <i><a href="/wiki/ARTnews" title="ARTnews">ARTnews</a></i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Whitten&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Goldsmith, Kenneth (Summer 1994), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexandergray.com/Images/Files/Whitten_Bomb_Magazine_Summer_1994.pdf">Jack Whitten</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>", <i>Bomb Magazine.</i></li> <li>Storr, Rober (September 2007), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brooklynrail.org/2007/09/art/whitten">Jack Whitten with Robert Storr</a>", <i>Brooklyn Rail</i></li> <li>Ostrove, Saul (April 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexandergray.com/Images/Files/Whitten_Art_in_America_April_2008.pdf">"Process, Image and Elegy"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <i>Art in America</i>.</li> <li>Fox, Catherine (April 26, 2008), "Close to history: Alabama-born artist who boarded a bus to New York in 1960 makes a triumphant return to the South", <i>Atlanta Journal-Constitution</i></li> <li>Moyer, Carrie (October 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brooklynrail.org/2009/10/artseen/jack-whitten">"Jack Whitten"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brooklyn_Rail" title="The Brooklyn Rail">The Brooklyn Rail</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://momaps1.org/exhibitions/view/143">Jack Whitten</a> at the MoMa PS1 (May 24—October 15, 2007)</li> <li>Kuo, Michelle (February 2012), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artforum.com/print/201202/artist-s-portfolio-jack-whitten-30076">Artist's Portfolio: Jack Whitten</a>," <i>Artforum International</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Whitten&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcasd.org/artists/jack-whitten">Chinese Sincerity, Jack Whitten, 1974, acrylic on canvas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913130818/http://www.mcasd.org/artists/jack-whitten">Archived</a> 2014-09-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/23/obituaries/jack-whitten-artist-of-wide-ranging-curiosity-dies-at-78.html">NY Times, obituary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/01/arts/art-in-review-645320.html">NY Times Art in Review, Roberta Smith, 1994</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a></li> <li>Joan Harris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_T._Jones" title="Bill T. Jones">Bill T. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kander" title="John Kander">John Kander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg" title="Jeffrey Katzenberg">Jeffrey Katzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Hong_Kingston" title="Maxine Hong Kingston">Maxine Hong Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_and_David_Maysles" title="Albert and David Maysles">Albert Maysles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tod_Williams_Billie_Tsien_Architects" title="Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects">Billie Tsien & Tod Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Turrell" title="James Turrell">James Turrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Baldessari" title="John Baldessari">John Baldessari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping_Chong" title="Ping Chong">Ping Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADriam_Col%C3%B3n" title="Míriam Colón">Míriam Colón</a></li> <li>The Doris Duke Charitable Foundation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Field" title="Sally Field">Sally Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Hamilton_(artist)" title="Ann Hamilton (artist)">Ann Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meredith_Monk" title="Meredith Monk">Meredith Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shirley" title="George Shirley">George Shirley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Musical_Society" title="University Musical Society">University Musical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Wolff" title="Tobias Wolff">Tobias Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Cisneros" title="Sandra Cisneros">Sandra Cisneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Theater_Center" title="Eugene O'Neill Theater Center">Eugene O'Neill Theater Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Jim%C3%A9nez_Jr." title="Santiago Jiménez Jr.">Santiago Jiménez Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mois%C3%A9s_Kaufman" title="Moisés Kaufman">Moisés Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lemon" title="Ralph Lemon">Ralph Lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audra_McDonald" title="Audra McDonald">Audra McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Valdez" title="Luis Valdez">Luis Valdez</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jack Whitten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Krauss" title="Alison Krauss">Alison Krauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Percy_Rockefeller" title="Sharon Percy Rockefeller">Sharon Percy Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_bands" title="United States military bands">The Musicians of the United States Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Voight" title="Jon Voight">Jon Voight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Keith" title="Toby Keith">Toby Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricky_Skaggs" title="Ricky Skaggs">Ricky Skaggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Costa" title="Mary Costa">Mary Costa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Ut" title="Nick Ut">Nick Ut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_A._Powell_III" title="Earl A. Powell III">Earl A. Powell III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight" title="Gladys Knight">Gladys Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindy_Kaling" title="Mindy Kaling">Mindy Kaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Louis-Dreyfus" title="Julia Louis-Dreyfus">Julia Louis-Dreyfus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Feliciano" title="José Feliciano">José Feliciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Wang" title="Vera Wang">Vera Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Shigekawa" title="Joan Shigekawa">Joan Shigekawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Baca" title="Judy Baca">Judith Francisca Baca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Eychaner" title="Fred Eychaner">Fred Eychaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Martorell" title="Antonio Martorell">Antonio Martorell</a></li> <li>The Billie Holiday Theatre</li> <li>The International Association of Blacks in Dance</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Asawa" title="Ruth Asawa">Ruth Asawa</a></li> <li>Randy Batitsa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Butcher" title="Clyde Butcher">Clyde Butcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum">Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missy_Elliott" title="Missy Elliott">Missy Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaco_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Flaco Jiménez">Flaco Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Longoria" title="Eva Longoria">Eva Longoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idina_Menzel" title="Idina Menzel">Idina Menzel</a></li> <li>Herbert Ohta</li> <li>Bruce Sagan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Mae_Weems" title="Carrie Mae Weems">Carrie Mae Weems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bradford" title="Mark Bradford">Mark Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Ken Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cohen" title="Bruce Cohen">Bruce Cohen</a></li> <li>Jo Carole Lauder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Latifah" title="Queen Latifah">Queen Latifah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selena" title="Selena">Selena Quintanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_the_National_Medal_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of recipients of the National Medal of Arts">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1990s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2000s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2010s" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 2010s">2010s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6115781#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000007819458X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/40738096">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/123945/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdgYyW6vrPb8HcwkkbyBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1020516089">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82242588">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p440257913">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1675321645787">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/135343">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007358009205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500077661">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/102963">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/0595dfa1-c688-44c3-9252-4b9a67d2f10e">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/6351">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/1020516089">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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