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title="Naskapi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Naskapi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskapi_(langue)" title="Naskapi (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Naskapi (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_naskapi" title="Lingua naskapi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua naskapi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Naskapi" title="Bahasa Naskapi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Naskapi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_naskapi" title="Lingua naskapi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua naskapi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskapi_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Naskapi (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Naskapi (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_naskapi" title="Lenga naskapi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga naskapi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Наскапи (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наскапи (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskapice" title="Naskapice – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Naskapice" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cree language of eastern Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Naskapi" title="Naskapi">Naskapi</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;">Naskapi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;"><span title="Naskapi-language text"><span lang="nsk">ᓇᔅᑲᐱ</span></span> <span title="Naskapi-language romanization"><i lang="nsk-Latn">naskapi</i></span>,<span title="Naskapi-language text"><span lang="nsk"><br />ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ</span></span> <span title="Naskapi-language romanization"><i lang="nsk-Latn">iyuw iyimuun</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">St'aschinuw<br />(<a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Naskapi" title="Naskapi">Naskapi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1,230 (2016 census)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>-<a href="/wiki/Innu-aimun" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu-aimun">Montagnais</a>-Naskapi<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Naskapi</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cree_syllabics" title="Eastern Cree syllabics">Eastern Cree syllabics</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nsk" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nsk">nsk</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nask1242">nask1242</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=62-ADA-ba">62-ADA-ba</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Naskapi" title="Naskapi">Naskapi Iyuw<br />ᓇᔅᑲᐱ ᐃᔪᐤ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Naskapi Iyuw Iyimuun</b><br /><b>ᓇᔅᑲᐱ ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">St'aschinuw<br />ᒋᑦ ᐊᔅᒋᓄᐤ</td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Naskapi</b> (also known as <span title="Naskapi-language text"><span lang="nsk">ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ</span></span>/<b><span title="Naskapi-language romanization"><i lang="nsk-Latn">Iyuw Iyimuun</i></span></b> in the Naskapi language) is an <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> language spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Naskapi" title="Naskapi">Naskapi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is written in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cree_syllabics" title="Eastern Cree syllabics">Eastern Cree syllabics</a>. </p><p>The term Naskapi is chiefly used to refer to the language of the people living in the interior of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> in or around <a href="/wiki/Kawawachikamach,_Quebec" title="Kawawachikamach, Quebec">Kawawachikamach, Quebec</a>. Naskapi is a "<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum#Cree_and_Ojibwa" title="Dialect continuum">y-dialect</a>" that has many linguistic features in common with the Northern dialect of <a href="/wiki/East_Cree" title="East Cree">East Cree</a>, and also shares many lexical items with the <a href="/wiki/Innu_language" title="Innu language">Innu language</a>. </p><p>Although there is a much closer linguistic and cultural relationship between Naskapi and Innu than between Naskapi and other Cree language communities, Naskapi remains unique and distinct from all other language varieties in the Quebec-Labrador peninsula. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskapi_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Each stop has voiced allophones as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b,<span class="wrap"> </span>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ]</span> and pre-aspirated allophones as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʰp,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʰt,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʰtʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʰk]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Long vowels: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a~æ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></li> <li>Short vowels: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ~ə/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ~ə/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o~ʊ/</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskapi_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two writing systems used for Naskapi language. One is Latin, similar to <a href="/wiki/Innu-aimun" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu-aimun">Innu Language (Montagnais)</a>, and the other is <a href="/wiki/Cree_syllabics" title="Cree syllabics">Cree syllabics</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/East_Cree" title="East Cree">James Bay Cree</a>, as well as other dialects of Cree across Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin">Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskapi_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Naskapi Latin alphabet consists of three vowels, <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span>, in short form and in long form. The long form is either written with a <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> accent, e.g. <span class="nowrap">⟨â⟩</span>, or by simply writing the vowel twice, e.g. <span class="nowrap">⟨aa⟩</span>. In addition there are twelve <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a> to represent the consonants, including the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Ch⟩</span>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Uppercase</td> <td>A</td> <td>Â/AA</td> <td>Ch</td> <td>H</td> <td>I</td> <td>Î/II</td> <td>K</td> <td>L</td> <td>M</td> <td>N</td> <td>P</td> <td>R</td> <td>S</td> <td>T</td> <td>U</td> <td>Û/UU</td> <td>W</td> <td>Y </td></tr> <tr> <td>lowercase</td> <td>a</td> <td>â/aa</td> <td>ch</td> <td>h</td> <td>i</td> <td>î/ii</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>p</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>û/uu</td> <td>w</td> <td>y </td></tr> <tr> <td>IPA</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ~ə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a~æ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ~ə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k,<span class="wrap"> </span>g/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p,<span class="wrap"> </span>b/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɹ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t,<span class="wrap"> </span>d/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o~ʊ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Ch, K, P, and T are also used to write the voiced <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a>.</li> <li>L and R are only used in loanwords from other languages.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllabary">Syllabary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskapi_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Syllabary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Naskapi Syllabics</b> (<span title="Naskapi-language text"><span lang="nsk">ᓇᔅᑲᐱ ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ</span></span>, <span title="Naskapi-language romanization"><i lang="nsk-Latn">naskapi iyuw iyimuun</i></span>) is derived from <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal syllabics</a>, and while having its unique characteristics, shares many features with other Canadian Cree Syllabic systems. Unlike other Cree Syllabics, long and short vowels are not distinguished. The final forms in Naskapi Syllabics are similar to other varieties of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cree_syllabics" title="Eastern Cree syllabics">Eastern Cree syllabics</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>_a </th> <th>_i </th> <th>_u </th> <th>_wa </th> <th>_wi </th> <th>_w </th> <th>s_wa </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th>- </th> <td>ᐊ</td> <td>ᐃ</td> <td>ᐅ</td> <td>ᐛ</td> <td>ᐎ</td> <td>ᐤ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>p </th> <td>ᐸ</td> <td>ᐱ</td> <td>ᐳ</td> <td>ᑈ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ᔌ</td> <td>ᑉ </td></tr> <tr> <th>t </th> <td>ᑕ</td> <td>ᑎ</td> <td>ᑐ</td> <td>ᑥ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ᔌ</td> <td>ᑦ </td></tr> <tr> <th>k </th> <td>ᑲ</td> <td>ᑭ</td> <td>ᑯ</td> <td>ᒂ</td> <td></td> <td>ᒄ</td> <td>ᔎ</td> <td>ᒃ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ch </th> <td>ᒐ</td> <td>ᒋ</td> <td>ᒍ</td> <td>ᒠ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ᔏ</td> <td>ᒡ </td></tr> <tr> <th>m </th> <td>ᒪ</td> <td>ᒥ</td> <td>ᒧ</td> <td>ᒺ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ᒻ </td></tr> <tr> <th>n </th> <td>ᓇ</td> <td>ᓂ</td> <td>ᓄ</td> <td>ᓏ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ᓐ </td></tr> <tr> <th>s </th> <td>ᓴ</td> <td>ᓯ</td> <td>ᓱ</td> <td>ᔄ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ᔅ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">y </th> <td rowspan="2">ᔭ </td> <td rowspan="2">ᔨ </td> <td rowspan="2">ᔪ </td> <td rowspan="2">ᔽ </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td>ᔾ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ᐟ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="9">Other Symbols </th></tr> <tr> <th>h </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ᐦ </td></tr> <tr> <th>hk </th> <td>ᑾ</td> <td>ᑶ</td> <td>ᑴ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>l </th> <td>ᓚ</td> <td>ᓕ</td> <td>ᓗ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ᓪ </td></tr> <tr> <th>r </th> <td>ᕋ</td> <td>ᕆ</td> <td>ᕈ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ᕐ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskapi_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=41&Geo=01">"Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census - Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Other Aboriginal language(s) spoken regularly at home for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. Government of Canada, Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Language+Highlight+Tables%2C+2016+Census+-+Aboriginal+mother+tongue%2C+Aboriginal+language+spoken+most+often+at+home+and+Other+Aboriginal+language%28s%29+spoken+regularly+at+home+for+the+population+excluding+institutional+residents+of+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories%2C+2016+Census+%E2%80%93+100%25+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt-fst%2Flang%2FTable.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26T%3D41%26Geo%3D01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaskapi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2022" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cree1271">"Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015114502/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cree1271">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fcree1271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaskapi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version:</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacKenzie, Marguerite. 1994.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskapi_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101208210859/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/naskapi/">Naskapi Lexicon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagegeek.com/algon/naskapi/naskapi.html">Languagegeek: Naskapi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621174555/http://naskapinews.com/language/">Naskapi Language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/nsk">OLAC resources in and about the Naskapi language</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi_dialect_continuum292" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cree_language" title="Template:Cree language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cree_language" title="Template talk:Cree language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cree_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cree language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi_dialect_continuum292" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi</a> dialect continuum</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Macrofamily: <a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></li> <li>Family: <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian language</a></i>)</li> <li>Areal group: <a href="/wiki/Central_Algonquian_languages" title="Central Algonquian languages">Central Algonquian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cree_language.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cree_language.png/150px-Cree_language.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cree_language.png/225px-Cree_language.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Cree_language.png 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="78" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western variants<br /> (Cree)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>From west to east: <a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woods_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Woods Cree language">Woods Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Western Swampy Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Eastern Swampy Cree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moose_Cree_language" title="Moose Cree language">Moose Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern variants<br /> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montagnais-Naskapi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montagnais-Naskapi (page does not exist)">Montagnais-Naskapi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>From west to east: <a href="/wiki/East_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cree language">East Cree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_East_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern East Cree language">Northern East Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_East_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern East Cree language">Southern East Cree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu-aimun" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu-aimun">Montagnais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contact languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungi Creole</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Cree" title="Bible translations into Cree">Bible translations into Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_syllabics" title="Cree syllabics">Cree syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cree_syllabics" title="Western Cree syllabics">Western version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cree_syllabics" title="Eastern Cree syllabics">Eastern version</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dd><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Canada269" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Canada269" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English#African_Nova_Scotian_English" title="African-American English">Afro-Nova Scotian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Cascadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franglais" title="Franglais">Franglais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_English_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal English in Canada">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_Twang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa Valley Twang">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Toronto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaouin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaouin">Chaouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franglais" title="Franglais">Franglais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Magoua dialect">Magoua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarian#Franco-Ontarian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Ontarian">Ontarois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec French">Québec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_language" title="Innu language">Innu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine-Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin_language" title="Tsilhqotʼin language">Chilcotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tagish</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Tutchone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Coola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bella Coola language">Bella Coola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentlatch_language" title="Pentlatch language">Pentlatch</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language" title="Shíshálh language">Shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitxsan_language" title="Gitxsan language">Gitxsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a_language" title="Nisga'a language">Nisga'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Southern Tsimshian dialect">Southern</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk%E2%80%93Oowekyala_language" title="Heiltsuk–Oowekyala language">Heiltsuk-Oowekyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins, creoles and mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Newfoundland Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Hand Talk</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast_Salish_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coast Salish Sign Language (page does not exist)">Coast Salish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Sign_Language" title="Oneida Sign Language">Oneida Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawmill_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sawmill Sign Language (page does not exist)">Sawmill Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada#Canadian_style_guides" title="Bibliography of Canada">Canadian style guides</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_English_dictionaries" title="List of Canadian English dictionaries">Canadian dictionaries </a>‎</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1271159938">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+style+.asbox,.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+link+.asbox{margin-top:3em}</style><div 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