CINXE.COM

PLOS Mental Health

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" class="no-js"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/resource/css/site-content.css?79f248ebefa43b7800a14562e5049ab4"/> <!-- allows for extra head tags --> <!-- hello --> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,400i,600"> <link media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/resource/css/print.css"/> <script type="text/javascript"> var siteUrlPrefix = "/mentalhealth/"; </script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/modernizr-v2.7.1.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/detectizr.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/resource/img/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <!-- DoubleClick overall ad setup script --> <script type='text/javascript'> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; (function() { var gads = document.createElement('script'); gads.async = true; gads.type = 'text/javascript'; var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; gads.src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'; var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node); })(); </script> <!-- DoubleClick ad slot setup script --> <script id="doubleClickSetupScript" type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PMEN_728x90_ATF', [728, 90], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); var personalizedAds = window.plosCookieConsent && window.plosCookieConsent.hasConsented('advertising'); googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(personalizedAds ? 0 : 1); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var WombatConfig = WombatConfig || {}; WombatConfig.journalKey = "PLOSMentalHealth"; WombatConfig.journalName = "PLOS Mental Health"; WombatConfig.figurePath = "/mentalhealth/article/figure/image"; WombatConfig.figShareInstitutionString = "plos"; WombatConfig.doiResolverPrefix = "https://dx.plos.org/"; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var WombatConfig = WombatConfig || {}; WombatConfig.metrics = WombatConfig.metrics || {}; WombatConfig.metrics.referenceUrl = "http://lagotto.io/plos"; WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarUrl = "https://scholar.google.com/scholar"; WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarCitationUrl = WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarUrl + "?hl=en&lr=&q="; WombatConfig.metrics.crossrefUrl = "https://www.crossref.org"; </script> <script defer="defer" src="/resource/js/defer.js?13928eb59791c3cc61cf"></script><script src="/resource/js/sync.js?13928eb59791c3cc61cf"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/fastclick/lib/fastclick.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/underscore-min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/underscore.string.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/moment.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery-ui-effects.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.tooltip.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.dropdown.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.tab.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.reveal.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.slider.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/util/utils.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/toggle.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/truncate_elem.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/tooltip_hover.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.dotdotdot.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <!--For Google Tag manager to be able to track site information --> <script> dataLayer = [{ 'mobileSite': 'false', 'desktopSite': 'true' }]; </script> <title>PLOS Mental Health</title> <!-- for lemur --> <script> $(document).ready(()=> { let lemurTitle = $('article > h1').text(); if (lemurTitle && lemurTitle != '') { $('title').text(lemurTitle + ' | ' + 'PLOS Mental Health'); } }); </script> </head> <body class="static plosmentalhealth"> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-TP26BH" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-TP26BH'); </script> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MQQMGF" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MQQMGF');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!-- New Relic --> <script type="text/javascript"> ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(t,e,n){function r(n){if(!e[n]){var o=e[n]={exports:{}};t[n][0].call(o.exports,function(e){var o=t[n][1][e];return r(o||e)},o,o.exports)}return e[n].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;o<n.length;o++)r(n[o]);return r}({1:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){try{s.console&&console.log(t)}catch(e){}}var o,i=t("ee"),a=t(32),s={};try{o=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(s.console=!0,o.indexOf("dev")!==-1&&(s.dev=!0),o.indexOf("nr_dev")!==-1&&(s.nrDev=!0))}catch(c){}s.nrDev&&i.on("internal-error",function(t){r(t.stack)}),s.dev&&i.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){r(n.stack)}),s.dev&&(r("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),r("flags: "+a(s,function(t,e){return t}).join(", ")))},{}],2:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r,s){try{l?l-=1:o(s||new UncaughtException(t,e,n),!0)}catch(f){try{i("ierr",[f,c.now(),!0])}catch(d){}}return"function"==typeof u&&u.apply(this,a(arguments))}function UncaughtException(t,e,n){this.message=t||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=e,this.line=n}function o(t,e){var n=e?null:c.now();i("err",[t,n])}var i=t("handle"),a=t(33),s=t("ee"),c=t("loader"),f=t("gos"),u=window.onerror,d=!1,p="nr@seenError";if(!c.disabled){var l=0;c.features.err=!0,t(1),window.onerror=r;try{throw new Error}catch(h){"stack"in h&&(t(14),t(13),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7),c.xhrWrappable&&t(15),d=!0)}s.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){d&&(l+=1)}),s.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){d&&!n[p]&&(f(n,p,function(){return!0}),this.thrown=!0,o(n))}),s.on("fn-end",function(){d&&!this.thrown&&l>0&&(l-=1)}),s.on("internal-error",function(t){i("ierr",[t,c.now(),!0])})}},{}],3:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("loader");r.disabled||(r.features.ins=!0)},{}],4:[function(t,e,n){function r(){U++,L=g.hash,this[u]=y.now()}function o(){U--,g.hash!==L&&i(0,!0);var t=y.now();this[h]=~~this[h]+t-this[u],this[d]=t}function i(t,e){E.emit("newURL",[""+g,e])}function a(t,e){t.on(e,function(){this[e]=y.now()})}var s="-start",c="-end",f="-body",u="fn"+s,d="fn"+c,p="cb"+s,l="cb"+c,h="jsTime",m="fetch",v="addEventListener",w=window,g=w.location,y=t("loader");if(w[v]&&y.xhrWrappable&&!y.disabled){var x=t(11),b=t(12),E=t(9),R=t(7),O=t(14),T=t(8),P=t(15),S=t(10),M=t("ee"),N=M.get("tracer"),C=t(23);t(17),y.features.spa=!0;var L,U=0;M.on(u,r),b.on(p,r),S.on(p,r),M.on(d,o),b.on(l,o),S.on(l,o),M.buffer([u,d,"xhr-resolved"]),R.buffer([u]),O.buffer(["setTimeout"+c,"clearTimeout"+s,u]),P.buffer([u,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+s]),T.buffer([m+s,m+"-done",m+f+s,m+f+c]),E.buffer(["newURL"]),x.buffer([u]),b.buffer(["propagate",p,l,"executor-err","resolve"+s]),N.buffer([u,"no-"+u]),S.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"]),a(T,m+s),a(T,m+"-done"),a(S,"new-jsonp"),a(S,"jsonp-end"),a(S,"cb-start"),E.on("pushState-end",i),E.on("replaceState-end",i),w[v]("hashchange",i,C(!0)),w[v]("load",i,C(!0)),w[v]("popstate",function(){i(0,U>1)},C(!0))}},{}],5:[function(t,e,n){function r(){var t=new PerformanceObserver(function(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();s(v,[n])});try{t.observe({entryTypes:["resource"]})}catch(e){}}function o(t){if(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(w)]),window.performance["c"+p])try{window.performance[h](m,o,!1)}catch(t){}else try{window.performance[h]("webkit"+m,o,!1)}catch(t){}}function i(t){}if(window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&window.performance.getEntriesByType){var a=t("ee"),s=t("handle"),c=t(14),f=t(13),u=t(6),d=t(23),p="learResourceTimings",l="addEventListener",h="removeEventListener",m="resourcetimingbufferfull",v="bstResource",w="resource",g="-start",y="-end",x="fn"+g,b="fn"+y,E="bstTimer",R="pushState",O=t("loader");if(!O.disabled){O.features.stn=!0,t(9),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7);var T=NREUM.o.EV;a.on(x,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&(this.bstStart=O.now())}),a.on(b,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&s("bst",[n,e,this.bstStart,O.now()])}),c.on(x,function(t,e,n){this.bstStart=O.now(),this.bstType=n}),c.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),this.bstType])}),f.on(x,function(){this.bstStart=O.now()}),f.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),"requestAnimationFrame"])}),a.on(R+g,function(t){this.time=O.now(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash}),a.on(R+y,function(t){s("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time])}),u()?(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType("resource")]),r()):l in window.performance&&(window.performance["c"+p]?window.performance[l](m,o,d(!1)):window.performance[l]("webkit"+m,o,d(!1))),document[l]("scroll",i,d(!1)),document[l]("keypress",i,d(!1)),document[l]("click",i,d(!1))}}},{}],6:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(){return"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver}},{}],7:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){for(var e=t;e&&!e.hasOwnProperty(u);)e=Object.getPrototypeOf(e);e&&o(e)}function o(t){s.inPlace(t,[u,d],"-",i)}function i(t,e){return t[1]}var a=t("ee").get("events"),s=t("wrap-function")(a,!0),c=t("gos"),f=XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener";e.exports=a,"getPrototypeOf"in Object?(r(document),r(window),r(f.prototype)):f.prototype.hasOwnProperty(u)&&(o(window),o(f.prototype)),a.on(u+"-start",function(t,e){var n=t[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var r=c(n,"nr@wrapped",function(){function t(){if("function"==typeof n.handleEvent)return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)}var e={object:t,"function":n}[typeof n];return e?s(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n});this.wrapped=t[1]=r}}),a.on(d+"-start",function(t){t[1]=this.wrapped||t[1]})},{}],8:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){var r=t[e];"function"==typeof r&&(t[e]=function(){var t=i(arguments),e={};o.emit(n+"before-start",[t],e);var a;e[m]&&e[m].dt&&(a=e[m].dt);var s=r.apply(this,t);return o.emit(n+"start",[t,a],s),s.then(function(t){return o.emit(n+"end",[null,t],s),t},function(t){throw o.emit(n+"end",[t],s),t})})}var o=t("ee").get("fetch"),i=t(33),a=t(32);e.exports=o;var s=window,c="fetch-",f=c+"body-",u=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],d=s.Request,p=s.Response,l=s.fetch,h="prototype",m="nr@context";d&&p&&l&&(a(u,function(t,e){r(d[h],e,f),r(p[h],e,f)}),r(s,"fetch",c),o.on(c+"end",function(t,e){var n=this;if(e){var r=e.headers.get("content-length");null!==r&&(n.rxSize=r),o.emit(c+"done",[null,e],n)}else o.emit(c+"done",[t],n)}))},{}],9:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("history"),o=t("wrap-function")(r);e.exports=r;var i=window.history&&window.history.constructor&&window.history.constructor.prototype,a=window.history;i&&i.pushState&&i.replaceState&&(a=i),o.inPlace(a,["pushState","replaceState"],"-")},{}],10:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}function n(){f.emit("jsonp-error",[],l),f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}var r=t&&"string"==typeof t.nodeName&&"script"===t.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(r){var o="function"==typeof t.addEventListener;if(o){var a=i(t.src);if(a){var d=s(a),p="function"==typeof d.parent[d.key];if(p){var l={};u.inPlace(d.parent,[d.key],"cb-",l),t.addEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.addEventListener("error",n,c(!1)),f.emit("new-jsonp",[t.src],l)}}}}}function o(){return"addEventListener"in window}function i(t){var e=t.match(d);return e?e[1]:null}function a(t,e){var n=t.match(l),r=n[1],o=n[3];return o?a(o,e[r]):e[r]}function s(t){var e=t.match(p);return e&&e.length>=3?{key:e[2],parent:a(e[1],window)}:{key:t,parent:window}}var c=t(23),f=t("ee").get("jsonp"),u=t("wrap-function")(f);if(e.exports=f,o()){var d=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,p=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,l=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/,h=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];Node&&Node.prototype&&Node.prototype.appendChild?u.inPlace(Node.prototype,h,"dom-"):(u.inPlace(HTMLElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLHeadElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLBodyElement.prototype,h,"dom-")),f.on("dom-start",function(t){r(t[0])})}},{}],11:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("mutation"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i=NREUM.o.MO;e.exports=r,i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(t){return this instanceof i?new i(o(t,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype)},{}],12:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=i.context(),n=s(t,"executor-",e,null,!1),r=new f(n);return i.context(r).getCtx=function(){return e},r}var o=t("wrap-function"),i=t("ee").get("promise"),a=t("ee").getOrSetContext,s=o(i),c=t(32),f=NREUM.o.PR;e.exports=i,f&&(window.Promise=r,["all","race"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(n){function r(t){return function(){i.emit("propagate",[null,!o],a,!1,!1),o=o||!t}}var o=!1;c(n,function(e,n){Promise.resolve(n).then(r("all"===t),r(!1))});var a=e.apply(f,arguments),s=f.resolve(a);return s}}),["resolve","reject"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(t){var n=e.apply(f,arguments);return t!==n&&i.emit("propagate",[t,!0],n,!1,!1),n}}),f.prototype["catch"]=function(t){return this.then(null,t)},f.prototype=Object.create(f.prototype,{constructor:{value:r}}),c(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(f),function(t,e){try{r[e]=f[e]}catch(n){}}),o.wrapInPlace(f.prototype,"then",function(t){return function(){var e=this,n=o.argsToArray.apply(this,arguments),r=a(e);r.promise=e,n[0]=s(n[0],"cb-",r,null,!1),n[1]=s(n[1],"cb-",r,null,!1);var c=t.apply(this,n);return r.nextPromise=c,i.emit("propagate",[e,!0],c,!1,!1),c}}),i.on("executor-start",function(t){t[0]=s(t[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),t[1]=s(t[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)}),i.on("executor-err",function(t,e,n){t[1](n)}),i.on("cb-end",function(t,e,n){i.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)}),i.on("propagate",function(t,e,n){this.getCtx&&!e||(this.getCtx=function(){if(t instanceof Promise)var e=i.context(t);return e&&e.getCtx?e.getCtx():this})}),r.toString=function(){return""+f})},{}],13:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("raf"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i="equestAnimationFrame";e.exports=r,o.inPlace(window,["r"+i,"mozR"+i,"webkitR"+i,"msR"+i],"raf-"),r.on("raf-start",function(t){t[0]=o(t[0],"fn-")})},{}],14:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",null,n)}function o(t,e,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(t[1])?0:+t[1],t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",this,n)}var i=t("ee").get("timer"),a=t("wrap-function")(i),s="setTimeout",c="setInterval",f="clearTimeout",u="-start",d="-";e.exports=i,a.inPlace(window,[s,"setImmediate"],s+d),a.inPlace(window,[c],c+d),a.inPlace(window,[f,"clearImmediate"],f+d),i.on(c+u,r),i.on(s+u,o)},{}],15:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){d.inPlace(e,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",s)}function o(){var t=this,e=u.context(t);t.readyState>3&&!e.resolved&&(e.resolved=!0,u.emit("xhr-resolved",[],t)),d.inPlace(t,y,"fn-",s)}function i(t){x.push(t),m&&(E?E.then(a):w?w(a):(R=-R,O.data=R))}function a(){for(var t=0;t<x.length;t++)r([],x[t]);x.length&&(x=[])}function s(t,e){return e}function c(t,e){for(var n in t)e[n]=t[n];return e}t(7);var f=t("ee"),u=f.get("xhr"),d=t("wrap-function")(u),p=t(23),l=NREUM.o,h=l.XHR,m=l.MO,v=l.PR,w=l.SI,g="readystatechange",y=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],x=[];e.exports=u;var b=window.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){var e=new h(t);try{u.emit("new-xhr",[e],e),e.addEventListener(g,o,p(!1))}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}return e};if(c(h,b),b.prototype=h.prototype,d.inPlace(b.prototype,["open","send"],"-xhr-",s),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){r(t,e),i(e)}),u.on("open-xhr-start",r),m){var E=v&&v.resolve();if(!w&&!v){var R=1,O=document.createTextNode(R);new m(a).observe(O,{characterData:!0})}}else f.on("fn-end",function(t){t[0]&&t[0].type===g||a()})},{}],16:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(!s(t))return null;var e=window.NREUM;if(!e.loader_config)return null;var n=(e.loader_config.accountID||"").toString()||null,r=(e.loader_config.agentID||"").toString()||null,f=(e.loader_config.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!r)return null;var h=l.generateSpanId(),m=l.generateTraceId(),v=Date.now(),w={spanId:h,traceId:m,timestamp:v};return(t.sameOrigin||c(t)&&p())&&(w.traceContextParentHeader=o(h,m),w.traceContextStateHeader=i(h,v,n,r,f)),(t.sameOrigin&&!u()||!t.sameOrigin&&c(t)&&d())&&(w.newrelicHeader=a(h,m,v,n,r,f)),w}function o(t,e){return"00-"+e+"-"+t+"-01"}function i(t,e,n,r,o){var i=0,a="",s=1,c="",f="";return o+"@nr="+i+"-"+s+"-"+n+"-"+r+"-"+t+"-"+a+"-"+c+"-"+f+"-"+e}function a(t,e,n,r,o,i){var a="btoa"in window&&"function"==typeof window.btoa;if(!a)return null;var s={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:r,ap:o,id:t,tr:e,ti:n}};return i&&r!==i&&(s.d.tk=i),btoa(JSON.stringify(s))}function s(t){return f()&&c(t)}function c(t){var e=!1,n={};if("init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&(n=NREUM.init.distributed_tracing),t.sameOrigin)e=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var r=0;r<n.allowed_origins.length;r++){var o=h(n.allowed_origins[r]);if(t.hostname===o.hostname&&t.protocol===o.protocol&&t.port===o.port){e=!0;break}}return e}function f(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.enabled}function u(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.exclude_newrelic_header}function d(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_newrelic_header!==!1}function p(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}var l=t(29),h=t(18);e.exports={generateTracePayload:r,shouldGenerateTrace:s}},{}],17:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var r=0;r<p;r++)t.removeEventListener(d[r],this.listener,!1);e.aborted||(n.duration=a.now()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==t.readyState?null==e.status&&(e.status=0):i(this,t),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,s("xhr",[e,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this))}}function o(t,e){var n=c(e),r=t.params;r.hostname=n.hostname,r.port=n.port,r.protocol=n.protocol,r.host=n.hostname+":"+n.port,r.pathname=n.pathname,t.parsedOrigin=n,t.sameOrigin=n.sameOrigin}function i(t,e){t.params.status=e.status;var n=v(e,t.lastSize);if(n&&(t.metrics.rxSize=n),t.sameOrigin){var r=e.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");r&&(t.params.cat=r.split(", ").pop())}t.loadCaptureCalled=!0}var a=t("loader");if(a.xhrWrappable&&!a.disabled){var s=t("handle"),c=t(18),f=t(16).generateTracePayload,u=t("ee"),d=["load","error","abort","timeout"],p=d.length,l=t("id"),h=t(24),m=t(22),v=t(19),w=t(23),g=NREUM.o.REQ,y=window.XMLHttpRequest;a.features.xhr=!0,t(15),t(8),u.on("new-xhr",function(t){var e=this;e.totalCbs=0,e.called=0,e.cbTime=0,e.end=r,e.ended=!1,e.xhrGuids={},e.lastSize=null,e.loadCaptureCalled=!1,e.params=this.params||{},e.metrics=this.metrics||{},t.addEventListener("load",function(n){i(e,t)},w(!1)),h&&(h>34||h<10)||t.addEventListener("progress",function(t){e.lastSize=t.loaded},w(!1))}),u.on("open-xhr-start",function(t){this.params={method:t[0]},o(this,t[1]),this.metrics={}}),u.on("open-xhr-end",function(t,e){"loader_config"in NREUM&&"xpid"in NREUM.loader_config&&this.sameOrigin&&e.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",NREUM.loader_config.xpid);var n=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(n){var r=!1;n.newrelicHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("newrelic",n.newrelicHeader),r=!0),n.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("traceparent",n.traceContextParentHeader),n.traceContextStateHeader&&e.setRequestHeader("tracestate",n.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r&&(this.dt=n)}}),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){var n=this.metrics,r=t[0],o=this;if(n&&r){var i=m(r);i&&(n.txSize=i)}this.startTime=a.now(),this.listener=function(t){try{"abort"!==t.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==t.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof e.onload))&&o.end(e)}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}};for(var s=0;s<p;s++)e.addEventListener(d[s],this.listener,w(!1))}),u.on("xhr-cb-time",function(t,e,n){this.cbTime+=t,e?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof n.onload||this.end(n)}),u.on("xhr-load-added",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[n]&&(this.xhrGuids[n]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}),u.on("xhr-load-removed",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[n]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[n],this.totalCbs-=1)}),u.on("xhr-resolved",function(){this.endTime=a.now()}),u.on("addEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof y&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-added",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("removeEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof y&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-removed",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){e instanceof y&&("onload"===n&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(t[0]&&t[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=a.now()))}),u.on("fn-end",function(t,e){this.xhrCbStart&&u.emit("xhr-cb-time",[a.now()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,e],e)}),u.on("fetch-before-start",function(t){function e(t,e){var n=!1;return e.newrelicHeader&&(t.set("newrelic",e.newrelicHeader),n=!0),e.traceContextParentHeader&&(t.set("traceparent",e.traceContextParentHeader),e.traceContextStateHeader&&t.set("tracestate",e.traceContextStateHeader),n=!0),n}var n,r=t[1]||{};"string"==typeof t[0]?n=t[0]:t[0]&&t[0].url?n=t[0].url:window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL&&(n=t[0].href),n&&(this.parsedOrigin=c(n),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var o=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(o&&(o.newrelicHeader||o.traceContextParentHeader))if("string"==typeof t[0]||window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL){var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),e(i.headers,o)&&(this.dt=o),t.length>1?t[1]=i:t.push(i)}else t[0]&&t[0].headers&&e(t[0].headers,o)&&(this.dt=o)}),u.on("fetch-start",function(t,e){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=a.now(),this.dt=e,t.length>=1&&(this.target=t[0]),t.length>=2&&(this.opts=t[1]);var n,r=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?n=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof g?n=i.url:window.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(n=i.href),o(this,n);var s=(""+(i&&i instanceof g&&i.method||r.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=s,this.txSize=m(r.body)||0}),u.on("fetch-done",function(t,e){this.endTime=a.now(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=e?e.status:0;var n;"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var r={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:a.now()-this.startTime};s("xhr",[this.params,r,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this)})}},{}],18:[function(t,e,n){var r={};e.exports=function(t){if(t in r)return r[t];var e=document.createElement("a"),n=window.location,o={};e.href=t,o.port=e.port;var i=e.href.split("://");!o.port&&i[1]&&(o.port=i[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===i[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=e.hostname||n.hostname,o.pathname=e.pathname,o.protocol=i[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var a=!e.protocol||":"===e.protocol||e.protocol===n.protocol,s=e.hostname===document.domain&&e.port===n.port;return o.sameOrigin=a&&(!e.hostname||s),"/"===o.pathname&&(r[t]=o),o}},{}],19:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.responseType;return"json"===n&&null!==e?e:"arraybuffer"===n||"blob"===n||"json"===n?o(t.response):"text"===n||""===n||void 0===n?o(t.responseText):void 0}var o=t(22);e.exports=r},{}],20:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t,e,n,r){return function(){return u.recordSupportability("API/"+e+"/called"),i(t+e,[f.now()].concat(s(arguments)),n?null:this,r),n?void 0:this}}var i=t("handle"),a=t(32),s=t(33),c=t("ee").get("tracer"),f=t("loader"),u=t(25),d=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=d);var p=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],l="api-",h=l+"ixn-";a(p,function(t,e){d[e]=o(l,e,!0,"api")}),d.addPageAction=o(l,"addPageAction",!0),d.setCurrentRouteName=o(l,"routeName",!0),e.exports=newrelic,d.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(t,e){var n={},r=this,o="function"==typeof e;return i(h+"tracer",[f.now(),t,n],r),function(){if(c.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[f.now(),r,o],n),o)try{return e.apply(this,arguments)}catch(t){throw c.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],n),t}finally{c.emit("fn-end",[f.now()],n)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(t,e){m[e]=o(h,e)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(t,e){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),u.recordSupportability("API/noticeError/called"),i("err",[t,f.now(),!1,e])}},{}],21:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(NREUM.init){for(var e=NREUM.init,n=t.split("."),r=0;r<n.length-1;r++)if(e=e[n[r]],"object"!=typeof e)return;return e=e[n[n.length-1]]}}e.exports={getConfiguration:r}},{}],22:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(t){if("string"==typeof t&&t.length)return t.length;if("object"==typeof t){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&t instanceof ArrayBuffer&&t.byteLength)return t.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&t instanceof Blob&&t.size)return t.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&t instanceof FormData))try{return JSON.stringify(t).length}catch(e){return}}}},{}],23:[function(t,e,n){var r=!1;try{var o=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){r=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",null,o),window.removeEventListener("testPassive",null,o)}catch(i){}e.exports=function(t){return r?{passive:!0,capture:!!t}:!!t}},{}],24:[function(t,e,n){var r=0,o=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);o&&(r=+o[1]),e.exports=r},{}],25:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[a,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeMetric",n,null,"api"),n}function o(t,e){var n=[s,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeEventMetrics",n,null,"api"),n}var i=t("handle"),a="sm",s="cm";e.exports={constants:{SUPPORTABILITY_METRIC:a,CUSTOM_METRIC:s},recordSupportability:r,recordCustom:o}},{}],26:[function(t,e,n){function r(){return s.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(i=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),i))-a}function o(){return i}var i=(new Date).getTime(),a=i,s=t(34);e.exports=r,e.exports.offset=a,e.exports.getLastTimestamp=o},{}],27:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){return!(!t||!t.protocol||"file:"===t.protocol)}e.exports=r},{}],28:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();n.forEach(function(t){"first-paint"===t.name?p("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)]):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&p("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)])})}function o(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var r=n[n.length-1];if(c&&c<r.startTime)return;p("lcp",[r])}}function i(t){t.getEntries().forEach(function(t){t.hadRecentInput||p("cls",[t])})}function a(t){if(t instanceof v&&!g){var e=Math.round(t.timeStamp),n={type:t.type};e<=l.now()?n.fid=l.now()-e:e>l.offset&&e<=Date.now()?(e-=l.offset,n.fid=l.now()-e):e=l.now(),g=!0,p("timing",["fi",e,n])}}function s(t){"hidden"===t&&(c=l.now(),p("pageHide",[c]))}if(!("init"in NREUM&&"page_view_timing"in NREUM.init&&"enabled"in NREUM.init.page_view_timing&&NREUM.init.page_view_timing.enabled===!1)){var c,f,u,d,p=t("handle"),l=t("loader"),h=t(31),m=t(23),v=NREUM.o.EV;if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){f=new PerformanceObserver(r);try{f.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(w){}u=new PerformanceObserver(o);try{u.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(w){}d=new PerformanceObserver(i);try{d.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(w){}}if("addEventListener"in document){var g=!1,y=["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"];y.forEach(function(t){document.addEventListener(t,a,m(!1))})}h(s)}},{}],29:[function(t,e,n){function r(){function t(){return e?15&e[n++]:16*Math.random()|0}var e=null,n=0,r=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",a="",s=0;s<i.length;s++)o=i[s],"x"===o?a+=t().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&t()|8,a+=o.toString(16)):a+=o;return a}function o(){return a(16)}function i(){return a(32)}function a(t){function e(){return n?15&n[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}var n=null,r=0,o=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;o&&o.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(n=o.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var i=[],a=0;a<t;a++)i.push(e().toString(16));return i.join("")}e.exports={generateUuid:r,generateSpanId:o,generateTraceId:i}},{}],30:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){if(!o)return!1;if(t!==o)return!1;if(!e)return!0;if(!i)return!1;for(var n=i.split("."),r=e.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==n[a])return!1;return!0}var o=null,i=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var s=navigator.userAgent,c=s.match(a);c&&s.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&s.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(o="Safari",i=c[1])}e.exports={agent:o,version:i,match:r}},{}],31:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){t(s&&document[s]?document[s]:document[i]?"hidden":"visible")}"addEventListener"in document&&a&&document.addEventListener(a,e,o(!1))}var o=t(23);e.exports=r;var i,a,s;"undefined"!=typeof document.hidden?(i="hidden",a="visibilitychange",s="visibilityState"):"undefined"!=typeof document.msHidden?(i="msHidden",a="msvisibilitychange"):"undefined"!=typeof document.webkitHidden&&(i="webkitHidden",a="webkitvisibilitychange",s="webkitVisibilityState")},{}],32:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[],r="",i=0;for(r in t)o.call(t,r)&&(n[i]=e(r,t[r]),i+=1);return n}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],33:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){e||(e=0),"undefined"==typeof n&&(n=t?t.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=n-e||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=t[e+r];return i}e.exports=r},{}],34:[function(t,e,n){e.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t){function e(t){return t&&t instanceof r?t:t?f(t,c,a):a()}function n(n,r,o,i,a){if(a!==!1&&(a=!0),!l.aborted||i){t&&a&&t(n,r,o);for(var s=e(o),c=m(n),f=c.length,u=0;u<f;u++)c[u].apply(s,r);var p=d[y[n]];return p&&p.push([x,n,r,s]),s}}function i(t,e){g[t]=m(t).concat(e)}function h(t,e){var n=g[t];if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r]===e&&n.splice(r,1)}function m(t){return g[t]||[]}function v(t){return p[t]=p[t]||o(n)}function w(t,e){l.aborted||u(t,function(t,n){e=e||"feature",y[n]=e,e in d||(d[e]=[])})}var g={},y={},x={on:i,addEventListener:i,removeEventListener:h,emit:n,get:v,listeners:m,context:e,buffer:w,abort:s,aborted:!1};return x}function i(t){return f(t,c,a)}function a(){return new r}function s(){(d.api||d.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,d=l.backlog={})}var c="nr@context",f=t("gos"),u=t(32),d={},p={},l=e.exports=o();e.exports.getOrSetContext=i,l.backlog=d},{}],gos:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){if(o.call(t,e))return t[e];var r=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(i){}return t[e]=r,r}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r){o.buffer([t],r),o.emit(t,e,n)}var o=t("ee").get("handle");e.exports=r,r.ee=o},{}],id:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=typeof t;return!t||"object"!==e&&"function"!==e?-1:t===window?0:a(t,i,function(){return o++})}var o=1,i="nr@id",a=t("gos");e.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(t,e,n){function r(){if(!P++){var t=T.info=NREUM.info,e=v.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(f.abort,3e4),!(t&&t.licenseKey&&t.applicationID&&e))return f.abort();c(R,function(e,n){t[e]||(t[e]=n)});var n=a();s("mark",["onload",n+T.offset],null,"api"),s("timing",["load",n]);var r=v.createElement("script");0===t.agent.indexOf("http://")||0===t.agent.indexOf("https://")?r.src=t.agent:r.src=h+"://"+t.agent,e.parentNode.insertBefore(r,e)}}function o(){"complete"===v.readyState&&i()}function i(){s("mark",["domContent",a()+T.offset],null,"api")}var a=t(26),s=t("handle"),c=t(32),f=t("ee"),u=t(30),d=t(27),p=t(21),l=t(23),h=p.getConfiguration("ssl")===!1?"http":"https",m=window,v=m.document,w="addEventListener",g="attachEvent",y=m.XMLHttpRequest,x=y&&y.prototype,b=!d(m.location);NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:m.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:y,REQ:m.Request,EV:m.Event,PR:m.Promise,MO:m.MutationObserver};var E=""+location,R={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-spa-1212.min.js"},O=y&&x&&x[w]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),T=e.exports={offset:a.getLastTimestamp(),now:a,origin:E,features:{},xhrWrappable:O,userAgent:u,disabled:b};if(!b){t(20),t(28),v[w]?(v[w]("DOMContentLoaded",i,l(!1)),m[w]("load",r,l(!1))):(v[g]("onreadystatechange",o),m[g]("onload",r)),s("mark",["firstbyte",a.getLastTimestamp()],null,"api");var P=0}},{}],"wrap-function":[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){function n(e,n,r,c,f){function nrWrapper(){var i,a,u,p;try{a=this,i=d(arguments),u="function"==typeof r?r(i,a):r||{}}catch(l){o([l,"",[i,a,c],u],t)}s(n+"start",[i,a,c],u,f);try{return p=e.apply(a,i)}catch(h){throw s(n+"err",[i,a,h],u,f),h}finally{s(n+"end",[i,a,p],u,f)}}return a(e)?e:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[p]=e,i(e,nrWrapper,t),nrWrapper)}function r(t,e,r,o,i){r||(r="");var s,c,f,u="-"===r.charAt(0);for(f=0;f<e.length;f++)c=e[f],s=t[c],a(s)||(t[c]=n(s,u?c+r:r,o,c,i))}function s(n,r,i,a){if(!h||e){var s=h;h=!0;try{t.emit(n,r,i,e,a)}catch(c){o([c,n,r,i],t)}h=s}}return t||(t=u),n.inPlace=r,n.flag=p,n}function o(t,e){e||(e=u);try{e.emit("internal-error",t)}catch(n){}}function i(t,e,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var r=Object.keys(t);return r.forEach(function(n){Object.defineProperty(e,n,{get:function(){return t[n]},set:function(e){return t[n]=e,e}})}),e}catch(i){o([i],n)}for(var a in t)l.call(t,a)&&(e[a]=t[a]);return e}function a(t){return!(t&&t instanceof Function&&t.apply&&!t[p])}function s(t,e){var n=e(t);return n[p]=t,i(t,n,u),n}function c(t,e,n){var r=t[e];t[e]=s(r,n)}function f(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;++n)e[n]=arguments[n];return e}var u=t("ee"),d=t(33),p="nr@original",l=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,h=!1;e.exports=r,e.exports.wrapFunction=s,e.exports.wrapInPlace=c,e.exports.argsToArray=f},{}]},{},["loader",2,17,5,3,4]); ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"804283",trustKey:"804283",agentID:"402703674",licenseKey:"cf99e8d2a3",applicationID:"402703674"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"cf99e8d2a3", // Modified this value from the generated script, to pass prod vs dev applicationID: window.location.hostname.includes('journals.plos.org') ? "402703674" : "402694889", sa:1} </script> <!-- End New Relic --> <header> <div id="topslot" class="head-top"> <a id="skip-to-content" tabindex="0" class="button" href="#main-content"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="center"> <div class="title">Advertisement</div> <!-- DoubleClick Ad Zone --> <div class='advertisement' id='div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0' style='width:728px; height:90px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div id="user" class="nav" data-user-management-url="https://community.plos.org"> </div> <div id="pagehdr"> <nav class="nav-main"> <h1 class="logo"> <a href="/mentalhealth/.">PLOS Mental Health</a> </h1> <section class="top-bar-section"> <ul class="nav-elements"> <li class="multi-col-parent menu-section-header has-dropdown" id="publish"> Publish <div class="dropdown mega "> <ul class="multi-col" id="publish-dropdown-list"> <li class="menu-section-header " id="submissions"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Submissions </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="submissions-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/submission-guidelines" >Submission Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/figures" >Figures</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/tables" >Tables</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/supporting-information" >Supporting Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/latex" >LaTeX</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/what-we-publish" >What We Publish</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/preprints" >Preprints</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/revising-your-manuscript" >Revising Your Manuscript</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/submit-now" >Submit Now</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://collections.plos.org/s/calls-for-papers" >Calls for Papers</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-section-header " id="policies"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Policies </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="policies-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/best-practices-in-research-reporting" >Best Practices in Research Reporting</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/human-subjects-research" >Human Subjects Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/animal-research" >Animal Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/competing-interests" >Competing Interests</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/disclosure-of-funding-sources" >Disclosure of Funding Sources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/licenses-and-copyright" >Licenses and Copyright</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/data-availability" >Data Availability</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/complementary-research" >Complementary Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/materials-software-and-code-sharing" >Materials, Software and Code Sharing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/ethical-publishing-practice" >Ethical Publishing Practice</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/authorship" >Authorship</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/corrections-expressions-of-concern-and-retractions" >Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-section-header " id="manuscript-review-and-publication"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Manuscript Review and Publication </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="manuscript-review-and-publication-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/criteria-for-publication" >Criteria for Publication</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/editorial-and-peer-review-process" >Editorial and Peer Review Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/resources/editor-center" >Editor Center</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/resources-for-editors" >Resources for Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/reviewer-guidelines" >Guidelines for Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/accepted-manuscripts" >Accepted Manuscripts</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/comments" >Comments</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="calloutcontainer"> <h3 class="callout-headline">Submit Your Manuscript</h3> <div class="action-contain"> <p class="callout-content"> <em>PLOS Mental Health</em> is an inclusive journal addressing challenges and gaps in the field of mental health research, treatment, and care in ways that put the lived experience of individuals and communities first. </p> <p class="button-contain"> <a class="button button-default" href="/mentalhealth/s/submit-now"> Get Started </a> </p> </div> <!-- opens in siteMenuCalloutDescription --> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-section-header has-dropdown " id="about"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> About </span> <ul class="menu-section dropdown " id="about-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/journal-information" >Journal Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/editors-in-chief" >Editors-in-Chief</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/section-editors" >Section Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/static/editorial-board" >Editorial Board</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/publishing-information" >Publishing Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/publication-fees" >Publication Fees</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/press-and-media" >Press and Media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/s/contact" >Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-section-header ignore-top-bar-li-style"> <a href="/mentalhealth/search?sortOrder=DATE_NEWEST_FIRST&filterStartDate=2021-10-01&filterJournals=PLOSMentalHealth&q=&resultsPerPage=60">Browse</a> </li> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.hoverIntent.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/menu_drop.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/hover_delay.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <li id="navsearch" class="head-search"> <form name="searchForm" action="/mentalhealth/search" method="get"> <fieldset> <legend>Search</legend> <label for="search">Search</label> <div class="search-contain"> <input id="search" type="text" name="q" placeholder="SEARCH" required/> <button id="headerSearchButton" type="submit" aria-label="Submit search"> <i title="Submit search" class="search-icon"></i> </button> </div> </fieldset> <input type="hidden" name="filterJournals" value="PLOSMentalHealth"/> </form> <a id="advSearch" href="/mentalhealth/search"> advanced search </a> <script src="/resource/js/components/placeholder_style.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </li> </ul> </section> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="main-content"> <div class="lemur-content two-column"> <nav class="site-content-nav"> <ul class="nav-page"> <li data-anchor="loc-reuse-of-content" name="loc-reuse-of-content"><a href="#loc-reuse-of-content"> Reuse of PLOS Article Content </a></li> <li data-anchor="loc-content-owned-by-someone-else" name="loc-content-owned-by-someone-else"><a href="#loc-content-owned-by-someone-else"> Content Owned by Someone Else </a></li> <li data-anchor="loc-using-published-content" name="loc-using-published-content"><a href="#loc-using-published-content"> Using Article Content Previously Published in Another Journal </a></li> <li data-anchor="loc-licenses-for-data" name="loc-licenses-for-data"><a href="#loc-licenses-for-data"> Maps </a></li> <li data-anchor="loc-removal-of-content" name="loc-removal-of-content"><a href="#loc-removal-of-content"> Removal of Content Used Without Clear Rights </a></li> <li data-anchor="loc-guidelines for trademarks" name="loc-guidelines for trademarks"><a href="#loc-guidelines for trademarks"> Trademarks and Symbols </a></li> <li data-anchor="loc-give-proper-attribution" name="loc-give-proper-attribution"><a href="#loc-give-proper-attribution"> Giving&nbsp;Proper Attribution for Use of Content </a></li> </ul> </nav> <article> <h1>Licenses and Copyright</h1> <div data-section-id="823"> <div class="block-global-alert"> The following policy applies to all&nbsp;PLOS journals, unless otherwise noted. </div> </div> <div data-section-id="168"> <h2><a data-anchor-id="8013" id="loc-reuse-of-content" name="loc-reuse-of-content"></a>Reuse of PLOS Article Content</h2> <p>PLOS applies the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) license</a>, or other comparable licenses that allow free and unrestricted use, to articles and other works we publish. If you submit your paper for publication by PLOS, you agree to have the CC BY license applied to your work. If your institution or funder requires your work or materials to be published under a different license or dedicated to the public domain - for example <a href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">Creative Commons 1.0 Universal (CC0)</a> or <a href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/">Open Governmental License</a> - this is permitted for those licenses where the terms are equivalent to or more permissive than CC BY. PLOS requires that you as the author agree that anyone can reuse your article content in whole or part for any purpose, for free, even for commercial purposes. These permitted uses include but are not limited to self-archiving by authors of submitted, accepted and published versions of their papers in institutional repositories. Anyone may copy, redistribute, reuse, or modify the content as long as the author and original source are properly cited. This facilitates freedom in reuse and also ensures that PLOS content can be mined without barriers for the needs of research.</p> <h2><a data-anchor-id="8014" id="loc-content-owned-by-someone-else" name="loc-content-owned-by-someone-else"></a>Content Owned by Someone Else</h2> <p>If your manuscript contains&nbsp;content such as photos, images, clipart, tables, audio files, videos, proprietary protocols, code, etc., that you or your co-authors do not own or did not&nbsp;create, we will require you to provide us with proof that&nbsp;either:</p> <ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha;"> <li>the material is in the public domain or available under an open access license compatible with CC BY 4.0, or</li> <li>&nbsp;the owner of that content has given you written permission to use and publish the content under an open access CC BY 4.0 license.&nbsp;</li> </ol> <p>Please note that purchasing copyright use is unlikely to meet this requirement, as many journals and publishers restrict the terms of purchased copyright use in ways that do not accommodate open access publication. In addition, we cannot accept Creative Commons licensed materials with additional non-commercial (CC BY-NC), share-alike (CC BY-SA), or non-derivative (CC BY-ND) clauses.</p> <p><a href="/mentalhealth/s/file?id=c4ff/Content Copyright Permission Form.pdf">This Content Copyright Permission form</a> can be used to request permissions from the relevant copyright holder, office, or representative. Authors should fill out the first page of the form with details on the material they wish to reuse and ask the copyright holder to complete and sign the second page of the form.&nbsp;</p> <div class="block-important"> If you do not have owner permission, we will ask you to remove the&nbsp;content and/or replace it with other content that you own or have such permission to use. </div> <p>Don't assume that you can use any content you find on the Internet, or that the content is fair game just because it isn't clear who the owner is or what license applies. It's up to you to ascertain what rights you have—if any—to use that content.</p> <p>Under no circumstances should your manuscript contain third party trade secret information.&nbsp;</p> <h2><a data-anchor-id="8015" id="loc-using-published-content" name="loc-using-published-content"></a>Using Article Content Previously Published in Another Journal</h2> <p>Many authors assume that if they previously published a paper through another publisher, they own the rights to that content and they can freely use that content in their PLOS paper, but that’s not necessarily the case – it depends on the license that covers the other paper. Some publishers allow free and unrestricted re-use of article content they own, such as under the CC BY license. Other publishers use licenses that allow re-use only if the same license is applied by the person or publisher re-using the content.</p> <p>If the paper was published under a CC BY license or another license that allows free and unrestricted use, you may use the content in your PLOS paper provided that you give proper attribution, as explained above.</p> <p>If the content was published under a more restrictive license, you must ascertain what rights you have under that license. At a minimum, review the license to make sure you can use the content. Contact that publisher if you have any questions about the license terms – PLOS staff cannot give you legal advice about your rights to use third-party content. If the license does not permit you to use the content in a paper that will be covered by an unrestricted license, you must obtain written permission from the publisher to use the content in your PLOS paper.&nbsp;Please do not include any content in your PLOS paper which you do not have rights to use, and always <a data-parent-id="19" href="/mentalhealth/s/licenses-and-copyright#loc-give-proper-attribution">give proper attribution</a>.</p> <h2><a data-anchor-id="8016" id="loc-licenses-for-data" name="loc-licenses-for-data"></a>Maps</h2> <p>Any maps included or created as part of a figure must use a basemap tile, shapefile, or image compatible with our CC BY 4.0 license. The basemap refers to the foundational geographic layer of the map (possibly including country boundaries, for example) onto which other layers of data are plotted. Satellite and aerial images may also be used as basemaps.</p> <p>If your submission file inventory includes a map, we will ask you to provide a direct link to the source of the basemap and provide attribution to this source in the corresponding figure legend. We will also ask you to provide information regarding the terms of use or license information for the map.</p> <p>If you created the map in a software program like R or ArcGIS, please locate the source of the basemap within the package used to generate the map.</p> <p>Several sources provide map data and shapefiles within the public domain or with open access licenses:</p> <ul> <li>U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) - (<a href="https://www.usgs.gov/">https://www.usgs.gov/</a>)</li> <li>Natural Earth - (<a href="http://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/">http://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/</a>)</li> <li>OpenStreetMap - (<a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright">https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright</a>)</li> <li>CIA Factbook - (<a href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/maps/">Maps - The World Factbook</a>)</li> </ul> <p>As with all content, we ask that authors respect map providers’ requirements for attribution.</p> <h2><a data-anchor-id="8017" id="loc-removal-of-content" name="loc-removal-of-content"></a>Removal of Content Used Without Clear Rights</h2> <p>PLOS reserves the right to remove any photos, captures, images, figures, tables, illustrations, audio and video files, or other confidential or proprietary content, from any article, whether before or after publication, if concerns are raised about copyright, license, or permissions and the authors are unable to provide documentation confirming that appropriate permissions were obtained for publication of the content in question under a CC BY 4.0 license.</p> <h2><a data-anchor-id="8018" id="loc-guidelines for trademarks" name="loc-guidelines%20for%20trademarks"></a>Trademarks and Symbols</h2> <p>Please note that we cannot publish copyright symbols such as ©, ®, or ™. We are also unable to publish logos or other brand-related content.</p> <h2><a data-anchor-id="8016" id="loc-licenses-for-data" name="loc-licenses-for-data"></a>Acceptable Licenses for Data Repositories</h2> <p>If any relevant accompanying data is submitted to repositories with stated licensing policies, the policies should not be more restrictive than CC BY 4.0.</p> <h2><a data-anchor-id="8012" id="loc-give-proper-attribution" name="loc-give-proper-attribution"></a>Giving&nbsp;Proper Attribution for Use of Content</h2> <p>When citing a PLOS research article, use the “Vancouver style”, as outlined in our <a data-parent-id="34" href="/mentalhealth/s/submission-guidelines#loc-references">Submission Guidelines</a>. For example:</p> <div class="block-basic"> Kaltenbach LS et al. (2007) Huntingtin Interacting Proteins Are Genetic Modifiers of Neurodegeneration.&nbsp;<em>PLOS Genet</em>&nbsp;3(5):&nbsp;e82. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030082. </div> <p>When citing non-article content from a PLOS website (e.g., blog content), provide a link to the content, and cite the title and&nbsp;author(s) of that content.</p> </div> </article> </div><script defer src="/resource/js/components/scroll.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script defer src="/resource/js/components/floating_nav.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script defer src="/resource/js/pages/site_content.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </main> <footer id="pageftr"> <div class="row"> <div class="block x-small"> <ul class="nav nav-secondary"> <li class="ftr-header"><a href="https://plos.org/publications/journals/">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/plosbiology/" id="ftr-bio">PLOS Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/climate/" id="ftr-climate">PLOS Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/complexsystems/" id="ftr-complex-systems">PLOS Complex Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/ploscompbiol/" id="ftr-compbio">PLOS Computational Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/digitalhealth/" id="ftr-digitalhealth">PLOS Digital Health</a></li> <li><a href="/plosgenetics/" id="ftr-gen">PLOS Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/globalpublichealth/" id="ftr-globalpublichealth">PLOS Global Public Health</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="block x-small"> <ul class="nav nav-secondary"> <li class="ftr-header">&nbsp;</li> <li><a href="/plosmedicine/" id="ftr-med">PLOS Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/mentalhealth/" id="ftr-mental-health">PLOS Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/plosntds/" id="ftr-ntds">PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/plosone/" id="ftr-one">PLOS ONE</a></li> <li><a href="/plospathogens/" id="ftr-path">PLOS Pathogens</a></li> <li><a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/" id="ftr-sustainabilitytransformation">PLOS Sustainability and Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/water/" id="ftr-water">PLOS Water</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="block xx-small"> <ul class="nav nav-tertiary"> <li> <a href="https://plos.org" id="ftr-home">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://blogs.plos.org" id="ftr-blog">Blogs</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://collections.plos.org/" id="ftr-collections">Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="mailto:webmaster@plos.org" id="ftr-feedback">Give feedback</a> </li> <li> <a href="/mentalhealth/lockss-manifest" id="ftr-lockss">LOCKSS</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="block xx-small"> <ul class="nav nav-primary"> <li><a href="https://plos.org/privacy-policy" id="ftr-privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/terms-of-use" id="ftr-terms">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/advertise/" id="ftr-advertise">Advertise</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/media-inquiries" id="ftr-media">Media Inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/contact" id="ftr-contact">Contact</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <p> <img src="/resource/img/logo-plos-footer.png" alt="PLOS" class="logo-footer"/> <span class="footer-non-profit-statement">PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US</span> </p> <div class="block"> </div> </div> <script src="/resource/js/global.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </footer> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10