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글루코스 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전

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href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&amp;returnto=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다" class=""><span>계정 만들기</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&amp;returnto=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&amp;returnto=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&amp;returnto=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-역사" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#역사"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>역사</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-역사-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-화학적_특성_및_물리적_특성" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#화학적_특성_및_물리적_특성"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>화학적 특성 및 물리적 특성</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-화학적_특성_및_물리적_특성-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>화학적 특성 및 물리적 특성 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-화학적_특성_및_물리적_특성-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-구조_및_명명법" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#구조_및_명명법"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>구조 및 명명법</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-구조_및_명명법-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-열린_사슬형" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#열린_사슬형"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>열린 사슬형</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-열린_사슬형-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-고리형" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#고리형"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>고리형</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-고리형-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-변광회전" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#변광회전"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>변광회전</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-변광회전-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-광학_활성" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#광학_활성"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>광학 활성</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-광학_활성-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-이성질화" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#이성질화"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>이성질화</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-이성질화-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-생화학적_특성" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#생화학적_특성"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>생화학적 특성</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-생화학적_특성-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>생화학적 특성 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-생화학적_특성-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-흡수" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#흡수"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>흡수</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-흡수-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-생합성" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#생합성"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>생합성</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-생합성-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-포도당_분해" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#포도당_분해"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>포도당 분해</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-포도당_분해-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-에너지원" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#에너지원"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>에너지원</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-에너지원-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-전구체" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#전구체"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>전구체</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-전구체-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-병리학" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#병리학"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>병리학</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-병리학-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>병리학 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-병리학-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-당뇨병" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#당뇨병"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>당뇨병</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-당뇨병-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-저혈당증_관리" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#저혈당증_관리"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>저혈당증 관리</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-저혈당증_관리-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-공급원" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#공급원"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>공급원</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-공급원-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-상업적_생산" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#상업적_생산"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>상업적 생산</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-상업적_생산-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>상업적 생산 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-상업적_생산-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-과당으로의_전환" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#과당으로의_전환"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>과당으로의 전환</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-과당으로의_전환-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-상업적_사용" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#상업적_사용"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>상업적 사용</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-상업적_사용-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-분석" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#분석"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>분석</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-분석-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>분석 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-분석-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-고전적인_정성적_검출_반응" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#고전적인_정성적_검출_반응"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>고전적인 정성적 검출 반응</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-고전적인_정성적_검출_반응-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-펠링_시험" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#펠링_시험"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>펠링 시험</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-펠링_시험-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-톨렌스_시험" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#톨렌스_시험"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>톨렌스 시험</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-톨렌스_시험-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-바포드_시험" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#바포드_시험"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>바포드 시험</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-바포드_시험-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-닐란더_검당법" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#닐란더_검당법"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.4</span> <span>닐란더 검당법</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-닐란더_검당법-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-기타_시험" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#기타_시험"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.5</span> <span>기타 시험</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-기타_시험-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-기기_정량화" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#기기_정량화"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>기기 정량화</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-기기_정량화-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-굴절계_및_편광계" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#굴절계_및_편광계"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>굴절계 및 편광계</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-굴절계_및_편광계-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-용액의_광도_측정_효소_방법" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#용액의_광도_측정_효소_방법"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>용액의 광도 측정 효소 방법</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-용액의_광도_측정_효소_방법-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-광측정_테스트_스트립_방법" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#광측정_테스트_스트립_방법"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3</span> <span>광측정 테스트 스트립 방법</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-광측정_테스트_스트립_방법-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-전류_측정_포도당_센서" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#전류_측정_포도당_센서"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.4</span> <span>전류 측정 포도당 센서</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-전류_측정_포도당_센서-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-기타_감작_방법" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#기타_감작_방법"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.5</span> <span>기타 감작 방법</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-기타_감작_방법-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-구리_아이오딘_적정법" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#구리_아이오딘_적정법"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.6</span> <span>구리 아이오딘 적정법</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-구리_아이오딘_적정법-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-크로마토그래피법" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#크로마토그래피법"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>크로마토그래피법</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-크로마토그래피법-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-생체_내_분석" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#생체_내_분석"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>생체 내 분석</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-생체_내_분석-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-같이_보기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#같이_보기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>같이 보기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-같이_보기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">글루코스</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 106개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">106개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukose" title="Glukose – 아프리칸스어" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Glukose" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="아프리칸스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B2" title="جلوكوز – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جلوكوز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B2" title="جلوكوز – 이집트 아랍어" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جلوكوز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="이집트 아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%27%E0%A6%9C" title="গ্লুক&#039;জ – 아삼어" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গ্লুক&#039;জ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="아삼어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosa" title="Glucosa – 아스투리아어" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Glucosa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="아스투리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ql%C3%BCkoza" title="Qlükoza – 아제르바이잔어" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qlükoza" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="아제르바이잔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2" title="گلوکوز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گلوکوز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Glukosa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Глюкоза – 벨라루스어" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Глюкоза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="벨라루스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Глюкоза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Глюкоза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Глюкоза – 불가리아어" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Глюкоза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="불가리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C" title="গ্লুকোজ – 벵골어" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্লুকোজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="벵골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza – 보스니아어" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Glukoza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="보스니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosa" title="Glucosa – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Glucosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C3%B2-d%C3%B2%CC%A4-t%C3%B2ng" title="Buò-dò̤-tòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Buò-dò̤-tòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B2" title="گلووکۆز – 소라니 쿠르드어" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گلووکۆز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="소라니 쿠르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosiu" title="Glucosiu – 코르시카어" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Glucosiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="코르시카어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluk%C3%B3za" title="Glukóza – 체코어" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Glukóza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="체코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukose" title="Glukose – 덴마크어" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Glukose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="덴마크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glucose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%B6%CE%B7" title="Γλυκόζη – 그리스어" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλυκόζη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="그리스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Glucose" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukozo" title="Glukozo – 에스페란토어" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Glukozo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="에스페란토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosa" title="Glucosa – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Glucosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BCkoos" title="Glükoos – 에스토니아어" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Glükoos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="에스토니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa – 바스크어" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Glukosa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="바스크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B2" title="گلوکز – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گلوکز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukoosi" title="Glukoosi – 핀란드어" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Glukoosi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="핀란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Glucose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukoos" title="Glukoos – 북부 프리지아어" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Glukoos" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="북부 프리지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druves%C3%BBker" title="Druvesûker – 서부 프리지아어" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Druvesûker" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="서부 프리지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BAc%C3%B3s" title="Glúcós – 아일랜드어" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Glúcós" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="아일랜드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glicosa" title="Glicosa – 갈리시아어" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Glicosa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="갈리시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%96" title="גלוקוז – 히브리어" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלוקוז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="히브리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="ग्लूकोज़ – 힌디어" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्लूकोज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="힌디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza – 크로아티아어" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glukoza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BCk%C3%B3z" title="Glükóz – 헝가리어" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Glükóz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="헝가리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A6" title="Գլյուկոզ – 아르메니아어" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլյուկոզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="아르메니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosa" title="Glucosa – 인터링구아" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Glucosa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="인터링구아" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa – 인도네시아어" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Glukosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="인도네시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose – 이그보어" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Glucose" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="이그보어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glikoso" title="Glikoso – 이도어" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Glikoso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="이도어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BAk%C3%B3si" title="Glúkósi – 아이슬란드어" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Glúkósi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="아이슬란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosio" title="Glucosio – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Glucosio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="グルコース – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グルコース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa – 자바어" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Glukosa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="자바어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="გლუკოზა – 조지아어" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გლუკოზა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="조지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Глюкоза – 카자흐어" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Глюкоза" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="카자흐어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗ್ಲುಕೋಸ್ – 칸나다어" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ಲುಕೋಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="칸나다어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%8F%D9%84%DB%81%D9%90_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2" title="گُلہِ کوز – 카슈미르어" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گُلہِ کوز" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="카슈미르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukoz" title="Glukoz – 쿠르드어" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Glukoz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="쿠르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Глюкоза – 키르기스어" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Глюкоза" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="키르기스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosum" title="Glucosum – 라틴어" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Glucosum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="라틴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosa" title="Glucosa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Glucosa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ນ້ຳຕານ – 라오어" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນ້ຳຕານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="라오어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliukoz%C4%97" title="Gliukozė – 리투아니아어" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gliukozė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="리투아니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glikoze" title="Glikoze – 라트비아어" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Glikoze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="라트비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa – 미낭카바우어" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Glukosa" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="미낭카바우어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Гликоза – 마케도니아어" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гликоза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="마케도니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗ്ലൂക്കോസ് – 말라얄람어" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്ലൂക്കോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="말라얄람어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Глюкоз – 몽골어" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Глюкоз" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="몽골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C" title="ग्लुकोज – 마라티어" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्लुकोज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="마라티어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa – 말레이어" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Glukosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="말레이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဂလူးကို့သကြား – 버마어" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂလူးကို့သကြား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="버마어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glucose" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukose" title="Glukose – 노르웨이어(니노르스크)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Glukose" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(니노르스크)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukose" title="Glukose – 노르웨이어(보크말)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Glukose" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(보크말)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluc%C3%B2sa" title="Glucòsa – 오크어" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Glucòsa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="오크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giluukoosii" title="Giluukoosii – 오로모어" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Giluukoosii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="오로모어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8" title="ਗੁਲੂਕੋਸ – 펀잡어" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਲੂਕੋਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="펀잡어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose – 팜팡가어" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Glucose" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="팜팡가어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza – 폴란드어" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Glukoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="폴란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2" title="گلوکوز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گلوکوز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glicose" title="Glicose – 포르투갈어" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Glicose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwas_misk%27i" title="Uwas misk&#039;i – 케추아어" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Uwas misk&#039;i" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="케추아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucoz%C4%83" title="Glucoză – 루마니아어" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Glucoză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="루마니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Глюкоза – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глюкоза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza – 세르비아-크로아티아어" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Glukoza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="세르비아-크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ග්ලූකෝස් – 싱할라어" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ග්ලූකෝස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="싱할라어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Glucose" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluk%C3%B3za" title="Glukóza – 슬로바키아어" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Glukóza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="슬로바키아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza – 슬로베니아어" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glukoza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="슬로베니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza – 알바니아어" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Glukoza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="알바니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Глукоза – 세르비아어" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Глукоза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="세르비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="알찬 글"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa – 순다어" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Glukosa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="순다어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukos" title="Glukos – 스웨덴어" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Glukos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="스웨덴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukosi" title="Glukosi – 스와힐리어" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Glukosi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="스와힐리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="குளுக்கோசு – 타밀어" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குளுக்கோசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="타밀어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="గ్లూకోస్ – 텔루구어" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్లూకోస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="텔루구어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Глюкоза – 타지크어" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Глюкоза" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="타지크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA" title="กลูโคส – 태국어" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลูโคส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="태국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa – 타갈로그어" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Glukosa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="타갈로그어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukoz" title="Glukoz – 터키어" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Glukoz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="터키어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Глюкоза – 타타르어" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Глюкоза" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="타타르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%87%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="گلۇكوزا – 위구르어" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گلۇكوزا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="위구르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Глюкоза – 우크라이나어" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Глюкоза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="우크라이나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2" title="گلوکوز – 우르두어" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گلوکوز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="우르두어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza – 우즈베크어" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Glukoza" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="우즈베크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose – 베트남어" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Glucose" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="베트남어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa – 와라이어" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Glukosa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="와라이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖 – 우어" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="葡萄糖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="우어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="გლუკოზა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გლუკოზა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="葡萄糖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BB-t%C3%B4-thn%CC%82g" title="Phû-tô-thn̂g – 민난어" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phû-tô-thn̂g" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="민난어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%86%A3" title="葡萄醣 – 광둥어" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="葡萄醣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="광둥어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-glucose" title="I-glucose – 줄루어" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-glucose" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4"><span>책 만들기</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF로 다운로드</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;printable=yes" title="이 문서의 인쇄용 판 [p]" accesskey="p"><span>인쇄용 판</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 다른 프로젝트 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Glucose" hreflang="en"><span>위키미디어 공용</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37525" title="데이터 저장소에 연결된 항목을 가리키는 링크 [g]" accesskey="g"><span>위키데이터 항목</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="페이지 도구"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="보이기"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">보이기</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9&amp;redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a>에서 넘어옴)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ko" dir="ltr"><p><span class="nowrap"></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34752754">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> </p> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption style="text-align:center;">D-글루코스 </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Fischer_projection_of_D-_and_L-Glucose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fischer_projection_of_D-_and_L-Glucose.svg/200px-Fischer_projection_of_D-_and_L-Glucose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fischer_projection_of_D-_and_L-Glucose.svg/300px-Fischer_projection_of_D-_and_L-Glucose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fischer_projection_of_D-_and_L-Glucose.svg/400px-Fischer_projection_of_D-_and_L-Glucose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="311" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:center;">D-글루코스의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%85%94_%ED%88%AC%EC%98%81%EC%8B%9D" title="피셔 투영식">피셔 투영식</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg/120px-Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg/180px-Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg/240px-Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="170" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:center;">α-D-글루코피라노스의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9B%8C%EC%8A%A4_%ED%88%AC%EC%98%81%EC%8B%9D" title="하워스 투영식">하워스 투영식</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Glucose_chain_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Glucose_chain_structure.svg/220px-Glucose_chain_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Glucose_chain_structure.svg/330px-Glucose_chain_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Glucose_chain_structure.svg/440px-Glucose_chain_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="195" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:center;">D-글루코스의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A8%EA%B2%A9_%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0%EC%8B%9D" title="골격 구조식">골격 구조식</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">이름 </th></tr> <tr> <td>발음 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" class="extiw" title="en:Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: &#39;g&#39; in &#39;guy&#39;">ɡ</span><span title="&#39;l&#39; in &#39;lie&#39;">l</span><span title="/uː/: &#39;oo&#39; in &#39;goose&#39;">uː</span><span title="&#39;k&#39; in &#39;kind&#39;">k</span><span title="/oʊ/: &#39;o&#39; in &#39;code&#39;">oʊ</span><span title="&#39;z&#39; in &#39;zoom&#39;">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" class="extiw" title="en:Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: &#39;g&#39; in &#39;guy&#39;">ɡ</span><span title="&#39;l&#39; in &#39;lie&#39;">l</span><span title="/uː/: &#39;oo&#39; in &#39;goose&#39;">uː</span><span title="&#39;k&#39; in &#39;kind&#39;">k</span><span title="/oʊ/: &#39;o&#39; in &#39;code&#39;">oʊ</span><span title="&#39;s&#39; in &#39;sigh&#39;">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> 이름 <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">allowed trivial names:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <ul><li>D-glucose</li> <li>D-<i>gluco</i>-hexose</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%AA%85" title="우선명">우선명</a> (PIN) <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">천연물의 경우 PIN이 식별되지 않는다.</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EA%B3%84%EB%AA%85" class="mw-redirect" title="체계명">체계명</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li>(2<i>R</i>,3<i>S</i>,4<i>R</i>,5<i>R</i>)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal (선형)</li> <li>(3<i>R</i>,4<i>S</i>,5<i>S</i>,6<i>R</i>)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol (고리형)</li></ul></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">별칭 <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">blood sugars,<br />dextrose,<br />corn sugar,<br />D-glucose,<br />grape sugar</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">식별자 </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_%EB%93%B1%EB%A1%9D%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" title="CAS 등록번호">CAS 번호</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480595">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.commonchemistry.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonchemistry.org/ChemicalDetail.aspx?ref=50-99-7">50-99-7</a></span><sup>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="예" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/7px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/11px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/14px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><span style="display:none">예</span></sup></li><li><span title="www.commonchemistry.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonchemistry.org/ChemicalDetail.aspx?ref=492-62-6">492-62-6</a></span>&#x20;(α-<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">d</span>-glucopyranose)<sup>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="예" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/7px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/11px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/14px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><span style="display:none">예</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">3D 모델 (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=OC%5BC%40H%5D1OC%28O%29%5BC%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D1O">Interactive image</a></span></li><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C%28%5BC%40%40H%5D1%5BC%40H%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D%28O1%29O%29O%29O%29O%29O">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3DMet </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.3dmet.dna.affrc.go.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3dmet.dna.affrc.go.jp/cgi/show_data.php?acc=B01203">B01203</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>약어 </td> <td>Glc </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%BC%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="바일슈타인 데이터베이스">바일슈타인<br />레퍼런스</a></div> </td> <td>1281604 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=4167">CHEBI:4167</a></span><sup>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="예" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/7px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/11px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/14px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><span style="display:none">예</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL1222250">ChEMBL1222250</a></span><sup>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="예" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/7px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/11px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/14px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><span style="display:none">예</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5589.html">5589</a></span><sup>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="예" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/7px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/11px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/14px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><span style="display:none">예</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD_%EA%B3%B5%EB%8F%99%EC%B2%B4_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" title="유럽 공동체 번호"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC 번호</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>200-075-1</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A9%9C%EB%A6%B0_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="그멜린 데이터베이스">그멜린 레퍼런스</a></div> </td> <td>83256 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/IUPHAR/BPS" title="IUPHAR/BPS">IUPHAR/BPS</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=summary&amp;ligandId=4536">4536</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C00031">C00031</a></span><sup>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="예" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/7px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/11px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/14px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><span style="display:none">예</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99%EC%A3%BC%EC%A0%9C%ED%91%9C%EB%AA%A9" title="의학주제표목">MeSH</a> </td> <td><span title="www.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&amp;term=Glucose">Glucose</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5793">5793</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" title="RTECS">RTECS 번호</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>LZ6600000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="fdasis.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/srsdirect.jsp?regno=5SL0G7R0OK">5SL0G7R0OK</a></span><sup>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="예" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/7px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/11px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/14px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><span style="display:none">예</span></sup></li><li><span title="fdasis.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/srsdirect.jsp?regno=5J5I9EB41E">5J5I9EB41E</a></span>&#160;(α-<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">d</span>-glucopyranose)<sup>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="예" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/7px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/11px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/14px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><span style="display:none">예</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="국제 화학 식별자">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:11px; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6?/m1/s1<sup>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="예" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/7px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/11px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/14px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><span style="display:none">예</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:11px; line-height:120%;">Key:&#160;WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N<sup>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="예" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/7px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/11px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/14px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><span style="display:none">예</span></sup></div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/SMILES" class="mw-redirect" title="SMILES">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:11px; line-height:120%;">OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:11px; line-height:120%;">C([C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O1)O)O)O)O)O</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">성질 </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%8B%9D" title="화학식">화학식</a></div> </td> <td><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>6</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>12</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>6</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%B0_%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89" title="몰 질량">몰 질량</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002180156000000000♠"></span>180.156</span>&#160;g/mol &#x20; </td></tr> <tr> <td>겉보기 </td> <td>흰색 분말 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%80%EB%8F%84" title="밀도">밀도</a> </td> <td>1.54&#160;g/cm<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%8A%94%EC%A0%90" title="녹는점">녹는점</a> </td> <td>α-<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">d</span>-Glucose:&#x20;146&#160;°C (295&#160;°F; 419&#160;K)&#x20;β-<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">d</span>-Glucose: 150&#160;°C (302&#160;°F; 423&#160;K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%9A%A9%EC%95%A1" title="수용액">물에서의 용해도</a></div> </td> <td>909&#160;g/L (25&#160;°C (77&#160;°F)) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%ED%99%94%EC%9C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="자화율">자화율</a> (&#967;)</div> </td> <td>−101.5×10<sup>−6</sup>&#160;cm<sup>3</sup>/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%8C%8D%EA%B7%B9%EC%9E%90_%EB%AA%A8%EB%A9%98%ED%8A%B8" class="mw-disambig" title="쌍극자 모멘트">쌍극자 모멘트</a></div> </td> <td>8.6827 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">열화학 </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%9A%A9%EB%9F%89" title="열용량">열용량</a> <span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:112%;color:black;background-color:transparent;;">(<i>C</i>)</span></div> </td> <td>218.6&#160;J/(K·mol)<sup id="cite_ref-Boerio-Goates_1991_403–9_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boerio-Goates_1991_403–9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%AA%B0_%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC" title="표준 몰 엔트로피">표준 몰 엔트로피</a> <span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:112%;color:black;background-color:transparent;;">(<i>S</i><sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>209.2&#160;J/(K·mol)<sup id="cite_ref-Boerio-Goates_1991_403–9_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boerio-Goates_1991_403–9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1_%EC%97%94%ED%83%88%ED%94%BC" title="표준 생성 엔탈피">표준 생성 엔탈피</a> <span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:112%;color:black;background-color:transparent;;">(Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>−1271&#160;kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EC%86%8C%EC%97%B4" title="연소열">연소열, 고위발열량</a> (HHV)</div> </td> <td>2,805&#160;kJ/mol (670&#160;kcal/mol) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">약리학 </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ATC_%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="ATC 코드">ATC 코드</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATC_code_B05&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ATC code B05 (없는 문서)">B05CX01</a>&#x20;(<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=B05CX01">WHO</a></span>)&#x20;<a href="/wiki/ATC_%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C_V04" title="ATC 코드 V04">V04</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V04CA02">CA02</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C_V06" title="ATC 코드 V06">V06</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V06DC01">DC01</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">위험 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88_%EC%95%88%EC%A0%84_%EB%B3%B4%EA%B1%B4_%EC%9E%90%EB%A3%8C" title="물질 안전 보건 자료">물질 안전 보건 자료</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0865.htm">ICSC 08655</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (파이어&#160;다이아몬드) </td> <td><div style="width:100%; background:transparent;"><div id="container" style="margin:0 auto; width:82px; font-family:sans-serif"><div id="on_image_elements" class="nounderlines" style="background:; float:left; font-size:20px; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; position:relative; height:80px; width:80px; padding:1px;"> <div id="diamond_image_and_mw_ImageMap" style="position:absolute; height:80px; width:80px;"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_15edb479ed6bed56" /></span><map name="ImageMap_15edb479ed6bed56"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" title="Flammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health code 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" title="Health code 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Reactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Reactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div style="width:12px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:12px; left:35px;"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span style="color:black;" title="Flammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil">1</span></a></div><div style="width:13px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:31px; left:15px;"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span style="color:black;" title="Health code 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride">0</span></a></div><div style="width:13px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:31px; left:54px;"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span style="color:black;" title="Reactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen">0</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">달리 명시된 경우를 제외하면, <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C" title="표준상태">표준상태</a>(25&#160;°C [77&#160;°F], 100&#160;kPa)에서 물질의 정보가 제공됨.</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="예" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/12px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/18px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/24px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><span style="display:none">예</span>&#160;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:ComparePages&amp;rev1=818842877&amp;page2=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4">확인</a></span>&#160;(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">관련 정보</a>&#160;<sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="예" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/7px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/11px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg/14px-Antu_mail-mark-notjunk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><span style="display:none">예</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="아니오" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cross_reject.svg/7px-Cross_reject.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cross_reject.svg/11px-Cross_reject.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cross_reject.svg/14px-Cross_reject.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><span style="display:none">아니오</span></sup>&#160;?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">정보상자 각주</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>글루코스</b>(<span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="영어">영어</a>&#58; </span><span lang="en">glucose</span>) 또는 <b>포도당</b>(葡萄糖, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="영어">영어</a>&#58; </span><span lang="en">grape sugar</span>)은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90%EC%8B%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="분자식">분자식</a>이 C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="단당류">단당류</a>이다. <b>덱스트로스</b>(<span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="영어">영어</a>&#58; </span><span lang="en">dextrose</span>)라고도 한다. 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="탄수화물">탄수화물</a>의 하위 범주로, 가장 풍부한 단당류이다.<sup id="cite_ref-DombKost1998_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DombKost1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도당은 주로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="식물">식물</a>과 대부분의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98_(%EC%88%98%EC%83%9D_%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC)" title="조류 (수생 생물)">조류</a>에 의해 태양의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%9B%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="빛에너지">빛에너지</a>를 사용하여 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC" title="물">물</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="이산화 탄소">이산화 탄소</a>로부터 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="광합성">광합성</a>을 하는 동안 만들어지며 자연에서 가장 풍부한 탄수화물인 식물 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EB%B2%BD" title="세포벽">세포벽</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰로스">셀룰로스</a>를 만드는 데 사용된다.<sup id="cite_ref-froms_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-froms-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="에너지 대사">에너지 대사</a>에서 포도당은 모든 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AA%85%EC%B2%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="생명체">생명체</a>에서 가장 중요한 에너지원이다. 대사를 위한 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%B2%B4" title="중합체">중합체</a>로 저장되며, 식물에서는 주로 <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말">녹말</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%80%EB%A1%9C%ED%8E%99%ED%8B%B4" title="아밀로펙틴">아밀로펙틴</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="아밀로스">아밀로스</a>)로, 동물에서는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0" title="글리코젠">글리코젠</a>으로 저장된다. 포도당은 동물의 혈액에서 <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%88%EB%8B%B9" title="혈당">혈당</a>으로 순환한다.<sup id="cite_ref-froms_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-froms-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 자연적으로 생성되는 포도당의 형태는 D-포도당이며, <a href="/wiki/L-%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="L-포도당">L-포도당</a>은 비교적 적은 양으로 합성되며 생물학적 활성이 낮다.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도당은 6개의 탄소 원자와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B4%EB%8B%90%EA%B8%B0" title="카보닐기">카보닐기</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8D%B0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="알데하이드">알데하이드</a>)를 포함하는 단당류로, <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8F%84%ED%97%A5%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="알도헥소스">알도헥소스</a>이다. 포도당은 선형 또는 고리형으로 존재할 수 있다. 포도당은 자연적으로 생성되며 열매 및 식물의 다른 부위에서 유리된 상태로 발견된다. 동물에서 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0_%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4" title="글리코젠 분해">글리코젠 분해</a>로 알려진 과정을 통해 글리코젠으로부터 방출된다. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%A5_%EB%82%B4_%EB%8B%B9_%EC%9A%A9%EC%95%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="정맥 내 당 용액 (없는 문서)">정맥 내 당 용액</a>으로서의 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%EB%B3%B4%EA%B1%B4%EA%B8%B0%EA%B5%AC" title="세계보건기구">세계보건기구</a>(WHO)의 <a href="/wiki/WHO_%ED%95%84%EC%88%98_%EC%9D%98%EC%95%BD%ED%92%88_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" title="WHO 필수 의약품 목록">필수 의약품 목록</a>에 포함되어 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO21st_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO21st-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 또한 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BC%ED%99%94_%EB%82%98%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%A8" title="염화 나트륨">염화 나트륨</a>과 함께 필수 의약품 목록에 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO21st_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO21st-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>포도당이라는 이름은 "포도주(wine)", "필수(must)"라는 의미의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4" title="그리스어">그리스어</a> <span lang="grc">γλεῦκος</span> (gleûkos)와 "달콤한, 단(sweet)"이라는 의미의 그리스어 <span lang="grc">γλυκύς</span> (glykýs)로부터 유래되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 접미사 "<a href="/wiki/-%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="-오스">-ose</a>"는 당을 나타내는 화학적 접미사이다. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="역사"><span id=".EC.97.AD.EC.82.AC"></span>역사</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="부분 편집: 역사"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>포도당은 1747년에 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC" title="독일">독일</a>의 화학자 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%95%88%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A7%80%EA%B8%B0%EC%8A%A4%EB%AC%B8%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%ED%94%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="안드레아스 지기스문트 마르크그라프 (없는 문서)">안드레아스 지기스문트 마르크그라프</a>에 의해 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84" title="건포도">건포도</a>로부터 처음으로 분리되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Food_and_Health_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Food_and_Health-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도당은 1792년에 또 다른 독일의 화학자인 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9A%94%ED%95%9C_%ED%86%A0%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A1%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%B8%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="요한 토비아스 로비츠 (없는 문서)">요한 토비아스 로비츠</a>가 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84" title="포도">포도</a>에서 발견했으며, 사탕수수(<a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="수크로스">수크로스</a>)와 다른 것으로 구별되었다. 포도당은 1838년에 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EB%B0%94%ED%8B%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%92%A4%EB%A7%88" title="장바티스트 뒤마">장바티스트 뒤마</a>가 만든 용어로 화학 문헌에서 널리 사용되었다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9A%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%BC%80%EC%BF%A8%EB%A0%88" title="아우구스트 케쿨레">아우구스트 케쿨레</a>는 덱스트로스("오른쪽"을 의미하는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%8B%B4%EC%96%B4" title="라틴어">라틴어</a> "<span lang="la">dexter</span>"에서 유래)라는 용어를 제안했는데, 이는 포도당 수용액에서 선형 편광된 빛의 평면이 오른쪽으로 향하기 때문이다. 대조적으로 L-과당(케토헥소스)과 L-포도당은 선형으로 편광된 빛을 왼쪽으로 돌린다. 선형 편광면의 회전에 따른 이전 표기법(D- 및 L-표기법)은 나중에 카보닐기로부터 가장 멀리 떨어져 있는 비대칭 중심의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EB%8C%80%EB%B0%B0%EC%B9%98" title="절대배치">절대배치</a>를 나타내고 D- 또는 L-글리세르알데하이드의 입체배치와 일치하는 D- 및 L-표기법을 선호하여 폐기되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-Robyt_7_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robyt_7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosanoff_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosanoff-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>포도당은 많은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%EC%B2%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="생물체">생물체</a>들이 기본적으로 필요로 하기 때문에 그 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="화학 물질">화학적 구성</a>과 구조에 대한 올바른 이해는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B8%B0%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="유기화학">유기화학</a>의 발전에 크게 기여했다. 이러한 이해는 1902년에 <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 화학상">노벨 화학상</a>을 수상한 독일의 화학자 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%B0%80_%ED%94%BC%EC%85%94" class="mw-redirect" title="에밀 피셔">에밀 피셔</a>의 연구 결과로 크게 증진되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도당의 합성은 유기 화합물의 구조를 확립하는 데 기여했고, 결과적으로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EC%BD%94%EB%B7%94%EC%8A%A4_%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC%ED%80%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B0%98%ED%8A%B8%ED%98%B8%ED%94%84" class="mw-redirect" title="야코뷔스 헨리퀴스 반트호프">야코뷔스 헨리퀴스 반트호프</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91%EC%86%8D%EB%8F%84%EB%A1%A0" title="화학 반응속도론">화학 반응속도론</a>과 탄소 함유 분자의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EA%B2%B0%ED%95%A9" title="화학 결합">화학 결합</a>의 배열에 대한 최초의 결정적인 검증을 가능하게 했다.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1891년에서 1894년 사이에 피셔는 알려진 모든 당들의 입체화학적 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%85%EC%B2%B4%EB%B0%B0%EC%B9%98" title="입체배치">입체배치</a>를 규명하고 반트호프의 비대칭 탄소 원자 이론을 적용하여 가능한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%EC%B2%B4" title="이성질체">이성질체</a>들을 정확하게 예측했다. 이들 이름은 처음에 천연 물질들을 지칭했다. 이들의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%EC%9A%B8%EC%83%81_%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%EC%B2%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="거울상 이성질체">거울상 이성질체</a>는 절대 입체화학을 고려하여 계통적 명명법(예: 피셔 명명법, D/L 명명법)을 도입하여 동일한 이름을 부여했다. </p><p>포도당 대사의 발견으로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%86%A0_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4%ED%98%B8%ED%94%84" class="mw-redirect" title="오토 마이어호프">오토 마이어호프</a>는 1922년에 <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EC%83%9D%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%C2%B7%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 생리학·의학상">노벨 생리학·의학상</a>을 수상했다.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8F%B0_%EC%98%A4%EC%9D%BC%EB%9F%AC%EC%BC%88%ED%95%80" title="한스 폰 오일러켈핀">한스 폰 오일러켈핀</a>은 "당의 발효와 이 과정에서 효소의 역할에 대한 연구"로 1929년에 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%9C_%ED%95%98%EB%93%A0" title="아서 하든">아서 하든</a>과 공동으로 노벨 화학상을 수상했다.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1947년에 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%82%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%8F%84_%EC%9A%B0%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4" title="베르나르도 우사이">베르나르도 우사이</a>(포도당과 파생된 탄수화물의 대사에서 뇌하수체의 역할을 발견한 공로)와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%BC_%ED%8D%BC%EB%94%94%EB%82%B8%EB%93%9C_%EC%BD%94%EB%A6%AC" title="칼 퍼디낸드 코리">칼 퍼디낸드 코리</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%ED%8B%B0_%EC%BD%94%EB%A6%AC" title="거티 코리">거티 코리</a>(포도당으로부터 글리코젠으로의 전환 과정을 발견한 공로)는 공동으로 노벨 생리학·의학상을 수상했다.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1970년에 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8E%98%EB%8D%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94_%EB%A5%BC%EB%A3%A8%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4" title="루이스 페데리코 를루아르">루이스 페데리코 를루아르</a>는 탄수화물의 생합성에서 포도당 유래 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EB%89%B4%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="당뉴클레오타이드">당뉴클레오타이드</a>를 발견한 공로로 노벨 화학상을 수상했다.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="화학적_특성_및_물리적_특성"><span id=".ED.99.94.ED.95.99.EC.A0.81_.ED.8A.B9.EC.84.B1_.EB.B0.8F_.EB.AC.BC.EB.A6.AC.EC.A0.81_.ED.8A.B9.EC.84.B1"></span>화학적 특성 및 물리적 특성</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="부분 편집: 화학적 특성 및 물리적 특성"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC" title="물">물</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%8A%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아세트산">아세트산</a>에 잘 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%A9%ED%95%B4%EB%8F%84" title="용해도">녹지만</a> <a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%94%ED%83%84%EC%98%AC" title="메탄올">메탄올</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%83%84%EC%98%AC" title="에탄올">에탄올</a>에는 잘 녹지 않는 흰색 또는 무색의 고체이다. 포도당은 146&#160;°C (295&#160;°F) (<i>α</i>) 및 150&#160;°C (302&#160;°F) (<i>β</i>)에서 녹고 다양한 휘발성 생성물을 방출하면서 188&#160;°C (370&#160;°F)부터 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="화학 분해">분해</a>되기 시작하여 궁극적으로 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="탄소">탄소</a> 잔류물을 남긴다.<sup id="cite_ref-kang2020_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kang2020-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도당은 25&#160;°C (77&#160;°F)의 물에서 pKa 값이 12.16이다.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:D-glucose_chain_(Fischer).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/D-glucose_chain_%28Fischer%29.svg/110px-D-glucose_chain_%28Fischer%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/D-glucose_chain_%28Fischer%29.svg/165px-D-glucose_chain_%28Fischer%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/D-glucose_chain_%28Fischer%29.svg/220px-D-glucose_chain_%28Fischer%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>D-포도당의 탄소에 번호가 매겨져 있는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%85%94_%ED%88%AC%EC%98%81%EC%8B%9D" title="피셔 투영식">피셔 투영식</a></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>포도당은 6개의 탄소 원자를 가지고 있으며 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="단당류">단당류</a>의 하위 범위인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A1%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="육탄당">육탄당</a>으로 분류된다. D-포도당은 16가지의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8F%84%ED%97%A5%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="알도헥소스">알도헥소스</a> <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%85%EC%B2%B4_%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%EC%B2%B4" title="입체 이성질체">입체 이성질체</a>들 중 하나이다. 덱스트로스라고도 알려진 D-<a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%EC%B2%B4" title="이성질체">이성질체</a>인 D-포도당은 자연에서 널리 발견되지만 L-이성질체인 <a href="/wiki/L-%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="L-포도당">L-포도당</a>은 그렇지 않다. 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="젖당">젖당</a>, 설탕(<a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="수크로스">수크로스</a>), <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BF%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="엿당">엿당</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰로스">셀룰로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0" title="글리코젠">글리코젠</a> 등과 같은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="탄수화물">탄수화물</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%88%98%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4" title="가수분해">가수분해</a>에 의해 얻을 수 있다. 포도당은 일반적으로 미국과 일본에서는 옥수수 녹말, 유럽에서는 감자 녹말과 밀 녹말, 열대 지역에서는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%80%ED%94%BC%EC%98%A4%EC%B9%B4_%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" class="mw-redirect" title="타피오카 녹말">타피오카 녹말</a>로 상업적으로 제조된다.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 제조 공정은 제트에서 제어된 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C_%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A8_%EB%86%8D%EB%8F%84_%EC%A7%80%EC%88%98" title="수소 이온 농도 지수">pH</a>에서 가압 스팀을 통한 가수분해에 이어 추가적인 효소 해중합을 사용한다.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 결합되지 않은 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%BF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="꿀">꿀</a>의 주요 성분 중 하나이다.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>"덱스트로스(dextrose)"라는 용어는 임상적(환자의 건강 상태와 관련됨) 또는 영양학적 맥락(식품 라벨 또는 식이 지침과 같은 식이 섭취와 관련된)에서 자주 사용되는 반면, "글루코스(glucose)"라는 용어는 생물학적 또는 생리학적 맥락(화학적 과정 및 분자 상호작용)에서 사용되며,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wid_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wid-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이때는 모두 동일한 분자, 특히 D-글루코스를 나타낸다.<sup id="cite_ref-wid_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wid-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid938892_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid938892-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>덱스트로스 일수화물(dextrose monohydrate)은 D-포도당의 수화된 형태로, 이는 추가적인 물 분자가 부착된 포도당 분자임을 의미한다.<sup id="cite_ref-chem_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chem-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 덱스트로스 일수화물의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%8B%9D" title="화학식">화학식</a>은 <span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />6</span>H<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />12</span>O<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />6</span></span>·<span class="chemf nowrap">H<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>O</span>이다.<sup id="cite_ref-chem_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chem-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-api110617_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-api110617-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 덱스트로스 일수화물은 수화된 D-포도당(hydrated D-glucose)이라고도 하며, 일반적으로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%88%98%EC%88%98_%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="옥수수 녹말">옥수수 녹말</a>이나 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EC%9E%90_%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="감자 녹말">감자 녹말</a>과 같은 식물성 녹말로부터 제조된다.<sup id="cite_ref-chem_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chem-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-diff_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diff-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 덱스트로스 일수화물은 음료 혼합물과 같은 식품 응용 분야에서 주요 유형의 포도당으로 활용된다. 이는 식품 생산에서 영양 보충제로 널리 사용되는 일반적인 형태의 포도당이다. 덱스트로스 일수화물은 주로 북미에서 옥수수 시럽 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9_%EC%98%A5%EC%88%98%EC%88%98_%EC%8B%9C%EB%9F%BD" title="고과당 옥수수 시럽">고과당 옥수수 시럽</a>으로 소비된다.<sup id="cite_ref-wid_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wid-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>반면, 무수 덱스트로스(anhydrous dextrose)는 물 분자가 결합되어 있지 않은 포도당이다.<sup id="cite_ref-diff_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diff-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ahn1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahn1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 무수 화합물은 일반적으로 수화물을 가열하거나 건조하는 등의 방법을 통해 수분을 제거하여 생산한다.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-a2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 덱스트로스 일수화물은 산업적 환경에서 무수 덱스트로스로 탈수될 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 덱스트로스 일수화물은 질량 기준으로 약 9.5%의 물로 구성된다. 탈수 과정을 통해 이와 같은 수분 함량이 제거되어 무수(건조) 포도당이 생성된다.<sup id="cite_ref-diff_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diff-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>무수 덱스트로스는 포도당과 동일하게 물 분자가 부착되지 않은 화학식 <span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />6</span>H<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />12</span>O<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />6</span></span>을 갖는다.<sup id="cite_ref-chem_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chem-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 야외에서 무수 덱스트로스는 수분을 흡수하여 일수화물로 전환되는 경향이 있으며, 무수 덱스트로스의 생산 비용이 더 비싸다.<sup id="cite_ref-diff_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diff-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 무수 덱스트로스(무수 D-포도당)은 안정성이 증가되었고 유통 기한이 증가되었으며,<sup id="cite_ref-a2_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 경구 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9_%EB%B6%80%ED%95%98_%EA%B2%80%EC%82%AC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="포도당 부하 검사 (없는 문서)">포도당 부하 검사</a>(OGTT)와 같은 의학적 용도로 사용된다.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>D-포도당 일수화물의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90%EB%9F%89" title="분자량">분자량</a>은 198.17 g/mol인 반면,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 무수 D-포도당의 분자량은 180.16 g/mol이다.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이 두 가지 형태의 포도당의 밀도도 또한 다르다. </p><p>화학 구조상 포도당은 6개의 탄소 원자와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B4%EB%8B%90%EA%B8%B0" title="카보닐기">카보닐기</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8D%B0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="알데하이드">알데하이드</a>)를 가지고 있는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="단당류">단당류</a>이기 때문에 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8F%84%ED%97%A5%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="알도헥소스">알도헥소스</a>이다. 포도당은 열린 사슬 형태(비고리 형태) 및 고리 형태로 존재할 수 있다. 이는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9D%EC%8B%A4%EA%B8%B0" title="하이드록실기">하이드록실기</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%BD%94%EC%98%AC" title="알코올">알코올</a>) 또는 카보닐기(알데하이드 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BC%80%ED%86%A4" title="케톤">케톤</a>)의 존재로 인해 곧은 사슬을 갖는 형태는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="탄수화물">탄수화물</a>에서 흔히 발견되는 의자 모양의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%83%88" title="헤미아세탈">헤미아세탈</a> 고리 구조로 쉽게 전환될 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-chem2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chem2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="구조_및_명명법"><span id=".EA.B5.AC.EC.A1.B0_.EB.B0.8F_.EB.AA.85.EB.AA.85.EB.B2.95"></span>구조 및 명명법</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="부분 편집: 구조 및 명명법"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>포도당은 일반적으로 닫힌 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%9E%80_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC)" title="피란 (화합물)">피란</a> 고리가 있는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="일수화물">일수화물</a>(포도당 수화물)로 고체 형태로 존재한다. 반면에 수용액에서는 소량이 열린 사슬 형태로 존재하며 상호변환되는 α-<a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="피라노스">피라노스</a> 또는 β-피라노스로 주로 존재한다. 수용액에서 세 가지 알려진 형태인 α-글루코피라노스, β-글루코피라노스 및 α-글루코피라노스 수화물을 결정화할 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="젖당">젖당</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="수크로스">설탕</a>(사탕수수 또는 사탕무의 당)과 같은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="이당류">이당류</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%94%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="라피노스">라피노스</a>와 같은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="올리고당류">올리고당류</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말">녹말</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="아밀로스">아밀로스</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%80%EB%A1%9C%ED%8E%99%ED%8B%B4" title="아밀로펙틴">아밀로펙틴</a>), <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0" title="글리코젠">글리코젠</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰로스">셀룰로스</a>와 같은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="다당류">다당류</a>의 구성 요소이다. 포도당의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%A6%AC_%EC%A0%84%EC%9D%B4_%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84" class="mw-redirect" title="유리 전이 온도">유리 전이 온도</a>는 31&#160;°C (88&#160;°F)이고 고든-테일러 상수(두 물질의 혼합물의 서로 다른 질량 분율에 대한 유리 전이 온도 예측을 위해 실험적으로 결정된 상수)는<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 4.5이다.<sup id="cite_ref-Caballero_1_76_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caballero_1_76-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable centered"> <tbody><tr style="background:#FFDEAD;"> <th colspan="3">D-글루코스의 형태와 투영식의 비교 </th></tr> <tr class="background color5"> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%82%98%ED%83%80_%ED%88%AC%EC%98%81%EC%8B%9D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="나타 투영식 (없는 문서)">나타 투영식</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9B%8C%EC%8A%A4_%ED%88%AC%EC%98%81%EC%8B%9D" title="하워스 투영식">하워스 투영식</a> </th></tr> <tr class="background color2"> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:D-Glucose_Keilstrich.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/D-Glucose_Keilstrich.svg/100px-D-Glucose_Keilstrich.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/D-Glucose_Keilstrich.svg/150px-D-Glucose_Keilstrich.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/D-Glucose_Keilstrich.svg/200px-D-Glucose_Keilstrich.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="258" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Alpha-D-Glucofuranose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Alpha-D-Glucofuranose.svg/120px-Alpha-D-Glucofuranose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Alpha-D-Glucofuranose.svg/180px-Alpha-D-Glucofuranose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Alpha-D-Glucofuranose.svg/240px-Alpha-D-Glucofuranose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="173" /></a></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>α-D-글루코푸라노스 </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Beta-D-Glucofuranose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Beta-D-Glucofuranose.svg/120px-Beta-D-Glucofuranose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Beta-D-Glucofuranose.svg/180px-Beta-D-Glucofuranose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Beta-D-Glucofuranose.svg/240px-Beta-D-Glucofuranose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="173" /></a></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>β-D-글루코푸라노스 </td></tr> <tr class="background color2"> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg/100px-Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg/150px-Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg/200px-Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="170" /></a></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>α-D-글루코피라노스 </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Beta-D-Glucopyranose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Beta-D-Glucopyranose.svg/100px-Beta-D-Glucopyranose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Beta-D-Glucopyranose.svg/150px-Beta-D-Glucopyranose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Beta-D-Glucopyranose.svg/200px-Beta-D-Glucopyranose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="170" /></a></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>β-D-글루코피라노스 </td></tr> <tr class="background color5"> <th colspan="3">α-D-글루코피라노스의 (1) <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%85%94_%ED%88%AC%EC%98%81%EC%8B%9D" title="피셔 투영식">톨렌스/피셔</a> (2) 하워스 투영식 (3) 의자형 입체구조 (4) 밀스 투영식 </th></tr> <tr class="background color2"> <td align="center" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Alpha_glucose_views.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Alpha_glucose_views.svg/500px-Alpha_glucose_views.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Alpha_glucose_views.svg/750px-Alpha_glucose_views.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Alpha_glucose_views.svg/1000px-Alpha_glucose_views.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="398" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="열린_사슬형"><span id=".EC.97.B4.EB.A6.B0_.EC.82.AC.EC.8A.AC.ED.98.95"></span>열린 사슬형</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="부분 편집: 열린 사슬형"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Glucose_Fisher_to_Haworth.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Glucose_Fisher_to_Haworth.gif/220px-Glucose_Fisher_to_Haworth.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Glucose_Fisher_to_Haworth.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>포도당은 열린 사슬형 및 고리형으로 존재할 수 있다.</figcaption></figure> <p>열린 사슬 형태의 포도당은 수용액에서 전체 포도당의 0.02% 미만을 차지한다.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 나머지는 두 가지 고리형 <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%83%88" title="헤미아세탈">헤미아세탈</a> 형태 중 하나이다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EB%A6%B0_%EC%82%AC%EC%8A%AC_%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC" title="열린 사슬 화합물">열린 사슬</a>형에서 포도당은 6개의 탄소 원자로 구성된 열린 사슬형(<a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC_%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC" title="고리 화합물">고리형</a>과 반대)의 가지가 없는 골격을 가지고 있으며, 여기서 1번 탄소(C1)는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B4%EB%8B%90%EA%B8%B0" title="카보닐기">카보닐기</a>(알데하이드, <span class="chemf nowrap">H(C=O)−</span>)의 탄소이다. 따라서 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4" title="알도스">알도스</a> 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8F%84%ED%97%A5%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="알도헥소스">알도헥소스</a>로 분류된다. 카보닐기(알데하이드)는 포도당을 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%98%EC%9B%90%EB%8B%B9" title="환원당">환원당</a>으로 만들어 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%A0%EB%A7%81_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="펠링 반응">펠링 반응</a>에서 양성 반응을 보이게 한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="고리형"><span id=".EA.B3.A0.EB.A6.AC.ED.98.95"></span>고리형</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="부분 편집: 고리형"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r27642678/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and 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decoding="async" width="143" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg/215px-Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg/286px-Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="170" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Alpha-D-glucose-from-xtal-1979-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Alpha-D-glucose-from-xtal-1979-3D-balls.png/143px-Alpha-D-glucose-from-xtal-1979-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Alpha-D-glucose-from-xtal-1979-3D-balls.png/215px-Alpha-D-glucose-from-xtal-1979-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Alpha-D-glucose-from-xtal-1979-3D-balls.png/286px-Alpha-D-glucose-from-xtal-1979-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Beta-D-Glucopyranose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Beta-D-Glucopyranose.svg/143px-Beta-D-Glucopyranose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Beta-D-Glucopyranose.svg/215px-Beta-D-Glucopyranose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Beta-D-Glucopyranose.svg/286px-Beta-D-Glucopyranose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="170" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Beta-D-glucose-from-xtal-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Beta-D-glucose-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/146px-Beta-D-glucose-from-xtal-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="146" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Beta-D-glucose-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/219px-Beta-D-glucose-from-xtal-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Beta-D-glucose-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/292px-Beta-D-glucose-from-xtal-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1034" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Alpha-D-Glucofuranose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Alpha-D-Glucofuranose.svg/136px-Alpha-D-Glucofuranose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Alpha-D-Glucofuranose.svg/204px-Alpha-D-Glucofuranose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Alpha-D-Glucofuranose.svg/272px-Alpha-D-Glucofuranose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="173" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Alpha-D-Glucofuranose_Molek%C3%BClbaukasten_9134_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Alpha-D-Glucofuranose_Molek%C3%BClbaukasten_9134_%28crop%29.jpg/147px-Alpha-D-Glucofuranose_Molek%C3%BClbaukasten_9134_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Alpha-D-Glucofuranose_Molek%C3%BClbaukasten_9134_%28crop%29.jpg/221px-Alpha-D-Glucofuranose_Molek%C3%BClbaukasten_9134_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Alpha-D-Glucofuranose_Molek%C3%BClbaukasten_9134_%28crop%29.jpg/294px-Alpha-D-Glucofuranose_Molek%C3%BClbaukasten_9134_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3073" data-file-height="3074" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Beta-D-Glucofuranose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Beta-D-Glucofuranose.svg/136px-Beta-D-Glucofuranose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Beta-D-Glucofuranose.svg/204px-Beta-D-Glucofuranose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Beta-D-Glucofuranose.svg/272px-Beta-D-Glucofuranose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="173" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Beta-D-Glucofuranose_Molek%C3%BClbaukasten_9136_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Beta-D-Glucofuranose_Molek%C3%BClbaukasten_9136_%28crop%29.jpg/158px-Beta-D-Glucofuranose_Molek%C3%BClbaukasten_9136_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Beta-D-Glucofuranose_Molek%C3%BClbaukasten_9136_%28crop%29.jpg/237px-Beta-D-Glucofuranose_Molek%C3%BClbaukasten_9136_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Beta-D-Glucofuranose_Molek%C3%BClbaukasten_9136_%28crop%29.jpg/316px-Beta-D-Glucofuranose_Molek%C3%BClbaukasten_9136_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3089" data-file-height="2873" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">D-글루코피라노스의 α-<a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8%EB%A8%B8" title="아노머">아노머</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9B%8C%EC%8A%A4_%ED%88%AC%EC%98%81%EC%8B%9D" title="하워스 투영식">하워스 투영식</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5-%EB%A7%89%EB%8C%80_%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95" title="공-막대 모형">공-막대 모형</a>(왼쪽 위), D-글루코피라노스의 β-아노머의 하워스 투영식과 공-막대 모형(오른쪽 위), D-글루코푸라노스의 α-아노머의 하워스 투영식과 공-막대 모형(왼쪽 아래), D-글루코푸라노스의 β-아노머의 하워스 투영식과 공-막대 모형(오른쪽 아래)</div></div></div></div> <p>용액에서 포도당의 열린 사슬형(D- 또는 L-)은 각각 하나의 산소 원자에 의해 닫힌 탄소 고리를 포함하는 여러 고리형 이성질체들과 평형 상태로 존재한다. 그러나 수용액에서는 포도당의 99% 이상이 피라노스 형태로 존재한다. 열린 사슬 형태는 약 0.25%로 제한되며 <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="푸라노스">푸라노스</a> 형태는 무시할 수 있는 양으로 존재한다. "포도당" 및 "D-포도당"이라는 용어는 일반적으로 이러한 고리 형태에서도 사용된다. 고리는 카보닐기(알데하이드, C1)과 C4 또는 C5의 하이드록실기 사이의 분자 내 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B9%9C%ED%95%B5%EC%84%B1_%EC%B2%A8%EA%B0%80_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="친핵성 첨가 반응 (없는 문서)">친핵성 첨가 반응</a>에 의해 열린 사슬 형태로부터 <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%83%88" title="헤미아세탈">헤미아세탈</a> 결합(<span class="chemf nowrap">−C(OH)H−O−</span>)을 형성함으로써 만들어진다. </p><p>C1과 C5 사이의 반응은 유도된 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%9E%80_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC)" title="피란 (화합물)">피란</a> 골격을 포함하는 단당류인 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="피라노스">피라노스</a>라고 하는 6원자 <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%ED%85%8C%EB%A1%9C%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC_%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC" title="헤테로고리 화합물">헤테로고리</a>를 생성한다. C1과 C4 사이의 훨씬 더 드문 반응은 사이클릭 에터인 <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EB%9E%80_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="푸란 (화합물)">푸란</a>의 이름을 따서 명명된 5원자 <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="푸라노스">푸라노스</a> 고리를 생성한다. 두 경우 모두 고리의 각 탄소에는(마지막 탄소인 C4 또는 C5는 제외) 1개의 수소 원자와 1개의 하이드록실기가 부착되어 있다. 마지막 탄소인 C4 또는 C5를 제외하고 하이드록실기가 열린 분자의 나머지 부분(각각 <span class="chemf nowrap">−(C(CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>OH)HOH)−H</span> 또는 <span class="chemf nowrap">−(CHOH)−H</span>) 으로 대체된다. </p><p>고리 닫힘 반응은 "α-" 및 "β-"로 표시된 두 가지 생성물을 생성할 수 있다. 글루코피라노스 분자를 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9B%8C%EC%8A%A4_%ED%88%AC%EC%98%81%EC%8B%9D" title="하워스 투영식">하워스 투영식</a>으로 그릴 때 "α-"는 C1의 하이드록실기와 C5의 <span class="chemf nowrap">−CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>OH</span>기가 고리 평면의 반대쪽에 있음을 의미하고(<a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4-%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%9C%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%EC%B2%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="시스-트랜스 이성질체">트랜스</a> 배열), "β-"는 C1의 하이드록실기와 C5의 <span class="chemf nowrap">−CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>OH</span>가 고리 평면의 같은 쪽에 있다는 것을 의미(<a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4-%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%9C%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%EC%B2%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="시스-트랜스 이성질체">시스</a> 배열)한다. 따라서 열린 사슬 이성질체인 D-포도당은 α-D-글루코피라노스, β-D-글루코피라노스, α-D-글루코푸라노스, β-D-글루코푸라노스의 4가지 별개의 고리형 이성질체를 생성한다. 이들 5가지 구조는 평형 상태로 존재하며 상호전환되며, 이러한 상호전환은 산 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%89%EB%A7%A4" title="촉매">촉매</a>의 작용 하에서 보다 더 빠르게 일어난다. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Alpha-D-glucose_and_beta-D-glucose_acid-catalyzed_mechanism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Alpha-D-glucose_and_beta-D-glucose_acid-catalyzed_mechanism.svg/500px-Alpha-D-glucose_and_beta-D-glucose_acid-catalyzed_mechanism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Alpha-D-glucose_and_beta-D-glucose_acid-catalyzed_mechanism.svg/750px-Alpha-D-glucose_and_beta-D-glucose_acid-catalyzed_mechanism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Alpha-D-glucose_and_beta-D-glucose_acid-catalyzed_mechanism.svg/1000px-Alpha-D-glucose_and_beta-D-glucose_acid-catalyzed_mechanism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>D-글루코피라노스의 α-<a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8%EB%A8%B8" title="아노머">아노머</a> 및 and β-아노머 사이의 산-촉매 동적 평형을 위해 널리 제안된 화살-밀기 메커니즘</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r27642678/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright" style="background-color:white"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px;background-color:white"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:120px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:ALPHA-D-Glucopyranose_V.1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ALPHA-D-Glucopyranose_V.1.png/163px-ALPHA-D-Glucopyranose_V.1.png" decoding="async" width="163" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ALPHA-D-Glucopyranose_V.1.png/245px-ALPHA-D-Glucopyranose_V.1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ALPHA-D-Glucopyranose_V.1.png/326px-ALPHA-D-Glucopyranose_V.1.png 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1662" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:223px;max-width:223px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:120px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:BETA-D-Glucopyranose_V.1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BETA-D-Glucopyranose_V.1.png/221px-BETA-D-Glucopyranose_V.1.png" decoding="async" width="221" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BETA-D-Glucopyranose_V.1.png/332px-BETA-D-Glucopyranose_V.1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BETA-D-Glucopyranose_V.1.png/442px-BETA-D-Glucopyranose_V.1.png 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="1420" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">D-글루코피라노스의 α-아노머(왼쪽) 및 β-아노머(오른쪽)의 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9D%98%EC%9E%90%ED%98%95_%EC%9E%85%EC%B2%B4%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="의자형 입체구조 (없는 문서)">의자형 입체구조</a></div></div></div></div> <p>다른 열린 사슬 이성질체인 L-포도당은 마찬가지로 L-포도당의 4가지 고리 형태를 생성하며 각각은 해당하는 D-포도당의 거울상 이성질체이다. </p><p>글루코피라노스 고리(α 또는 β)는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%9C%ED%97%A5%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B8" title="사이클로헥세인">사이클로헥세인</a>의 "의자형" 및 "보트형" <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%85%EC%B2%B4%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0" title="입체구조">입체구조</a>와 유사한 여러 비평면 모양을 가정할 수 있다. 유사하게 글루코푸라노스 고리는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%9C%ED%8E%9C%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B8" title="사이클로펜테인">사이클로펜테인</a>의 "봉투형" 입체구조와 유사한 여러 모양을 가정할 수 있다. </p><p>고체 상태에서는 글루코피라노스 형태만 관찰된다. </p><p>1,2-<i>O</i>-아이소프로필리덴-D-글루코푸라노스와 같은 글루코푸라노스의 일부 유도체는 안정적이며 순수한 결정질 고체로 얻을 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-taka1979_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taka1979-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-biel1999_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biel1999-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 예를 들어 α-D-글루코스와 파라-톨릴보론산(<span class="chemf nowrap">H<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span>C−(C<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />6</span>H<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />4</span>)−B(OH)<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span></span>)의 반응은 정상적인 피라노스 고리를 재형성하여 4-폴드 에스터 α-D-글루코푸라노스 1,2:3,5-비스(<i>p</i>-톨릴보론산염)을 생성한다.<sup id="cite_ref-chan2006_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chan2006-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="변광회전"><span id=".EB.B3.80.EA.B4.91.ED.9A.8C.EC.A0.84"></span>변광회전</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="부분 편집: 변광회전"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311305">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EA%B4%91%ED%9A%8C%EC%A0%84" title="변광회전">변광회전</a> 문서를 참고하십시오.</div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Mutarotation_D-Glucose_V.1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mutarotation_D-Glucose_V.1.png/600px-Mutarotation_D-Glucose_V.1.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mutarotation_D-Glucose_V.1.png/900px-Mutarotation_D-Glucose_V.1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mutarotation_D-Glucose_V.1.png/1200px-Mutarotation_D-Glucose_V.1.png 2x" data-file-width="3153" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>포도당의 변광회전: D-포도당 분자는 서로에 대해 에피머(=부분 입체 이성질체)인 고리형 헤미아세탈로 존재한다. α:β 에피머의 비율은 36:64이다. α-D-글루코피라노스(왼쪽)에서 파란색으로 표시된 하이드록실기는 아노머 중심의 축 위치에 있는 반면 β-D-글루코피라노스(오른쪽)에서 파란색으로 표시된 하이드록실기는 아노머 중심의 적도 위치에 있다.</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EA%B4%91%ED%9A%8C%EC%A0%84" title="변광회전">변광회전</a>은 고리 형성 반응의 일시적인 역전으로 구성되며, 열린 사슬 형태로 전환된 다음 고리가 다시 형성된다. 고리 닫힘 단계는 열린 단계에서 재형성된 것과 다른 하이드록실기를 사용(따라서 피라노스와 푸라노스 형태 사이의 전환)하거나 C1에서 생성된 새로운 헤미아세탈은 원래의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9%EA%B8%B0" title="작용기">작용기</a>와 동일하거나 반대 방향(따라서 α 형태와 β 형태 사이의 전환)일 수 있다. 따라서 열린 사슬 형태는 용액에서 거의 탐지할 수 없지만 평형의 필수 구성 요소이다. </p><p>열린 사슬 형태는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EC%95%88%EC%A0%95%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="화학적 안정성 (없는 문서)">열역학적으로 불안정</a>하며 자발적으로 고리 형태로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%ED%99%94" class="mw-redirect" title="이성질화">이성질화</a>된다. 고리 닫힘 반응은 이론적으로 4원자 또는 3원자 고리를 형성할 수 있지만, 이러한 고리는 긴장도가 매우 높기 때문에 실제로 관찰되지는 않는다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EC%98%A8" title="실온">실온</a>의 용액에서 4가지 고리형 이성질체는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EA%B4%91%ED%9A%8C%EC%A0%84" title="변광회전">변광회전</a>이라고 불리는 과정에서 시간 단위로 상호전환된다.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 어떤 비율에서 시작하더라도 혼합물은 α:β가 36:64의 안정적인 비율로 수렴한다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8%EB%A8%B8_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC" title="아노머 효과">아노머 효과</a>의 영향이 없다면 α:β의 비율은 11:89가 된다.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 변광회전은 0&#160;°C (32&#160;°F)에 가까운 온도에서 상당히 느려진다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="광학_활성"><span id=".EA.B4.91.ED.95.99_.ED.99.9C.EC.84.B1"></span>광학 활성</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="부분 편집: 광학 활성"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>물에 있든 고체 형태로 존재하는 D-(+)-포도당은 우선성이다. 즉, 광원을 바라볼 때 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%B8%EA%B4%91" title="편광">편광</a>의 방향을 시계 방향으로 회전시킨다. 이 효과는 분자의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%84%EC%84%B1" title="카이랄성">카이랄성</a> 때문이며 실제로 거울상 이성질체인 L-(−)-포도당은 같은 양만큼 좌선성(편광을 시계 반대 방향으로 회전시킴)이다. 효과의 강도는 5가지 <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%B3%80_%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%EC%B2%B4" title="호변 이성질체">호변 이성질체</a> 각각에 대해 다르다. </p><p>D-접두사는 화합물의 광학 특성을 직접적으로 나타내지 않음에 유의해야 한다. 이것은 C5 카이랄 중심이 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%95%8C%EB%8D%B0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="글리세르알데하이드">D-글리세르알데하이드</a>(우선성이기 때문에 이렇게 표시됨)와 동일한 선성을 가짐을 나타낸다. D-포도당이 우선성이라는 사실은 C5 뿐만 아니라 4개의 카이랄 중심에 결합된 효과이다. 실제로 다른 D-알도헥소스 중 일부는 좌선성이다. </p><p>순수한 α-D-포도당은 +112.2° mL/(dm·g)의 특정 회전각을 갖고 순수한 β-D-포도당은 +17.5° mL/(dm·g)의 특정 회전각을 갖고 있기 때문에 두 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8%EB%A8%B8" title="아노머">아노머</a> 사이의 전환은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8E%B8%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="편광계 (없는 문서)">편광계</a>에서 관찰할 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Hesse_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hesse-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 변광회전으로 인해 일정 시간이 지난 후 평형에 도달하면 회전각은 +52.7° mL/(dm·g)가 된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Hesse_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hesse-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 산이나 염기를 추가하면 이러한 전환은 보다 더 가속화된다. 평형은 열린 사슬 알데하이드 형태를 통해 일어난다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="이성질화"><span id=".EC.9D.B4.EC.84.B1.EC.A7.88.ED.99.94"></span>이성질화</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="부분 편집: 이성질화"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>묽은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%EB%82%98%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%A8" title="수산화 나트륨">수산화 나트륨</a> 또는 기타 묽은 염기에서 단당류인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="만노스">만노스</a>, 포도당, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="과당">과당</a>은 서로 전환되어(<a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC_%EB%93%9C_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B8-%EB%B0%98_%EC%97%90%EC%BC%84%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%EC%A0%84%ED%99%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="로브리 드 브로인-반 에켄슈타인 전환 (없는 문서)">로브리 드 브로인-반 에켄슈타인 전환</a>을 통해) 이러한 이성질체들 사이의 균형이 형성된다. 이 반응은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="엔다이올">엔다이올</a>을 통해 진행된다. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Glucose_Fructose_Mannose_Gleichgewicht.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Glucose_Fructose_Mannose_Gleichgewicht.png/440px-Glucose_Fructose_Mannose_Gleichgewicht.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Glucose_Fructose_Mannose_Gleichgewicht.png 1.5x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>포도당, 과당, 만노스 간의 이성질화</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="생화학적_특성"><span id=".EC.83.9D.ED.99.94.ED.95.99.EC.A0.81_.ED.8A.B9.EC.84.B1"></span>생화학적 특성</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="부분 편집: 생화학적 특성"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%8B%B9%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="해당과정">해당과정</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9%EC%8B%A0%EC%83%9D%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="포도당신생합성">포도당신생합성</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0_%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="글리코젠 합성">글리코젠 합성</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0_%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4" title="글리코젠 분해">글리코젠 분해</a>를 포함하는 일반적인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="단당류">단당류</a>의 대사 과정 </th></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Metabolism_of_common_monosaccharides,_and_related_reactions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Metabolism_of_common_monosaccharides%2C_and_related_reactions.png/1000px-Metabolism_of_common_monosaccharides%2C_and_related_reactions.png" decoding="async" width="1000" height="1213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Metabolism_of_common_monosaccharides%2C_and_related_reactions.png/1500px-Metabolism_of_common_monosaccharides%2C_and_related_reactions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Metabolism_of_common_monosaccharides%2C_and_related_reactions.png/2000px-Metabolism_of_common_monosaccharides%2C_and_related_reactions.png 2x" data-file-width="2785" data-file-height="3379" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>포도당은 가장 풍부한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="단당류">단당류</a>이다. 포도당은 또한 대부분의 살아 있는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="생물">생물</a>에서 가장 널리 사용되는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8F%84%ED%97%A5%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="알도헥소스">알도헥소스</a>이다. 이에 대한 한 가지 가능한 설명은 포도당이 다른 알도헥소스보다 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88" title="단백질">단백질</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="아미노기">아미노기</a>와 비특이적으로 반응하는 경향이 낮다는 것이다.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이 반응(<a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%ED%99%94_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="당화 반응">당화</a>)은 많은 단백질(예: <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%ED%99%94_%ED%97%A4%EB%AA%A8%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%B9%88" title="당화 헤모글로빈">당화 헤모글로빈</a>)의 기능을 손상시키거나 파괴한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도당의 낮은 당화율은 다른 알도헥소스에 비해 더 안정적인 고리 형태를 가지고 있기 때문일 수 있다. 즉, 반응성 열린 사슬 형태보다 더 적은 시간을 소비한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도당이 모든 알도헥소스 중에서 가장 안정적인 고리형을 갖는 이유는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9D%EC%8B%A4%EA%B8%B0" title="하이드록실기">하이드록실기</a>(D-포도당의 아노머 탄소에 있는 하이드록실기는 제외)가 적도 위치에 있기 때문이다. 아마도 포도당은 다른 단당류보다 단백질에 덜 당화되기 때문에 가장 풍부한 천연 단당류이다.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stryer_531_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stryer_531-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 또 다른 가설은 β-D-포도당의 형태로 적도 위치에 5개의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9D%EC%8B%A4%EA%B8%B0" title="하이드록실기">하이드록실</a> <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%98%ED%99%98%EA%B8%B0" title="치환기">치환기</a>를 모두 갖는 유일한 D-알도헥소스인 포도당이 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0%ED%99%94" class="mw-redirect" title="에스터화">에스터화</a><sup id="cite_ref-Voet_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voet-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%83%88" title="아세탈">아세탈</a> 형성<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>과 같은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="화학 반응">화학 반응</a><sup id="cite_ref-Garrett_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>에 더 쉽게 접근할 수 있다는 것이다. 이러한 이유로 D-포도당은 천연 다당류(<a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B8" title="글리칸">글리칸</a>)에서 매우 선호되는 구성 요소이기도 하다. 포도당만으로 구성된 다당류를 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%B9%B8" title="글루칸">글루칸</a>이라고 한다. </p><p>포도당은 식물이 햇빛, 물, 이산화 탄소를 이용한 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="광합성">광합성</a>을 통해 생산되며<sup id="cite_ref-photo_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-photo-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_195_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_195-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 모든 생명체가 에너지원 및 탄소원으로 사용할 수 있다. 그러나 대부분의 포도당은 유리된 형태로 존재하지 않고 에너지 저장 물질인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="젖당">젖당</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="수크로스">설탕</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말">녹말</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="식물">식물</a> <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EB%B2%BD" title="세포벽">세포벽</a>의 구성 요소인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰로스">셀룰로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%A0%EB%A5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="균류">균류</a>의 세포벽 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EC%A7%80%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="절지동물">절지동물</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EA%B3%A8%EA%B2%A9" title="외골격">외골격</a>의 구성 요소인 <a href="/wiki/%ED%82%A4%ED%8B%B4" title="키틴">키틴</a>의 형태로 존재한다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="동물">동물</a>, 균류 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="세균">세균</a>에 의해 섭취될 때 이러한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%B2%B4" title="중합체">중합체</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" title="효소">효소</a>를 사용하여 포도당으로 분해된다. 모든 동물은 또한 필요에 따라 특정 전구체로부터 포도당을 스스로 생성할 수 있다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EB%9F%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="뉴런">뉴런</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BD%A9%ED%8C%A5_%EC%86%8D%EC%A7%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="콩팥 속질 (없는 문서)">콩팥 속질</a> 세포, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%81%ED%98%88%EA%B5%AC" title="적혈구">적혈구</a>는 에너지 생성을 위해 포도당에 의존한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_195_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_195-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 성인의 경우 약 18&#160;g (0.63&#160;oz)의 포도당이 있으며,<sup id="cite_ref-Satyanarayana_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Satyanarayana-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 그 중 약 4&#160;g (0.14&#160;oz)은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%88%EC%95%A1" title="혈액">혈액</a>에 존재한다.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 약 180–220&#160;g (6.3–7.8&#160;oz)의 포도당이 성인의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%84" title="간">간</a>에서 24시간 동안 생성된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Satyanarayana_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Satyanarayana-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EB%87%A8%EB%B3%91" title="당뇨병">당뇨병</a>의 많은 장기적인 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%A9%EB%B3%91%EC%A6%9D" title="합병증">합병증</a>(예: <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EB%AA%85" title="실명">실명</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EB%B6%80%EC%A0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="신부전">신부전</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EC%B4%88_%EC%8B%A0%EA%B2%BD%EB%B3%91%EC%A6%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="말초 신경병증">말초 신경병증</a>)은 아마도 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88" title="단백질">단백질</a> 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="지질 (생물학)">지질</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%ED%99%94_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="당화 반응">당화</a>로 인한 것이다.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 비효소적 과정인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%ED%99%94_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="당화 반응">당화</a>와는 대조적으로 단백질에 대한 <a href="/wiki/%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" title="효소">효소적</a> 조절에 의한 당의 첨가는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%8B%A4%ED%99%94" title="글리코실화">글리코실화</a>라고 하며, 이는 많은 단백질들의 기능에 필수적이다.<sup id="cite_ref-varki_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varki-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="흡수"><span id=".ED.9D.A1.EC.88.98"></span>흡수</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="부분 편집: 흡수"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>섭취된 포도당은 처음에 사람의 혀에 있는 단맛 수용체에 결합한다. 단백질 <a href="/w/index.php?title=TAS1R2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="TAS1R2 (없는 문서)">TAS1R2</a> 및 <a href="/w/index.php?title=TAS1R3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="TAS1R3 (없는 문서)">TAS1R3</a>의 복합체는 포도당 함유 식품 공급원을 식별할 수 있게 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-fca_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fca-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_404_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_404-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도당은 주로 음식물로부터 공급되며 하루에 약 300&#160;g (11&#160;oz)이 음식물의 전환에 의해 생성되지만<sup id="cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_404_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_404-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 신체 세포의 다른 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC_%EC%82%B0%EB%AC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="대사 산물">대사 산물</a>로부터도 합성된다. 사람의 경우 포도당 함유 다당류의 분해는 부분적으로 이미 <a href="/wiki/%EC%94%B9%EA%B8%B0" title="씹기">씹는</a> 동안 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%95%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="타액">타액</a>에 포함된 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%80%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="아밀레이스">아밀레이스</a>에 의해 일어나며, 뿐만 아니라 <a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%9E%A5_(%EC%9E%A5%EA%B8%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="소장 (장기)">소장</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%86%94%EA%B0%80%EC%9E%A5%EC%9E%90%EB%A6%AC" title="솔가장자리">솔가장자리</a>에 있는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%90%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="말테이스">말테이스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BD%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="락테이스">락테이스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%81%AC%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="수크레이스">수크레이스</a>에 의해 분해된다. 포도당은 많은 탄수화물들의 구성 요소이며 특정 효소를 사용하여 분리할 수 있다. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%8B%9C%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="글리코시데이스">글리코시데이스</a>의 하위 부류인 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8B%9C%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="글루코시데이스">글루코시데이스</a>는 먼저 포도당을 함유한 긴 사슬의 다당류의 가수분해를 촉매하여 말단 포도당을 절단한다. 차례로 이당류는 대부분 특정 글리코시데이스에 의해 포도당으로 분해된다. 분해 효소의 이름은 보통 특정 다당류 및 이당류의 이름으로부터 파생된다. 특히 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="다당류">다당류</a>를 분해하는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" title="효소">효소</a>에는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%80%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="아밀레이스">아밀레이스</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말">녹말</a>의 성분인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="아밀로스">아밀로스</a>에서 이름을 따서 명명됨), <a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰레이스">셀룰레이스</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰로스">셀룰로스</a>에서 이름을 따서 명명됨), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%82%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="키티네이스 (없는 문서)">키티네이스</a>(<a href="/wiki/%ED%82%A4%ED%8B%B4" title="키틴">키틴</a>에서 이름을 따서 명명됨) 등이 있다. 또한, 이당류를 분해하는 효소에는 말테이스, 락테이스, 수크레이스, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%ED%95%A0%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="트레할레이스 (없는 문서)">트레할레이스</a> 등이 있다. 사람에서 글리코시데이스를 암호화하는 약 70가지의 유전자가 알려져 있다. 이들은 글리코젠, <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%95%91%EA%B3%A0%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88" title="스핑고지질">스핑고지질</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%AE%A4%EC%BD%94%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="뮤코다당류">뮤코다당류</a> 및 폴리(<a href="/wiki/ADP-%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ADP-리보스">ADP-리보스</a>)의 소화 및 분해 기능을 가지고 있다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%9E%8C" title="사람">사람</a>은 셀룰레이스, 키티네이스, 트레할레이스를 생성할 수 없지만 사람의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EB%82%B4_%EB%AF%B8%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%EA%B5%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="장내 미생물군">장내 미생물군</a>에 있는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="세균">세균</a>은 생성할 수 있다. </p><p>세포의 세포막과 세포 구획의 막으로 들어오거나 나가기 위해 포도당은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A3%BC%EC%9A%94_%EC%B4%89%EC%A7%84%EC%9E%90_%EC%8A%88%ED%8D%BC%ED%8C%A8%EB%B0%80%EB%A6%AC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="주요 촉진자 슈퍼패밀리 (없는 문서)">주요 촉진자 슈퍼패밀리</a>의 특별한 수송 단백질을 필요로 한다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%9E%A5_(%EC%9E%A5%EA%B8%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="소장 (장기)">소장</a>(보다 정확하게는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%A5_(%EC%86%8C%ED%99%94%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80)" class="mw-redirect" title="공장 (소화기관)">공장</a>)에서<sup id="cite_ref-Harper_641_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper_641-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도당은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%82%98%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%A8/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9_%EA%B3%B5%EB%8F%99%EC%88%98%EC%86%A1%EC%B2%B4_1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="나트륨/포도당 공동수송체 1 (없는 문서)">나트륨/포도당 공동수송체 1</a>(SGLT1)을 통해 나트륨 이온-포도당 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%B0%98_%EC%88%98%EC%86%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="동반 수송">동반 수송</a>이라고 하는 <a href="/wiki/2%EC%B0%A8_%EB%8A%A5%EB%8F%99%EC%88%98%EC%86%A1" title="2차 능동수송">2차 능동수송</a> 메커니즘을 통해<sup id="cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_199_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_199-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9_%EC%88%98%EC%86%A1%EC%B2%B4" title="포도당 수송체">포도당 수송체</a>의 도움으로 장 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%ED%94%BC_%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%81" title="상피 조직">상피</a>로 흡수된다.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 추가적인 이동은 포도당 수송체인 <a href="/w/index.php?title=GLUT2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="GLUT2 (없는 문서)">GLUT2</a>를 통해 장 상피세포의 기저 측면에서 일어나며,<sup id="cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_199_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_199-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%84%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" title="간세포">간세포</a>, 콩팥 세포, <a href="/wiki/%EB%9E%91%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%ED%95%9C%EC%8A%A4%EC%84%AC" title="랑게르한스섬">랑게르한스섬</a> 세포, <a href="/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EB%9F%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="뉴런">뉴런</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%84%EC%95%84%EA%B5%90%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" title="별아교세포">별아교세포</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%9D%A0%EB%87%8C%EC%8B%A4%EB%A7%89%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="띠뇌실막세포 (없는 문서)">띠뇌실막세포</a>로 흡수된다.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%84%EB%AC%B8%EB%A7%A5" title="간문맥">간문맥</a>을 통해 간으로 들어가 글리코젠으로 저장된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_214_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_214-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 간세포에서는 포도당의 6번 위치에서 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%ED%82%A4%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="글루코키네이스">글루코키네이스</a>에 의해 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94" title="인산화">인산화</a>되어 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" title="세포">세포</a> 밖으로 나갈 수 없는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9_6-%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="포도당 6-인산">포도당 6-인산</a>이 생성된다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9_6-%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%EA%B0%80%EC%88%98%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당 6-인산가수분해효소">포도당 6-인산가수분해효소</a>는 간에서만 포도당 6-인산을 다시 포도당으로 전환시키기 때문에 신체가 충분한 혈당 농도를 유지할 수 있게 한다. 다른 세포에서 포도당의 흡수는 14가지의 GLUT 단백질 중 하나를 통한 수동 수송에 의해 일어난다.<sup id="cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_199_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_199-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 다른 유형의 세포에서 인산화는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A5%EC%86%8C%ED%82%A4%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="헥소키네이스">헥소키네이스</a>를 통해 일어나며 이때 포도당은 더 이상 세포 밖으로 확산될 수 없다. </p><p>포도당 수송체인 <a href="/w/index.php?title=GLUT1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="GLUT1 (없는 문서)">GLUT1</a>은 대부분 세포에서 생성되며, <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EA%B2%BD_%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" title="신경 세포">신경 세포</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%90" title="이자">이자</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%CE%92_%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Β 세포">β 세포</a>에 특히 중요하다.<sup id="cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_199_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_199-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=GLUT3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="GLUT3 (없는 문서)">GLUT3</a>는 신경 세포에서 고도로 발현된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_199_79-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_199-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 혈류의 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EC%9C%A1_%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="근육 세포">근육 세포</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A8%EA%B2%A9%EA%B7%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="골격근">골격근</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%EC%9E%A5%EA%B7%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="심장근">심장근</a>의 근육 세포)와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9_%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" title="지방 세포">지방 세포</a>에서 <a href="/wiki/GLUT4" title="GLUT4">GLUT4</a>에 의해 흡수된다.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=GLUT14&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="GLUT14 (없는 문서)">GLUT14</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%ED%99%98" title="고환">고환</a>에서만 발현된다.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 과도한 포도당은 분해되어 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%B0" title="지방산">지방산</a>으로 전환된 다음 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="트라이글리세라이드">트라이글리세라이드</a>로 저장된다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%A9%ED%8C%A5" title="콩팥">콩팥</a>에서 소변의 포도당은 정단 세포막의 SGLT1 및 <a href="/w/index.php?title=SGLT2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SGLT2 (없는 문서)">SGLT2</a>를 통해 흡수되고 기저외측 세포막의 GLUT2를 통해 전달된다.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 콩팥의 포도당 재흡수의 약 90%는 SGLT2를 통해 이루어지며 약 3%는 SGLT1을 통해 이루어진다.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="생합성"><span id=".EC.83.9D.ED.95.A9.EC.84.B1"></span>생합성</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="부분 편집: 생합성"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9%EC%8B%A0%EC%83%9D%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="포도당신생합성">포도당신생합성</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0_%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4" title="글리코젠 분해">글리코젠 분해</a>입니다.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="식물">식물</a>과 일부 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%ED%95%B5%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="원핵생물">원핵생물</a>에서 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="광합성">광합성</a>의 산물이다.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도당은 또한 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0" title="글리코젠">글리코젠</a>(동물 및 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EC%84%AF" title="버섯">버섯</a>의 경우) 또는 녹말(식물의 경우)과 같은 포도당의 중합체가 분해되어 생성된다. 글리코젠이 분해되는 것을 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0_%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4" title="글리코젠 분해">글리코젠 분해</a>라고 하며 녹말이 분해되는 것을 녹말 분해라고 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2~4개의 탄소 원자(C)를 포함하는 분자로 시작하여 6개의 탄소 원자를 포함하는 포도당 분자에서 끝나는 대사 경로를 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9%EC%8B%A0%EC%83%9D%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="포도당신생합성">포도당신생합성</a>이라고 하며, 살아 있는 모든 생물에서 일어난다. 더 작은 시작 물질은 다른 대사 경로의 결과물이다. 궁극적으로 거의 모든 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%B2%B4%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90" title="생체분자">생체분자</a>는 식물과 미생물에 의한 광합성 동안 이산화 탄소의 동화로부터 생성된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Voet_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voet-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> α-D-포도당 형성의 자유 에너지는 몰당 917.2 kJ이다.<sup id="cite_ref-Voet_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voet-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 사람의 경우 포도당신생합성은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%84" title="간">간</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%A9%ED%8C%A5" title="콩팥">콩팥</a>에서 일어나지만<sup id="cite_ref-Szablewski_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szablewski-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 다른 유형의 세포에서도 일어난다. 간에는 약 150&#160;g (5.3&#160;oz)의 글리코젠이 저장되고 골격근에는 약 250&#160;g (8.8&#160;oz)의 글리코젠이 저장된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_389_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_389-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 그러나 글리코젠이 분해되어 근육세포에서 방출된 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A5%EC%86%8C%ED%82%A4%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="헥소키네이스">헥소키네이스</a>에 의해 포도당이 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94" title="인산화">인산화</a>되고 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%EA%B8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="인산기">인산기</a>를 제거하는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9_6-%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%EA%B0%80%EC%88%98%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당 6-인산가수분해효소">포도당 6-인산가수분해효소</a>가 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EB%B0%9C%ED%98%84" title="유전자 발현">발현</a>되지 않아 순환계로 전달되지 못한다. 포도당과는 달리 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9_6-%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="포도당 6-인산">포도당 6-인산</a>에 대한 수송 단백질은 존재하지 않는다. 포도당신생합성은 생물이 에너지를 소비하면서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EC%82%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="젖산">젖산</a>이나 특정 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아미노산">아미노산</a>을 포함한 다른 대사 산물로부터 포도당을 축적할 수 있게 한다. 신세뇨관 세포도 또한 포도당을 생성할 수 있다. </p><p>포도당은 또한 주변 환경에서 살아 있는 생물체의 외부에서 찾을 수 있다. 대기 중의 포도당 농도는 항공기에 의한 샘플 수집을 통해 감지되며 위치에 따라 다른 것으로 알려져 있다. 예를 들어, 중국 내륙의 대기 중 포도당 농도는 0.8~20.1 pg/L인 반면, 중국 동해안의 포도당 농도는10.3~142 pg/L이다.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="포도당_분해"><span id=".ED.8F.AC.EB.8F.84.EB.8B.B9_.EB.B6.84.ED.95.B4"></span>포도당 분해</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="부분 편집: 포도당 분해"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Glucose_metabolism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Glucose_metabolism.svg/220px-Glucose_metabolism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Glucose_metabolism.svg/330px-Glucose_metabolism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Glucose_metabolism.svg/440px-Glucose_metabolism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>포도당 대사와 그 과정에서의 다양한 형태.<a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말">녹말</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0" title="글리코젠">글리코젠</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="이당류">이당류</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="단당류">단당류</a>를 포함한 포도당 함유 화합물 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%EC%B2%B4" title="이성질체">이성질체</a>는 장에서 소화되고 흡수된다.포도당은 주로 간과 근육에서 글리코젠으로 저장된다. 유리 포도당으로 조직에 분포되어 사용된다.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%8B%B9%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="해당과정">해당과정</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9_%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0_%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C" title="오탄당 인산 경로">오탄당 인산 경로</a>입니다.</div> <p>사람에서 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%8B%B9%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="해당과정">해당과정</a><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9_%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0_%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C" title="오탄당 인산 경로">오탄당 인산 경로</a><sup id="cite_ref-Horton_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horton-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>에 의해 대사된다. 해당과정은 약간의 차이가 있지만 모든 살아 있는 생물에 의해 사용되며,<sup id="cite_ref-Garrett_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 모든 생물은 단당류의 분해로부터 에너지를 생성한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 물질대사의 추가적인 과정에서 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%A3%A8%EB%B8%8C%EC%82%B0%EC%9D%98_%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%EC%A0%81_%ED%83%88%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B5%EC%8B%A4%ED%99%94" class="mw-redirect" title="피루브산의 산화적 탈카복실화">산화적 탈카복실화</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="시트르산 회로">시트르산 회로</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EC%A0%84%EB%8B%AC%EA%B3%84" title="전자전달계">전자전달계</a>를 통해 물과 이산화 탄소로 완전히 분해될 수 있다. 이를 위한 산소가 충분하지 않으면 동물의 포도당 분해는 젖산 발효를 통해 혐기적으로 젖산을 생성하고 산소 호흡에 비해 훨씬 더 적은 에너지를 방출한다. 포유류에서 근육의 젖산은 혈류를 통해 포도당신생합성이 일어나는 간으로 들어간다(<a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%A6%AC_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="코리 회로">코리 회로</a>). 포도당의 공급량이 많으면 시트르산 회로의 대사 산물인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%8B%B8-CoA" title="아세틸-CoA">아세틸-CoA</a>도 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%B0_%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="지방산 합성">지방산 합성</a>에 사용될 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도당은 간과 골격근에서 글리코젠의 저장량을 보충하는 데에도 사용된다. 이러한 과정은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%AA%AC" title="호르몬">호르몬</a>으로 조절된다. </p><p>다른 살아 있는 생물에서는 다른 형태의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%ED%9A%A8" title="발효">발효</a>가 일어날 수 있다. 세균인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%9E%A5%EA%B7%A0" title="대장균">대장균</a>은 포도당이 유일한 탄소원인 영양 배지에서 자랄 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Voet_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voet-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 일부 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="세균">세균</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="고세균">고세균</a>에서 포도당은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%84%88-%EB%93%80%EB%8F%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%84_%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="엔트너-듀도로프 경로 (없는 문서)">엔트너-듀도로프 경로</a>를 통해 분해된다.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>세포에서 포도당은 호기성 호흡, 혐기성 호흡 또는 발효에 의해 에너지원으로 사용된다.<sup id="cite_ref-sil_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sil-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 해당과정의 첫 번째 단계는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A5%EC%86%8C%ED%82%A4%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="헥소키네이스">헥소키네이스</a>에 의한 포도당의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94" title="인산화">인산화</a>로 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9_6-%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="포도당 6-인산">포도당 6-인산</a>을 생성하는 것이다. 포도당이 즉시 인산화되는 주된 이유는 하전된 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%EA%B8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="인산기">인산기</a>가 포도당 6-인산이 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EB%A7%89" title="세포막">세포막</a>을 쉽게 통과하는 것을 방지하기 때문에 세포 밖으로 확산되는 것을 막기 위함이다.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 또한 고에너지 인산기의 첨가는 포도당을 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%9C%EC%84%B1%ED%99%94#생화학" title="활성화">활성화</a>시키고 이는 해당과정의 나중 단계에서 후속적인 분해를 하기 위함이다.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EC%A1%B0%EA%B1%B4" title="생리학적 조건">생리학적 조건</a>에서 이 초기 반응은 비가역적이다. </p><p>혐기성 호흡에서 1분자의 포도당은 2분자의 ATP를 순생성한다. 해당과정 동안 4분자의 ATP가 기질수준 인산화에 의해 생성되지만 2분자의 ATP는 해당과정의 에너지 투자기에서 소모된다.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1분자의 포도당이 호기성 호흡에 사용되면 해당과정에서 기질수준 인산화로 2분자의 ATP, 시트르산 회로에서 기질수준 인산화로 2분자의 ATP, 산화적 인산화에서 최대 28분자의 ATP가 생성되므로 최대 총 32분자의 ATP가 생성된다는 점에서 혐기성 호흡보다 훨씬 더 효율적이다.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EC%96%91" class="mw-redirect" title="종양">종양</a> 세포는 비교적 빠르게 생장하고 산소가 있는 경우에도 포유동물에서 발효의 최종 생성물인 젖산을 생성하는 해당과정에 의해 평균 이상의 양의 포도당을 소비한다.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이를 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC_(%EC%A2%85%EC%96%91%ED%95%99)" title="바르부르크 효과 (종양학)">바르부르크 효과</a>라고 한다. 종양에서 증가되는 포도당의 흡수를 위해 다양한 SGLT 및 GLUT가 과도하게 생성된다.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%ED%9A%A8%EB%AA%A8" title="효모">효모</a>에서 에탄올은 산소가 있는 경우에도 포도당의 농도가 높을 경우에 발효될 수 있다(일반적으로 발효보다는 산소 호흡으로 이어짐). 이를 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%81%AC%EB%9E%A9%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="크랩트리 효과 (없는 문서)">크랩트리 효과</a>라고 한다. </p><p>포도당은 또한 비생물적 수단을 통해 분해되어 이산화 탄소를 생성할 수 있다. 이는 22 °C 및 pH 2.5에서 산화 및 가수분해를 통해 실험적으로 일어나는 것으로 입증되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="에너지원"><span id=".EC.97.90.EB.84.88.EC.A7.80.EC.9B.90"></span>에너지원</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="부분 편집: 에너지원"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Glucose_catabolism_intermediates_de.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Glucose_catabolism_intermediates_de.png/220px-Glucose_catabolism_intermediates_de.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Glucose_catabolism_intermediates_de.png/330px-Glucose_catabolism_intermediates_de.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Glucose_catabolism_intermediates_de.png/440px-Glucose_catabolism_intermediates_de.png 2x" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="2354" /></a><figcaption>포도당 분해에서 가능한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC_%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%EB%AC%BC" title="대사 중간생성물">대사 중간생성물</a>을 보여주는 도표. 주황색 대사 경로: 해당과정, 녹색: 엔트너-듀도로프 경로(인산화), 노란색: 엔트너-듀도로프 경로(비인산화)</figcaption></figure> <p>포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="생물학">생물학</a>에서 생물의 보편적인 에너지원이다. 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EA%B8%B0%EC%84%B1_%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="호기성 호흡">호기성 호흡</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%90%EA%B8%B0%EC%84%B1_%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="혐기성 호흡">혐기성 호흡</a> 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%ED%9A%A8" title="발효">발효</a>를 통해 세균에서 사람에 이르기까지 생물체의 에너지원으로 사용된다. 포도당은 호기성 호흡을 통해 그램 당 약 3.75 <a href="/wiki/Kcal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kcal">kcal</a> (16 kJ)의 에너지를 제공하는 인체의 주요 에너지원이다.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 탄수화물(예: 녹말)을 분해하면 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="단당류">단당류</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="이당류">이당류</a>가 생성되며, 이들 분해 산물의 대부분은 포도당이다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%8B%B9%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="해당과정">해당과정</a>과 이후에 일어나는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="시트르산 회로">시트르산 회로</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%EC%A0%81_%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94" title="산화적 인산화">산화적 인산화</a>를 통해 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94" class="mw-redirect" title="산화">산화</a>되어 결국 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="이산화 탄소">이산화 탄소</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC" title="물">물</a>을 생성하고 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8D%B0%EB%85%B8%EC%8B%A0_%EC%82%BC%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아데노신 삼인산">ATP</a>와 열에너지의 형태로 에너지를 생성한다. 인슐린 및 기타 메커니즘은 혈액 내 포도당의 농도를 조절한다. 포도당의 생리학적 열량은 공급원에 따라 다르지만 16.2 kJ/g<sup id="cite_ref-Schwedt_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwedt-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 또는 15.7 kJ/g (3.74 kcal/g)이다.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 식물의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EB%A7%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="바이오매스">바이오매스</a>에서 탄수화물의 높은 이용 가능성은 진화하는 동안 특히 미생물에서 에너지 및 탄소 저장을 위한 포도당을 활용하기 위해 다양한 방법으로 이어졌다. 이들은 최종 산물을 더 이상 에너지 생성에 사용할 수 없다는 점에서 차이가 있다. 개별 유전자의 존재와 이들 유전자의 산물인 효소가 어떤 반응이 가능한 지를 결정한다. 거의 모든 생물체가 해당과정을 사용한다. 해당과정 사용의 본질적인 차이점은 그렇지 않으면 간접적으로 생성되어야 하는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%ED%99%94%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="동화작용">동화작용</a>에 대한 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%98%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%9C" title="환원제">환원제</a>로서 <a href="/wiki/NADPH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADPH">NADPH</a>의 회복이다.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>포도당과 산소는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%87%8C" title="뇌">뇌</a>에 거의 모든 에너지를 공급하기 때문에<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 그 이용 가능성은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="심리학">심리적</a> 과정에 영향을 미친다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%80%ED%98%88%EB%8B%B9%EC%A6%9D" title="저혈당증">포도당 농도가 낮으면</a> 정신적 노력이 필요한 심리적 과정(예: <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%EC%A1%B0%EC%A0%88" title="자기조절">자기 조절</a>, 노력이 필요한 의사 결정)이 손상된다.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 주요 에너지원으로 포도당을 사용하는 뇌에서 포도당의 농도는 보통 4~6 mM (5 mM은 90 mg/dL과 같음)이지만<sup id="cite_ref-Satyanarayana_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Satyanarayana-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 단식시에는 2~3 mM로 감소한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Dwyer_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dwyer-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%BC%EB%9E%80" title="혼란">혼란</a>은 1mM 미만에서 일어나고 <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%BC%EC%88%98_%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="혼수 상태">혼수 상태</a>는 낮은 수준에서 일어난다.<sup id="cite_ref-Dwyer_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dwyer-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>혈액 속에 있는 포도당을 <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%88%EB%8B%B9" title="혈당">혈당</a>이라고 한다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%88%EB%8B%B9%EB%9F%89" class="mw-redirect" title="혈당량">혈당량</a>은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%83%81%ED%95%98%EB%B6%80" title="시상하부">시상하부</a>의 포도당 결합 신경 세포에 의해 조절된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Koekkoek_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koekkoek-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 또한 뇌의 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B8%A1%EC%A2%8C%ED%95%B5" title="측좌핵">측좌핵</a>에 있는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%83%81_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="보상 시스템">보상 시스템</a>의 포도당 수용체에 결합한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Koekkoek_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koekkoek-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 혀의 단맛 수용체에 포도당이 결합하면 포도당 또는 다른 당을 통해 다양한 에너지 대사 호르몬의 방출을 유도하여 세포 흡수를 증가시키고 혈당량을 낮춘다.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%90%EB%AF%B8%EB%A3%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="인공감미료">인공 감미료</a>는 혈당량을 낮추지 않는다.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>단기간 단식 상태에 있는 건강한 사람의 혈당 함량, 예를 들어 하룻밤 금식 후는 약 70~100 mg/dL (4~5.5 mM)이다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%88%EC%9E%A5" title="혈장">혈장</a>에서 측정된 값은 약 10~15% 더 높다. 또한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%84%B8%ED%98%88%EA%B4%80" title="모세혈관">모세혈관</a>을 통과하는 동안 포도당이 조직으로 흡수되기 때문에 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%A7%A5%ED%98%88" title="동맥혈">동맥혈</a>의 혈당 농도가 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%A5%ED%98%88" title="정맥혈">정맥혈</a>의 혈당 농도보다 높다. 또한 혈당을 결정하는 데 자주 사용되는 모세혈에서 때때로 값이 정맥혈보다 더 높다. 혈액의 포도당 함량은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%90%EB%A6%B0" title="인슐린">인슐린</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9D%B8%ED%81%AC%EB%A0%88%ED%8B%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="인크레틴 (없는 문서)">인크레틴</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%B9%B4%EA%B3%A4" title="글루카곤">글루카곤</a>과 같은 호르몬에 의해 조절된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Koekkoek_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koekkoek-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 인슐린은 포도당 수치를 낮추고 글루카곤은 이를 증가시킨다.<sup id="cite_ref-Satyanarayana_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Satyanarayana-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 또한, <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%94%BC%EB%84%A4%ED%94%84%EB%A6%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="에피네프린">에피네프린</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%EB%A1%9D%EC%8B%A0" title="티록신">티록신</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EC%A7%88_%EC%BD%94%EB%A5%B4%ED%8B%B0%EC%BD%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="당질 코르티코이드">당질 코르티코이드</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A7%88%ED%86%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%95%80" class="mw-redirect" title="소마토트로핀">소마토트로핀</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%8B%A0%EA%B2%89%EC%A7%88_%EC%9E%90%EA%B7%B9%ED%98%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%AA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="부신겉질 자극호르몬">부신겉질 자극호르몬</a>과 같은 호르몬은 포도당 수치를 증가시킨다.<sup id="cite_ref-Satyanarayana_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Satyanarayana-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도당 자동조절이라고 하는 호르몬의 독립적인 조절도 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 음식을 섭취하면 혈당 농도가 증가한다. 정맥 전혈에서 180 mg/dL 이상의 값은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%ED%98%88%EB%8B%B9%EC%A6%9D" title="고혈당증">고혈당증</a>이라고 하며, 40 mg/dL 미만의 값은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%80%ED%98%88%EB%8B%B9%EC%A6%9D" title="저혈당증">저혈당증</a>이라고 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도당은 필요할 때 간과 콩팥의 글리코젠에서 유래한 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9_6-%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="포도당 6-인산">포도당 6-인산</a>으로부터 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9_6-%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%EA%B0%80%EC%88%98%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당 6-인산가수분해효소">포도당 6-인산가수분해효소</a>에 의해 혈류로 방출되어 혈당 농도의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EC%83%81%EC%84%B1" title="항상성">항상성</a>을 조절한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Szablewski_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szablewski-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_195_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_195-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%B6%94%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="반추동물">반추동물</a>에서는 탄수화물의 장내 미생물에 의해 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%A7%EC%9D%80_%EC%82%AC%EC%8A%AC_%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%B0" title="짧은 사슬 지방산">짧은 사슬 지방산</a>으로 더 많이 전환되기 때문에 혈당의 농도가 더 낮다(<a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C" title="소">소</a>의 경우 60 mg/dL, <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91" title="양">양</a>의 경우 40 mg/dL).<sup id="cite_ref-Harper_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>일부 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%83%81%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="성상세포">성상세포</a>에 의해 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EC%82%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="젖산">젖산</a>으로 전환된 다음 뇌세포에서 에너지원으로 활용된다. 일부 포도당은 장세포와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%81%ED%98%88%EA%B5%AC" title="적혈구">적혈구</a>에서 사용되고 나머지는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%84" title="간">간</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9_%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%81" title="지방 조직">지방 조직</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EC%9C%A1" title="근육">근육</a> 세포에 도달하여 흡수되어 글리코젠으로 저장된다(<a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%90%EB%A6%B0" title="인슐린">인슐린</a>의 영향 하에서). 간세포의 글리코젠은 포도당으로 전환될 수 있으며, 인슐린이 낮거나 없을 때 포도당은 혈액으로 되돌아간다. 근육 세포의 글리코젠은 효소 부족으로 인해 분해되어 혈액으로 되돌아가지 않는다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9_%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" title="지방 세포">지방 세포</a>에서 포도당은 일부 유형의 지방을 합성하고 다른 목적을 갖는 반응을 일으키는 데 사용된다. 신체는 포도당을 글리코젠의 형태로 저장한다. 이는 글리코젠이 훨씬 더 "공간 효율적"이고 포도당보다 반응성이 낮기 때문이다. </p><p>인체의 건강에서 포도당의 중요성 때문에 포도당은 일반적인 <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%88%EC%95%A1_%EA%B2%80%EC%82%AC" title="혈액 검사">혈액 검사</a>인 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9_%EA%B2%80%EC%82%AC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="포도당 검사 (없는 문서)">포도당 검사</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="분석물">분석물</a>이다.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 혈액 샘플을 채취하기 전에 먹거나 금식하면 혈액 내 포도당 분석에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 높은 공복 <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%88%EB%8B%B9" title="혈당">혈당</a> 수치는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%8B%B9%EB%87%A8%EB%B3%91_%EC%A0%84%EB%8B%A8%EA%B3%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="당뇨병 전단계 (없는 문서)">당뇨병 전단계</a> 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EB%87%A8%EB%B3%91" title="당뇨병">당뇨병</a>의 징후일 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%ED%98%88%EB%8B%B9_%EC%A7%80%EC%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="혈당 지수">혈당 지수</a>는 섭취한 탄수화물의 재흡수 및 혈당량으로의 전환 속도를 나타내는 지표이며, 포도당(포도당은 100으로 정의됨)과 비교하여 소비 후 혈당 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EB%B6%84" title="적분">곡선의 아래</a>에서 측정된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_366_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey_366-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 지방 함량이 높은 식품(예: 아이스크림)은 탄수화물의 재흡수를 늦추고 혈당 지수를 낮추기 때문에<sup id="cite_ref-Satyarayana_508_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Satyarayana_508-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 혈당 지수의 임상적 중요성은 논란의 여지가 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_366_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey_366-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Satyarayana_508_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Satyarayana_508-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 대체 지표는 탄수화물 소비가 혈중 인슐린 수치에 미치는 영향으로 측정되는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%90%EB%A6%B0_%EC%A7%80%EC%88%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="인슐린 지수 (없는 문서)">인슐린 지수</a>이다.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%88%EB%8B%B9_%EB%B6%80%ED%95%98" class="mw-redirect" title="혈당 부하">혈당 부하</a>는 혈당 지수와 섭취한 음식을 양을 기준으로 소비 후 혈당량에 추가된 포도당의 양을 나타내는 지표이다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="전구체"><span id=".EC.A0.84.EA.B5.AC.EC.B2.B4"></span>전구체</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="부분 편집: 전구체"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>생물체는 몇 가지 중요한 물질을 합성하기 위한 전구체로 포도당을 사용한다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말">녹말</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰로스">셀룰로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0" title="글리코젠">글리코젠</a>은 포도당의 일반적인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%B2%B4" title="중합체">중합체</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="다당류">다당류</a>)이다. 이러한 중합체 중 일부(녹말 또는 글리코젠)는 에너지 저장의 역할을 하는 반면, 다른 중합체(셀룰로스 및 포도당의 유도체로부터 만들어지는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%82%A4%ED%8B%B4" title="키틴">키틴</a>)은 구조적인 역할을 한다. 다른 당과 결합된 포도당의 화합물은 에너지 저장에 중요한 역할을 한다. 여기에는 포도당과 갈락토스로 구성된 이당류로 우유의 주요 당인 젖당 및 포도당과 과당으로 구성된 또 다른 이당류인 설탕(수크로스)이 포함된다. 포도당은 또한 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%8B%A4%ED%99%94" title="글리코실화">글리코실화</a>라고 불리는 과정에서 특정 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88" title="단백질">단백질</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="지질 (생물학)">지질</a>에 첨가된다. 이것은 종종 기능에 있어서 중요하다. 포도당을 다른 분자에 결합시키는 효소는 일반적으로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94" title="인산화">인산화된</a> 포도당을 사용하여 포도당-인 결합의 파괴와 짝지어져 새로운 결합의 형성을 강화한다. </p><p>포도당은 단량체로 직접 사용되는 것 외에도 다양한 다른 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%B2%B4%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90" title="생체분자">생체분자</a>를 합성하기 위해 분해될 수 있다. 이것은 포도당이 에너지의 주요 저장원이자 유기 탄소의 공급원으로 역할을 하기 때문에 중요하다. 포도당은 분해되어 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="지질 (생물학)">지질</a>로 전환될 수 있다. 또한 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%83%80%EB%AF%BC_C" title="비타민 C">비타민 C</a>(아스코르브산)와 같은 다른 중요한 분자의 합성을 위한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B5%AC%EC%B2%B4" title="전구체">전구체</a>이기도 하다. 살아 있는 생물에서 포도당은 다양한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC_%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="대사 경로">대사 경로</a>의 출발 물질인 몇 가지 다른 화합물로 전환된다. 그 중에서 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="과당">과당</a>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%AC_%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="폴리올 경로 (없는 문서)">폴리올 경로</a>를 통해),<sup id="cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_199_79-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_199-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="만노스">만노스</a>(2번 탄소에서 포도당의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%94%BC%EB%A8%B8" title="에피머">에피머</a>), <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%9D%BD%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="갈락토스">갈락토스</a>(4번 탄소에서 포도당의 에피머), <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" title="푸코스">푸코스</a>, 다양한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%A1%A0%EC%82%B0" title="우론산">우론산</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EB%8B%B9" title="아미노당">아미노당</a>과 같은 다른 모든 단당류<sup id="cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_27_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_27-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>는 포도당으로부터 생성된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_214_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_214-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 해당과정의 일부인 포도당 6-인산으로의 인산화 외에도, 포도당은 글루코노-1,5-락톤으로 분해되는 동안 산화될 수 있다. 포도당은 일부 세균에서 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%ED%95%A0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="트레할로스">트레할로스</a> 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%B1%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%80" title="덱스트란">덱스트란</a> 생합성의 빌딩 블록으로 사용되며 동물에서는 글리코젠의 빌딩 블록으로 사용된다. 포도당은 또한 세균의 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%BC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%ED%99%94%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="자일로스 이성질화효소 (없는 문서)">자일로스 이성질화효소</a>에 의해 과당으로 전환될 수 있다. 또한 포도당의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC_%EC%82%B0%EB%AC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="대사 산물">대사 산물</a>은 모든 비필수 아미노산, <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%8B%88%ED%86%A8" title="만니톨">만니톨</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%B9%84%ED%86%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="소르비톨">소르비톨</a>과 같은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EC%95%8C%EC%BD%94%EC%98%AC" title="당알코올">당알코올</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%B0" title="지방산">지방산</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EB%A1%A4" title="콜레스테롤">콜레스테롤</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B5%EC%82%B0" title="핵산">핵산</a>을 생성한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_27_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_27-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 마지막으로 포도당은 단백질을 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88" title="당단백질">당단백질</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88" title="당지질">당지질</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%A9%ED%8B%B0%EB%8F%84%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B8" title="펩티도글리칸">펩티도글리칸</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="글리코사이드">글리코사이드</a> 및 기타 물질(<a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%8B%A4%EA%B8%B0%EC%A0%84%EC%9D%B4%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" title="글리코실기전이효소">글리코실기전이효소</a>에 의해 촉매됨)로 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%8B%A4%ED%99%94" title="글리코실화">글리코실화</a>시키는 구성 요소로 사용되며 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%8B%9C%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="글리코시데이스">글리코시데이스</a>에 의해 분해될 수 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="병리학"><span id=".EB.B3.91.EB.A6.AC.ED.95.99"></span>병리학</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="부분 편집: 병리학"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="당뇨병"><span id=".EB.8B.B9.EB.87.A8.EB.B3.91"></span>당뇨병</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="부분 편집: 당뇨병"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EB%87%A8%EB%B3%91" title="당뇨병">당뇨병</a>은 체내 인슐린이 부족하거나 체내 세포가 인슐린에 적절하게 반응하지 못하기 때문에 신체가 <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%88%EB%8B%B9%EB%9F%89" class="mw-redirect" title="혈당량">혈중 포도당 수치</a>를 조절할 수 없는 대사 장애이다. 이러한 각각의 상황은 이자 소진 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%90%EB%A6%B0_%EC%A0%80%ED%95%AD%EC%84%B1" title="인슐린 저항성">인슐린 저항성</a>을 통해 지속적으로 혈당량의 높은 상승으로 인해 일어날 수 있다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%90_(%ED%95%B4%EB%B6%80%ED%95%99)" title="이자 (해부학)">이자</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%AA%AC" title="호르몬">호르몬</a>인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%90%EB%A6%B0" title="인슐린">인슐린</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%B9%B4%EA%B3%A4" title="글루카곤">글루카곤</a>의 분비를 담당하는 기관이다.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 인슐린은 포도당의 수준을 조절하는 호르몬으로, 신체의 세포가 포도당을 흡수하고 사용할 수 있도록 한다. 인슐린이 없이는 포도당이 세포로 들어갈 수 없기 때문에 신체 기능을 위한 에너지원으로 포도당을 사용할 수 없다.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이자가 지속적으로 높은 혈당량에 노출되면 이자의 <a href="/wiki/%CE%92_%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Β 세포">인슐린 생성 세포</a>가 손상되어 체내 인슐린의 부족을 유발할 수 있다. 인슐린 저항성은 이자가 지속적으로 상승된 혈당량에 반응하여 점점 더 많은 인슐린을 생성하려고 할 때 일어난다. 결국 신체의 나머지 부분은 이자가 생산하는 인슐린에 저항성을 갖게 되어 동일한 혈당 강하 효과를 달성하기 위해 더 많은 인슐린을 필요로 하게 되고 이자는 저항에 맞서서 더 많은 인슐린을 생산하게 된다. 이러한 연쇄 고리는 이자의 피로 및 당뇨병의 발병 진행에 기여한다. </p><p>혈당 강하 요법에 대한 신체 반응을 모니터링하기 위해 포도당 수치를 측정할 수 있다. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%98%88%EB%8B%B9_%EB%AA%A8%EB%8B%88%ED%84%B0%EB%A7%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="혈당 모니터링 (없는 문서)">혈당 모니터링</a>은 8시간 금식 후 혈중 포도당의 수준을 측정하는 공복 혈당 검사와 같은 여러 방법에 의해 수행될 수 있다. 또 다른 검사는 2시간 내당능 검사(GTT)이다. 이 검사에서는 공복 혈당 검사를 받은 후 75 g의 포도당 음료를 마시고 다시 검사를 받는다. 이 검사는 사람의 신체가 포도당을 처리하는 능력을 측정한다. 시간이 지남에 따라 인슐린이 세포에 흡수되어 혈류를 빠져나가기 때문에 혈당량은 감소해야 한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="저혈당증_관리"><span id=".EC.A0.80.ED.98.88.EB.8B.B9.EC.A6.9D_.EA.B4.80.EB.A6.AC"></span>저혈당증 관리</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="부분 편집: 저혈당증 관리"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Solu%C5%A3ie_glucoz%C4%83_5%25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Solu%C5%A3ie_glucoz%C4%83_5%25.jpg/220px-Solu%C5%A3ie_glucoz%C4%83_5%25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Solu%C5%A3ie_glucoz%C4%83_5%25.jpg/330px-Solu%C5%A3ie_glucoz%C4%83_5%25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Solu%C5%A3ie_glucoz%C4%83_5%25.jpg/440px-Solu%C5%A3ie_glucoz%C4%83_5%25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>수액용 5% 포도당 용액</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%80%ED%98%88%EB%8B%B9%EC%A6%9D" title="저혈당증">저혈당증</a>을 초래하는 당뇨병 또는 기타 상태가 있는 사람은 보통 다양한 형태의 소량의 당을 지니고 있다. 일반적으로 사용되는 당은 보통 포도당 정제(때때로 한 가지 이상의 다른 성분을 바인더로 사용하여 정제 모양으로 압축한 포도당), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%95%98%EB%93%9C_%EC%BA%94%EB%94%94_(%EC%82%AC%ED%83%95)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="하드 캔디 (사탕) (없는 문서)">하드 캔디</a> 또는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%84%A4%ED%83%95_%ED%8C%A8%ED%82%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="설탕 패킷 (없는 문서)">설탕 패킷</a> 형태의 포도당이다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="공급원"><span id=".EA.B3.B5.EA.B8.89.EC.9B.90"></span>공급원</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="부분 편집: 공급원"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Glucose_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Glucose_2.jpg/220px-Glucose_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Glucose_2.jpg/330px-Glucose_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Glucose_2.jpg/440px-Glucose_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>포도당 정제</figcaption></figure> <p>대부분의 식이 탄수화물은 포도당이 유일한 구성 성분(녹말, 글리코젠과 같은 다당류)이거나 다른 단당류를 포함(설탕, 젖당과 같은 이당류)이다.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 결합되지 않은 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%BF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="꿀">꿀</a>의 주요 구성 성분 중 하나이다. 포도당은 매우 풍부하게 존재하며 로마의 침염수 울레미아 노빌리스(<i>Wollemia nobilis</i>)의 숫나무의 콘,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 중국의 일렉스 아스프렐라(<i>Ilex asprella</i>) 식물의 뿌리,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 캘리포니아의 벼에서 나온 짚<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>을 포함하여 전 세계의 다양한 천연 공급원에서 분리되었다. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"> <caption>선택된 일반 식물성 식품의 당 함량 (100 g당 그램)<sup id="cite_ref-www.nal.usda.gov_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.nal.usda.gov-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>식품 </th> <th>탄수화물, <br />전체<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EC%9D%B4_%EC%84%AC%EC%9C%A0" title="식이 섬유">식이 섬유</a><br />포함 </th> <th>총<br />당류 </th> <th>유리<br />과당 </th> <th>유리<br />포도당 </th> <th>설탕<br />(수크로스) </th> <th>과당/<br />포도당의<br />비율 </th> <th>총 당류 (%)의<br />비율로서의<br />설탕(수크로스) </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8" style="text-align:left">과일 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%BC" title="사과">사과</a></td> <td>13.8</td> <td>10.4</td> <td>5.9</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>19.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B4%EA%B5%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="살구">살구</a></td> <td>11.1</td> <td>9.2</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>5.9</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>63.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%82%98%EB%82%98" title="바나나">바나나</a></td> <td>22.8</td> <td>12.2</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>20.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%ED%99%94%EA%B3%BC" title="무화과">무화과</a>, 건조</td> <td>63.9</td> <td>47.9</td> <td>22.9</td> <td>24.8</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>0.93</td> <td>0.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84" title="포도">포도</a></td> <td>18.1</td> <td>15.5</td> <td>8.1</td> <td>7.2</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%94_%EC%98%A4%EB%A0%8C%EC%A7%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="네이블 오렌지 (없는 문서)">네이블 오렌지</a></td> <td>12.5</td> <td>8.5</td> <td>2.25</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>50.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B5%EC%88%AD%EC%95%84" title="복숭아">복숭아</a></td> <td>9.5</td> <td>8.4</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>56.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B0_(%EA%B3%BC%EC%9D%BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="배 (과일)">배</a></td> <td>15.5</td> <td>9.8</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>2.8</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>8.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B8%EC%95%A0%ED%94%8C" title="파인애플">파인애플</a></td> <td>13.1</td> <td>9.9</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>60.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%91%90" class="mw-redirect" title="자두">자두</a></td> <td>11.4</td> <td>9.9</td> <td>3.1</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>0.66</td> <td>16.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8" style="text-align:left">채소 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%8A%B8" class="mw-disambig" title="비트">비트</a>, 붉은색</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>6.8</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>6.5</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>96.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EA%B7%BC" title="당근">당근</a></td> <td>9.6</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>77 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%B6%94" title="고추">고추</a></td> <td>6.0</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>0.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%ED%8C%8C" title="양파">양파</a></td> <td>7.6</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>14.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EA%B5%AC%EB%A7%88" title="고구마">고구마</a></td> <td>20.1</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>60.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88_(%EB%BF%8C%EB%A6%AC)" title="마 (뿌리)">마</a></td> <td>27.9</td> <td>0.5</td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"><small>Traces</small></td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"><small>Traces</small></td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"><small>Traces</small></td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"><small>빈칸</small></td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"><small>Traces</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%83%95%EC%88%98%EC%88%98" title="사탕수수">사탕수수</a></td> <td></td> <td>13–18</td> <td>0.2–1.0</td> <td>0.2–1.0</td> <td>11–16</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%83%95%EB%AC%B4" title="사탕무">사탕무</a></td> <td></td> <td>17–18</td> <td>0.1–0.5</td> <td>0.1–0.5</td> <td>16–17</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>high </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8" style="text-align:left">곡물 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%88%98%EC%88%98" title="옥수수">옥수수</a></td> <td>19.0</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>0.61</td> <td>15.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35556958">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-136">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">탄수화물 값은 미국 농무부(USDA) 데이터베이스에서 계산되며 당류, 녹말 및 "식이 섬유"의 합과 항상 일치하지는 않는다.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="상업적_생산"><span id=".EC.83.81.EC.97.85.EC.A0.81_.EC.83.9D.EC.82.B0"></span>상업적 생산</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="부분 편집: 상업적 생산"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>포도당은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9_%EC%95%84%EB%B0%80%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="포도당 아밀레이스 (없는 문서)">포도당 아밀레이스</a>를 사용하는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" title="효소">효소적</a> <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%88%98%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4" title="가수분해">가수분해</a> 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%99)" title="산 (화학)">산</a>을 사용하여 녹말로부터 산업적으로 생산된다. 효소적 가수분해는 주로 산 촉매 가수분해 반응을 대체했다.<sup id="cite_ref-Fellows_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fellows-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 그 결과 포도당 시럽(효소적으로 건조 물질에 포도당이 90% 이상 포함됨)이 탄생했으며<sup id="cite_ref-Fellows_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fellows-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 전 세계 연간 생산량은 2천만 톤(2011년 기준)이다.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_48_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann_48-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이것이 포도당의 이전의 통칭인 "녹말당(starch sugar)"인 이유이다. 아밀레이스는 대부분 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%94%EC%8B%A4%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A6%AC%EC%BC%80%EB%8B%88%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="바실루스 리케니포르미스 (없는 문서)">바실루스 리케니포르미스</a>(<i>Bacillus licheniformis</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-ResSoc_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResSoc-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 또는 고초균(<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>) (MN-385 균주)<sup id="cite_ref-ResSoc_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResSoc-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>에서 유래하며 원래 사용된 효소보다 열에 더 안정적이다.<sup id="cite_ref-ResSoc_139-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResSoc-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madsen_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madsen-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1982년부터 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EA%B8%B8%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8B%88%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4" title="아스페르길루스 니게르">아스페르길루스 니게르</a>(<i>Aspergillus niger</i>)의 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%92%80%EB%A3%A8%EB%9D%BC%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="풀루라네이스 (없는 문서)">풀루라네이스</a>가 포도당 시럽 생산에 사용되어 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%80%EB%A1%9C%ED%8E%99%ED%8B%B4" title="아밀로펙틴">아밀로펙틴</a>을 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="아밀로스">아밀로스</a>로 전환하여 포도당 생산 수율을 높였다.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 반응은 pH 4.6~5.2 및 55~60 °C의 온도에서 수행된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Food_and_Health_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Food_and_Health-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%88%98%EC%88%98_%EC%8B%9C%EB%9F%BD" title="옥수수 시럽">옥수수 시럽</a>은 건조 물질에서 20~95%의 포도당을 함유하고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도당 시럽의 한국식 형태인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%97%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="물엿">물엿</a>은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EA%B5%AC%EB%A7%88" title="고구마">고구마</a> 녹말 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8C%80" title="쌀">쌀</a> 녹말로 만든다.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%90%ED%86%A0%EB%8D%B1%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%B0" title="말토덱스트린">말토덱스트린</a>은 약 20%의 포도당을 함유하고 있다. </p><p>많은 작물들이 녹말을 공급원으로 사용될 수 있다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%88%98%EC%88%98" title="옥수수">옥수수</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fellows_137-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fellows-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EC%8C%80" title="쌀">쌀</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fellows_137-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fellows-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%80" title="밀">밀</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fellows_137-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fellows-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%82%AC%EB%B0%94" title="카사바">카사바</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fellows_137-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fellows-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EC%9E%90" title="감자">감자</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fellows_137-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fellows-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%A6%AC" title="보리">보리</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fellows_137-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fellows-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EA%B5%AC%EB%A7%88" title="고구마">고구마</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%A5%EC%88%98%EC%88%98_%EA%BB%8D%EC%A7%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="옥수수 껍질 (없는 문서)">옥수수 껍질</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%A0_(%EC%9D%8C%EC%8B%9D)" title="사고 (음식)">사고</a>는 모두 세계 곳곳에서 사용된다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD" title="미국">미국</a>에서는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%88%98%EC%88%98_%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="옥수수 녹말">옥수수 녹말</a>이 거의 독점적으로 사용된다. 일부 상업용 포도당은 설탕으로부터 생산되는 포도당과 과당의 대략 1:1 혼합물인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%ED%99%94%EB%8B%B9" title="전화당">전화당</a>의 성분으로 생성된다. 이론적으로 셀룰로스는 포도당으로 가수분해될 수 있지만, 이 과정은 아직 상업적으로 실용적이지 못하다.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="과당으로의_전환"><span id=".EA.B3.BC.EB.8B.B9.EC.9C.BC.EB.A1.9C.EC.9D.98_.EC.A0.84.ED.99.98"></span>과당으로의 전환</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="부분 편집: 과당으로의 전환"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8C%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="아이소글루코스">아이소글루코스</a>입니다.</div> <p>미국에서는 거의 전적으로 옥수수(더 정확하게는 옥수수 시럽)가 포도당과 과당의 혼합물인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8C%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="아이소글루코스">아이소글루코스</a> 생산을 위한 포도당 공급원으로 사용된다. 과당은 100 g당 374 kcal의 동일한 생리학적 열량을 갖고 있으며 더 높은 감미력을 지니고 있다. 아이소글루코스의 연간 전 세계 생산량은 800만톤(2011년 기준)이다.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_48_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann_48-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 옥수수 시럽으로 만들 때 최종 산물은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9_%EC%98%A5%EC%88%98%EC%88%98_%EC%8B%9C%EB%9F%BD" title="고과당 옥수수 시럽">고과당 옥수수 시럽</a>(HFCS)이다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="상업적_사용"><span id=".EC.83.81.EC.97.85.EC.A0.81_.EC.82.AC.EC.9A.A9"></span>상업적 사용</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="부분 편집: 상업적 사용"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Relativesweetness.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Relativesweetness.svg/langko-220px-Relativesweetness.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Relativesweetness.svg/langko-330px-Relativesweetness.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Relativesweetness.svg/langko-440px-Relativesweetness.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>설탕(<a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="수크로스">수크로스</a>)와 비교한 다양한 당류의 상대적 단맛<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>포도당은 주로 과당 및 포도당 함유 식품의 생산에 사용된다. 식품에서는 감미료, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%8A%B5%EC%9C%A4%EC%A0%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="습윤제 (없는 문서)">습윤제</a>로 사용되며 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%80%ED%94%BC" title="부피">부피</a>를 증가시키고 더 부드러운 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%8B%9D%EA%B0%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="식감 (없는 문서)">식감</a>을 만든다.<sup id="cite_ref-Fellows_137-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fellows-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도 주스(<a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EC%A3%BC" title="포도주">포도주</a>용) 또는 맥아(<a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%A3%BC" title="맥주">맥주</a>용)와 같은 다양한 포도당 공급원은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%BD%94%EC%98%AC_%EC%9D%8C%EB%A3%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="알코올 음료">알코올 음료</a> 생산을 위한 에탄올 발효에 사용된다. 미국에서 대부분의 청량 음료는 HFCS-55(건조 중량에서 과당 함량이 55%)를 사용하는 반면 미국에서 대부분의 다른 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9_%EC%98%A5%EC%88%98%EC%88%98_%EC%8B%9C%EB%9F%BD" title="고과당 옥수수 시럽">고과당 옥수수 시럽</a>(HFCS) 가당 식품은 HFCS-42(건조 중량에서 과당 함량이 42%)를 사용한다.<sup id="cite_ref-fda2014_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fda2014-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 반면에 맥시코에서는 청량 음료에 사탕수수 당을 넣어 단맛을 내는데, 이것은 감미력이 더 높다.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 또한 포도당 시럽은 특히 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%83%95" title="사탕">사탕</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%86%A0%ED%94%BC" title="토피">토피</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%90%81%EB%8B%B9" title="퐁당">퐁당</a>과 같은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EC%9E%90" title="과자">과자</a> 생산에 사용된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckett_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckett-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 물이 없는 조건에서 포도당의 전형적인 화학 반응은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%9F%AC%EB%A9%9C%ED%99%94" title="캐러멜화">캐러맬화</a>이며, 아미노산이 있는 경우 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%BC%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="마이야르 반응">마이야르 반응</a>이다. </p><p>또한 예를 들어, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%B4%EB%A0%90%EB%9D%BC_%ED%85%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%AA%A8%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%8B%B0%EC%B9%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="무렐라 테르모아세티카 (없는 문서)">무렐라 테르모아세티카</a>(<i>Moorella thermoacetica</i>)로 발효하여 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%8A%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아세트산">아세트산</a>을 생성하고, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8E%98%EB%8B%88%EC%8B%A4%EB%A6%AC%EC%9B%80_%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%86%8C%EA%B2%8C%EB%88%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="페니실리움 크리소게눔 (없는 문서)">페니실리움 크리소게눔</a>(<i>Penicillium chrysogenum</i>)으로 발효하여 아라보아스코르브산을 생성하고 리조푸스 델레마르(<i>Rhizopus delemar</i>)로 발효하여 <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0" title="푸마르산">푸마르산</a>을 생성하고, <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EA%B8%B8%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8B%88%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4" title="아스페르길루스 니게르">아스페르길루스 니게르</a>(<i>Aspergillus niger</i>)로 발효하여 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%98%EC%82%B0" title="글루콘산">글루콘산</a>을 생성하고, 칸디다 브룸프티이(<i>Candida brumptii</i>)로 발효하여 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8C%EC%8B%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0" title="아이소시트르산">아이소시트르산</a>을 생성하고, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EA%B8%B8%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%ED%85%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="아스페르길루스 테레우스 (없는 문서)">아스페르길루스 테레우스</a>(<i>Aspergillus terreus</i>)로 발효하여 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%80%EC%BD%98%EC%82%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="이타콘산 (없는 문서)">이타콘산</a>을 생성하고, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%8A%88%EB%8F%84%EB%AA%A8%EB%82%98%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%98%A4%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%EC%84%BC%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="슈도모나스 플루오레스센스 (없는 문서)">슈도모나스 플루오레스센스</a>(<i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i>)로 발효하여 2-케토글루콘산을 생성하고, 글루코노박터 서브옥시단스(<i>Gluconobacter suboxydans</i>)로 발효하여 5-케토글루콘산을 생성하고, <a href="/wiki/%EB%88%84%EB%A3%A9%EA%B3%B0%ED%8C%A1%EC%9D%B4" title="누룩곰팡이">누룩곰팡이</a>(<i>Aspergillus oryzae</i>)로 발효하여 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BD%94%EC%A7%80%EC%82%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="코지산 (없는 문서)">코지산</a>을 생성하고, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%9D%BD%ED%86%A0%EB%B0%94%EC%8B%A4%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8D%B8%EB%B8%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%97%91%ED%82%A4%EC%9D%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="락토바실루스 델브루엑키이 (없는 문서)">락토바실루스 델브루엑키이</a>(<i>Lactobacillus delbrueckii</i>)로 발효하여 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EC%82%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="젖산">젖산</a>을 생성하고, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A0%88%EB%B9%84%EB%9D%BD%ED%86%A0%EB%B0%94%EC%8B%A4%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%88%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="레비락토바실루스 브레비스 (없는 문서)">레비락토바실루스 브레비스</a>(<i>Levilactobacillus brevis</i>)로 발효하여 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EC%82%B0" title="말산">말산</a>을 생성하고, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC%EC%98%A4%EB%8B%88%EB%B0%95%ED%85%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%9B%80_%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EC%9A%B0%EB%8D%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%B9%98%EC%9D%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="프로피오니박테리움 프레우덴레이치이 (없는 문서)">프로피오니박테리움 프레우덴레이치이</a>(<i>Propionibacterium freudenreichii</i>)로 발효하여 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC%EC%98%A8%EC%82%B0" title="프로피온산">프로피온산</a>을 생성하고, <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%86%8D%EA%B7%A0" title="녹농균">녹농균</a>(<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>)로 발효하여 피루브산을 생성하고, 글루코노박터 서브옥시단스(<i>Gluconobacter suboxydans</i>)로 발효하여 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="타르타르산">타르타르산</a>을 생성하는 것과 같이 다양한 유기산을 포도당으로부터 생명공학적으로 생성할 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 일반 전사인자 TFIIH의 XPB 소단위체의 억제를 통해 포유동물의 전사를 억제하는 트립톨라이드와 같은 강력한 생체활성 천연 생성물이 최근 포도당 수송체 발현이 증가된 저산소증 암세포를 표적으로 하는 포도당 접합체로 보고되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 최근에 포도당은 다양한 암과 감염을 퇴치하기 위해 저혈당증과 고젖산혈증을 유도하기 위한 젖산과 인슐린을 포함하는 "키트"의 핵심적인 구성 성분으로 상업적으로 사용되고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="분석"><span id=".EB.B6.84.EC.84.9D"></span>분석</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="부분 편집: 분석"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>더 큰 분자의 특정 위치에서 포도당 분자를 검출하려면 포도당 또는 만노스에만 결합하는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BD%98%EC%B9%B4%EB%82%98%EB%B0%9C%EB%A6%B0_A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="콘카나발린 A (없는 문서)">콘카나발린 A</a> 리포터 효소 접합체를 사용하여 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B5%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0_%EA%B3%B5%EB%AA%85_%EB%B6%84%EA%B4%91%EB%B2%95" title="핵자기 공명 분광법">핵자기 공명 분광법</a>, <a href="/wiki/X%EC%84%A0_%EA%B2%B0%EC%A0%95%ED%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="X선 결정학">X선 결정학</a> 분석 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A0%89%ED%8B%B4" title="렉틴">렉틴</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A9%B4%EC%97%AD%EC%97%BC%EC%83%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="면역염색 (없는 문서)">면역염색</a>을 수행해야 한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="고전적인_정성적_검출_반응"><span id=".EA.B3.A0.EC.A0.84.EC.A0.81.EC.9D.B8_.EC.A0.95.EC.84.B1.EC.A0.81_.EA.B2.80.EC.B6.9C_.EB.B0.98.EC.9D.91"></span>고전적인 정성적 검출 반응</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="부분 편집: 고전적인 정성적 검출 반응"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>이들 반응은 역사적 중요성만 가지고 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="펠링_시험"><span id=".ED.8E.A0.EB.A7.81_.EC.8B.9C.ED.97.98"></span>펠링 시험</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="부분 편집: 펠링 시험"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%A0%EB%A7%81_%EC%8B%9C%ED%97%98" class="mw-redirect" title="펠링 시험">펠링 시험</a>은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4" title="알도스">알도스</a>를 검출하기 위한 고전적인 방법이다.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehling-Harn_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehling-Harn-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EA%B4%91%ED%9A%8C%EC%A0%84" title="변광회전">변광회전</a>으로 인해 포도당은 항상 열린 사슬 알데하이드로 소량 존재한다. 펠링 시약(펠링 (I) 용액 및 펠링 (II) 용액)을 첨가하면 알데하이드 부분이 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B5%EC%8B%A4%EC%82%B0" title="카복실산">카복실산</a>으로 산화되는 반면 Cu<sup>2+</sup> 주석산염 복합체는 Cu<sup>+</sup>로 환원되어 적갈색 침전물(Cu<sub>2</sub>O)을 생성한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="톨렌스_시험"><span id=".ED.86.A8.EB.A0.8C.EC.8A.A4_.EC.8B.9C.ED.97.98"></span>톨렌스 시험</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="부분 편집: 톨렌스 시험"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%86%A8%EB%A0%8C%EC%8A%A4_%EC%8B%9C%ED%97%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="톨렌스 시험 (없는 문서)">톨렌스 시험</a>에서 샘플 용액에 암모니아성 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EC%82%B0_%EC%9D%80" title="질산 은">질산 은</a>(AgNO<sub>3</sub>)을 첨가한 후 포도당은 Ag<sup>+</sup>를 원소 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%80" title="은">은</a>으로 환원시킨다.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="바포드_시험"><span id=".EB.B0.94.ED.8F.AC.EB.93.9C_.EC.8B.9C.ED.97.98"></span>바포드 시험</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="부분 편집: 바포드 시험"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%94%ED%8F%AC%EB%93%9C_%EC%8B%9C%ED%97%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="바포드 시험 (없는 문서)">바포드 시험</a><sup id="cite_ref-barfoed_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barfoed-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>에서 용해된 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%8A%B8%EC%82%B0_%EA%B5%AC%EB%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="아세트산 구리">아세트산 구리</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%8A%B8%EC%82%B0_%EB%82%98%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%A8" title="아세트산 나트륨">아세트산 나트륨</a> 및 아세트산 용액을 테스트할 당 용액에 첨가한 다음 수조에서 몇 분 동안 가열한다. 포도당 및 기타 단당류는 빠르게 붉은색과 적갈색의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%EA%B5%AC%EB%A6%AC(I)" title="산화 구리(I)">산화 구리(I)</a> (Cu<sub>2</sub>O)을 생성한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="닐란더_검당법"><span id=".EB.8B.90.EB.9E.80.EB.8D.94_.EA.B2.80.EB.8B.B9.EB.B2.95"></span>닐란더 검당법</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="부분 편집: 닐란더 검당법"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>환원당으로서 포도당은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%8B%90%EB%9E%80%EB%8D%94_%EA%B2%80%EB%8B%B9%EB%B2%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="닐란더 검당법 (없는 문서)">닐란더 검당법</a>에서 반응한다.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="기타_시험"><span id=".EA.B8.B0.ED.83.80_.EC.8B.9C.ED.97.98"></span>기타 시험</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="부분 편집: 기타 시험"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%BC%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="마이야르 반응">마이야르 반응</a> 및 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4_%EB%A1%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="라이 롤 (없는 문서)">라이 롤</a> 문서를 참고하십시오.</div> <p>묽은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A5%A8" title="수산화 칼륨">수산화 칼륨</a> 용액과 포도당을 100 °C로 가열하면 강한 적갈변과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%9F%AC%EB%A9%9C" title="캐러멜">캐러멜</a> 같은 냄새가 난다.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwedt_102_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwedt_102-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 농축 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EC%82%B0" title="황산">황산</a>은 상온에서 흑화되지 않고 건조 포도당을 용해하여 당 황산을 생성한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwedt_102_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwedt_102-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 효모 용액에서 알코올 발효는 2.0454 분자의 포도당과 1분자의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="이산화 탄소">이산화 탄소</a>의 비율로 이산화 탄소를 생성한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwedt_102_157-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwedt_102-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도당은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%BC%ED%99%94_%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%9D(II)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="염화 주석(II) (없는 문서)">염화 주석(II)</a>과 함께 검은 덩어리를 형성한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwedt_102_157-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwedt_102-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 암모니아성 은 용액에서 포도당(젖당 및 덱스트린 포함)은 은의 침착을 유도한다. 암모니아성 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%8A%B8%EC%82%B0_%EB%82%A9" title="아세트산 납">아세트산 납</a> 용액에서 흰색 납 글리코사이드는 포도당이 있는 상태에서 형성되며 요리시 덜 용해되고 갈색으로 변한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwedt_102_157-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwedt_102-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 암모니아성 구리 용액에서 실온에서 포도당과 함께 황색 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%EA%B5%AC%EB%A6%AC" title="산화 구리">산화 구리</a> 수화물이 형성되는 반면, 끓는 동안 적색 산화 구리가 형성(암모니아성 아세트산 구리 용액을 제외하고 덱스트린과 동일)된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwedt_102_157-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwedt_102-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%81%AC%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0" title="피크르산">하거 시약</a>을 사용하면 포도당이 끓는 동안 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%EC%88%98%EC%9D%80" title="산화 수은">산화 수은</a>이 형성된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwedt_102_157-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwedt_102-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 알칼리성 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%EB%AC%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="비스무트">비스무트</a> 용액은 포도당과 함께 흑갈색 비스무트를 침전시키는 데 사용된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwedt_102_157-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwedt_102-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AA%B0%EB%A6%AC%EB%B8%8C%EB%8D%B0%EB%84%98%EC%82%B0_%EC%95%94%EB%AA%A8%EB%8A%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="몰리브데넘산 암모늄 (없는 문서)">몰리브데넘산 암모늄</a> 용액에 끓인 포도당을 첨가하면 용액을 파란색으로 변화시킨다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%94%94%EA%B3%A0_%EC%B9%B4%EB%AF%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="인디고 카민">인디고 카민</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%82%B0_%EB%82%98%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%A8" title="탄산 나트륨">탄산 나트륨</a>이 포함된 용액은 포도당과 함께 끓일 때 탈색된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwedt_102_157-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwedt_102-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="기기_정량화"><span id=".EA.B8.B0.EA.B8.B0_.EC.A0.95.EB.9F.89.ED.99.94"></span>기기 정량화</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="부분 편집: 기기 정량화"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="굴절계_및_편광계"><span id=".EA.B5.B4.EC.A0.88.EA.B3.84_.EB.B0.8F_.ED.8E.B8.EA.B4.91.EA.B3.84"></span>굴절계 및 편광계</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="부분 편집: 굴절계 및 편광계"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>다른 탄수화물의 비율이 낮은 포도당 농축 용액에서 그 농도는 편광계로 측정할 수 있다. 설탕 혼합물의 경우 농도는 예를 들어 포도주의 생산 과정에서 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9B%A9%EC%8A%AC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%B2%99%EB%8F%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="웩슬러 척도 (없는 문서)">웩슬러</a> 측정에서 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B5%B4%EC%A0%88%EA%B3%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="굴절계 (없는 문서)">굴절계</a>로 측정할 수 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="용액의_광도_측정_효소_방법"><span id=".EC.9A.A9.EC.95.A1.EC.9D.98_.EA.B4.91.EB.8F.84_.EC.B8.A1.EC.A0.95_.ED.9A.A8.EC.86.8C_.EB.B0.A9.EB.B2.95"></span>용액의 광도 측정 효소 방법</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="부분 편집: 용액의 광도 측정 효소 방법"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%8B%B9%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="해당과정">해당과정</a>입니다.</div> <p>포도당 산화효소(GOx)는 산소를 소비하면서 포도당을 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%98%EC%82%B0" title="글루콘산">글루콘산</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C" title="과산화 수소">과산화 수소</a>로 전환시킨다. 또 다른 효소인 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" title="과산화효소">과산화효소</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%86%80" title="페놀">페놀</a>과 <a href="/wiki/4-%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EC%95%88%ED%8B%B0%ED%94%BC%EB%A6%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="4-아미노안티피린">4-아미노안티피린</a>을 보라색 염료로<sup id="cite_ref-purpuled_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purpuled-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 발색 반응(트린더 반응)<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>을 촉매한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="광측정_테스트_스트립_방법"><span id=".EA.B4.91.EC.B8.A1.EC.A0.95_.ED.85.8C.EC.8A.A4.ED.8A.B8_.EC.8A.A4.ED.8A.B8.EB.A6.BD_.EB.B0.A9.EB.B2.95"></span>광측정 테스트 스트립 방법</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="부분 편집: 광측정 테스트 스트립 방법"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>테스트 스트립 방법은 위에서 언급한 과산화 수소를 형성하기 위해 포도당을 글루콘산으로 전환시키는 효소를 사용한다. 시약은 다소 강렬한 색상을 나타내는 소위 테스트 스트립이라고 하는 폴리머 매트릭스에 고정된다. 이는 LED 기반 휴대용 광도계를 사용하여 510 nm에서 반사율로 측정할 수 있다. 이를 통해 비과학자도 일상적인 혈당 측정이 가능하게 되었다. 페놀과 4-아미노안티피린의 반응 외에도 더 높은 파장(550 nm, 750 nm)에서 광측정을 할 수 있게 하는 새로운 발색 반응이 개발되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-purpuled_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purpuled-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="전류_측정_포도당_센서"><span id=".EC.A0.84.EB.A5.98_.EC.B8.A1.EC.A0.95_.ED.8F.AC.EB.8F.84.EB.8B.B9_.EC.84.BC.EC.84.9C"></span>전류 측정 포도당 센서</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="부분 편집: 전류 측정 포도당 센서"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>포도당의 전기 분석도 위에서 언급한 효소 반응을 기반으로 한다. 생성된 과산화 수소는 600 mV에서 양극 산화에 의해 전류 측정법으로 정량화할 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 포도당 산화효소(GOx)는 전극의 표면 또는 전극에 가까운 막에 고정된다. 백금이나 금과 같은 귀금속은 탄소 나노튜브 전극(예: 붕소도 도핑된) 뿐만 아니라 전극에도 사용된다.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cu–CuO 나노와이어는 효소가 없는 전류 측정 전극으로도 사용되며 검출 한계는 50 μmol/L이다.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 특히 유망한 방법은 산화 중에 흐르는 전자가 분자 와이어를 통해 효소에서 전극으로 직접적으로 전달되는 소위 "효소 배선(enzyme wiring)"이다.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="기타_감작_방법"><span id=".EA.B8.B0.ED.83.80_.EA.B0.90.EC.9E.91_.EB.B0.A9.EB.B2.95"></span>기타 감작 방법</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="부분 편집: 기타 감작 방법"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>포도당을 측정하기 위한 다양한 화학 센서들이 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Borisov_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borisov-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AA%85%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="생명과학">생명과학</a>에서 포도당 분석의 중요성을 감안할 때 붕산의 사용을 기반으로 한 당류에 대한 수많은 광학 탐침도 개발되었으며,<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이는 다른 광학적 방법이 사용될 수 없거나 조건부로만 사용할 수 있는 세포 내 감작 활용 분야에 특히 유용하다. 보통 당의 1,2-다이올 그룹에 매우 특이적으로 결합하는 유기 붕산 유도체 외에도 선택적 포도당 결합 단백질(예: 콘카나발린 A)을 수용체로 사용하는 기능적 메커니즘으로 분류되는 다른 탐침 개념도 있다. 또한 대산 산물의 농도를 통해 포도당이 농도를 간접적으로 감지하는 방법(예: 형광 광학 센서를 사용하여 산소를 소비함으로써)이 개발되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 마지막으로 형광 표지된 효소의 고유 흡광도 또는 형광을 리포터로 사용하는 효소 기반 개념이 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Borisov_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borisov-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="구리_아이오딘_적정법"><span id=".EA.B5.AC.EB.A6.AC_.EC.95.84.EC.9D.B4.EC.98.A4.EB.94.98_.EC.A0.81.EC.A0.95.EB.B2.95"></span>구리 아이오딘 적정법</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="부분 편집: 구리 아이오딘 적정법"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>포도당은 구리 아이오딘 적정법으로 정량화할 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Galant_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galant-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="크로마토그래피법"><span id=".ED.81.AC.EB.A1.9C.EB.A7.88.ED.86.A0.EA.B7.B8.EB.9E.98.ED.94.BC.EB.B2.95"></span>크로마토그래피법</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="부분 편집: 크로마토그래피법"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>특히 포도당을 포함하는 복잡한 혼합물의 분석을 위해 예를 들면 꿀에서는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%84%B1%EB%8A%A5_%EC%95%A1%EC%B2%B4_%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%ED%86%A0%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BC" title="고성능 액체 크로마토그래피">고성능 액체 크로마토그래피</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4_%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%ED%86%A0%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BC" title="기체 크로마토그래피">기체 크로마토그래피</a>와 같은 크로마토그래피법이<sup id="cite_ref-Galant_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galant-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89_%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D%EB%B2%95" title="질량 분석법">질량 분석법</a>과 함께 사용된다.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mpg-210190_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpg-210190-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 동위 원소 비율을 고려하면 이러한 방법으로 첨가된 당에 의한 꿀의 불순물을 안정적으로 감지할 수도 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 실릴화 시약을 사용한 유도체화가 일반적으로 사용된다.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 또한 이당류와 삼당류의 비율을 정량화할 수 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="생체_내_분석"><span id=".EC.83.9D.EC.B2.B4_.EB.82.B4_.EB.B6.84.EC.84.9D"></span>생체 내 분석</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="부분 편집: 생체 내 분석"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>세포의 포도당 흡수는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-%EB%94%94%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C-D-%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2-디옥시-D-글루코스 (없는 문서)">2-디옥시-D-글루코스</a> 또는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%98%A4%EB%A1%9C%EB%94%94%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4_(18F)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="플루오로디옥시글루코스 (18F) (없는 문서)">플루오로디옥시글루코스 (<sup>18</sup>F)</a>로 측정된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Dwyer_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dwyer-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 플루오로디옥시글루코스 (<sup>18</sup>F)는 종양학 및 신경학에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EB%B0%A9%EC%B6%9C_%EB%8B%A8%EC%B8%B5%EC%B4%AC%EC%98%81" title="양전자 방출 단층촬영">양전자 방출 단층촬영</a>에서 추적자로 사용되며,<sup id="cite_ref-gdch_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gdch-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 진단제이다.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="같이_보기"><span id=".EA.B0.99.EC.9D.B4_.EB.B3.B4.EA.B8.B0"></span>같이 보기</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="부분 편집: 같이 보기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="과당">과당</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%9D%BD%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="갈락토스">갈락토스</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r35556958"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.qmul.ac.uk/2carb/02.html">Nomenclature of Carbohydrates (Recommendations 1996) | 2-Carb-2</a>. <i>iupac.qmul.ac.uk</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boerio-Goates_1991_403–9-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Boerio-Goates_1991_403–9_2-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Boerio-Goates_1991_403–9_2-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBoerio-Goates1991" class="citation">Boerio-Goates, Juliana (1991), &#8220;Heat-capacity measurements and thermodynamic functions of crystalline α-D-glucose at temperatures from 10K to 340K&#8221;, &#12298;J. Chem. Thermodyn.&#12299; <b>23</b> (5): 403–09, <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9614%2805%2980128-4">10.1016/S0021-9614(05)80128-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Thermodyn.&amp;rft.atitle=Heat-capacity+measurements+and+thermodynamic+functions+of+crystalline+%CE%B1-D-glucose+at+temperatures+from+10K+to+340K&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=403-09&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9614%2805%2980128-4&amp;rft.aulast=Boerio-Goates&amp;rft.aufirst=Juliana&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPonomarevMigarskaya1960" class="citation">Ponomarev, V. V.; Migarskaya, L. B. (1960), &#8220;Heats of combustion of some amino-acids&#8221;, &#12298;Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.)&#12299; <b>34</b>: 1182–83</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Russ.+J.+Phys.+Chem.+%28Engl.+Transl.%29&amp;rft.atitle=Heats+of+combustion+of+some+amino-acids&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.pages=1182-83&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rft.aulast=Ponomarev&amp;rft.aufirst=V.+V.&amp;rft.au=Migarskaya%2C+L.+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DombKost1998-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DombKost1998_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Domb, Abraham J.; Kost, Joseph; Wiseman, David (1998년 2월 4일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iLjhl6AvfIsC&amp;pg=PA275">&#12298;Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers&#12299;</a>. CRC Press. 275쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-4200-4936-7" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-4200-4936-7"><bdi>978-1-4200-4936-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Biodegradable+Polymers&amp;rft.pages=275&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=1998-02-04&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4200-4936-7&amp;rft.aulast=Domb&amp;rft.aufirst=Abraham+J.&amp;rft.au=Kost%2C+Joseph&amp;rft.au=Wiseman%2C+David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiLjhl6AvfIsC%26pg%3DPA275&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-froms-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-froms_5-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-froms_5-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211224631/https://drugs.ncats.io/drug/IY9XDZ35W2">&#8220;NCATS Inxight Drugs — DEXTROSE, UNSPECIFIED FORM&#8221;</a>. 2023년 12월 11일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drugs.ncats.io/drug/IY9XDZ35W2">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NCATS+Inxight+Drugs+%E2%80%94+DEXTROSE%2C+UNSPECIFIED+FORM&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrugs.ncats.io%2Fdrug%2FIY9XDZ35W2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kamide, Kenji (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=28Vx9OkEtQcC&amp;pg=PA1">&#12298;Cellulose products and Cellulose Derivatives: Molecular Characterization and its Applications&#12299;</a> 1판. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-08-045444-3" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-08-045444-3"><bdi>978-0-08-045444-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 2021년 5월 13일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cellulose+products+and+Cellulose+Derivatives%3A+Molecular+Characterization+and+its+Applications&amp;rft.place=Amsterdam&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.edition=1st&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-08-045444-3&amp;rft.aulast=Kamide&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenji&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D28Vx9OkEtQcC%26pg%3DPA1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-r2_7-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-r2_7-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220525135220/https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/l-glucose">&#8220;L-glucose&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Biology Articles, Tutorials &amp; Dictionary Online&#12299; (미국 영어). 2019년 10월 7일. 2022년 5월 25일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/l-glucose">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2022년 5월 6일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Biology+Articles%2C+Tutorials+%26+Dictionary+Online&amp;rft.atitle=L-glucose&amp;rft.date=2019-10-07&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologyonline.com%2Fdictionary%2Fl-glucose&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/l-glucose">&#8220;L-glucose&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Biology Articles, Tutorials &amp; Dictionary Online&#12299; (미국 영어). 2019년 10월 7일<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2022년 5월 6일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Biology+Articles%2C+Tutorials+%26+Dictionary+Online&amp;rft.atitle=L-glucose&amp;rft.date=2019-10-07&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologyonline.com%2Fdictionary%2Fl-glucose&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO21st-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WHO21st_9-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WHO21st_9-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (2019). &#12298;World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019&#12299;. Geneva: World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B8%EB%93%A4_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C" title="핸들 시스템">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/10665%2F325771">10665/325771</a>. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=World+Health+Organization+model+list+of+essential+medicines%3A+21st+list+2019&amp;rft.place=Geneva&amp;rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10665%2F325771&amp;rft.au=World+Health+Organization&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126065057/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=glucose">&#8220;Online Etymology Dictionary&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Etymonline.com&#12299;. 2016년 11월 26일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=glucose">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2016년 11월 25일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Etymonline.com&amp;rft.atitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dglucose&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thénard, Gay-Lussac, Biot, and Dumas (1838) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29662/f106.langEN">"Rapport sur un mémoire de M. Péligiot, intitulé: Recherches sur la nature et les propriétés chimiques des sucres"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151206043449/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29662/f106.langEN">보관됨</a> 2015-12-06 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a> (Report on a memoir of Mr. Péligiot, titled: Investigations on the nature and chemical properties of sugars), <i>Comptes rendus</i>, <b>7</b>&#160;: 106–113. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29662/f109.langEN">From page 109</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151206050123/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29662/f109.langEN">보관됨</a> 2015-12-06 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>: "Il résulte des comparaisons faites par M. Péligot, que le sucre de raisin, celui d'amidon, celui de diabètes et celui de miel ont parfaitement la même composition et les mêmes propriétés, et constituent un seul corps que nous proposons d'appeler <em>Glucose</em> (1). ... (1) γλευχος, moût, vin doux." It follows from the comparisons made by Mr. Péligot, that the sugar from grapes, that from starch, that from diabetes and that from honey have exactly the same composition and the same properties, and constitute a single substance that we propose to call <i>glucose</i> (1) ... (1) γλευχος, must, sweet wine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Food_and_Health-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Food_and_Health_12-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Food_and_Health_12-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180223145046/https://books.google.com/books?id=O-t9BAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=RA2-PA239">&#12298;Encyclopedia of Food and Health&#12299;</a> (영어). Academic Press. 2015. 239쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/9780123849533" title="특수:책찾기/9780123849533"><bdi>9780123849533</bdi></a>. 2018년 2월 23일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O-t9BAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=RA2-PA239">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Food+and+Health&amp;rft.pages=239&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=9780123849533&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO-t9BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA239&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marggraf (1747) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lJQDAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA79">"Experiences chimiques faites dans le dessein de tirer un veritable sucre de diverses plantes, qui croissent dans nos contrées"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624083152/https://books.google.com/books?id=lJQDAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA79">보관됨</a> 2016-06-24 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a> [Chemical experiments made with the intention of extracting real sugar from diverse plants that grow in our lands], <i>Histoire de l'académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres de Berlin</i>, pp. 79–90. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_lJQDAAAAMAAJ/page/n114">From page 90:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027011957/http://books.google.com/books?id=lJQDAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA90">보관됨</a> 2014-10-27 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a> <i>"Les raisins secs, etant humectés d'une petite quantité d'eau, de maniere qu'ils mollissent, peuvent alors etre pilés, &amp; le suc qu'on en exprime, etant depuré &amp; épaissi, fournira une espece de Sucre."</i> (Raisins, being moistened with a small quantity of water, in a way that they soften, can be then pressed, and the juice that is squeezed out, [after] being purified and thickened, will provide a sort of sugar.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robyt_7-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Robyt_7_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. Robyt: <i>Essentials of Carbohydrate Chemistry.</i> Springer Science &amp; Business Media, 2012, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r38117996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-461-21622-3" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-461-21622-3">978-1-461-21622-3</a>. p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosanoff-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosanoff_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rosanoff, M. A. 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Retrieved on 5 September 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kang2020-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kang2020_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenyue Kang and Zhijun Zhang (2020): "Selective Production of Acetic Acid via Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Hexoses over Potassium Salts", <i>Catalysts</i>, volume 10, pages 502–515. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fcatal10050502">10.3390/catal10050502</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bosch, L.I.; Fyles, T.M.; James, T.D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2004.08.046">&#8220;Binary and ternary phenylboronic acid complexes with saccharides and Lewis bases&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Tetrahedron&#12299; <b>60</b> (49): 11175–11190. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tet.2004.08.046">10.1016/j.tet.2004.08.046</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-4020">0040-4020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron&amp;rft.atitle=Binary+and+ternary+phenylboronic+acid+complexes+with+saccharides+and+Lewis+bases&amp;rft.volume=60&amp;rft.issue=49&amp;rft.pages=11175-11190&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tet.2004.08.046&amp;rft.issn=0040-4020&amp;rft.aulast=Bosch&amp;rft.aufirst=L.I.&amp;rft.au=Fyles%2C+T.M.&amp;rft.au=James%2C+T.D.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.tet.2004.08.046&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYebra-Biurrun2005" class="citation">Yebra-Biurrun, M.C. (2005), &#12296;Sweeteners&#12297;, &#12298;Encyclopedia of Analytical Science&#12299; (영어), Elsevier, 562–572쪽, <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fb0-12-369397-7%2F00610-5">10.1016/b0-12-369397-7/00610-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-12-369397-6" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-12-369397-6"><bdi>978-0-12-369397-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Sweeteners&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Analytical+Science&amp;rft.pages=562-572&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb0-12-369397-7%2F00610-5&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-369397-6&amp;rft.aulast=Yebra-Biurrun&amp;rft.aufirst=M.C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"glucose." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2015. Encyclopedia.com. 17 Nov. 2015 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com">http://www.encyclopedia.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426025317/http://www.encyclopedia.com/">보관됨</a> 2009-04-26 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Aga MB, Sharma V, Dar AH, Dash KK, Singh A, Shams R, Khan SA (2023). &#8220;Comprehensive review on functional and nutraceutical properties of honey&#8221;. &#12298;Efood&#12299; <b>4</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fefd2.71">10.1002/efd2.71</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Efood&amp;rft.atitle=Comprehensive+review+on+functional+and+nutraceutical+properties+of+honey&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fefd2.71&amp;rft.aulast=Aga&amp;rft.aufirst=MB&amp;rft.au=Sharma%2C+V&amp;rft.au=Dar%2C+AH&amp;rft.au=Dash%2C+KK&amp;rft.au=Singh%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Shams%2C+R&amp;rft.au=Khan%2C+SA&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bobiş O, Dezmirean DS, Moise AR (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5817209">&#8220;Honey and Diabetes: The Importance of Natural Simple Sugars in Diet for Preventing and Treating Different Type of Diabetes&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity&#12299; <b>2018</b>: 1–12. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2018%2F4757893">10.1155/2018/4757893</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5817209">5817209</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29507651">29507651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Oxidative+Medicine+and+Cellular+Longevity&amp;rft.atitle=Honey+and+Diabetes%3A+The+Importance+of+Natural+Simple+Sugars+in+Diet+for+Preventing+and+Treating+Different+Type+of+Diabetes&amp;rft.volume=2018&amp;rft.pages=1-12&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5817209&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29507651&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2018%2F4757893&amp;rft.aulast=Bobi%C5%9F&amp;rft.aufirst=O&amp;rft.au=Dezmirean%2C+DS&amp;rft.au=Moise%2C+AR&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5817209&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wani HA, Majid S, Khan MS, Bhat AA, Wani RA, Bhat SA, Ali S, Rehman MU (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414044738/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-7305-7_9">&#12296;Scope of Honey in Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders&#12297;</a>. &#12298;Therapeutic Applications of Honey and its Phytochemicals&#12299;. Springer. 195–217쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-15-7305-7_9">10.1007/978-981-15-7305-7_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-981-15-7304-0" title="특수:책찾기/978-981-15-7304-0"><bdi>978-981-15-7304-0</bdi></a>. 2021년 4월 14일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-7305-7_9">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Scope+of+Honey+in+Diabetes+and+Metabolic+Disorders&amp;rft.btitle=Therapeutic+Applications+of+Honey+and+its+Phytochemicals&amp;rft.pages=195-217&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-15-7305-7_9&amp;rft.isbn=978-981-15-7304-0&amp;rft.aulast=Wani&amp;rft.aufirst=HA&amp;rft.au=Majid%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Khan%2C+MS&amp;rft.au=Bhat%2C+AA&amp;rft.au=Wani%2C+RA&amp;rft.au=Bhat%2C+SA&amp;rft.au=Ali%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Rehman%2C+MU&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-981-15-7305-7_9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Alvarez-Suarez JM, Tulipani S, Romandini S, Bertoli E, Battino M (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240212171745/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12349-009-0051-6">&#8220;Contribution of honey in nutrition and human health: A review&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism&#12299; <b>3</b>: 15–23. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12349-009-0051-6">10.1007/s12349-009-0051-6</a>. 2024년 2월 12일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12349-009-0051-6">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Journal+of+Nutrition+and+Metabolism&amp;rft.atitle=Contribution+of+honey+in+nutrition+and+human+health%3A+A+review&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.pages=15-23&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12349-009-0051-6&amp;rft.aulast=Alvarez-Suarez&amp;rft.aufirst=JM&amp;rft.au=Tulipani%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Romandini%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Bertoli%2C+E&amp;rft.au=Battino%2C+M&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs12349-009-0051-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ischayek JI, Kern M (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jandonline.org/article/S0002-8223(06)00879-0/abstract">&#8220;US Honeys Varying in Glucose and Fructose Content Elicit Similar Glycemic Indexes - Journal of the American Dietetic Association&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Journal of the American Dietetic Association&#12299; <b>106</b> (8): 1260–1262. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jada.2006.05.003">10.1016/j.jada.2006.05.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16863724">16863724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Dietetic+Association&amp;rft.atitle=US+Honeys+Varying+in+Glucose+and+Fructose+Content+Elicit+Similar+Glycemic+Indexes+-+Journal+of+the+American+Dietetic+Association&amp;rft.volume=106&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=1260-1262&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jada.2006.05.003&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16863724&amp;rft.aulast=Ischayek&amp;rft.aufirst=JI&amp;rft.au=Kern%2C+M&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jandonline.org%2Farticle%2FS0002-8223%2806%2900879-0%2Fabstract&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529014858/https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/28/4/981/23717/Potentially-Important-Contribution-of-Dextrose">&#8220;Potentially Important Contribution of Dextrose Used as Diluent to Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Patients &#124; Diabetes Care &#124; American Diabetes Association&#8221;</a>. 2022년 5월 29일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/28/4/981/23717/Potentially-Important-Contribution-of-Dextrose">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Potentially+Important+Contribution+of+Dextrose+Used+as+Diluent+to+Hyperglycemia+in+Hospitalized+Patients+%26%23124%3B+Diabetes+Care+%26%23124%3B+American+Diabetes+Association&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiabetesjournals.org%2Fcare%2Farticle%2F28%2F4%2F981%2F23717%2FPotentially-Important-Contribution-of-Dextrose&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240213110503/https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322243">&#8220;Dextrose: Why is it in food and medicine?&#8221;</a>. 2018년 6월 24일. 2024년 2월 13일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322243">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Dextrose%3A+Why+is+it+in+food+and+medicine%3F&amp;rft.date=2018-06-24&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2F322243&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wid-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wid_36-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wid_36-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wid_36-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240214235338/https://thenutritioninsider.com/wellness/what-is-dextrose/">&#8220;What is Dextrose, How is It Used, and is It Healthy? - the Nutrition Insider&#8221;</a>. 2023년 10월 27일. 2024년 2월 14일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenutritioninsider.com/wellness/what-is-dextrose/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=What+is+Dextrose%2C+How+is+It+Used%2C+and+is+It+Healthy%3F+-+the+Nutrition+Insider&amp;rft.date=2023-10-27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthenutritioninsider.com%2Fwellness%2Fwhat-is-dextrose%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929231815/https://www.livestrong.com/article/534228-glucose-vs-dextrose/">&#8220;Dextrose vs. Glucose: Are These Sugars Equal?&#8221;</a>. 2023년 9월 29일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livestrong.com/article/534228-glucose-vs-dextrose/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Dextrose+vs.+Glucose%3A+Are+These+Sugars+Equal%3F&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livestrong.com%2Farticle%2F534228-glucose-vs-dextrose%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid938892-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid938892_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Baron, D. N.; McIntyre, N. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1687736">&#8220;Letter: Glucose is dextrose is glucose&#8221;</a>. &#12298;British Medical Journal&#12299; <b>2</b> (6026): 41–42. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.6026.41-c">10.1136/bmj.2.6026.41-c</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1687736">1687736</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/938892">938892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Letter%3A+Glucose+is+dextrose+is+glucose&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=6026&amp;rft.pages=41-42&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1687736&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F938892&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.6026.41-c&amp;rft.aulast=Baron&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+N.&amp;rft.au=McIntyre%2C+N.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1687736&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chem-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chem_39-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chem_39-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chem_39-2">다</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chem_39-3">라</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606204745/https://www.pciplindia.com/product-detail/Dextrose-Monohydrate-">&#8220;Prakash Chemicals International&#8221;</a>. 2023년 6월 6일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pciplindia.com/product-detail/Dextrose-Monohydrate-">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Prakash+Chemicals+International&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pciplindia.com%2Fproduct-detail%2FDextrose-Monohydrate-&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-api110617-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-api110617_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324200604/https://www.cdek.liu.edu/api/110617/">&#8220;API &#124; glucose monohydrate&#8221;</a>. 2023년 3월 24일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdek.liu.edu/api/110617/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=API+%26%23124%3B+glucose+monohydrate&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdek.liu.edu%2Fapi%2F110617%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diff-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-diff_41-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-diff_41-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-diff_41-2">다</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-diff_41-3">라</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318213001/https://gtspfood.com/en/the-difference-between-dextrose-anhydrous-and-dextrose-monohydrate/">&#8220;The difference between dextrose anhydrous and dextrose monohydrate&#8221;</a>. 2022년 12월 28일. 2024년 3월 18일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gtspfood.com/en/the-difference-between-dextrose-anhydrous-and-dextrose-monohydrate/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+difference+between+dextrose+anhydrous+and+dextrose+monohydrate&amp;rft.date=2022-12-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgtspfood.com%2Fen%2Fthe-difference-between-dextrose-anhydrous-and-dextrose-monohydrate%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahn1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ahn1_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318212942/https://www.chembk.com/en/chem/Dextrose%20anhydrous">&#8220;Dextrose anhydrous&#8221;</a>. 2024년 3월 18일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chembk.com/en/chem/Dextrose%20anhydrous">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Dextrose+anhydrous&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chembk.com%2Fen%2Fchem%2FDextrose%2520anhydrous&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Khvorova LS, Andreev NR, Lukin ND (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318212935/https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103/S1068367420010048">&#8220;Study of Conditions for Applying Surfactants in Crystalline Glucose Production&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Russian Agricultural Sciences&#12299; <b>46</b> (1): 90–93. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020RuAgS..46...90K">2020RuAgS..46...90K</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3103%2FS1068367420010048">10.3103/S1068367420010048</a>. 2024년 3월 18일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103/S1068367420010048">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Russian+Agricultural+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Study+of+Conditions+for+Applying+Surfactants+in+Crystalline+Glucose+Production&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=90-93&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3103%2FS1068367420010048&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020RuAgS..46...90K&amp;rft.aulast=Khvorova&amp;rft.aufirst=LS&amp;rft.au=Andreev%2C+NR&amp;rft.au=Lukin%2C+ND&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.3103%2FS1068367420010048&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-a2_44-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-a2_44-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318212829/https://topic.echemi.com/a/what-is-the-difference-between-anhydrous-glucose-and-glucose_176447.html">&#8220;What is the difference between anhydrous glucose and glucose&#8221;</a>. 2024년 3월 18일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topic.echemi.com/a/what-is-the-difference-between-anhydrous-glucose-and-glucose_176447.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=What+is+the+difference+between+anhydrous+glucose+and+glucose&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopic.echemi.com%2Fa%2Fwhat-is-the-difference-between-anhydrous-glucose-and-glucose_176447.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318215004/https://thisvsthat.io/anhydrous-vs-monohydrate">&#8220;Anhydrous vs. Monohydrate - What's the Difference?&#8221;</a>. 2024년 3월 18일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thisvsthat.io/anhydrous-vs-monohydrate">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Anhydrous+vs.+Monohydrate+-+What%27s+the+Difference%3F&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthisvsthat.io%2Fanhydrous-vs-monohydrate&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Trasi NS, Boerrigter SX, Byrn SR, Carvajal TM (2011년 3월 15일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318213509/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378517311000160">&#8220;Investigating the effect of dehydration conditions on the compactability of glucose - ScienceDirect&#8221;</a>. &#12298;International Journal of Pharmaceutics&#12299; <b>406</b> (1): 55–61. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijpharm.2010.12.042">10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.12.042</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21232587">21232587</a>. 2024년 3월 18일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378517311000160">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Pharmaceutics&amp;rft.atitle=Investigating+the+effect+of+dehydration+conditions+on+the+compactability+of+glucose+-+ScienceDirect&amp;rft.volume=406&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=55-61&amp;rft.date=2011-03-15&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijpharm.2010.12.042&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21232587&amp;rft.aulast=Trasi&amp;rft.aufirst=NS&amp;rft.au=Boerrigter%2C+SX&amp;rft.au=Byrn%2C+SR&amp;rft.au=Carvajal%2C+TM&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0378517311000160&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mitra B, Wolfe C, Wu S (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318213503/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03639045.2017.1414231">&#8220;Dextrose monohydrate as a non-animal sourced alternative diluent in high shear wet granulation tablet formulations&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy&#12299; <b>44</b> (5): 817–828. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F03639045.2017.1414231">10.1080/03639045.2017.1414231</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29300107">29300107</a>. 2024년 3월 18일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03639045.2017.1414231">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Drug+Development+and+Industrial+Pharmacy&amp;rft.atitle=Dextrose+monohydrate+as+a+non-animal+sourced+alternative+diluent+in+high+shear+wet+granulation+tablet+formulations&amp;rft.volume=44&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=817-828&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03639045.2017.1414231&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29300107&amp;rft.aulast=Mitra&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.au=Wolfe%2C+C&amp;rft.au=Wu%2C+S&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03639045.2017.1414231&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216120841/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/professionals/clinical-tools-patient-management/diabetes/diabetes-prediabetes">&#8220;Diabetes &amp; Prediabetes Tests - NIDDK&#8221;</a>. 2023년 12월 16일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/professionals/clinical-tools-patient-management/diabetes/diabetes-prediabetes">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Diabetes+%26+Prediabetes+Tests+-+NIDDK&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niddk.nih.gov%2Fhealth-information%2Fprofessionals%2Fclinical-tools-patient-management%2Fdiabetes%2Fdiabetes-prediabetes&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202032815/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/22814120">&#8220;Dextrose Monohydrate&#8221;</a>. 2023년 12월 2일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/22814120">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Dextrose+Monohydrate&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcompound%2F22814120&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318213348/https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/mm/108342">&#8220;Archived copy&#8221;</a>. 2024년 3월 18일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MD/en/product/mm/108342">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Archived+copy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2FMD%2Fen%2Fproduct%2Fmm%2F108342&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215173911/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5793">&#8220;D-Glucose&#8221;</a>. 2023년 12월 15일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5793">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=D-Glucose&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcompound%2F5793&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318213459/https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/mm/137048">&#8220;Archived copy&#8221;</a>. 2024년 3월 18일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MD/en/product/mm/137048">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Archived+copy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2FMD%2Fen%2Fproduct%2Fmm%2F137048&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318213357/https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/mm/108337">&#8220;Archived copy&#8221;</a>. 2024년 3월 18일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MD/en/product/mm/108337">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Archived+copy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2FMD%2Fen%2Fproduct%2Fmm%2F108337&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chem2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-chem2_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231221223258/https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/Glucose_(Dextrose)">&#8220;Glucose (Dextrose)&#8221;</a>. 2013년 10월 2일. 2023년 12월 21일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_%28Biological_Chemistry%29/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/Glucose_%28Dextrose%29">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Glucose+%28Dextrose%29&amp;rft.date=2013-10-02&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FBiological_Chemistry%2FSupplemental_Modules_%2528Biological_Chemistry%2529%2FCarbohydrates%2FMonosaccharides%2FGlucose_%2528Dextrose%2529&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_55-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_55-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schenck, Fred W. (2006). &#12296;Glucose and Glucose-Containing Syrups&#12297;. &#12298;Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry&#12299;. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a12_457.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a12_457.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-3527306732" title="특수:책찾기/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Glucose+and+Glucose-Containing+Syrups&amp;rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a12_457.pub2&amp;rft.isbn=978-3527306732&amp;rft.aulast=Schenck&amp;rft.aufirst=Fred+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick F. Fox: <i>Advanced Dairy Chemistry Volume 3: Lactose, water, salts and vitamins</i>, Springer, 1992. Volume 3, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/9780412630200" title="특수:책찾기/9780412630200">9780412630200</a>. p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caballero_1_76-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Caballero_1_76_57-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Caballero, Paul Finglas, Fidel Toldrá: <i>Encyclopedia of Food and Health</i>. Academic Press (2016). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/9780123849533" title="특수:책찾기/9780123849533">9780123849533</a>, Volume 1, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/16%3A_Carbohydrates/16.04%3A_Cyclic_Structures_of_Monosaccharides">&#8220;16.4: Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Chemistry LibreTexts&#12299; (영어). 2014년 7월 18일<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2023년 4월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemistry+LibreTexts&amp;rft.atitle=16.4%3A+Cyclic+Structures+of+Monosaccharides&amp;rft.date=2014-07-18&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FIntroductory_Chemistry%2FBasics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_%28Ball_et_al.%29%2F16%253A_Carbohydrates%2F16.04%253A_Cyclic_Structures_of_Monosaccharides&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taka1979-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-taka1979_59-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Takagi, S.; Jeffrey, G. A. (1979). &#8220;1,2-O-isopropylidene-D-glucofuranose&#8221;. &#12298;Acta Crystallographica Section B&#12299; <b>B35</b> (6): 1522–1525. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0567740879006968">10.1107/S0567740879006968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallographica+Section+B&amp;rft.atitle=1%2C2-O-isopropylidene-D-glucofuranose&amp;rft.volume=B35&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1522-1525&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2FS0567740879006968&amp;rft.aulast=Takagi&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Jeffrey%2C+G.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biel1999-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-biel1999_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bielecki, Mia; Eggert, Hanne; Christian Norrild, Jens (1999). &#8220;A fluorescent glucose sensor binding covalently to all five hydroxy groups of α-D-glucofuranose. A reinvestigation&#8221;. &#12298;Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions&#12299; <b>2</b> (3): 449–456. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039%2FA808896I">10.1039/A808896I</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society%2C+Perkin+Transactions&amp;rft.atitle=A+fluorescent+glucose+sensor+binding+covalently+to+all+five+hydroxy+groups+of+%CE%B1-D-glucofuranose.+A+reinvestigation&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=449-456&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FA808896I&amp;rft.aulast=Bielecki&amp;rft.aufirst=Mia&amp;rft.au=Eggert%2C+Hanne&amp;rft.au=Christian+Norrild%2C+Jens&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chan2006-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-chan2006_61-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Chandran, Sreekanth K.; Nangia, Ashwini (2006). &#8220;Modulated crystal structure (Z<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:&#91;&#91;:틀:Italics correction/calc&#93;&#93;;">′</span> = 2) of α-d-glucofuranose-1,2:3,5-bis(p-tolyl)boronate&#8221;. &#12298;CrystEngComm&#12299; <b>8</b> (8): 581–585. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039%2FB608029D">10.1039/B608029D</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CrystEngComm&amp;rft.atitle=Modulated+crystal+structure+%28Z%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22+style%3D%22padding-left%3A%3A%ED%8B%80%3AItalics+correction%2Fcalc%3B%22%3E%E2%80%B2%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3D+2%29+of+%CE%B1-d-glucofuranose-1%2C2%3A3%2C5-bis%28p-tolyl%29boronate&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=581-585&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FB608029D&amp;rft.aulast=Chandran&amp;rft.aufirst=Sreekanth+K.&amp;rft.au=Nangia%2C+Ashwini&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80:McMurry2nd&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="틀:McMurry2nd (없는 문서)">틀:McMurry2nd</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJuaristiCuevas1995" class="citation">Juaristi, Eusebio; Cuevas, Gabriel (1995), &#12298;The Anomeric Effect&#12299;, CRC Press, 9–10쪽, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-8493-8941-2" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-8493-8941-2"><bdi>978-0-8493-8941-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Anomeric+Effect&amp;rft.pages=9-10&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8493-8941-2&amp;rft.aulast=Juaristi&amp;rft.aufirst=Eusebio&amp;rft.au=Cuevas%2C+Gabriel&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hesse-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hesse_64-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hesse_64-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Hesse, Herbert Meier, Bernd Zeeh, Stefan Bienz, Laurent Bigler, Thomas Fox: <i>Spektroskopische Methoden in der organischen Chemie</i>. 8th revised Edition. Georg Thieme, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-3-13-160038-7" title="특수:책찾기/978-3-13-160038-7">978-3-13-160038-7</a>, p. 34 (in German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higgins-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_65-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_65-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_65-2">다</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_65-3">라</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bunn, H. F.; Higgins, P. J. (1981). &#8220;Reaction of monosaccharides with proteins: possible evolutionary significance&#8221;. &#12298;Science&#12299; <b>213</b> (4504): 222–24. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Sci...213..222B">1981Sci...213..222B</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.12192669">10.1126/science.12192669</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12192669">12192669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Reaction+of+monosaccharides+with+proteins%3A+possible+evolutionary+significance&amp;rft.volume=213&amp;rft.issue=4504&amp;rft.pages=222-24&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12192669&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.12192669&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981Sci...213..222B&amp;rft.aulast=Bunn&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+F.&amp;rft.au=Higgins%2C+P.+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stryer_531-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stryer_531_66-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy M. Berg: <i>Stryer Biochemie.</i> Springer-Verlag, 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-3-662-54620-8" title="특수:책찾기/978-3-662-54620-8">978-3-662-54620-8</a>, p.&#160;531. (german)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voet-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Voet_67-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Voet_67-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Voet_67-2">다</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Voet_67-3">라</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Voet, Donald; Voet, Judith G. (2011). &#12298;Biochemistry&#12299; 4판. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0470-57095-1" title="특수:책찾기/978-0470-57095-1"><bdi>978-0470-57095-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Biochemistry&amp;rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-0470-57095-1&amp;rft.aulast=Voet&amp;rft.aufirst=Donald&amp;rft.au=Voet%2C+Judith+G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert L. Lehninger, <i>Biochemistry, 6th printing</i>, Worth Publishers Inc. 1972, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-87901-009-6" title="특수:책찾기/0-87901-009-6">0-87901-009-6</a> p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrett-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Garrett_69-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Garrett_69-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Garrett, Reginald H. (2013). &#12298;Biochemistry&#12299; 5판. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-133-10629-6" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-133-10629-6"><bdi>978-1-133-10629-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Biochemistry&amp;rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&amp;rft.edition=5th&amp;rft.pub=Brooks%2FCole%2C+Cengage+Learning&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-133-10629-6&amp;rft.aulast=Garrett&amp;rft.aufirst=Reginald+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-photo-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-photo_70-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804060610/http://www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/Photosynthesis.htm">&#8220;Chemistry for Biologists: Photosynthesis&#8221;</a>. &#12298;www.rsc.org&#12299;. 2016년 8월 4일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/Photosynthesis.htm">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2018년 2월 5일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.rsc.org&amp;rft.atitle=Chemistry+for+Biologists%3A+Photosynthesis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2FEducation%2FTeachers%2FResources%2Fcfb%2FPhotosynthesis.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_195-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_195_71-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_195_71-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_195_71-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter C. Heinrich: <i>Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie.</i> Springer-Verlag, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-3-642-17972-3" title="특수:책찾기/978-3-642-17972-3">978-3-642-17972-3</a>, p.&#160;195. (german)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Satyanarayana-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Satyanarayana_72-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Satyanarayana_72-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Satyanarayana_72-2">다</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Satyanarayana_72-3">라</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Satyanarayana_72-4">마</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">U. Satyanarayana: <i>Biochemistry.</i> Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-8-131-23713-7" title="특수:책찾기/978-8-131-23713-7">978-8-131-23713-7</a>. p. 674.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wasserman, D. H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2636990">&#8220;Four grams of glucose&#8221;</a>. &#12298;American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism&#12299; <b>296</b> (1): E11–21. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpendo.90563.2008">10.1152/ajpendo.90563.2008</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2636990">2636990</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18840763">18840763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&amp;rft.atitle=Four+grams+of+glucose&amp;rft.volume=296&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=E11-21&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2636990&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18840763&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpendo.90563.2008&amp;rft.aulast=Wasserman&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+H.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2636990&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2010" class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014173838/http://forecast.diabetes.org/magazine/features/high-blood-glucose-and-diabetes-complications">&#8220;High Blood Glucose and Diabetes Complications: The buildup of molecules known as AGEs may be the key link&#8221;</a>, &#12298;Diabetes Forecast&#12299; (American Diabetes Association), 2010, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0095-8301">0095-8301</a>, 2013년 10월 14일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forecast.diabetes.org/magazine/features/high-blood-glucose-and-diabetes-complications">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">, 2010년 5월 20일에 확인함</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Diabetes+Forecast&amp;rft.atitle=High+Blood+Glucose+and+Diabetes+Complications%3A+The+buildup+of+molecules+known+as+AGEs+may+be+the+key+link&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.issn=0095-8301&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforecast.diabetes.org%2Fmagazine%2Ffeatures%2Fhigh-blood-glucose-and-diabetes-complications&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-varki-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-varki_75-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Varki, A.; Cummings, R. D.; Esko, J. D.; Freeze, H. H.; Stanley, P.; Bertozzi, C. R.; Hart, G. W.; Etzler, M. E. (2009). Varki, Ajit, 편집. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206081633/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1908/">&#12298;Essentials of Glycobiology&#12299;</a> 2판. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-87969-770-9" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-87969-770-9"><bdi>978-0-87969-770-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20301239">20301239</a>. 2016년 12월 6일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1908/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Glycobiology&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratories+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20301239&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87969-770-9&amp;rft.aulast=Varki&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=Cummings%2C+R.+D.&amp;rft.au=Esko%2C+J.+D.&amp;rft.au=Freeze%2C+H.+H.&amp;rft.au=Stanley%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Bertozzi%2C+C.+R.&amp;rft.au=Hart%2C+G.+W.&amp;rft.au=Etzler%2C+M.+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK1908%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fca-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fca_76-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206084746/https://www.foodb.ca/compounds/FDB012530">&#8220;Showing Compound D-Glucose (FDB012530) - FooDB&#8221;</a>. 2022년 12월 6일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foodb.ca/compounds/FDB012530">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Showing+Compound+D-Glucose+%28FDB012530%29+-+FooDB&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoodb.ca%2Fcompounds%2FFDB012530&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_404-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_404_77-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_404_77-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter C. Heinrich: <i>Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie.</i> Springer-Verlag, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-3-642-17972-3" title="특수:책찾기/978-3-642-17972-3">978-3-642-17972-3</a>, p.&#160;404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper_641-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Harper_641_78-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold A. Harper: <i>Medizinische Biochemie.</i> Springer-Verlag, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-3-662-22150-1" title="특수:책찾기/978-3-662-22150-1">978-3-662-22150-1</a>, p.&#160;641. <b><span style="color: #555; font-size: smaller;" title="언어: 독일어">(독일어)</span></b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_199-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_199_79-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_199_79-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_199_79-2">다</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_199_79-3">라</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_199_79-4">마</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_199_79-5">바</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter C. Heinrich: <i>Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie.</i> Springer-Verlag, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-3-642-17972-3" title="특수:책찾기/978-3-642-17972-3">978-3-642-17972-3</a>, p.&#160;199, 200. <b><span style="color: #555; font-size: smaller;" title="언어: 독일어">(독일어)</span></b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Navale, A. M.; Paranjape, A. N. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5425736">&#8220;Glucose transporters: Physiological and pathological roles&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Biophysical Reviews&#12299; <b>8</b> (1): 5–9. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12551-015-0186-2">10.1007/s12551-015-0186-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5425736">5425736</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28510148">28510148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biophysical+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=Glucose+transporters%3A+Physiological+and+pathological+roles&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=5-9&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5425736&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28510148&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12551-015-0186-2&amp;rft.aulast=Navale&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+M.&amp;rft.au=Paranjape%2C+A.+N.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5425736&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thorens, B. (2015). &#8220;GLUT2, glucose sensing and glucose homeostasis&#8221;. &#12298;Diabetologia&#12299; <b>58</b> (2): 221–32. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-014-3451-1">10.1007/s00125-014-3451-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25421524">25421524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Diabetologia&amp;rft.atitle=GLUT2%2C+glucose+sensing+and+glucose+homeostasis&amp;rft.volume=58&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=221-32&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00125-014-3451-1&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25421524&amp;rft.aulast=Thorens&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_214-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_214_82-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_214_82-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter C. Heinrich: <i>Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie.</i> Springer-Verlag, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-3-642-17972-3" title="특수:책찾기/978-3-642-17972-3">978-3-642-17972-3</a>, p.&#160;214. <b><span style="color: #555; font-size: smaller;" title="언어: 독일어">(독일어)</span></b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Huang, S.; Czech, M. P. (2007). &#8220;The GLUT4 glucose transporter&#8221;. &#12298;Cell Metabolism&#12299; <b>5</b> (4): 237–52. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cmet.2007.03.006">10.1016/j.cmet.2007.03.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17403369">17403369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cell+Metabolism&amp;rft.atitle=The+GLUT4+glucose+transporter&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=237-52&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cmet.2007.03.006&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17403369&amp;rft.aulast=Huang&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Czech%2C+M.+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Govers, R. (2014). &#12298;Cellular regulation of glucose uptake by glucose transporter GLUT4&#12299;. &#12298;Advances in Clinical Chemistry&#12299; <b>66</b>. 173–240쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-801401-1.00006-2">10.1016/B978-0-12-801401-1.00006-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/9780128014011" title="특수:책찾기/9780128014011"><bdi>9780128014011</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25344989">25344989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cellular+regulation+of+glucose+uptake+by+glucose+transporter+GLUT4&amp;rft.pages=173-240&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25344989&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-801401-1.00006-2&amp;rft.isbn=9780128014011&amp;rft.aulast=Govers&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wu, Xiaohua; Freeze, Hudson H. (December 2002). &#8220;GLUT14, a Duplicon of GLUT3, is Specifically Expressed in Testis as Alternative Splice Forms&#8221;. &#12298;Genomics&#12299; <b>80</b> (6): 553–7. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.2002.7010">10.1006/geno.2002.7010</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12504846">12504846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Genomics&amp;rft.atitle=GLUT14%2C+a+Duplicon+of+GLUT3%2C+is+Specifically+Expressed+in+Testis+as+Alternative+Splice+Forms&amp;rft.volume=80&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=553-7&amp;rft.date=2002-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fgeno.2002.7010&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12504846&amp;rft.aulast=Wu&amp;rft.aufirst=Xiaohua&amp;rft.au=Freeze%2C+Hudson+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ghezzi, C.; Loo DDF; Wright, E. M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6133168">&#8220;Physiology of renal glucose handling via SGLT1, SGLT2, and GLUT2&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Diabetologia&#12299; <b>61</b> (10): 2087–2097. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-018-4656-5">10.1007/s00125-018-4656-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6133168">6133168</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30132032">30132032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Diabetologia&amp;rft.atitle=Physiology+of+renal+glucose+handling+via+SGLT1%2C+SGLT2%2C+and+GLUT2&amp;rft.volume=61&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=2087-2097&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6133168&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30132032&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00125-018-4656-5&amp;rft.aulast=Ghezzi&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.au=Loo+DDF&amp;rft.au=Wright%2C+E.+M.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6133168&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Poulsen, S. B.; Fenton, R. A.; Rieg, T. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5364028">&#8220;Sodium-glucose cotransport&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension&#12299; <b>24</b> (5): 463–9. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FMNH.0000000000000152">10.1097/MNH.0000000000000152</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5364028">5364028</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26125647">26125647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Nephrology+and+Hypertension&amp;rft.atitle=Sodium-glucose+cotransport&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=463-9&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5364028&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26125647&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMNH.0000000000000152&amp;rft.aulast=Poulsen&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+B.&amp;rft.au=Fenton%2C+R.+A.&amp;rft.au=Rieg%2C+T.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5364028&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804060610/http://www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/Photosynthesis.htm">&#8220;Chemistry for Biologists: Photosynthesis&#8221;</a>. &#12298;www.rsc.org&#12299;. 2016년 8월 4일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/Photosynthesis.htm">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2018년 2월 5일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.rsc.org&amp;rft.atitle=Chemistry+for+Biologists%3A+Photosynthesis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2FEducation%2FTeachers%2FResources%2Fcfb%2FPhotosynthesis.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Smith, Alison M.; Zeeman, Samuel C.; Smith, Steven M. (2005). &#8220;Starch Degradation&#8221;. &#12298;Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.&#12299; <b>56</b>: 73–98. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.arplant.56.032604.144257">10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144257</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15862090">15862090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annu.+Rev.+Plant+Biol.&amp;rft.atitle=Starch+Degradation&amp;rft.volume=56&amp;rft.pages=73-98&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.arplant.56.032604.144257&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15862090&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+Alison+M.&amp;rft.au=Zeeman%2C+Samuel+C.&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+Steven+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szablewski-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Szablewski_90-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Szablewski_90-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Leszek Szablewski: <i>Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Resistance.</i> Bentham Science Publishers, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-608-05189-2" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-608-05189-2">978-1-608-05189-2</a>, p.&#160;46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_389-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_389_91-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter C. Heinrich: <i>Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie.</i> Springer-Verlag, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-3-642-17972-3" title="특수:책찾기/978-3-642-17972-3">978-3-642-17972-3</a>, p.&#160;389. <b><span style="color: #555; font-size: smaller;" title="언어: 독일어">(독일어)</span></b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wang, Gehui; Kawamura, Kimitaka; Hatakeyama, Shiro; Takami, Akinori; Li, Hong; Wang, Wei (2007년 4월 4일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es062601h">&#8220;Aircraft Measurement of Organic Aerosols over China&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Environmental Science &amp; Technology&#12299; <b>41</b> (9): 3115–3120. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007EnST...41.3115W">2007EnST...41.3115W</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fes062601h">10.1021/es062601h</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X">0013-936X</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17539513">17539513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&amp;rft.atitle=Aircraft+Measurement+of+Organic+Aerosols+over+China&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=3115-3120&amp;rft.date=2007-04-04&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes062601h&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17539513&amp;rft.issn=0013-936X&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007EnST...41.3115W&amp;rft.aulast=Wang&amp;rft.aufirst=Gehui&amp;rft.au=Kawamura%2C+Kimitaka&amp;rft.au=Hatakeyama%2C+Shiro&amp;rft.au=Takami%2C+Akinori&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+Hong&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+Wei&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1021%2Fes062601h&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Adeva-Andany, M. M.; Pérez-Felpete, N.; Fernández-Fernández, C.; Donapetry-García, C.; Pazos-García, C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5293555">&#8220;Liver glucose metabolism in humans&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Bioscience Reports&#12299; <b>36</b> (6): e00416. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1042%2FBSR20160385">10.1042/BSR20160385</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5293555">5293555</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27707936">27707936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bioscience+Reports&amp;rft.atitle=Liver+glucose+metabolism+in+humans&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=e00416&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5293555&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27707936&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2FBSR20160385&amp;rft.aulast=Adeva-Andany&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+M.&amp;rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Felpete%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Donapetry-Garc%C3%ADa%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Pazos-Garc%C3%ADa%2C+C.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5293555&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horton-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Horton_94-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Robert Horton, Laurence A. Moran, K. Gray Scrimgeour, Marc D. Perry, J. David Rawn: <i>Biochemie</i>. Pearson Studium; 4. aktualisierte Auflage 2008; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-3-8273-7312-0" title="특수:책찾기/978-3-8273-7312-0">978-3-8273-7312-0</a>; p. 490–496. (german)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hall_95-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hall_95-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian K. Hall: <i>Strickberger's Evolution.</i> Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-449-61484-3" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-449-61484-3">978-1-449-61484-3</a>, p.&#160;164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jones, J. G. (2016). &#8220;Hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism&#8221;. &#12298;Diabetologia&#12299; <b>59</b> (6): 1098–103. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-016-3940-5">10.1007/s00125-016-3940-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27048250">27048250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Diabetologia&amp;rft.atitle=Hepatic+glucose+and+lipid+metabolism&amp;rft.volume=59&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1098-103&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00125-016-3940-5&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27048250&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Entner, N.; Doudoroff, M. (1952). &#8220;Glucose and gluconic acid oxidation of Pseudomonas saccharophila&#8221;. &#12298;J Biol Chem&#12299; <b>196</b> (2): 853–862. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2952415-2">10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52415-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12981024">12981024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Biol+Chem&amp;rft.atitle=Glucose+and+gluconic+acid+oxidation+of+Pseudomonas+saccharophila&amp;rft.volume=196&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=853-862&amp;rft.date=1952&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2952415-2&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12981024&amp;rft.aulast=Entner&amp;rft.aufirst=N.&amp;rft.au=Doudoroff%2C+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sil-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sil_98-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bonadonna, Riccardo C; Bonora, Enzo; Del Prato, Stefano; Saccomani, Maria; Cobelli, Claudio; Natali, Andrea; Frascerra, Silvia; Pecori, Neda; Ferrannini, Eleuterio; Bier, Dennis; DeFronzo, Ralph A; Gulli, Giovanni (July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306131309/http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/45/7/915.full-text.pdf">&#8220;Roles of glucose transport and glucose phosphorylation in muscle insulin resistance of NIDDM&#8221;</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. &#12298;Diabetes&#12299; <b>45</b> (7): 915–25. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiab.45.7.915">10.2337/diab.45.7.915</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8666143">8666143</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219249555">219249555</a>. 2017년 3월 6일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/45/7/915.full-text.pdf">원본 문서</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2017년 3월 5일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Diabetes&amp;rft.atitle=Roles+of+glucose+transport+and+glucose+phosphorylation+in+muscle+insulin+resistance+of+NIDDM&amp;rft.volume=45&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=915-25&amp;rft.date=1996-07&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8666143&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219249555&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2337%2Fdiab.45.7.915&amp;rft.aulast=Bonadonna&amp;rft.aufirst=Riccardo+C&amp;rft.au=Bonora%2C+Enzo&amp;rft.au=Del+Prato%2C+Stefano&amp;rft.au=Saccomani%2C+Maria&amp;rft.au=Cobelli%2C+Claudio&amp;rft.au=Natali%2C+Andrea&amp;rft.au=Frascerra%2C+Silvia&amp;rft.au=Pecori%2C+Neda&amp;rft.au=Ferrannini%2C+Eleuterio&amp;rft.au=Bier%2C+Dennis&amp;rft.au=DeFronzo%2C+Ralph+A&amp;rft.au=Gulli%2C+Giovanni&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiabetes.diabetesjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F45%2F7%2F915.full-text.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bonadonna, Riccardo C; Bonora, Enzo; Del Prato, Stefano; Saccomani, Maria; Cobelli, Claudio; Natali, Andrea; Frascerra, Silvia; Pecori, Neda; Ferrannini, Eleuterio; Bier, Dennis; DeFronzo, Ralph A; Gulli, Giovanni (July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306131309/http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/45/7/915.full-text.pdf">&#8220;Roles of glucose transport and glucose phosphorylation in muscle insulin resistance of NIDDM&#8221;</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. &#12298;Diabetes&#12299; <b>45</b> (7): 915–25. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiab.45.7.915">10.2337/diab.45.7.915</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8666143">8666143</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219249555">219249555</a>. 2017년 3월 6일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/45/7/915.full-text.pdf">원본 문서</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2017년 3월 5일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Diabetes&amp;rft.atitle=Roles+of+glucose+transport+and+glucose+phosphorylation+in+muscle+insulin+resistance+of+NIDDM&amp;rft.volume=45&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=915-25&amp;rft.date=1996-07&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8666143&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219249555&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2337%2Fdiab.45.7.915&amp;rft.aulast=Bonadonna&amp;rft.aufirst=Riccardo+C&amp;rft.au=Bonora%2C+Enzo&amp;rft.au=Del+Prato%2C+Stefano&amp;rft.au=Saccomani%2C+Maria&amp;rft.au=Cobelli%2C+Claudio&amp;rft.au=Natali%2C+Andrea&amp;rft.au=Frascerra%2C+Silvia&amp;rft.au=Pecori%2C+Neda&amp;rft.au=Ferrannini%2C+Eleuterio&amp;rft.au=Bier%2C+Dennis&amp;rft.au=DeFronzo%2C+Ralph+A&amp;rft.au=Gulli%2C+Giovanni&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiabetes.diabetesjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F45%2F7%2F915.full-text.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231205120936/https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB09341">&#8220;Glucose&#8221;</a>. 2023년 12월 5일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB09341">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Glucose&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.drugbank.com%2Fdrugs%2FDB09341&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2006" class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180223145046/https://books.google.com/books?id=9BtxCWxrWRoC&amp;pg=PA52">&#12298;Medical Biochemistry at a Glance @Google books&#12299;</a>, Blackwell Publishing, 2006, 52쪽, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-4051-1322-9" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-4051-1322-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-1322-9</bdi></a>, 2018년 2월 23일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BtxCWxrWRoC&amp;pg=PA52">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Medical+Biochemistry+at+a+Glance+%40Google+books&amp;rft.pages=52&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1322-9&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9BtxCWxrWRoC%26pg%3DPA52&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2006" class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180223145046/https://books.google.com/books?id=9BtxCWxrWRoC&amp;pg=PA50">&#12298;Medical Biochemistry at a Glance @Google books&#12299;</a>, Blackwell Publishing, 2006, 50쪽, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-4051-1322-9" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-4051-1322-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-1322-9</bdi></a>, 2018년 2월 23일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BtxCWxrWRoC&amp;pg=PA50">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Medical+Biochemistry+at+a+Glance+%40Google+books&amp;rft.pages=50&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1322-9&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9BtxCWxrWRoC%26pg%3DPA50&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Annibaldi, A.; Widmann, C. (2010). &#8220;Glucose metabolism in cancer cells&#8221;. &#12298;Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care&#12299; <b>13</b> (4): 466–70. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FMCO.0b013e32833a5577">10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833a5577</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20473153">20473153</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205782021">205782021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Clinical+Nutrition+and+Metabolic+Care&amp;rft.atitle=Glucose+metabolism+in+cancer+cells&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=466-70&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20473153&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205782021&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMCO.0b013e32833a5577&amp;rft.aulast=Annibaldi&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=Widmann%2C+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Szablewski, L. (2013). &#8220;Expression of glucose transporters in cancers&#8221;. &#12298;Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer&#12299; <b>1835</b> (2): 164–9. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbcan.2012.12.004">10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.12.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23266512">23266512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta+%28BBA%29+-+Reviews+on+Cancer&amp;rft.atitle=Expression+of+glucose+transporters+in+cancers&amp;rft.volume=1835&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=164-9&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bbcan.2012.12.004&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23266512&amp;rft.aulast=Szablewski&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Adekola, K.; Rosen, S. T.; Shanmugam, M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6392426">&#8220;Glucose transporters in cancer metabolism&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Current Opinion in Oncology&#12299; <b>24</b> (6): 650–4. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FCCO.0b013e328356da72">10.1097/CCO.0b013e328356da72</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6392426">6392426</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22913968">22913968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Oncology&amp;rft.atitle=Glucose+transporters+in+cancer+metabolism&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=650-4&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6392426&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22913968&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FCCO.0b013e328356da72&amp;rft.aulast=Adekola&amp;rft.aufirst=K.&amp;rft.au=Rosen%2C+S.+T.&amp;rft.au=Shanmugam%2C+M.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6392426&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schümann, U.; Gründler, P. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00046-3">&#8220;Electrochemical degradation of organic substances at PbO2 anodes: Monitoring by continuous CO2 measurements&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Water Research&#12299; <b>32</b> (9): 2835–2842. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0043-1354%2898%2900046-3">10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00046-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-1354">0043-1354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Water+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Electrochemical+degradation+of+organic+substances+at+PbO2+anodes%3A+Monitoring+by+continuous+CO2+measurements&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=2835-2842&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0043-1354%2898%2900046-3&amp;rft.issn=0043-1354&amp;rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCmann&amp;rft.aufirst=U.&amp;rft.au=Gr%C3%BCndler%2C+P.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fs0043-1354%2898%2900046-3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2003" class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524003622/http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/Y5022E/y5022e04.htm">&#12296;Chapter 3: Calculation of the Energy Content of Foods – Energy Conversion Factors&#12297;</a>, &#12298;Food energy&#160;– methods of analysis and conversion factors&#12299;, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 77, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 2003, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-92-5-105014-9" title="특수:책찾기/978-92-5-105014-9"><bdi>978-92-5-105014-9</bdi></a>, 2010년 5월 24일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5022E/y5022e04.htm">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Calculation+of+the+Energy+Content+of+Foods+%E2%80%93+Energy+Conversion+Factors&amp;rft.btitle=Food+energy+%E2%80%93+methods+of+analysis+and+conversion+factors&amp;rft.place=Rome&amp;rft.series=FAO+Food+and+Nutrition+Paper+77&amp;rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-92-5-105014-9&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F006%2FY5022E%2Fy5022e04.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwedt-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwedt_108-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Schwedt: <i>Zuckersüße Chemie.</i> John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-3-527-66001-8" title="특수:책찾기/978-3-527-66001-8">978-3-527-66001-8</a>, p.&#160;100 <b><span style="color: #555; font-size: smaller;" title="언어: 독일어">(독일어)</span></b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt, Lang: <i>Physiologie des Menschen</i>, 30. Auflage. Springer Verlag, 2007, p.&#160;907 <b><span style="color: #555; font-size: smaller;" title="언어: 독일어">(독일어)</span></b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dandekar, T.; Schuster, S.; Snel, B.; Huynen, M.; Bork, P. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1220531">&#8220;Pathway alignment: Application to the comparative analysis of glycolytic enzymes&#8221;</a>. &#12298;The Biochemical Journal&#12299; <b>343</b> (1): 115–124. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj3430115">10.1042/bj3430115</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1220531">1220531</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10493919">10493919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Biochemical+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Pathway+alignment%3A+Application+to+the+comparative+analysis+of+glycolytic+enzymes&amp;rft.volume=343&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=115-124&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1220531&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10493919&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2Fbj3430115&amp;rft.aulast=Dandekar&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rft.au=Schuster%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Snel%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Huynen%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Bork%2C+P.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1220531&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dash, Pramod. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117104126/http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s4/chapter11.html">&#8220;Blood Brain Barrier and Cerebral Metabolism (Section 4, Chapter 11)&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences&#12299;. Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy – The University of Texas Medical School at Houston. 2016년 11월 17일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s4/chapter11.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+Online%3A+An+Electronic+Textbook+for+the+Neurosciences&amp;rft.atitle=Blood+Brain+Barrier+and+Cerebral+Metabolism+%28Section+4%2C+Chapter+11%29&amp;rft.aulast=Dash&amp;rft.aufirst=Pramod&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneuroscience.uth.tmc.edu%2Fs4%2Fchapter11.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFaircloughHouston2004" class="citation">Fairclough, Stephen H.; Houston, Kim (2004), &#8220;A metabolic measure of mental effort&#8221;, &#12298;Biol. Psychol.&#12299; <b>66</b> (2): 177–190, <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsycho.2003.10.001">10.1016/j.biopsycho.2003.10.001</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15041139">15041139</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44500072">44500072</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biol.+Psychol.&amp;rft.atitle=A+metabolic+measure+of+mental+effort&amp;rft.volume=66&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=177-190&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15041139&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44500072&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biopsycho.2003.10.001&amp;rft.aulast=Fairclough&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&amp;rft.au=Houston%2C+Kim&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGailliotBaumeisterDeWallPlant2007" class="citation">Gailliot, Matthew T.; Baumeister, Roy F.; DeWall, C. Nathan; Plant, E. Ashby; Brewer, Lauren E.; Schmeichel, Brandon J.; Tice, Dianne M.; Maner, Jon K. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818111037/http://www.uky.edu/~njdewa2/gailliotetal07JPSP.pdf">&#8220;Self-Control Relies on Glucose as a Limited Energy Source: Willpower is More than a Metaphor&#8221;</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, &#12298;J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.&#12299; <b>92</b> (2): 325–336, <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="무료로 이용 가능"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.337.3766">10.1.1.337.3766</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.92.2.325">10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.325</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17279852">17279852</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7496171">7496171</a>, 2017년 8월 18일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uky.edu/~njdewa2/gailliotetal07JPSP.pdf">원본 문서</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>에서 보존된 문서</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Pers.+Soc.+Psychol.&amp;rft.atitle=Self-Control+Relies+on+Glucose+as+a+Limited+Energy+Source%3A+Willpower+is+More+than+a+Metaphor&amp;rft.volume=92&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=325-336&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.337.3766&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17279852&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7496171&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.92.2.325&amp;rft.aulast=Gailliot&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew+T.&amp;rft.au=Baumeister%2C+Roy+F.&amp;rft.au=DeWall%2C+C.+Nathan&amp;rft.au=Plant%2C+E.+Ashby&amp;rft.au=Brewer%2C+Lauren+E.&amp;rft.au=Schmeichel%2C+Brandon+J.&amp;rft.au=Tice%2C+Dianne+M.&amp;rft.au=Maner%2C+Jon+K.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uky.edu%2F~njdewa2%2Fgailliotetal07JPSP.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGailliotBaumeister2007" class="citation">Gailliot, Matthew T.; Baumeister, Roy F. (2007), &#8220;The Physiology of Willpower: Linking Blood Glucose to Self-Control&#8221;, &#12298;Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev.&#12299; <b>11</b> (4): 303–327, <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="무료로 이용 가능"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.475.9484">10.1.1.475.9484</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1088868307303030">10.1177/1088868307303030</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18453466">18453466</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14380313">14380313</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Personal.+Soc.+Psychol.+Rev.&amp;rft.atitle=The+Physiology+of+Willpower%3A+Linking+Blood+Glucose+to+Self-Control&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=303-327&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.475.9484&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18453466&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14380313&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1088868307303030&amp;rft.aulast=Gailliot&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew+T.&amp;rft.au=Baumeister%2C+Roy+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMasicampoBaumeister2008" class="citation">Masicampo, E. J.; Baumeister, Roy F. (2008), &#8220;Toward a Physiology of Dual-Process Reasoning and Judgment: Lemonade, Willpower, and Expensive Rule-Based Analysis&#8221;, &#12298;Psychol. Sci.&#12299; <b>19</b> (3): 255–60, <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.2008.02077.x">10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02077.x</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315798">18315798</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38596025">38596025</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Psychol.+Sci.&amp;rft.atitle=Toward+a+Physiology+of+Dual-Process+Reasoning+and+Judgment%3A+Lemonade%2C+Willpower%2C+and+Expensive+Rule-Based+Analysis&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=255-60&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18315798&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38596025&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.2008.02077.x&amp;rft.aulast=Masicampo&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+J.&amp;rft.au=Baumeister%2C+Roy+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dwyer-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dwyer_116-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dwyer_116-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dwyer_116-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Donard Dwyer: <i>Glucose Metabolism in the Brain.</i> Academic Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-123-66852-3" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-123-66852-3">978-0-123-66852-3</a>, p.&#160;XIII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koekkoek-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Koekkoek_117-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Koekkoek_117-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Koekkoek_117-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Koekkoek, L. L.; Mul, J. D.; La Fleur, S. E. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742113">&#8220;Glucose-Sensing in the Reward System&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Frontiers in Neuroscience&#12299; <b>11</b>: 716. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnins.2017.00716">10.3389/fnins.2017.00716</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742113">5742113</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29311793">29311793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroscience&amp;rft.atitle=Glucose-Sensing+in+the+Reward+System&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.pages=716&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5742113&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29311793&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnins.2017.00716&amp;rft.aulast=Koekkoek&amp;rft.aufirst=L.+L.&amp;rft.au=Mul%2C+J.+D.&amp;rft.au=La+Fleur%2C+S.+E.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5742113&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_118-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_118-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tucker, R. M.; Tan, S. Y. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729195754/https://ap01.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/61USOUTHAUS_INST/12149779800001831">&#8220;Do non-nutritive sweeteners influence acute glucose homeostasis in humans? A systematic review&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Physiology &amp; Behavior&#12299; <b>182</b>: 17–26. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2017.09.016">10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28939430">28939430</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38764657">38764657</a>. 2020년 7월 29일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ap01.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/61USOUTHAUS_INST/12149779800001831">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 4월 1일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Physiology+%26+Behavior&amp;rft.atitle=Do+non-nutritive+sweeteners+influence+acute+glucose+homeostasis+in+humans%3F+A+systematic+review&amp;rft.volume=182&amp;rft.pages=17-26&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28939430&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38764657&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2017.09.016&amp;rft.aulast=Tucker&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+M.&amp;rft.au=Tan%2C+S.+Y.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fap01.alma.exlibrisgroup.com%2Fview%2Fdelivery%2F61USOUTHAUS_INST%2F12149779800001831&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">La Fleur, S. E.; Fliers, E.; Kalsbeek, A. (2014). &#12296;Neuroscience of glucose homeostasis&#12297;. &#12298;Diabetes and the Nervous System&#12299;. Handbook of Clinical Neurology <b>126</b>. 341–351쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-444-53480-4.00026-6">10.1016/B978-0-444-53480-4.00026-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/9780444534804" title="특수:책찾기/9780444534804"><bdi>9780444534804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25410233">25410233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Neuroscience+of+glucose+homeostasis&amp;rft.btitle=Diabetes+and+the+Nervous+System&amp;rft.series=Handbook+of+Clinical+Neurology&amp;rft.pages=341-351&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25410233&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-444-53480-4.00026-6&amp;rft.isbn=9780444534804&amp;rft.aulast=La+Fleur&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+E.&amp;rft.au=Fliers%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Kalsbeek%2C+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bisschop, P. H.; Fliers, E.; Kalsbeek, A. (2015). &#8220;Autonomic regulation of hepatic glucose production&#8221;. &#12298;Comprehensive Physiology&#12299; <b>5</b> (1): 147–165. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fcphy.c140009">10.1002/cphy.c140009</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589267">25589267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Comprehensive+Physiology&amp;rft.atitle=Autonomic+regulation+of+hepatic+glucose+production&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=147-165&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcphy.c140009&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25589267&amp;rft.aulast=Bisschop&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+H.&amp;rft.au=Fliers%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Kalsbeek%2C+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. A. Scherbaum, B. M. Lobnig, In: Hans-Peter Wolff, Thomas R. Weihrauch: <i>Internistische Therapie 2006, 2007</i>. 16th Edition. Elsevier, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/3-437-23182-0" title="특수:책찾기/3-437-23182-0">3-437-23182-0</a>, p.&#160;927, 985 <b><span style="color: #555; font-size: smaller;" title="언어: 독일어">(독일어)</span></b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Harper_122-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold A. Harper: <i>Medizinische Biochemie</i>. Springer-Verlag, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-3-662-22150-1" title="특수:책찾기/978-3-662-22150-1">978-3-662-22150-1</a>, p.&#160;294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Clarke, S. F.; Foster, J. R. (2012). &#8220;A history of blood glucose meters and their role in self-monitoring of diabetes mellitus&#8221;. &#12298;British Journal of Biomedical Science&#12299; <b>69</b> (2): 83–93. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="무료로 이용 가능"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.468.2196">10.1.1.468.2196</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F09674845.2012.12002443">10.1080/09674845.2012.12002443</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22872934">22872934</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34263228">34263228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Biomedical+Science&amp;rft.atitle=A+history+of+blood+glucose+meters+and+their+role+in+self-monitoring+of+diabetes+mellitus&amp;rft.volume=69&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=83-93&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.468.2196&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22872934&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34263228&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09674845.2012.12002443&amp;rft.aulast=Clarke&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+F.&amp;rft.au=Foster%2C+J.+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728020224/http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diagnosis/">&#8220;Diagnosing Diabetes and Learning About Prediabetes&#8221;</a>. &#12298;American Diabetes Association&#12299; (영어). 2017년 7월 28일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diagnosis/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2018년 2월 20일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Diabetes+Association&amp;rft.atitle=Diagnosing+Diabetes+and+Learning+About+Prediabetes&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diabetes.org%2Fdiabetes-basics%2Fdiagnosis%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey_366-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_366_125-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_366_125-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard A. Harvey, Denise R. Ferrier: <i>Biochemistry</i>. 5th Edition, Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-608-31412-6" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-608-31412-6">978-1-608-31412-6</a>, p.&#160;366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Satyarayana_508-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Satyarayana_508_126-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Satyarayana_508_126-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">U Satyanarayana: <i>Biochemistry</i>. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-8-131-23713-7" title="특수:책찾기/978-8-131-23713-7">978-8-131-23713-7</a>, p.&#160;508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Holt, S. H.; Miller, J. C.; Petocz, P. (1997). &#8220;An insulin index of foods: The insulin demand generated by 1000-kJ portions of common foods&#8221;. &#12298;The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition&#12299; <b>66</b> (5): 1264–1276. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F66.5.1264">10.1093/ajcn/66.5.1264</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9356547">9356547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&amp;rft.atitle=An+insulin+index+of+foods%3A+The+insulin+demand+generated+by+1000-kJ+portions+of+common+foods&amp;rft.volume=66&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1264-1276&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fajcn%2F66.5.1264&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9356547&amp;rft.aulast=Holt&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+H.&amp;rft.au=Miller%2C+J.+C.&amp;rft.au=Petocz%2C+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Löffler/Petrides_27-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_27_128-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Löffler/Petrides_27_128-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter C. Heinrich: <i>Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie.</i> Springer-Verlag, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-3-642-17972-3" title="특수:책찾기/978-3-642-17972-3">978-3-642-17972-3</a>, p.&#160;27. <b><span style="color: #555; font-size: smaller;" title="언어: 독일어">(독일어)</span></b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-129">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Röder PV, Wu B, Liu Y, Han W (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892884">&#8220;Pancreatic Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Exp. Mol. Med.&#12299; <b>48</b> (3, March): e219–. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Femm.2016.6">10.1038/emm.2016.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892884">4892884</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26964835">26964835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Exp.+Mol.+Med.&amp;rft.atitle=Pancreatic+Regulation+of+Glucose+Homeostasis&amp;rft.volume=48&amp;rft.issue=3%2C+March&amp;rft.pages=e219-&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4892884&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26964835&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Femm.2016.6&amp;rft.aulast=R%C3%B6der&amp;rft.aufirst=PV&amp;rft.au=Wu%2C+B&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C+Y&amp;rft.au=Han%2C+W&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4892884&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Estela, Carlos (2011) "Blood Glucose Levels," Undergraduate Journal of Mathematical Modeling: One + Two: Vol. 3: Iss. 2, Article 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170130010758/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/carbohydrates-and-blood-sugar/">&#8220;Carbohydrates and Blood Sugar&#8221;</a>. &#12298;The Nutrition Source&#12299; (미국 영어). 2013년 8월 5일. 2017년 1월 30일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/carbohydrates-and-blood-sugar/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2017년 1월 30일에 확인함</span> &#8211; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health 경유.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Nutrition+Source&amp;rft.atitle=Carbohydrates+and+Blood+Sugar&amp;rft.date=2013-08-05&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsph.harvard.edu%2Fnutritionsource%2Fcarbohydrates%2Fcarbohydrates-and-blood-sugar%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Venditti, Alessandro; Frezza, Claudio; Vincenti, Flaminia; Brodella, Antonia; Sciubba, Fabio; Montesano, Camilla; Franceschin, Marco; Sergi, Manuel; Foddai, Sebastiano; Di Cocco, Maria Enrica; Curini, Roberta (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.11.012">&#8220;A syn-ent-labdadiene derivative with a rare spiro-β-lactone function from the male cones of Wollemia nobilis&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Phytochemistry&#12299; <b>158</b>: 91–95. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2018.11.012">10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.11.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9422">0031-9422</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30481664">30481664</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53757166">53757166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&amp;rft.atitle=A+syn-ent-labdadiene+derivative+with+a+rare+spiro-%CE%B2-lactone+function+from+the+male+cones+of+Wollemia+nobilis&amp;rft.volume=158&amp;rft.pages=91-95&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53757166&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30481664&amp;rft.issn=0031-9422&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2018.11.012&amp;rft.aulast=Venditti&amp;rft.aufirst=Alessandro&amp;rft.au=Frezza%2C+Claudio&amp;rft.au=Vincenti%2C+Flaminia&amp;rft.au=Brodella%2C+Antonia&amp;rft.au=Sciubba%2C+Fabio&amp;rft.au=Montesano%2C+Camilla&amp;rft.au=Franceschin%2C+Marco&amp;rft.au=Sergi%2C+Manuel&amp;rft.au=Foddai%2C+Sebastiano&amp;rft.au=Di+Cocco%2C+Maria+Enrica&amp;rft.au=Curini%2C+Roberta&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2018.11.012&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lei, Yu; Shi, She-Po; Song, Yue-Lin; Bi, Dan; Tu, Peng-Fei (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201300155">&#8220;Triterpene Saponins from the Roots of <i>Ilex asprella</i>&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity&#12299; <b>11</b> (5): 767–775. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fcbdv.201300155">10.1002/cbdv.201300155</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1612-1872">1612-1872</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24827686">24827686</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40353516">40353516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemistry+%26+Biodiversity&amp;rft.atitle=Triterpene+Saponins+from+the+Roots+of+Ilex+asprella&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=767-775&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40353516&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24827686&amp;rft.issn=1612-1872&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcbdv.201300155&amp;rft.aulast=Lei&amp;rft.aufirst=Yu&amp;rft.au=Shi%2C+She-Po&amp;rft.au=Song%2C+Yue-Lin&amp;rft.au=Bi%2C+Dan&amp;rft.au=Tu%2C+Peng-Fei&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%2Fcbdv.201300155&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBalanBalsChundawatMarshall2009" class="citation">Balan, Venkatesh; Bals, Bryan; Chundawat, Shishir P. S.; Marshall, Derek; Dale, Bruce E. (2009), &#12296;Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment Using AFEX&#12297;, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-214-8_5">&#12298;Biofuels&#12299;</a>, Methods in Molecular Biology <b>581</b>, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 61–77쪽, <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009biof.book...61B">2009biof.book...61B</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-60761-214-8_5">10.1007/978-1-60761-214-8_5</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-60761-213-1" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-60761-213-1"><bdi>978-1-60761-213-1</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19768616">19768616</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, 2021년 11월 11일에 확인함</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Lignocellulosic+Biomass+Pretreatment+Using+AFEX&amp;rft.btitle=Biofuels&amp;rft.place=Totowa%2C+NJ&amp;rft.series=Methods+in+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.pages=61-77&amp;rft.pub=Humana+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-60761-214-8_5&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19768616&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009biof.book...61B&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-60761-213-1&amp;rft.aulast=Balan&amp;rft.aufirst=Venkatesh&amp;rft.au=Bals%2C+Bryan&amp;rft.au=Chundawat%2C+Shishir+P.+S.&amp;rft.au=Marshall%2C+Derek&amp;rft.au=Dale%2C+Bruce+E.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-1-60761-214-8_5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.nal.usda.gov-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-www.nal.usda.gov_135-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/index.html">&#8220;FoodData Central&#8221;</a>. &#12298;fdc.nal.usda.gov&#12299;.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=fdc.nal.usda.gov&amp;rft.atitle=FoodData+Central&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdc.nal.usda.gov%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fellows-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fellows_137-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fellows_137-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fellows_137-2">다</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fellows_137-3">라</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fellows_137-4">마</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fellows_137-5">바</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fellows_137-6">사</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fellows_137-7">아</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fellows_137-8">자</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">P. J. Fellows: <i>Food Processing Technology. Woodhead Publishing</i>, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-081-00523-1" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-081-00523-1">978-0-081-00523-1</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann_48-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_48_138-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_48_138-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Becker, Dietmar Breithaupt, Horst Werner Doelle, Armin Fiechter, Günther Schlegel, Sakayu Shimizu, Hideaki Yamada: <i>Biotechnology</i>, in: <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>, 7th Edition, Wiley-VCH, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-3-527-32943-4" title="특수:책찾기/978-3-527-32943-4">978-3-527-32943-4</a>. Volume 6, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ResSoc-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ResSoc_139-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ResSoc_139-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ResSoc_139-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">The Amylase Research Society of Japan: <i>Handbook of Amylases and Related Enzymes.</i> Elsevier, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-483-29939-6" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-483-29939-6">978-1-483-29939-6</a>, p.&#160;195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madsen-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Madsen_140-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Madsen, G. B.; Norman, B. E.; Slott, S. (1973). &#8220;A New, Heat Stable Bacterial Amylase and its Use in High Temperature Liquefaction&#8221;. &#12298;Starch – Stärke&#12299; <b>25</b> (9): 304–308. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fstar.19730250906">10.1002/star.19730250906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Starch+%E2%80%93+St%C3%A4rke&amp;rft.atitle=A+New%2C+Heat+Stable+Bacterial+Amylase+and+its+Use+in+High+Temperature+Liquefaction&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=304-308&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fstar.19730250906&amp;rft.aulast=Madsen&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+B.&amp;rft.au=Norman%2C+B.+E.&amp;rft.au=Slott%2C+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Norman_141-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Norman, B. E. (1982). &#8220;A Novel Debranching Enzyme for Application in the Glucose Syrup Industry&#8221;. &#12298;Starch – Stärke&#12299; <b>34</b> (10): 340–346. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fstar.19820341005">10.1002/star.19820341005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Starch+%E2%80%93+St%C3%A4rke&amp;rft.atitle=A+Novel+Debranching+Enzyme+for+Application+in+the+Glucose+Syrup+Industry&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=340-346&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fstar.19820341005&amp;rft.aulast=Norman&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">James N. BeMiller, Roy L. Whistler (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=008092655X">&#12298;Starch: Chemistry and Technology&#12299;</a>. Food Science and Technology 3판. New York: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0080926551" title="특수:책찾기/978-0080926551"><bdi>978-0080926551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Starch%3A+Chemistry+and+Technology&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.series=Food+Science+and+Technology&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0080926551&amp;rft.au=James+N.+BeMiller%2C+Roy+L.+Whistler&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D008092655X&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">BeMiller, James N.; Whistler, Roy L., 편집. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=008092655X">&#12298;Starch: Chemistry and Technology&#12299;</a>. Food Science and Technology 3판. New York: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0080926551" title="특수:책찾기/978-0080926551"><bdi>978-0080926551</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 2016년 11월 25일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Starch%3A+Chemistry+and+Technology&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.series=Food+Science+and+Technology&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0080926551&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D008092655X&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Davidson: <i>Oxford Companion to Food</i> (1999). "Mizuame", p.&#160;510 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-19-211579-0" title="특수:책찾기/0-19-211579-0">0-19-211579-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_145-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Davidson: <i>The Oxford Companion to Food</i>. OUP Oxford, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-191-04072-6" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-191-04072-6">978-0-191-04072-6</a>, p.&#160;527.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718233541/http://food.oregonstate.edu/learn/sugar.html">&#8220;Sugar&#8221;</a>. Learning, Food Resources. &#12298;food.oregonstate.edu&#12299;. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 2012년 5월 23일. 2011년 7월 18일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://food.oregonstate.edu/learn/sugar.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2018년 6월 28일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=food.oregonstate.edu&amp;rft.atitle=Sugar&amp;rft.date=2012-05-23&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffood.oregonstate.edu%2Flearn%2Fsugar.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fda2014-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fda2014_147-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125013538/https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm324856.htm">&#8220;High Fructose Corn Syrup: Questions and Answers&#8221;</a>. US Food and Drug Administration. 2014년 11월 5일. 2018년 1월 25일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm324856.htm">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2017년 12월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=High+Fructose+Corn+Syrup%3A+Questions+and+Answers&amp;rft.pub=US+Food+and+Drug+Administration&amp;rft.date=2014-11-05&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FFood%2FIngredientsPackagingLabeling%2FFoodAdditivesIngredients%2Fucm324856.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Pang: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629002034/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002076071_coke29.html"><i>Mexican Coke a hit in U.S.</i></a> In: <i>Seattle Times</i>, October 29, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckett-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beckett_149-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve T. Beckett: <i>Beckett's Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use</i>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-118-78014-5" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-118-78014-5">978-1-118-78014-5</a>, p.&#160;82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kent-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kent_150-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James A. Kent: <i>Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry</i>. Springer Science &amp; Business Media, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-475-76431-4" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-475-76431-4">978-1-475-76431-4</a>, p.&#160;938.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-151">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Datan E, Minn I, Peng X, He QL, Ahn H, Yu B, Pomper MG, Liu JO (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7509213">&#8220;A Glucose-Triptolide Conjugate Selectively Targets Cancer Cells under Hypoxia&#8221;</a>. &#12298;iScience&#12299; <b>23</b> (9): 101536. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020iSci...23j1536D">2020iSci...23j1536D</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.isci.2020.101536">10.1016/j.isci.2020.101536</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7509213">7509213</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33083765">33083765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=iScience&amp;rft.atitle=A+Glucose-Triptolide+Conjugate+Selectively+Targets+Cancer+Cells+under+Hypoxia&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=101536&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7509213&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33083765&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.isci.2020.101536&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020iSci...23j1536D&amp;rft.aulast=Datan&amp;rft.aufirst=E&amp;rft.au=Minn%2C+I&amp;rft.au=Peng%2C+X&amp;rft.au=He%2C+QL&amp;rft.au=Ahn%2C+H&amp;rft.au=Yu%2C+B&amp;rft.au=Pomper%2C+MG&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C+JO&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7509213&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-152">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Goodwin, Matthew L.; Gladden, L. Bruce; Nijsten, Maarten W. N. (2020년 9월 3일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7497796">&#8220;Lactate-Protected Hypoglycemia (LPH)&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Frontiers in Neuroscience&#12299; <b>14</b>: 920. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnins.2020.00920">10.3389/fnins.2020.00920</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1662-453X">1662-453X</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7497796">7497796</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33013305">33013305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroscience&amp;rft.atitle=Lactate-Protected+Hypoglycemia+%28LPH%29&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.pages=920&amp;rft.date=2020-09-03&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7497796&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33013305&amp;rft.issn=1662-453X&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnins.2020.00920&amp;rft.aulast=Goodwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew+L.&amp;rft.au=Gladden%2C+L.+Bruce&amp;rft.au=Nijsten%2C+Maarten+W.+N.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7497796&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fehling-Harn-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fehling-Harn_153-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Fehling: <i>Quantitative Bestimmung des Zuckers im Harn</i>. In: <i>Archiv für physiologische Heilkunde</i> (1848), volume 7, p.&#160;64–73 (in German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-154">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Tollens: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112025692838;view=1up;seq=535"><i>Über ammon-alkalische Silberlösung als Reagens auf Aldehyd</i></a>. In <i>Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft</i> (1882), volume 15, p. 1635–1639 (in German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barfoed-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-barfoed_155-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Barfoed, C. (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1594255">&#8220;Ueber die Nachweisung des Traubenzuckers neben Dextrin und verwandten Körpern&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie&#12299; (독일어) <b>12</b>: 27–32. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01462957">10.1007/BF01462957</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95749674">95749674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Analytische+Chemie&amp;rft.atitle=Ueber+die+Nachweisung+des+Traubenzuckers+neben+Dextrin+und+verwandten+K%C3%B6rpern&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.pages=27-32&amp;rft.date=1873&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01462957&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A95749674&amp;rft.aulast=Barfoed&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1594255&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-156">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Emil Nylander: <i>Über alkalische Wismuthlösung als Reagens auf Traubenzucker im Harne</i>, Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie. Volume 8, Issue 3, 1884, p.&#160;175–185 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle/j$002fbchm1.1884.8.issue-3$002fbchm1.1884.8.3.175$002fbchm1.1884.8.3.175.xml">Abstract</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213720/http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle/j$002fbchm1.1884.8.issue-3$002fbchm1.1884.8.3.175$002fbchm1.1884.8.3.175.xml">보관됨</a> 2015-09-23 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a> (in German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwedt_102-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schwedt_102_157-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schwedt_102_157-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schwedt_102_157-2">다</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schwedt_102_157-3">라</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schwedt_102_157-4">마</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schwedt_102_157-5">바</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schwedt_102_157-6">사</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schwedt_102_157-7">아</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schwedt_102_157-8">자</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Schwedt: <i>Zuckersüße Chemie</i>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-3-527-66001-8" title="특수:책찾기/978-3-527-66001-8">978-3-527-66001-8</a>, p.&#160;102 (in German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-purpuled-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-purpuled_158-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-purpuled_158-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zhang Q, Zhao G, Yang N, Zhang L (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318215010/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1877117319300158?via%3Dihub">&#12296;Fasting blood glucose levels in patients with different types of diseases&#12297;</a>. &#12298;Glycans and Glycosaminoglycans as Clinical Biomarkers and Therapeutics - Part A&#12299;. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science <b>162</b>. 277–292쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.pmbts.2019.01.004">10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.01.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-12-817738-9" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-12-817738-9"><bdi>978-0-12-817738-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30905457">30905457</a>. 2024년 3월 18일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.01.004">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 3월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Fasting+blood+glucose+levels+in+patients+with+different+types+of+diseases&amp;rft.btitle=Glycans+and+Glycosaminoglycans+as+Clinical+Biomarkers+and+Therapeutics+-+Part+A&amp;rft.series=Progress+in+Molecular+Biology+and+Translational+Science&amp;rft.pages=277-292&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30905457&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fbs.pmbts.2019.01.004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-817738-9&amp;rft.aulast=Zhang&amp;rft.aufirst=Q&amp;rft.au=Zhao%2C+G&amp;rft.au=Yang%2C+N&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+L&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fbs.pmbts.2019.01.004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-159">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Trinder, P. (1969). &#8220;Determination of Glucose in Blood Using Glucose Oxidase with an Alternative Oxygen Acceptor&#8221;. &#12298;Annals of Clinical Biochemistry&#12299; <b>6</b>: 24–27. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F000456326900600108">10.1177/000456326900600108</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58131350">58131350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Clinical+Biochemistry&amp;rft.atitle=Determination+of+Glucose+in+Blood+Using+Glucose+Oxidase+with+an+Alternative+Oxygen+Acceptor&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.pages=24-27&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000456326900600108&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58131350&amp;rft.aulast=Trinder&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-160">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mizoguchi, Makoto; Ishiyama, Munetaka; Shiga, Masanobu (1998). &#8220;Water-soluble chromogenic reagent for colorimetric detection of hydrogen peroxide—an alternative to 4-aminoantipyrine working at a long wavelength&#8221;. &#12298;Analytical Communications&#12299; <b>35</b> (2): 71–74. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039%2FA709038B">10.1039/A709038B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Analytical+Communications&amp;rft.atitle=Water-soluble+chromogenic+reagent+for+colorimetric+detection+of+hydrogen+peroxide%E2%80%94an+alternative+to+4-aminoantipyrine+working+at+a+long+wavelength&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=71-74&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FA709038B&amp;rft.aulast=Mizoguchi&amp;rft.aufirst=Makoto&amp;rft.au=Ishiyama%2C+Munetaka&amp;rft.au=Shiga%2C+Masanobu&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-161">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wang, J. (2008). &#8220;Electrochemical glucose biosensors&#8221;. &#12298;Chemical Reviews&#12299; <b>108</b> (2): 814–825. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr068123a">10.1021/cr068123a</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18154363">18154363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=Electrochemical+glucose+biosensors&amp;rft.volume=108&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=814-825&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr068123a&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18154363&amp;rft.aulast=Wang&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-162">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Chen, X.; Chen, J.; Deng, C.; Xiao, C.; Yang, Y.; Nie, Z.; Yao, S. (2008). &#8220;Amperometric glucose biosensor based on boron-doped carbon nanotubes modified electrode&#8221;. &#12298;Talanta&#12299; <b>76</b> (4): 763–767. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.talanta.2008.04.023">10.1016/j.talanta.2008.04.023</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18656655">18656655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Talanta&amp;rft.atitle=Amperometric+glucose+biosensor+based+on+boron-doped+carbon+nanotubes+modified+electrode&amp;rft.volume=76&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=763-767&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.talanta.2008.04.023&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18656655&amp;rft.aulast=Chen&amp;rft.aufirst=X.&amp;rft.au=Chen%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Deng%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Xiao%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Yang%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Nie%2C+Z.&amp;rft.au=Yao%2C+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-163">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wang, Guangfeng; Wei, Yan; Zhang, Wei; Zhang, Xiaojun; Fang, Bin; Wang, Lun (2010). &#8220;Enzyme-free amperometric sensing of glucose using Cu-CuO nanowire composites&#8221;. &#12298;Microchimica Acta&#12299; <b>168</b> (1–2): 87–92. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00604-009-0260-1">10.1007/s00604-009-0260-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98567636">98567636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Microchimica+Acta&amp;rft.atitle=Enzyme-free+amperometric+sensing+of+glucose+using+Cu-CuO+nanowire+composites&amp;rft.volume=168&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&amp;rft.pages=87-92&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00604-009-0260-1&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98567636&amp;rft.aulast=Wang&amp;rft.aufirst=Guangfeng&amp;rft.au=Wei%2C+Yan&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Wei&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xiaojun&amp;rft.au=Fang%2C+Bin&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+Lun&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-164">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ohara, T. J.; Rajagopalan, R.; Heller, A. (1994). &#8220;<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Wired" enzyme electrodes for amperometric determination of glucose or lactate in the presence of interfering substances&#8221;. &#12298;Analytical Chemistry&#12299; <b>66</b> (15): 2451–2457. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fac00087a008">10.1021/ac00087a008</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8092486">8092486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Analytical+Chemistry&amp;rft.atitle=%22Wired%22+enzyme+electrodes+for+amperometric+determination+of+glucose+or+lactate+in+the+presence+of+interfering+substances&amp;rft.volume=66&amp;rft.issue=15&amp;rft.pages=2451-2457&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fac00087a008&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8092486&amp;rft.aulast=Ohara&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+J.&amp;rft.au=Rajagopalan%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Heller%2C+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borisov-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Borisov_165-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Borisov_165-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Borisov, S. M.; Wolfbeis, O. S. (2008). &#8220;Optical biosensors&#8221;. &#12298;Chemical Reviews&#12299; <b>108</b> (2): 423–461. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr068105t">10.1021/cr068105t</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18229952">18229952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=Optical+biosensors&amp;rft.volume=108&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=423-461&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr068105t&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18229952&amp;rft.aulast=Borisov&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+M.&amp;rft.au=Wolfbeis%2C+O.+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-166">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ferri, S.; Kojima, K.; Sode, K. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3208862">&#8220;Review of glucose oxidases and glucose dehydrogenases: A bird's eye view of glucose sensing enzymes&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology&#12299; <b>5</b> (5): 1068–76. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F193229681100500507">10.1177/193229681100500507</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3208862">3208862</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22027299">22027299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Diabetes+Science+and+Technology&amp;rft.atitle=Review+of+glucose+oxidases+and+glucose+dehydrogenases%3A+A+bird%27s+eye+view+of+glucose+sensing+enzymes&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1068-76&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3208862&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22027299&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F193229681100500507&amp;rft.aulast=Ferri&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Kojima%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Sode%2C+K.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3208862&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-167">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mader, Heike S.; Wolfbeis, Otto S. (2008). &#8220;Boronic acid based probes for microdetermination of saccharides and glycosylated biomolecules&#8221;. &#12298;Microchimica Acta&#12299; <b>162</b> (1–2): 1–34. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00604-008-0947-8">10.1007/s00604-008-0947-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96768832">96768832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Microchimica+Acta&amp;rft.atitle=Boronic+acid+based+probes+for+microdetermination+of+saccharides+and+glycosylated+biomolecules&amp;rft.volume=162&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&amp;rft.pages=1-34&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00604-008-0947-8&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96768832&amp;rft.aulast=Mader&amp;rft.aufirst=Heike+S.&amp;rft.au=Wolfbeis%2C+Otto+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-168">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wolfbeis, Otto S.; Oehme, Ines; Papkovskaya, Natalya; Klimant, Ingo (2000). &#8220;Sol–gel based glucose biosensors employing optical oxygen transducers, and a method for compensating for variable oxygen background&#8221;. &#12298;Biosensors and Bioelectronics&#12299; <b>15</b> (1–2): 69–76. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0956-5663%2899%2900073-1">10.1016/S0956-5663(99)00073-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10826645">10826645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biosensors+and+Bioelectronics&amp;rft.atitle=Sol%E2%80%93gel+based+glucose+biosensors+employing+optical+oxygen+transducers%2C+and+a+method+for+compensating+for+variable+oxygen+background&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&amp;rft.pages=69-76&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0956-5663%2899%2900073-1&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10826645&amp;rft.aulast=Wolfbeis&amp;rft.aufirst=Otto+S.&amp;rft.au=Oehme%2C+Ines&amp;rft.au=Papkovskaya%2C+Natalya&amp;rft.au=Klimant%2C+Ingo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galant-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Galant_169-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Galant_169-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Galant, A. L.; Kaufman, R. C.; Wilson, J. D. (2015). &#8220;Glucose: Detection and analysis&#8221;. &#12298;Food Chemistry&#12299; <b>188</b>: 149–160. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2015.04.071">10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.071</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26041177">26041177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Food+Chemistry&amp;rft.atitle=Glucose%3A+Detection+and+analysis&amp;rft.volume=188&amp;rft.pages=149-160&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2015.04.071&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26041177&amp;rft.aulast=Galant&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+L.&amp;rft.au=Kaufman%2C+R.+C.&amp;rft.au=Wilson%2C+J.+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-170">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sanz, M. L.; Sanz, J.; Martínez-Castro, I. (2004). &#8220;Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of disaccharides and trisaccharides in honey.&#8221;. &#12298;Journal of Chromatography A&#12299; <b>1059</b> (1–2): 143–148. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chroma.2004.09.095">10.1016/j.chroma.2004.09.095</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15628134">15628134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography+A&amp;rft.atitle=Gas+chromatographic-mass+spectrometric+method+for+the+qualitative+and+quantitative+determination+of+disaccharides+and+trisaccharides+in+honey.&amp;rft.volume=1059&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&amp;rft.pages=143-148&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chroma.2004.09.095&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15628134&amp;rft.aulast=Sanz&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+L.&amp;rft.au=Sanz%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Castro%2C+I.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mpg-210190-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mpg-210190_171-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology in Golm Database (2007년 7월 19일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909000409/http://gmd.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/Spectrums/8dee81a1-8d98-4a73-b55d-9de42f10e190.aspx">&#8220;Glucose mass spectrum&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Golm Metabolome Database&#12299;. 2018년 9월 9일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gmd.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/Spectrums/8dee81a1-8d98-4a73-b55d-9de42f10e190.aspx">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2018년 6월 4일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Golm+Metabolome+Database&amp;rft.atitle=Glucose+mass+spectrum&amp;rft.date=2007-07-19&amp;rft.au=Max+Planck+Institute+of+Molecular+Plant+Physiology+in+Golm+Database&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgmd.mpimp-golm.mpg.de%2FSpectrums%2F8dee81a1-8d98-4a73-b55d-9de42f10e190.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-172">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cabañero, A. I.; Recio, J. L.; Rupérez, M. (2006). &#8220;Liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry: a new perspective on honey adulteration detection.&#8221;. &#12298;J Agric Food Chem&#12299; <b>54</b> (26): 9719–9727. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf062067x">10.1021/jf062067x</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17177492">17177492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Agric+Food+Chem&amp;rft.atitle=Liquid+chromatography+coupled+to+isotope+ratio+mass+spectrometry%3A+a+new+perspective+on+honey+adulteration+detection.&amp;rft.volume=54&amp;rft.issue=26&amp;rft.pages=9719-9727&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf062067x&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17177492&amp;rft.aulast=Caba%C3%B1ero&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+I.&amp;rft.au=Recio%2C+J.+L.&amp;rft.au=Rup%C3%A9rez%2C+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-173">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Becker, M.; Liebner, F.; Rosenau, T.; Potthast, A. (2013). &#8220;Ethoximation-silylation approach for mono- and disaccharide analysis and characterization of their identification parameters by GC/MS&#8221;. &#12298;Talanta&#12299; <b>115</b>: 642–51. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.talanta.2013.05.052">10.1016/j.talanta.2013.05.052</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24054643">24054643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Talanta&amp;rft.atitle=Ethoximation-silylation+approach+for+mono-+and+disaccharide+analysis+and+characterization+of+their+identification+parameters+by+GC%2FMS&amp;rft.volume=115&amp;rft.pages=642-51&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.talanta.2013.05.052&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24054643&amp;rft.aulast=Becker&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.au=Liebner%2C+F.&amp;rft.au=Rosenau%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Potthast%2C+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gdch-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gdch_174-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdch.de/strukturen/fg/nuklear/posi2.pdf">wayback=20100331071121 <i>Anlagen zum Positionspapier der Fachgruppe Nuklearchemie</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100331071121/http://www.gdch.de/strukturen/fg/nuklear/posi2.pdf">보관됨</a> 2010-03-31 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>, February 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-175">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Maschauer, S.; Prante, O. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4058687">&#8220;Sweetening pharmaceutical radiochemistry by (18)f-fluoroglycosylation: A short review&#8221;</a>. &#12298;BioMed Research International&#12299; <b>2014</b>: 1–16. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F214748">10.1155/2014/214748</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4058687">4058687</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24991541">24991541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BioMed+Research+International&amp;rft.atitle=Sweetening+pharmaceutical+radiochemistry+by+%2818%29f-fluoroglycosylation%3A+A+short+review&amp;rft.volume=2014&amp;rft.pages=1-16&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4058687&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24991541&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2014%2F214748&amp;rft.aulast=Maschauer&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Prante%2C+O.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4058687&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480479">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0" title="글리코젠">글리코젠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%B1%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%80" title="덱스트란">덱스트란</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36429174"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="해당과정" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311309"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%ED%95%B4%EB%8B%B9%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="틀:해당과정"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%ED%95%B4%EB%8B%B9%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="틀토론:해당과정"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%ED%95%B4%EB%8B%B9%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="특수:문서편집/틀:해당과정"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="해당과정" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%8B%B9%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="해당과정">해당과정</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">물질</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a> → <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9_6-%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="포도당 6-인산">포도당 6-인산</a> → <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9_6-%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="과당 6-인산">과당 6-인산</a> → <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9_1,6-%EC%9D%B4%EC%A4%91%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="과당 1,6-이중인산">과당 1,6-이중인산</a> → <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%95%8C%EB%8D%B0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_3-%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="글리세르알데하이드 3-인산">글리세르알데하이드 3-인산</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9D%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%86%A4_%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="다이하이드록시아세톤 인산">다이하이드록시아세톤 인산</a> → <a href="/wiki/1,3-%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0" title="1,3-비스포스포글리세르산">1,3-비스포스포글리세르산</a> → <a href="/wiki/3-%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0" title="3-포스포글리세르산">3-포스포글리세르산</a> → <a href="/wiki/2-%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0" title="2-포스포글리세르산">2-포스포글리세르산</a> → <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EC%97%94%EC%98%AC%ED%94%BC%EB%A3%A8%EB%B8%8C%EC%82%B0" title="포스포엔올피루브산">포스포엔올피루브산</a> → <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%A3%A8%EB%B8%8C%EC%82%B0" title="피루브산">피루브산</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" title="효소">효소</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A5%EC%86%8C%ED%82%A4%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="헥소키네이스">헥소키네이스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9_6-%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0_%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%ED%99%94%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" title="포도당 6-인산 이성질화효소">포도당 6-인산 이성질화효소</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%ED%94%84%EB%9F%AD%ED%86%A0%ED%82%A4%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4-1" title="포스포프럭토키네이스-1">포스포프럭토키네이스-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8F%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="알돌레이스">알돌레이스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0_%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%ED%99%94%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" title="트라이오스 인산 이성질화효소">삼탄당 인산 이성질화효소</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%95%8C%EB%8D%B0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_3-%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0_%ED%83%88%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" title="글리세르알데하이드 3-인산 탈수소효소">글리세르알데하이드 3-인산 탈수소효소</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0_%ED%82%A4%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="포스포글리세르산 키네이스">포스포글리세르산 키네이스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0_%EB%AE%A4%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="포스포글리세르산 뮤테이스">포스포글리세르산 뮤테이스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%EC%98%AC%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="엔올레이스">엔올레이스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%A3%A8%EB%B8%8C%EC%82%B0_%ED%82%A4%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="피루브산 키네이스">피루브산 키네이스</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">조절 관련</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,3-%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0" title="2,3-비스포스포글리세르산">2,3-비스포스포글리세르산</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%ED%94%84%EB%9F%AD%ED%86%A0%ED%82%A4%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4-2" title="포스포프럭토키네이스-2">포스포프럭토키네이스-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9_2,6-%EC%9D%B4%EC%A4%91%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="과당 2,6-이중인산">과당 2,6-이중인산</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36429174"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="탄수화물" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311309"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="틀:탄수화물"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="틀토론:탄수화물"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="특수:문서편집/틀:탄수화물"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="탄수화물" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="탄수화물">탄수화물</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">일반</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4" title="알도스">알도스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BC%80%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="케토스">케토스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="푸라노스">푸라노스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="피라노스">피라노스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%EA%B2%B0%ED%95%A9" title="글리코사이드 결합">글리코사이드 결합</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">기하 구조</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8%EB%A8%B8" title="아노머">아노머</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%94%BC%EB%A8%B8" title="에피머">에피머</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EA%B4%91%ED%9A%8C%EC%A0%84" title="변광회전">변광회전</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="단당류">단당류</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%BC%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="삼탄당">삼탄당</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>알도트라이오스(<a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%95%8C%EB%8D%B0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="글리세르알데하이드">글리세르알데하이드</a>)</li> <li>케토트라이오스(<a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9D%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%86%A4" title="다이하이드록시아세톤">다이하이드록시아세톤</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="사탄당">사탄당</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>알도테트로스(<a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="에리트로스">에리트로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="트레오스">트레오스</a>)</li> <li>케토테트로스(<a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="에리트룰로스">에리트룰로스</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="오탄당">오탄당</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>알도펜토스(<a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="아라비노스">아라비노스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AD%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="릭소스">릭소스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="리보스">리보스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%BC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="자일로스">자일로스</a>(목당, 목재당))</li> <li>케토펜토스(<a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B6%88%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="리불로스">리불로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%BC%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="자일룰로스">자일룰로스</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EB%8B%B9" title="디옥시당">디옥시당</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="디옥시리보스">디옥시리보스</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A1%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="육탄당">육탄당</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>알도헥소스(<a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="알로스">알로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="알트로스">알트로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%9D%BD%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="갈락토스">갈락토스</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">글루코스</a>(포도당), <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="굴로스">굴로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4" title="이도스">이도스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="만노스">만노스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%88%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC)" title="탈로스 (화합물)">탈로스</a>)</li> <li>케토헥소스(<a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9F%AD%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="프럭토스">프럭토스</a>(과당), <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="프시코스">프시코스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="소르보스">소르보스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%80%EA%B0%80%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="타가토스">타가토스</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EB%8B%B9" title="디옥시당">디옥시당</a>(<a href="/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" title="푸코스">푸코스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EC%BF%A8%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="푸쿨로스">푸쿨로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%9E%8C%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="람노스">람노스</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%A0%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="칠탄당">칠탄당</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>케토헵토스(<a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%85%B8%ED%97%B5%ED%88%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="만노헵툴로스">만노헵툴로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%8F%84%ED%97%B5%ED%88%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="세도헵툴로스">세도헵툴로스</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7탄소 초과</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%94%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="팔탄당">팔탄당</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="구탄당">구탄당</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%AF%BC%EC%82%B0" title="뉴라민산">뉴라민산</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">이당류 이상</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="이당류">이당류</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="셀로비오스">셀로비오스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8C%EB%A7%90%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="아이소말토스">아이소말토스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8C%EB%A7%90%ED%88%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="아이소말툴로스">아이소말툴로스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BD%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="락토스">락토스</a>(젖당, 유당)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BD%ED%88%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%98%A4%EC%A6%88" title="락툴로오즈">락툴로오즈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%90%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="말토스">말토스</a>(엿당, 맥아당)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="수크로스">수크로스</a>(설탕, 자당)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%ED%95%A0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="트레할로스">트레할로스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="투라노스">투라노스</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="삼당류">삼당류</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%90%ED%86%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="말토트라이오스">말토트라이오스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%B9%98%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="멜레치토스">멜레치토스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%94%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="라피노스">라피노스</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="사당류">사당류</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%ED%82%A4%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="스타키오스">스타키오스</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">기타 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="올리고당류">올리고당류</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="아카보스">아카보스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9F%AD%ED%86%A0%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EB%8B%B9" title="프럭토올리고당">프럭토올리고당</a>(FOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%9D%BD%ED%86%A0%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EB%8B%B9" title="갈락토올리고당">갈락토올리고당</a>(GOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8C%EB%A7%90%ED%86%A0%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EB%8B%B9" title="아이소말토올리고당">아이소말토올리고당</a>(IMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%90%ED%86%A0%EB%8D%B1%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%B0" title="말토덱스트린">말토덱스트린</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="다당류">다당류</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%83%80%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%B9%B8" title="베타글루칸">베타글루칸</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B2%A0%ED%83%80-%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%B9%B8" title="오트 베타-글루칸">오트 베타-글루칸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A0%8C%ED%8B%B0%EB%82%9C" title="렌티난">렌티난</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%A1%B0%ED%95%84%EB%9E%80" title="시조필란">시조필란</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%AA%A8%EC%82%B0" title="지모산">지모산</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰로스">셀룰로스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%82%A4%ED%8B%B4" title="키틴">키틴</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%82%A4%ED%86%A0%EC%82%B0" title="키토산">키토산</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%B1%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%B0" title="덱스트린">덱스트린</a>(호정) / <a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%B1%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%80" title="덱스트란">덱스트란</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9F%AD%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="프럭토스">프럭토스</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9F%AD%ED%83%84" title="프럭탄">프럭탄</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%88%8C%EB%A6%B0" title="이눌린">이눌린</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%9D%BD%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="갈락토스">갈락토스</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%9D%BD%ED%83%84" title="갈락탄">갈락탄</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">글루코스</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%B9%B8" title="글루칸">글루칸</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0" title="글리코젠">글리코젠</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="헤미셀룰로스">헤미셀룰로스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EB%B0%98_%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="레반 다당류">레반 다당류</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EA%B7%B8%EB%8B%8C" title="리그닌">리그닌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%82%9C" title="만난">만난</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%99%ED%8B%B4" title="펙틴">펙틴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말">녹말</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%80%EB%A1%9C%ED%8E%99%ED%8B%B4" title="아밀로펙틴">아밀로펙틴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="아밀로스">아밀로스</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%94%ED%83%84%EA%B2%80" title="잔탄검">잔탄검</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%B2%B4%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90" title="생체분자">생체분자</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="틀:탄수화물">탄수화물</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EB%8B%B9%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88" title="틀:당단백질">당단백질</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="틀:글리코사이드">글리코사이드</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88" title="틀:지질">지질</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%B0" title="틀:지방산">지방산</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%B0_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC_%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%EB%AC%BC%EB%93%A4" title="틀:지방산 대사 중간생성물들">지방산 대사 중간생성물</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%9D%B8%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88" title="틀:인지질">인지질</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%8A%A4%ED%95%91%EA%B3%A0%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88" title="틀:스핑고지질">스핑고지질</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC_%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%EB%AC%BC%EB%93%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="틀:스테로이드 대사 중간생성물들">스테로이드</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EC%BD%94%EC%82%AC%EB%85%B8%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="틀:에이코사노이드">에이코사노이드</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88" title="틀:단백질">단백질</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EC%82%B0" title="틀:아미노산">단백질생성성 아미노산</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EC%82%B0_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC_%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%EB%AC%BC%EB%93%A4" title="틀:아미노산 대사 중간생성물들">아미노산 대사 중간생성물</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%ED%95%B5%EC%82%B0" title="틀:핵산">핵산</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%ED%95%B5%EC%97%BC%EA%B8%B0" title="틀:핵염기">구성 성분</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EB%89%B4%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC_%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%EB%AC%BC%EB%93%A4" title="틀:뉴클레오타이드 대사 중간생성물들">뉴클레오타이드 대사 중간생성물</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%ED%85%8C%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%ED%94%BC%EB%A1%A4" title="틀:테트라피롤">테트라피롤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%ED%97%B4_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC_%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%EB%AC%BC%EB%93%A4" title="틀:헴 대사 중간생성물들">헴 대사 중간생성물</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%95%8C%EC%BD%94%EC%98%AC" title="틀:알코올">알코올</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36429174"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="설탕" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311309"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%84%A4%ED%83%95" title="틀:설탕"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EC%84%A4%ED%83%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="틀토론:설탕 (없는 문서)"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%EC%84%A4%ED%83%95" title="특수:문서편집/틀:설탕"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="설탕" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%A4%ED%83%95" title="설탕">설탕</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">재료</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%ED%92%8D%EB%8B%B9" title="단풍당">단풍당</a></li> 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