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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Апошнія зьмены</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96"><span>Новыя старонкі</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Месца, каб пра ўсё даведацца"><span>Дапамога</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Вікіпэдыя" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-be_x_old.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.3125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="вольная энцыкляпэдыя" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-be_x_old.svg" width="120" height="12" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BA" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Шукаць у Вікіпэдыі [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Пошук</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Пошук у Вікіпэдыі" aria-label="Пошук у Вікіпэдыі" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Шукаць у Вікіпэдыі [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Спэцыяльныя:Пошук"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Пошук</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Асабістыя прылады"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Выгляд"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Выгляд" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Выгляд</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_be-x-old.wikipedia.org&uselang=be-tarask" class=""><span>Ахвяраваньні</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8C_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA&returnto=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мы прапануем вам стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсьці, але гэта не абавязкова" class=""><span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%83_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83&returnto=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вас запрашаюць увайсьці, хаця гэта і неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Увайсьці</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Болей парамэтраў" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Асабістыя прылады" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Асабістыя прылады</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Карыстацкае мэню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_be-x-old.wikipedia.org&uselang=be-tarask"><span>Ахвяраваньні</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8C_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA&returnto=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мы прапануем вам стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсьці, але гэта не абавязкова"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%83_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83&returnto=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вас запрашаюць увайсьці, хаця гэта і неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Увайсьці</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Старонкі для неаўтарызаваных рэдактараў <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0:%D0%A3%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" aria-label="Даведайцеся пра рэдагаваньне болей"><span>даведацца болей</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Сьпіс рэдагаваньняў, зробленых з гэтага IP-адрасу [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Унёсак</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Старонка гутарак пра рэдагаваньні, зробленыя з гэтага IP-адрасу [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Гутаркі</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Зьмест" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Зьмест</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">перанесьці ў бакавую панэль</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Пачатак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Літаратура" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Літаратура"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Літаратура</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Літаратура-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Вонкавыя_спасылкі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Вонкавыя_спасылкі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Вонкавыя спасылкі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Вонкавыя_спасылкі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Зьмест" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Схаваць/паказаць зьмест" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Схаваць/паказаць зьмест</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Тапаніміка</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Перайсьці да артыкула на іншай мове. Выбраць з: 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 моваў</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimie" title="Toponimie — афрыкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toponimie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="афрыкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%86" title="علم أسماء الأماكن — арабская" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم أسماء الأماكن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia — арагонская" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia — Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia — астурыйская" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika — азэрбайджанская" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азэрбайджанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="توپونیمیکا — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توپونیمیکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="স্থান-নাম তত্ত্ব — бэнгальская" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্থান-নাম তত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бэнгальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тапаніміка — беларуская" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тапаніміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларуская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="टोपोनिमी — Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टोपोनिमी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топонимия — баўгарская" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Топонимия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="баўгарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lec%27hanvadurezh" title="Lec'hanvadurezh — брэтонская" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lec'hanvadurezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="брэтонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C3%ADmia" title="Toponímia — каталёнская" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Toponímia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталёнская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastika" title="Toponomastika — чэская" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Toponomastika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чэская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymeg" title="Toponymeg — валійская" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Toponymeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stednavn" title="Stednavn — дацкая" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stednavn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastik" title="Toponomastik — нямецкая" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Toponomastik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C3%BC%C3%BCmika" title="Toponüümika — эстонская" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toponüümika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy — ангельская" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Toponymy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ангельская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia — гішпанская" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="гішпанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia — баскаўская" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскаўская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="جای‌نام‌شناسی — пэрсыдзкая" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جای‌نام‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="пэрсыдзкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymie" title="Toponymie — француская" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Toponymie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimy" title="Toponimy — заходняя фрыская" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Toponimy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="заходняя фрыская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia — галіцыйская" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галіцыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%AA%85%ED%95%99" title="지명학 — карэйская" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지명학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="карэйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տեղանվանաբանություն — армянская" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեղանվանաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="स्थान नामिकी — гіндзі" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्थान नामिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="гіндзі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastika" title="Toponomastika — харвацкая" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toponomastika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="харвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimi" title="Toponimi — інданэзійская" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Toponimi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="інданэзійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymia" title="Toponymia — інтэрлінгва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Toponymia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="інтэрлінгва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Топонимикæ — асэтынская" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Топонимикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="асэтынская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rnefnafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Örnefnafræði — ісьляндзкая" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Örnefnafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ісьляндзкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastica" title="Toponomastica — італьянская" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Toponomastica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="італьянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="טופונימיה — іўрыт" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טופונימיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="іўрыт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ტოპონიმიკა — грузінская" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტოპონიმიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика — казаская" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казаская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика — кыргыская" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="кыргыская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C4%ABmija" title="Toponīmija — латыская" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Toponīmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латыская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymie" title="Toponymie — люксэмбурская" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Toponymie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксэмбурская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика — лезгінская" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="лезгінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika — летувіская" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="летувіская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymie" title="Toponymie — лімбурская" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Toponymie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лімбурская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C3%ADmia" title="Toponímia — вугорская" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Toponímia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="вугорская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Топоним — македонская" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Топоним" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സ്ഥലനാമപഠനം — малаяламская" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ഥലനാമപഠനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаяламская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponim" title="Toponim — малайская" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Toponim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AA-m%C3%ACng-h%C5%8Fk" title="Dê-mìng-hŏk — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dê-mìng-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymie" title="Toponymie — нідэрляндзкая" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toponymie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нідэрляндзкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%A6" title="地名学 — японская" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地名学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymi" title="Toponymi — нарвэская (букмал)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Toponymi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="нарвэская (букмал)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadnamn" title="Stadnamn — нарвэская (нюнашк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stadnamn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нарвэская (нюнашк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia — аксытанская" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="аксытанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika — узбэцкая" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбэцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponym" title="Toponym — ніжненямецкая" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Toponym" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="ніжненямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia — польская" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C3%ADmia" title="Toponímia — партугальская" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Toponímia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="партугальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika — Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimie" title="Toponimie — румынская" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Toponimie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика — расейская" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="расейская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia — альбанская" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="альбанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastika" title="Toponomastika — славацкая" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Toponomastika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="славацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastika" title="Toponomastika — славенская" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Toponomastika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="славенская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топономастика — сэрбская" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Топономастика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сэрбская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimi" title="Toponimi — сундзкая" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Toponimi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сундзкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paikannimitutkimus" title="Paikannimitutkimus — фінская" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paikannimitutkimus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortnamnsforskning" title="Ortnamnsforskning — швэдзкая" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ortnamnsforskning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="швэдзкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="இடப்பெயர் ஆய்வு — тамільская" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடப்பெயர் ஆய்வு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамільская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ภูมินามวิทยา — тайская" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูมินามวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimi" title="Toponimi — турэцкая" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toponimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турэцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika — туркмэнская" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="туркмэнская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика — тувінская" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="тувінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топоніміка — украінская" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Топоніміка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_danh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Địa danh học — віетнамская" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Địa danh học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="віетнамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimeye" title="Toponimeye — валёнская" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Toponimeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валёнская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%A6" title="地名学 — ву" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地名学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%B8" title="地名學 — кантонская" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地名學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%A6" title="地名学 — кітайская" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地名学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кітайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q485762#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Рэдагаваць міжмоўныя спасылкі" class="wbc-editpage">Правіць спасылкі</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Прасторы назваў"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Паказаць зьмест старонкі [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Артыкул</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Абмеркаваньне зьместу старонкі (старонка не існуе) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Абмеркаваньне</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Зьмяніць варыянт мовы" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Рэжымы"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0"><span>Чытаць</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit" title="Рэдагаваць гэтую старонку [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Рэдагаваць</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit" title="Рэдагаваць крынічны тэкст гэтай старонкі [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=history" title="Мінулыя вэрсіі гэтай старонкі. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Паказаць гісторыю</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Інструмэнты" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Інструмэнты</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header 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mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Агульныя </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сьпіс усіх старонак, якія спасылаюцца на гэтую [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Спасылкі на старонку</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:RecentChangesLinked/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" rel="nofollow" title="Апошнія зьмены ў старонках, на якія спасылаецца гэтая старонка [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Зьвязаныя рэдагаваньні</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a 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для друку [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Вэрсія для друку</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> У іншых праектах </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Toponymy" hreflang="en"><span>Вікісховішча</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q485762" title="Спасылка на аб’ект у рэпазыторыі зьвестак [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Аб’ект Вікізьвестак</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Зьвесткі зь Вікіпэдыі — вольнай энцыкляпэдыі</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="be-tarask" dir="ltr"><p><b>Тапані́міка</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Грэцкая мова">па-грэцку</a>: <i><span lang="el">Τόπος (topos)</span></i> — «мясцовасьць» і <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Грэцкая мова">па-грэцку</a>: <i><span lang="el">Όνομα (onoma)</span></i> — «імя») — разьдзел <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Анамастыка">анамастыкі</a>, які вывучае назвы <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Геаграфія">геаграфічных</a> аб’ектаў. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2179389">.mw-parser-output .portal{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist notheme tright"> <ul> <li><span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Terrestrial_globe.svg/29px-Terrestrial_globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Terrestrial_globe.svg/43px-Terrestrial_globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Terrestrial_globe.svg/58px-Terrestrial_globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="312" /></span></span></span><span>Вікіпэдыя мае партал «<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Партал:Геаграфія">Геаграфія</a>»</span></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Літаратура"><span id=".D0.9B.D1.96.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Літаратура</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Рэдагаваць сэкцыю «Літаратура»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>рэдагаваць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Літаратура"><span>рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Сучасная беларуская мова: Уводзіны. Фанетыка. Фаналогія. Арфаэпія. Графіка. Арфаграфія. Лексікалогія. Лексікаграфія. Фразеалогія. Фразеаграфія: Вучэб. дапам. / Я. М. Камароўскі, В. П. Красней, У. М. Лазоўскі і інш. — 2-е выд., дапрац. і дап. — Мн. : Выш. школа, 1995. — 334 с <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:BookSources/9850600756" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 985-06-0075-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Вонкавыя_спасылкі"><span id=".D0.92.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.B2.D1.8B.D1.8F_.D1.81.D0.BF.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.8B.D0.BB.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Вонкавыя спасылкі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Рэдагаваць сэкцыю «Вонкавыя спасылкі»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>рэдагаваць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=2" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Вонкавыя спасылкі"><span>рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toponim.by/be/">Taponim.by</a></b> — мапа тапонімаў Беларусі. Пошук па ўзору зь візуалізацыяй на мапе</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Атрымана з «<a dir="ltr" href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Тапаніміка&oldid=2246917">https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Тапаніміка&oldid=2246917</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Спэцыяльныя:Катэгорыі">Катэгорыі</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Катэгорыя:Мовазнаўства">Мовазнаўства</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Катэгорыя:Тапаніміка">Тапаніміка</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Схаваная катэгорыя: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96,_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96_ISBN" title="Катэгорыя:Вікіпэдыя:Старонкі, на якіх ужытыя магічныя спасылкі ISBN">Вікіпэдыя:Старонкі, на якіх ужытыя магічныя спасылкі ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Гэтая старонка апошні раз рэдагавалася 24 жніўня 2021 году ў 14:51.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Гэты тэкст даступны на ўмовах <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.be">ліцэнзіі Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike 4.0</a>; 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