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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_War_of_1494–1495" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_War_of_1494–1495"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Italian War of 1494–1495</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_War_of_1494–1495-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_Wars_of_1499–1504" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Wars_of_1499–1504"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Italian Wars of 1499–1504</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Wars_of_1499–1504-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>War of the League of Cambrai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_War_of_1521–1526" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_War_of_1521–1526"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Italian War of 1521–1526</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_War_of_1521–1526-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_the_League_of_Cognac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>War of the League of Cognac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_the_League_of_Cognac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_War_of_1536–1538" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_War_of_1536–1538"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Italian War of 1536–1538</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_War_of_1536–1538-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_War_of_1542–1546" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_War_of_1542–1546"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Italian War of 1542–1546</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_War_of_1542–1546-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_War_of_1551–1559" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_War_of_1551–1559"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Italian War of 1551–1559</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_War_of_1551–1559-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Veterans_turned_conquistadors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterans_turned_conquistadors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Veterans turned conquistadors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterans_turned_conquistadors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cavalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cavalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artillery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artillery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Artillery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artillery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historiography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Contemporary accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Italian Wars</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحروب الإيطالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحروب الإيطالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ایتالیا ساواشلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایتالیا ساواشلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Італьянскія войны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Італьянскія войны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Италиански войни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Италиански войни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezelio%C3%B9_Italia" title="Brezelioù Italia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezelioù Italia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_d%27It%C3%A0lia" title="Guerres d'Itàlia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerres d'Itàlia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italsk%C3%A9_v%C3%A1lky" title="Italské války – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Italské války" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italienische_Kriege" title="Italienische Kriege – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Italienische Kriege" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalia_s%C3%B5jad" title="Itaalia sõjad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Itaalia sõjad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ιταλικοί Πόλεμοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιταλικοί Πόλεμοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_italianas_(1494-1559)" title="Guerras italianas (1494-1559) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerras italianas (1494-1559)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiar_Gerrak" title="Italiar Gerrak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Italiar Gerrak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جنگ‌های ایتالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ‌های ایتالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_d%27Italie" title="Guerres d'Italie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerres d'Italie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_italianas_(1494-1559)" title="Guerras italianas (1494-1559) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerras italianas (1494-1559)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="이탈리아 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이탈리아 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="इटालवी युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इटालवी युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talijanski_ratovi" title="Talijanski ratovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Talijanski ratovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Italia" title="Perang Italia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Italia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dtal%C3%ADustr%C3%AD%C3%B0in" title="Ítalíustríðin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ítalíustríðin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_d%27Italia_del_XVI_secolo" title="Guerre d'Italia del XVI secolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerre d'Italia del XVI secolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="המלחמות האיטלקיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמות האיטלקיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="იტალიური ომები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იტალიური ომები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Италия соғыстары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Италия соғыстары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italieenesch_Kricher" title="Italieenesch Kricher – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Italieenesch Kricher" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1liai_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BAk" title="Itáliai háborúk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Itáliai háborúk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Италијански војни – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Италијански војни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiaanse_Oorlogen" title="Italiaanse Oorlogen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Italiaanse Oorlogen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="イタリア戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタリア戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_italienske_kriger" title="De italienske kriger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De italienske kriger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rras_d%27It%C3%A0lia" title="Guèrras d'Itàlia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrras d'Itàlia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojny_w%C5%82oskie" title="Wojny włoskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojny włoskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_Italianas" title="Guerras Italianas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerras Italianas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboaiele_Italiene" title="Războaiele Italiene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războaiele Italiene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Итальянские войны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Итальянские войны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Italian Wars" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijanske_vojne" title="Italijanske vojne – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Italijanske vojne" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Италијански ратови – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Италијански ратови" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijanski_ratovi" title="Italijanski ratovi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Italijanski ratovi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italialaissodat" title="Italialaissodat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Italialaissodat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italienska_krigen" title="Italienska krigen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Italienska krigen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="สงครามอิตาลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามอิตาลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talya_Sava%C5%9Flar%C4%B1" title="İtalya Savaşları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İtalya Savaşları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">European conflicts from 1494–1559</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Italian War" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Italian War (disambiguation)">Italian War (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Italian Wars</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93Habsburg_rivalry" title="French–Habsburg rivalry">French–Habsburg rivalry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-French wars">Anglo-French wars</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_War_Battle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Italian_War_Battle.jpg/280px-Italian_War_Battle.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Italian_War_Battle.jpg/420px-Italian_War_Battle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Italian_War_Battle.jpg/560px-Italian_War_Battle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="5120" /></a></span><br />Left to right, top to bottom:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fornovo" title="Battle of Fornovo">Battle of Fornovo</a>, 1495</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ravenna_(1512)" title="Battle of Ravenna (1512)">Battle of Ravenna</a>, 1512</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marignano" title="Battle of Marignano">Battle of Marignano</a>, 1515</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a>, 1525</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Battle of Ceresole</a>, 1544</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">Battle of St. Quentin</a>, 1557</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1494%E2%80%931498" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1494–1498">1494–1498</a>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1499%E2%80%931504#Second_Italian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1499–1504">1499–1501</a>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1499%E2%80%931504#Third_Italian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1499–1504">1502–1504</a>; <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">1508–1516</a>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">1521–1526</a>; <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">1526–1530</a>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1536%E2%80%931538" title="Italian War of 1536–1538">1536–1538</a>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" title="Italian War of 1542–1546"> 1542–1546</a>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">1551–1559</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Primarily <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, also <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis">Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a> sovereign over the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Presidi" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Presidi">Presidi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Lorraine</a> cedes <a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Three Bishoprics</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></li> <li>France gains <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></li> <li>Independent <a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> re-established</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Florence" title="Duchy of Florence">Florence</a> annexes <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="England"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></span><small> (1526–1528)</small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a><small> (1536–1559)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Naples"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg/23px-Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg/35px-Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg/45px-Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Sicily"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/23px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/35px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/45px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="England"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></span> <small>(1496–1526; 1542–1559)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Venice"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Milan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Florence"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Florence.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Florence.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Florence.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Pisa"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Papal States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Ferrara"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/21px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/32px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/41px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Ferrara</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Genoa"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></span></li></ul> </div><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Chabot" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe de Chabot">Chabot</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gaston_of_Foix,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Gaston of Foix, Duke of Nemours">Nemours</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan"><img alt="Duchy of Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gian_Giacomo_Trivulzio" title="Gian Giacomo Trivulzio">Trivulzio</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain"><img alt="Habsburg Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_V_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand V of Spain">Ferdinand V</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain"><img alt="Habsburg Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain"><img alt="Habsburg Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England"><img alt="Kingdom of England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England"><img alt="Kingdom of England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples"><img alt="Kingdom of Naples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg/23px-Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg/35px-Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg/45px-Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Naples" title="Alfonso II of Naples">Alfonso II</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples"><img alt="Kingdom of Naples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg/23px-Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg/35px-Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg/45px-Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_of_Naples" title="Frederick of Naples">Frederick</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice"><img alt="Republic of Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_I_della_Rovere,_Duke_of_Urbino" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino">Urbino</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice"><img alt="Republic of Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gritti" title="Andrea Gritti">Andrea Gritti</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence"><img alt="Republic of Florence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Florence.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Florence.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Florence.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Cosimo I de' Medici</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan"><img alt="Duchy of Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza">Ludovico Sforza</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan"><img alt="Duchy of Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massimiliano_Sforza" class="mw-redirect" title="Massimiliano Sforza">Massimiliano Sforza</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan"><img alt="Duchy of Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Milan_%281450%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_II_Sforza" title="Francesco II Sforza">Francesco II Sforza</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States"><img alt="Papal States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States"><img alt="Papal States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Clement_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States"><img alt="Papal States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Italian_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Italian Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Italian_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Italian Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">1521–1526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1536%E2%80%931538" title="Italian War of 1536–1538">1536–1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" title="Italian War of 1542–1546">1542–1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">1551–1559</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Italian_Wars" title="List of battles of the Italian Wars"><i>Full list of battles</i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Italy" title="Category:History of Italy">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of <span class="fn org label">Italy</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old map of Italian peninsula"><img alt="Old map of Italian peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/150px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/225px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/300px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4584" data-file-height="6272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistoric Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a> (18th–3rd c. BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> (12th–6th c. BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> (8th–3rd c. BC)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman expansion in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populares" class="mw-redirect" title="Populares">Populares</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Optimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimates">Optimates</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> (27 BC–286 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> (286 AD–476 AD) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture of Italy</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer's</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 476–493</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 493–553</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 435–534</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 568–774</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Frankish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 774–962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#Imperial_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 962–1801</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Italy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantine reconquest of Italy</a> (6th–8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a> in southern Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> (14th–16th c.)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italian Wars</a> (1494–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic revival</a> (1545–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> Italy (1801–1814)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Risorgimento</a></i> (1815–1871)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy" title="Young Italy">Young Italy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy</a> (1861–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy in World War I</a> (1914–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascism</a> (1922–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy in World War II</a> (1940–1945)</li> <li>Fascist <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Partisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> (1946–<i>present</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a> (1970s–1980s) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a> (1986–1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></i> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> (2007–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a> (2014–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2020–<i>present</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railway</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline</a><br /> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Italy" title="Template:History of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Italy" title="Template talk:History of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Italian Wars</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were a series of conflicts fought between 1494 and 1559, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, but later expanding into <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. The primary belligerents were the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">Valois</a> kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, on one side, and their opponents in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a> on the other. At different points, various Italian states participated in the war, some on both sides,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with limited involvement from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, Switzerland, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Italic_League" title="Italic League">Italic League</a> established in 1454 achieved a <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> in Italy, but fell apart after the death of its chief architect, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a>, in 1492.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENigro2010175_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENigro2010175-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined with the ambition of <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza">Ludovico Sforza</a>, its collapse allowed <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII of France</a> to invade <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a> in 1494, which drew in Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Although Charles was forced to withdraw in 1495, ongoing political divisions among the Italian states made them a battleground in the struggle for European domination between France and the Habsburgs. </p><p>Fought with considerable brutality, the wars took place against the background of religious turmoil caused by the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, particularly in France and the Holy Roman Empire. They are seen as a turning point in the evolution from medieval to modern warfare, with the use of the <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebus</a> or handgun becoming common, along with significant technological improvements in siege artillery. Literate commanders and modern printing methods also make them one of the first conflicts with a significant number of contemporary accounts, including those of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Francesco Guicciardini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blaise_de_Montluc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaise de Montluc">Blaise de Montluc</a>. </p><p>After 1503, most of the fighting was initiated by French invasions of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, but although able to hold territory for periods of time, they could not do so permanently. By 1557, the growth of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> meant the major belligerents faced internal conflict over religion, forcing them to refocus on domestic affairs. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis">Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis</a>, under which France was largely expelled from Italy, but in exchange gained <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> from England, and the <a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Three Bishoprics</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>. In turn, Spain acquired sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> in southern Italy, as well the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> in northern Italy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1454_after_the_Peace_of_Lodi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Italy_1454_after_the_Peace_of_Lodi.jpg/180px-Italy_1454_after_the_Peace_of_Lodi.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Italy_1454_after_the_Peace_of_Lodi.jpg/270px-Italy_1454_after_the_Peace_of_Lodi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Italy_1454_after_the_Peace_of_Lodi.jpg/360px-Italy_1454_after_the_Peace_of_Lodi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Italy after the 1454 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Lodi">Peace of Lodi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Largely driven by the rivalry between the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>, the long-running <a href="/wiki/Wars_in_Lombardy" title="Wars in Lombardy">Wars in Lombardy</a> had finally been ended by the 1454 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lodi" title="Treaty of Lodi">Treaty of Lodi</a>. Followed shortly thereafter by a non-aggression pact known as the <a href="/wiki/Italic_League" title="Italic League">Italic League</a>, it led to a forty-year period of stability and economic expansion, marred only by the 1479 to 1481 <a href="/wiki/Pazzi_conspiracy" title="Pazzi conspiracy">Pazzi conspiracy</a> and 1482 to 1484 <a href="/wiki/War_of_Ferrara_(1482%E2%80%931484)" title="War of Ferrara (1482–1484)">War of Ferrara</a>. The League's main supporter was the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florentine</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a>, who also pursued a policy of excluding <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> from the Italian peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInalcik2000135_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInalcik2000135-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lorenzo's death in April 1492 severely weakened the League at a time when France was seeking to expand in Italy. This originated when <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XI of France">Louis XI of France</a> inherited the County of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> from his cousin <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Anjou" title="Charles IV of Anjou">Charles IV of Anjou</a> in 1481, along with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Anjou" title="House of Valois-Anjou">Angevin</a> claim to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>. His son <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a> succeeded him in 1483 and formally incorporated Provence into France in 1486; its ports of <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> provided direct access to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and thus the ability to pursue his territorial ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw20128–9_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw20128–9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Italian War">First Italian War</a>, Charles sought to secure the neutrality of other European rulers through a series of treaties. These included the November 1492 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_%C3%89taples" title="Peace of Étaples">Peace of Étaples</a> with <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a> and the March 1493 Treaty of Barcelona with <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesaffer200423_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesaffer200423-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2002150_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2002150-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_War_of_1494–1495"><span id="Italian_War_of_1494.E2.80.931495"></span>Italian War of 1494–1495</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Italian War of 1494–1495"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1494%E2%80%931495" title="Italian War of 1494–1495">Italian War of 1494–1495</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1494_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Italy_1494_AD.png/220px-Italy_1494_AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Italy_1494_AD.png/330px-Italy_1494_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Italy_1494_AD.png/440px-Italy_1494_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="1805" /></a><figcaption>Italy in 1494</figcaption></figure> <p>The war began when <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza">Ludovico Sforza</a>, then <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Milan">Regent of Milan</a>, encouraged Charles VIII of France to invade Italy, using the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Anjou" title="House of Valois-Anjou">Angevin</a> claim to the throne of Naples as a pretext. This in turn was driven by the intense rivalry between Ludovico's wife, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_d%27Este" title="Beatrice d'Este">Beatrice d'Este</a>, and that of his nephew <a href="/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza" title="Gian Galeazzo Sforza">Gian Galeazzo Sforza</a>, husband of <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Duchess_of_Milan" title="Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan">Isabella of Aragon</a>. Despite being the hereditary Duke of Milan, Gian Galeazzo had been sidelined by his uncle in 1481 and exiled to <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>. Both women wanted to ensure their children inherited the Duchy and when Isabella's father became <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Naples" title="Alfonso II of Naples">Alfonso II of Naples</a> in January 1494, she asked for his help in securing their rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorio15651029_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorio15651029-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September Charles invaded the peninsula, which he justified by claiming he wanted to use Naples as a base for a crusade against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKonstam200464_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonstam200464-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October, Ludovico formally became Duke of Milan following the death of Gian Galeazzo, who was popularly supposed to have been poisoned by his uncle,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the French marched through Italy virtually unopposed, entering <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> on 8 November, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> on 17th, and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> on 31 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201222–24_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201222–24-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles was backed by <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a>, who used the opportunity to established a short-lived theocracy in Florence, while <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> allowed his army free passage through the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1495, the French reached <a href="/wiki/Monte_San_Giovanni_Campano" title="Monte San Giovanni Campano">Monte San Giovanni Campano</a> in the Kingdom of Naples and despatched envoys to negotiate terms with its Neapolitan garrison, who murdered them and sent their mutilated bodies back to the French lines. On 9 February, the enraged besiegers breached the walls of the castle with artillery fire, then stormed it, killing everyone inside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201225_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201225-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known as the "Sack of Naples", widespread outrage within Italy allied with concern over the power of France led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Venice">League of Venice</a> on 31 March 1495, an anti-French alliance composed of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, Milan, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201227_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201227-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later joined by Florence, following the overthrow of Savonarola, the Papal States and <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Mantua">Mantua</a>, this coalition cut off Charles and his army from their bases in France. Charles' cousin, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis d'Orleans</a>, now tried to take advantage of Ludovico's change of sides to conquer Milan, which he claimed through his grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Visconti,_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans">Valentina Visconti</a>. On 11 June, he captured <a href="/wiki/Novara" title="Novara">Novara</a> when the garrison defected, and reached <a href="/wiki/Vigevano" title="Vigevano">Vigevano</a>, forty kilometres from Milan. At this crucial point, Ludovico was incapacitated either by a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> or nervous breakdown, while his unpaid soldiers were on the verge of mutiny. In his absence, his wife Beatrice d'Este took personal control of the Duchy and the siege of Novara, with Louis eventually forced to surrender in return for his freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanudo1883438,_441_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanudo1883438,_441-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorio15651095–1099_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorio15651095–1099-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having replaced <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand II of Naples">Ferdinand II of Naples</a> with a pro-French government, Charles turned north and on 6 July was intercepted by the League outside <a href="/wiki/Fornovo_di_Taro" title="Fornovo di Taro">Fornovo di Taro</a>. In the resulting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fornovo" title="Battle of Fornovo">Battle of Fornovo</a>, the French forced their opponents back across the <a href="/wiki/Taro_(river)" title="Taro (river)">Taro river</a> and continued onto <a href="/wiki/Asti" title="Asti">Asti</a>, leaving most of their supplies behind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201231_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201231-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both sides claimed victory but the general consensus favoured the French, since the League suffered heavier casualties and failed to halt their retreat, the reason for fighting in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the south, despite some <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seminara" title="Battle of Seminara">initial reverses</a>, by September 1495 Ferdinand II had regained control of his kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201232_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201232-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the French invasion achieved little, it showed the Italian states were rich and comparatively weak, making future intervention attractive to outside powers. Charles himself died on 7 April 1498, and was succeeded by the former Duke of Orleans, who became Louis XII.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner199451–53_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner199451–53-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_Wars_of_1499–1504"><span id="Italian_Wars_of_1499.E2.80.931504"></span>Italian Wars of 1499–1504</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Italian Wars of 1499–1504"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars_of_1499%E2%80%931504" title="Italian Wars of 1499–1504">Italian Wars of 1499–1504</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_XII._von_Frankreich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ludwig_XII._von_Frankreich.jpg/200px-Ludwig_XII._von_Frankreich.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ludwig_XII._von_Frankreich.jpg/300px-Ludwig_XII._von_Frankreich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ludwig_XII._von_Frankreich.jpg/400px-Ludwig_XII._von_Frankreich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The next phase of the conflict originated in the long-standing rivalry between Florence and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a>, which had been annexed by Florence in 1406 but took advantage of the French invasion to regain its independence in 1494.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994119_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994119-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Charles' retreat in 1495, Pisa continued to receive support from <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, Venice and Milan, all of whom were suspicious of Florentine power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201241_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201241-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to strengthen his own position, Ludovico once again invited an external power to settle an internal Italian affair, in this case <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Maximilian I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201239_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201239-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In doing so, Maximilian hoped to bolster the League of Venice, which he viewed as an essential barrier to French intervention, but Florence was convinced he favoured Pisa and refused to accept mediation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201239_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201239-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To enforce a settlement, in July 1496 Maximilian besieged the Florentine city of <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, but withdrew in September due to shortages of men and supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201243_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201243-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the death of Charles VIII in April 1498, Louis XII began planning another attempt on Milan, while also pursuing his predecessor's claim to the Kingdom of Naples. Aware of the hostility caused by French ambitions in Italy, in July 1498 he renewed the 1492 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_%C3%89taples" title="Peace of Étaples">Peace of Étaples</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and signed a treaty confirming French borders with <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a>. This was followed in August by the Treaty of <a href="/wiki/Marcoussis" title="Marcoussis">Marcoussis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>; although it did not address outstanding territorial disputes between the two countries, it agreed "have all enemies in common except the Pope."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201244_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201244-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 February 1499, Louis signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Blois_(1499)" title="Treaty of Blois (1499)">Treaty of Blois</a>, a military alliance with Venice against Ludovico.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201245_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201245-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With these agreements finalised, a French army of 27,000 under the Milanese exile <a href="/wiki/Gian_Giacomo_Trivulzio" title="Gian Giacomo Trivulzio">Gian Giacomo Trivulzio</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuérard1959132_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuérard1959132-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in August besieged Rocca d'Arazzo, a fortified town in the western part of the Duchy of Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994113_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994113-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French siege artillery breached the walls in less than five hours and after the town capitulated, Louis ordered the execution of its garrison and senior members of the civil administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2008206_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2008206-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Milanese strongholds surrendered rather than face the same fate, while Ludovico, whose wife Beatrice had died in 1497, fled the duchy with his children and took refuge with Maximilian. On 6 October 1499, Louis made a triumphant entry into Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994113–114_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994113–114-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:283Maximilian_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/283Maximilian_I.jpg/180px-283Maximilian_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/283Maximilian_I.jpg/270px-283Maximilian_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/283Maximilian_I.jpg/360px-283Maximilian_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Maximilian</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1508</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Florence now asked for French assistance in retaking Pisa, a request Louis was in no hurry to fulfil since they had refused to support his capture of Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994119_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994119-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also initially occupied in defeating efforts to regain his duchy by Ludovico, who was captured at Novaro in April 1500 and spent the rest of his life in a French prison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomane2020141_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomane2020141-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Louis needed to maintain good relations with Florence, whose territory he would have to cross in order to conquer Naples, and on 29 June 1500 a combined Franco-Florentine army appeared outside Pisa. Once again, the French artillery quickly opened a gap in the walls but several assaults were repulsed and the siege was abandoned on 11 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994120_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994120-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Milan firmly in his control, Louis returned to France and left the Florentines to blockade Pisa, which eventually surrendered in 1509. Anxious to begin the conquest of Naples, on 11 November he signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Granada_(1500)" title="Treaty of Granada (1500)">Treaty of Granada</a> with Ferdinand II of Aragon, an agreement to divide the kingdom between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994122_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994122-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Ferdinand had supported the expulsion of the French from Naples in 1495, Louis hoped these concessions would allow him to acquire the bulk of the kingdom without an expensive war. His action was criticised by contemporaries like <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> and modern historians, who argue the 1499 Treaty of Marcoussis already gave Louis everything he needed, while inviting Spain into Naples could only work to his detriment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomane2020177_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomane2020177-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1501, the French army reached <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a>; strongly defended by forces loyal to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_of_Naples" title="Frederick of Naples">Frederick of Naples</a>, it surrendered on 24 July after a short siege but was then sacked. In addition to the extensive material destruction, many women were subjected to mass rape and estimates of the dead ranged from 2,000 to 4,000, actions that caused consternation throughout Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowd201861_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowd201861-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resistance crumbled as other towns tried to avoid the same fate and on 12 October Louis appointed the <a href="/wiki/Louis_d%27Armagnac,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Louis d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours">Duke of Nemours</a> his viceroy in Naples. However, the Treaty of Granada had left the ownership of key Neapolitan territories undecided and disputes over these quickly poisoned relationships between the two powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201261_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201261-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to war in late 1502, which ended with the French being expelled from Naples once again after defeats at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerignola" title="Battle of Cerignola">Cerignola</a> on 28 April 1503,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201264–65_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201264–65-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garigliano_(1503)" title="Battle of Garigliano (1503)">Garigliano</a> on 29 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201268–69_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201268–69-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai">War of the League of Cambrai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: War of the League of Cambrai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">War of the League of Cambrai</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Julius_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pope_Julius_II.jpg/180px-Pope_Julius_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pope_Julius_II.jpg/270px-Pope_Julius_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pope_Julius_II.jpg/360px-Pope_Julius_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3111" data-file-height="4227" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a>, architect of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Cambrai" title="League of Cambrai">League of Cambrai</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 18 October 1503, <a href="/wiki/Pius_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius III">Pius III</a> was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a>, who as ruler of the Papal States was concerned by Venetian power in northern Italy. This fear was shared by his home town of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, which also resented its expulsion from the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>, and Maximilian, whose acquisition of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">Gorizia</a> in 1500 was threatened by Venetian possession of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a>. Milan, controlled by Louis XII, was a long-standing opponent of Venice, while Ferdinand II, now king of Naples, wished to regain control of Venetian ports on the southern <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucas1960329_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucas1960329-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Duchy of Ferrara</a>, Julius united these disparate interests into the anti-Venetian <a href="/wiki/League_of_Cambrai" title="League of Cambrai">League of Cambrai</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> signed on 10 December 1508.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201287_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201287-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the French largely destroyed a Venetian army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agnadello" title="Battle of Agnadello">Agnadello</a> on 14 May 1509,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201289_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201289-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximilian failed to capture <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Padua_(1509)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Padua (1509)">Padua</a> and withdrew from Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201295_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201295-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now seeing the power of Louis XII as the greater threat, in February 1510 Pope Julius made peace with Venice, followed in March by an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Cantons</a> to supply him with 6,000 mercenaries. After a year of fighting in which Louis XII occupied large parts of the Papal States, in October 1511 Julius formed the anti-French Holy League, which included <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a>, Maximilian and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012103_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012103-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A French army defeated the Spanish at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ravenna_(1512)" title="Battle of Ravenna (1512)">Ravenna</a> on 11 April 1512, but their leader <a href="/wiki/Gaston_of_Foix,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Gaston of Foix, Duke of Nemours">Gaston de Foix</a> was killed, while the Swiss recaptured Milan and restored Ludovico's son <a href="/wiki/Massimiliano_Sforza" class="mw-redirect" title="Massimiliano Sforza">Massimiliano Sforza</a> as duke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994220–223_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994220–223-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of the League then fell out over dividing the spoils and the death of Pope Julius on 20 February 1513 left it without effective leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012120_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012120-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March, Venice and France formed an alliance, but from June to September 1513 the League won victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novara_(1513)" title="Battle of Novara (1513)">Novara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Motta" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of La Motta">La Motta</a> in Lombardy, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Spurs" title="Battle of the Spurs">Guinegate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Flodden Field">Flodden</a> in England. Despite this, fighting continued in Italy, with neither side able to gain a decisive advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994230–234_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994230–234-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 January 1515, Louis XII died and was succeeded by his son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>, who took up his predecessor's cause and routed the Swiss at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marignano" title="Battle of Marignano">Marignano</a> on 13–14 September 1515.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012128–129_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012128–129-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined with the unpopularity of Massiliano Sforza, victory allowed Francis to retake Milan and the Holy League collapsed as both Spain and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> saw little benefit in fighting on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012131_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012131-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the treaty of <a href="/wiki/Noyon" title="Noyon">Noyon</a>, signed on 13 August 1516, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I of Spain</a> acknowledged Francis as Duke of Milan, while Francis "passed" his claim to Naples onto Charles. Left isolated, in December Maximilian signed the Treaty of Brussels, which confirmed French possession of Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_War_of_1521–1526"><span id="Italian_War_of_1521.E2.80.931526"></span>Italian War of 1521–1526</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Italian War of 1521–1526"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">Italian War of 1521–1526</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habsburg_dominions_1700.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Habsburg_dominions_1700.png/240px-Habsburg_dominions_1700.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Habsburg_dominions_1700.png/360px-Habsburg_dominions_1700.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Habsburg_dominions_1700.png/480px-Habsburg_dominions_1700.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>The election of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Charles V</a> meant France was surrounded by <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> territories on three sides (Red=Spain, Yellow=Austria)</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the death of Maximilian in January 1519, the <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">German Princes</a> elected Charles I of Spain as Emperor Charles V on 28 June. This brought Spain, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and the Holy Roman Empire under one ruler, and meant France was surrounded by the so-called "Habsburg ring". Francis I had also been a candidate for the Imperial throne, adding a personal dimension to his rivalry with Charles that became one of the fundamental conflicts of the sixteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1965145_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1965145-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Planning an offensive against Habsburg possessions in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, Francis first secured his position in Italy by agreeing a new alliance with Venice. As Leo X had backed his candidacy for Emperor, he also counted on Papal support but Leo sided with Charles in return for his help against <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and his proposed reforms to the Catholic church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2019132_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2019132-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1521, an Imperial-Papal army under <a href="/wiki/Prospero_Colonna" title="Prospero Colonna">Prospero Colonna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Pescara" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Pescara">Marquis of Pescara</a> captured Milan and restored Francesco Sforza as duke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuérard1959134–135_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuérard1959134–135-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Leo died in December, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a> was elected Pope on 9 January 1522, while a French attempt to retake Milan was ended by defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a> on 27 April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012143–144_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012143–144-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1522, England joined the Imperial alliance and declared war on France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht1994200_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht1994200-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venice left the war in July 1523, while Adrian died in November and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Clement_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VII">Clement VII</a>, who tried to negotiate an end to the fighting without success. Although France had lost ground in Lombardy and been invaded by English, Imperial and Spanish armies, her opponents had differing objectives and failed to co-ordinate their attacks. Since Papal policy was to prevent either France or the Empire from becoming too powerful, in late 1524 Clement secretly allied himself with Francis, enabling him to mount another offensive against Milan. On 24 February 1525, the French army suffered a devastating defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a>, in which Francis was captured and imprisoned in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012150–152_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012150–152-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This led to frantic diplomatic manoeuvres to secure his release, including a French mission to <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, asking for <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> assistance. Although Suleiman avoided involvement on this occasion, it was the beginning of a long-standing, if often unacknowledged, Franco-Turkish relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiccirillo200938_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiccirillo200938-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis was eventually released in March 1526 after signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1526)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Madrid (1526)">Treaty of Madrid</a>, in which he renounced French claims to <a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a>, Milan and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht1994247_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht1994247-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_the_League_of_Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: War of the League of Cognac"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg/180px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg/270px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg/360px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a>, whose personal enmity with Charles V was a major factor in the wars</figcaption></figure> <p>Once Francis was free, his Council renounced the Treaty of Madrid, claiming conditions extorted under duress could not be considered binding. Concerned that Imperial power now posed a threat to Papal independence, on 22 May 1526 Clement VII formed the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Cognac" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Cognac">League of Cognac</a>, whose members included France, the Papal States, Venice, Florence and Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012155_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012155-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Imperial troops were close to mutiny having not been paid for months and the <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_I_della_Rovere,_Duke_of_Urbino" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino">Duke of Urbino</a>, commander of the League army, hoped to take advantage of this confusion. However, he delayed taking the offensive awaiting additional Swiss reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012156_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012156-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the League gained an easy victory on 24 June when the Venetians occupied <a href="/wiki/Lodi,_Lombardy" title="Lodi, Lombardy">Lodi</a>, this delay allowed Charles to gather fresh troops and support a Milanese revolt in July against Francesco Sforza, who was once again forced into exile. In September, Charles financed an attack on <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Colonna_family" title="Colonna family">Colonna family</a>, who competed with the rival <a href="/wiki/Orsini_family" title="Orsini family">Orsinis</a> for control of the city, and Clement was forced to pay them to withdraw. Seeking to recapture Milan, Francis invaded Lombardy at the beginning of 1527, with an army financed by Henry VIII, who hoped thereby to win Papal support for divorcing his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Katherine_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine of Aragon">Katherine of Aragon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrigdenWoolfson2005476–477_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigdenWoolfson2005476–477-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May, Imperial troops, many of whom were followers of Martin Luther, <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">sacked Rome</a> and besieged Clement in the <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a>, while Urbino and the League army sat outside and failed to intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuicciardini1753370–375_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuicciardini1753370–375-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the French marched south to relieve Rome, they were too late to prevent Clement making peace with Charles V in November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012163_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012163-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Venice, the largest and most powerful of the Italian states and which also possessed the most effective army, now refused to contribute any more troops to the League. Weakened by its losses in 1509 to 1517 and with its maritime possessions increasingly threatened by the Ottomans, under <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gritti" title="Andrea Gritti">Andrea Gritti</a> the Republic tried to remain neutral and after 1529 avoided participation in the fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrigdenWoolfson2005468_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigdenWoolfson2005468-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Florence1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Siege_of_Florence1.jpg/220px-Siege_of_Florence1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Siege_of_Florence1.jpg/330px-Siege_of_Florence1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Siege_of_Florence1.jpg/440px-Siege_of_Florence1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1207" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>The 10-month <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Florence_(1529%E2%80%931530)" title="Siege of Florence (1529–1530)">Siege of Florence</a> by the Spanish ended the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Florence" title="Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence">Alessandro de' Medici</a> became the ruler of the city.</figcaption></figure> <p>Supported by a Genoese fleet, in April 1528 a French expeditionary force besieged <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naples_(1528)" title="Siege of Naples (1528)">Naples</a> before disease forced them to withdraw in August. Both sides were now anxious to end the war and after another French defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a> on 21 June 1529, Francis agreed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cambrai" title="Treaty of Cambrai">Treaty of Cambrai</a> with Charles in August. Known as the "Peace of the Ladies" because it was negotiated by Francis's mother, <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Savoy" title="Louise of Savoy">Louise of Savoy</a>, and Charles's aunt <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Savoy" title="Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy">Margaret</a>, Francis recognised Charles as ruler of Milan, Naples, Flanders and Artois.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieda2004223_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieda2004223-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venice also made peace, leaving only Florence, which had expelled their <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> rulers in 1527. At <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> in the summer of 1529, Charles V was named <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a>; he agreed to restore the Medici on behalf of Pope Clement, who was himself a Medici, and after a lengthy <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Florence_(1529%E2%80%931530)" title="Siege of Florence (1529–1530)">siege</a>, Florence surrendered in August 1530.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012218_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012218-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to 1530, interference by foreign powers in Italy was viewed as a short-term problem, since they could not sustain it over time; for example, French conquests of Naples in 1494 and 1501 and Milan in 1499 and 1515 were quickly reversed. On the other hand, Venice was generally viewed by other states as the greatest threat because it was an <i>Italian</i> power. Many assumed the primacy established at Bologna by Charles V in Italy would also soon pass but instead it was the start of a long period of Imperial dominance. One factor was Venice's withdrawal from Italian affairs after 1530 in favour of protecting its maritime empire from Ottoman expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlay1999935–937_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlay1999935–937-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_War_of_1536–1538"><span id="Italian_War_of_1536.E2.80.931538"></span>Italian War of 1536–1538</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Italian War of 1536–1538"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1536%E2%80%931538" title="Italian War of 1536–1538">Italian War of 1536–1538</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titian_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_Seated_-_WGA22964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Titian_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_Seated_-_WGA22964.jpg/150px-Titian_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_Seated_-_WGA22964.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Titian_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_Seated_-_WGA22964.jpg/225px-Titian_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_Seated_-_WGA22964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Titian_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_Seated_-_WGA22964.jpg/300px-Titian_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_Seated_-_WGA22964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1771" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Charles V</a>, circa 1548</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the Treaty of Cambrai, Francesco Sforza was reinstated as Duke of Milan; since he had no children, it also stated Charles V would inherit the duchy on his death, which occurred on 1 November 1535. Francis refused to accept this, arguing Milan was rightfully his along with Genoa and <a href="/wiki/Asti" title="Asti">Asti</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and once again prepared for war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012228_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012228-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1536, pro-Valois elements in Asti expelled the Imperial garrison and a French army under <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Chabot" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe de Chabot">Philippe de Chabot</a> occupied <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, although they failed to take Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012230–231_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012230–231-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, a Spanish army invaded <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> and captured <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix</a> on 13 August 1536, before withdrawing, a fruitless expedition that diverted resources from Italy, where the situation had become more serious. The 1536 <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a>, a comprehensive treaty covering a wide range of commercial and diplomatic issues, also agreed to a joint assault on Genoa, with French land forces supported by an Ottoman fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiccirillo200948–50_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiccirillo200948–50-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finding the garrison of Genoa had recently been reinforced while a planned internal uprising failed to materialise, the French instead occupied the towns of <a href="/wiki/Pinerolo" title="Pinerolo">Pinerolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chieri" title="Chieri">Chieri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carmagnola" title="Carmagnola">Carmagnola</a> in Piedmont. Fighting continued in Flanders and northern Italy throughout 1537, while the Ottoman fleet raided the coastal areas around Naples, raising fears of invasion throughout Italy. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a>, who had replaced Clement in 1534, grew increasingly anxious to end the war and brought the two sides together at <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> in May 1538.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiccirillo200951_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiccirillo200951-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Truce of Nice, signed on 18 June, agreed to a ten-year halt in hostilities and left France in possession of most of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a>, Piedmont and Artois.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012237_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012237-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_War_of_1542–1546"><span id="Italian_War_of_1542.E2.80.931546"></span>Italian War of 1542–1546</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Italian War of 1542–1546"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" title="Italian War of 1542–1546">Italian War of 1542–1546</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EmperorSuleiman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/150px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/225px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/300px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2117" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">alliance with France</a> led to Ottoman intervention in the wars</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1538 truce failed to resolve underlying tensions between Francis, who still claimed Milan, and Charles, who insisted he comply with the treaties of Madrid and Cambrai. Their relationship collapsed in 1540 when Charles made his son <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> Duke of Milan, thus precluding any possibility it would revert to France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiccirillo200952_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiccirillo200952-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1541, Charles made a disastrous attack on Ottoman port of <a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a>, which severely weakened his military and led Suleiman to reactivate his French alliance. With Ottoman support, on 12 July 1542 Francis once again declared war on the Holy Roman Empire, initiating the <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1542–46">Italian War of 1542–46</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiccirillo200953–54_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiccirillo200953–54-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August, French armies attacked <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Perpignan_(1542)" title="Siege of Perpignan (1542)">Perpignan</a> on the Spanish border, as well as Artois, Flanders and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a>, a Valois possession prior to 1477. Imperial resistance proved far more formidable than expected, with most of these attacks easily repulsed and in 1543 Henry VIII allied with Charles and agreed to support his offensive in Flanders. Neither side made much progress, and although a combined Franco-Ottoman fleet under <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nice" title="Siege of Nice">captured Nice</a> on 22 August and besieged the citadel, the onset of winter and presence of a Spanish fleet forced them to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiccirillo200953–54_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiccirillo200953–54-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A joint attack by Christian and Islamic troops on a Christian town was regarded as shocking, especially when Francis allowed Barbarossa to use the French port of <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> as a winter base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012240_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012240-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 April 1544, a French army commanded by <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Count_of_Enghien" title="Francis, Count of Enghien">Francis, Count of Enghien</a>, defeated the Imperials at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a>, a victory of limited strategic value since they failed to make progress elsewhere in Lombardy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack200643_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack200643-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Imperial position was further strengthened at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Serravalle_(1544)" title="Battle of Serravalle (1544)">Serravalle</a> in June, when <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a> defeated a mercenary force led by the Florentine exile <a href="/wiki/Piero_Strozzi" title="Piero Strozzi">Piero Strozzi</a> on their way to meet Enghien. An English army captured <a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Boulogne_(1544%E2%80%931546)" title="Sieges of Boulogne (1544–1546)">Boulogne</a> on 10 September, while Imperial forces advanced to within 100 kilometres (60 miles) of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuérard1959135_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuérard1959135-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with his treasury exhausted and concerned by Ottoman naval strength in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, on 14 September Charles agreed the Treaty of Crépy with Francis, which essentially restored the position to that prevailing in 1542. The agreement excluded Henry VIII, whose war with France continued until the two countries made peace in 1546 and confirmed his possession of Boulogne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1908359–360_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1908359–360-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_War_of_1551–1559"><span id="Italian_War_of_1551.E2.80.931559"></span>Italian War of 1551–1559</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Italian War of 1551–1559"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">Italian War of 1551–1559</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_King_Henry_II_of_France_(by_Studio_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet)_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Portrait_of_King_Henry_II_of_France_%28by_Studio_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet%29_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/180px-Portrait_of_King_Henry_II_of_France_%28by_Studio_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet%29_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Portrait_of_King_Henry_II_of_France_%28by_Studio_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet%29_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/270px-Portrait_of_King_Henry_II_of_France_%28by_Studio_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet%29_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Portrait_of_King_Henry_II_of_France_%28by_Studio_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet%29_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/360px-Portrait_of_King_Henry_II_of_France_%28by_Studio_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet%29_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a>, who succeeded his father in 1547</figcaption></figure> <p>Francis died on 31 March 1547 and was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuérard1959135_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuérard1959135-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued attempts to restore the French position in Italy, encouraged by Italian exiles and his cousin <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Guise">Francis, Duke of Guise</a>, who claimed the throne of Naples through his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_II,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="René II, Duke of Lorraine">René II, Duke of Lorraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1915602_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1915602-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry first strengthened his diplomatic position by reactivating the Franco-Ottoman alliance and supporting their capture of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Tripoli</a> in August 1551.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiccirillo200961_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiccirillo200961-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his devout personal Catholicism and persecution of <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> "heretics" at home, in January 1552 he signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chambord" title="Treaty of Chambord">Treaty of Chambord</a> with several <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> princes within the Empire, which gave him control of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Three Bishoprics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Toul" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Bishopric of Toul">Toul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Verdun" title="Prince-Bishopric of Verdun">Verdun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Metz" title="Prince-Bishopric of Metz">Metz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETol201684–85_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETol201684–85-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Schmalkaldic_War" title="Second Schmalkaldic War">Second Schmalkaldic War</a> in March 1552, French troops occupied the Three Bishoprics and invaded <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Lorraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuérard1959136_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuérard1959136-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1553, a Franco-Ottoman force captured the Genoese island of <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Corsica_(1553)" title="Invasion of Corsica (1553)">Corsica</a>, while supported by Henry's wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>, French-backed Tuscan exiles seized control of Siena. This brought Henry into conflict with the ruler of Florence, <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Cosimo de' Medici</a>, who defeated a French army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marciano" title="Battle of Marciano">Marciano</a> on 2 August 1554; although Siena held out until April 1555, it was absorbed by Florence and in 1569 became part of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1915608_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1915608-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1554, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> became king of England through his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a>, and in November he also received the kingdoms of Naples and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> from his father, who reconfirmed him as Duke of Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraudel1996935_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraudel1996935-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1556, Charles formally abdicated as Emperor and split his possessions; the Holy Roman Empire went to his brother <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a>, while Spain, its overseas territories and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> were assigned to Philip. Over the next century, Naples and Lombardy became a major source of men and money for the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a> during the 1568 to 1648 <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen2002403_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen2002403-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>England entered the war in June 1557 and the focus shifted to Flanders, where a Spanish army defeated the French at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a> on 10 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012278_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012278-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, in January 1558 the French took <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1558)" title="Siege of Calais (1558)">Calais</a>; held by the English since 1347, its loss severely diminished their future ability to intervene directly in mainland Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012278_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012278-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also captured <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1558)" title="Siege of Thionville (1558)">Thionville</a> in June but peace negotiations had already begun, with Henry absorbed by the internal conflict that led to the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> in 1562.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1915611_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1915611-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis">Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis</a> on 3 April 1559 brought the Italian wars to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012283_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw2012283-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corsica was returned to Genoa, while <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy</a>, re-established the <a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> in northern Italy as an independent entity. France retained Calais and the Three Bishoprics, while other provisions essentially returned the position to that prevailing in 1551. Finally, Henry II and Philip II agreed to ask <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pope Pius IV</a> to recognise Ferdinand as Emperor, and reconvene the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1976708_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1976708-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results">Results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:It%C3%A0lia_-_Fin_dei_Gu%C3%A8rras_d%27It%C3%A0lia_(1559).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/It%C3%A0lia_-_Fin_dei_Gu%C3%A8rras_d%27It%C3%A0lia_%281559%29.png/220px-It%C3%A0lia_-_Fin_dei_Gu%C3%A8rras_d%27It%C3%A0lia_%281559%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/It%C3%A0lia_-_Fin_dei_Gu%C3%A8rras_d%27It%C3%A0lia_%281559%29.png/330px-It%C3%A0lia_-_Fin_dei_Gu%C3%A8rras_d%27It%C3%A0lia_%281559%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/It%C3%A0lia_-_Fin_dei_Gu%C3%A8rras_d%27It%C3%A0lia_%281559%29.png/440px-It%C3%A0lia_-_Fin_dei_Gu%C3%A8rras_d%27It%C3%A0lia_%281559%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>Italy in 1559.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a> changed significantly during the Italian Wars. The affirmation of French power in Italy around 1494 brought Austria and Spain to join an anti-French league that formed the "Habsburg ring" around France (Low Countries, Aragon, Castile, Empire) via dynastic marriages that eventually led to the large inheritance of Charles V.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the last Italian war ended with the division of the Habsburg empire between the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs following the abdication of Charles V. Philip II of Spain was heir of the kingdoms held by Charles V in Spain, southern Italy, and South America. Ferdinand I was the successor of Charles V in the Holy Roman Empire extending from Germany to northern Italy and became <i><a href="/wiki/Suo_jure" title="Suo jure">suo jure</a></i> king of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a> and the Duchy of Milan were left in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> to the king of Spain while continuing to be part of the Holy Roman Empire. </p><p>The division of the Empire of Charles V, along with the capture of the <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Calais" title="Pale of Calais">Pale of Calais</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Three Bishoprics</a>, was a positive result for France. However, the Habsburgs had gained a position of primacy in Italy at the expense of the French Valois. In return, France was forced to end opposition to Habsburg power and abandon its claims in Italy. Henry II also restored the <a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> to <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Emmanuel Philibert</a>, who settled in Piedmont, and Corsica to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>. For this reason, the conclusion of the Italian Wars for France is considered to be a mixed result. </p><p>At the end of the wars, about half of Italy was ruled by the Spanish Habsburgs, including all of the south (Naples, Sicily, Sardinia) and the Duchy of Milan; the other half of Italy remained independent (although the north was largely formed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">formal fiefs</a> of the Austrian Habsburgs as part of the Holy Roman Empire).<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant Italian power left was the papacy in <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">central Italy</a>, as it maintained major <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">cultural</a> and political influence during the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a>. The Council of Trent, suspended during the war, was reconvened by the terms of the peace treaties and came to an end in 1563. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley,_IGMN144483,_1526-31.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG/280px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG/420px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG/560px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a tapestry depicting the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a>, woven from a cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_van_Orley" title="Bernard van Orley">Bernard van Orley</a> (c. 1531)</figcaption></figure> <p>As in the case of France, the Habsburg result is also variously interpreted. Many historians in the 20th century, including <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Mattingly" title="Garrett Mattingly">Garrett Mattingly</a>, Eric Cochrane and Manuel F. Alvarez, identified the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis as the beginning of a Spanish hegemony in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattingly1963145–162_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattingly1963145–162-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this view has been contested and abandoned in 21st-century historiography. Christine Shaw, Micheal J. Levin, and William Reger reject the concept of a Spanish hegemony on the ground that too many limits prevented Spain's dominance in the peninsula, and maintain that other powers also held major influence in Italy after 1559. Although Spain gained control of about half of the Italian states, the other half remained independent; among them, the Papacy in particular emerged strengthened by the conclusion of the Council of Trent according to the scholars Antelantonio Spagnoletti and Benedetto Croce. Furthermore, according to the historians Christine Shaw and Salvatore Puglisi, the Holy Roman Empire continued to play a role in Italian politics. Peter J. Wilson writes that three overlapping and competing feudal networks, Imperial, Spanish, and Papal, were affirmed in Italy as a result of the end of the wars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonEvans201278_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonEvans201278-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin20059_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin20059-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the long-term, Habsburg primacy in Italy continued to exist, but it varied significantly due to the change of dynasties in Austria and Spain. Following the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> and other wars of succession, the Habsburg-Lorraine of Austria largely replaced Spain and gained direct or indirect control of the fiefs of Imperial Italy, whereas the south eventually passed to an independent branch of the Spanish Bourbons. France would return in Italy to confront Habsburg power, first under Louis XIV, and later under Napoleon, but only the unification of Italy would permanently remove foreign powers from the peninsula. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilly" title="Charles Tilly">Charles Tilly</a> has characterized the Italian Wars as a key part in <a href="/wiki/Coercion,_Capital,_and_European_States,_AD_990%E2%80%931992" title="Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1992">his theory of state formation</a>, as the wars demonstrated the value of large armies and superior military technology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly199076–78,_164_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly199076–78,_164-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1992</i>, Tilly argues that a "comprehensive European state system" can be reasonably dated to the Italian Wars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_du_mobilier_fran%C3%A7ais_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9poque_carlovingienne_%C3%A0_la_Renaissance,_tome_6_-_359.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_du_mobilier_fran%C3%A7ais_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9poque_carlovingienne_%C3%A0_la_Renaissance%2C_tome_6_-_359.png/180px-Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_du_mobilier_fran%C3%A7ais_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9poque_carlovingienne_%C3%A0_la_Renaissance%2C_tome_6_-_359.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_du_mobilier_fran%C3%A7ais_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9poque_carlovingienne_%C3%A0_la_Renaissance%2C_tome_6_-_359.png/270px-Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_du_mobilier_fran%C3%A7ais_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9poque_carlovingienne_%C3%A0_la_Renaissance%2C_tome_6_-_359.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_du_mobilier_fran%C3%A7ais_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9poque_carlovingienne_%C3%A0_la_Renaissance%2C_tome_6_-_359.png/360px-Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_du_mobilier_fran%C3%A7ais_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9poque_carlovingienne_%C3%A0_la_Renaissance%2C_tome_6_-_359.png 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="2670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">Arquebusier</a> using a rest (1876 representation)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Italian Wars represented a revolution in military technology and tactics, some historians suggesting they form the dividing point between modern and medieval battlefields.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoot20064–5_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoot20064–5-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary historian Francesco Guicciardini wrote of the initial 1494 French invasion that "...sudden and violent wars broke out, ending with the conquest of a state in less time than it used to take to occupy a villa. The siege and taking of a city became extremely rapid and achieved not in months but in days and hours".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuicciardini196420_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuicciardini196420-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infantry underwent profound developments during the Italian Wars, evolving from a primary pike- and halberd-wielding force to a more flexible arrangement of <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebusiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pikemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pikemen">pikemen</a>, and other troops. While <a href="/wiki/Landsknechts" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsknechts">landsknechts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a> continued to dominate during the early part of the wars, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1521">Italian War of 1521</a> demonstrated the power of massed firearms in <a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a> formations. </p><p>A 1503 skirmish between French and Spanish forces first demonstrated the utility of arquebuses in battle. The Spanish general, <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba">Gonzalo de Córdoba</a>, faked a retreat, luring a contingent of French men-at-arms between two groups of his arquebusiers. As the French army stepped between the marksmen, volleys of bullets battered them on both flanks. Before the French could attack the vulnerable arquebusiers, a Spanish cavalry charge broke the French forces and forced their retreat. While the French army escaped, the Spanish inflicted severe casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelbrück192040_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelbrück192040-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So successful was the employment of firearms in the Italian Wars that <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>, often characterized as an enemy of the use of the arquebus, wrote in his treatise on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art of War (Machiavelli)">The Art of War</a></i> that all citizens in a city should know how to fire a gun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli200344–45_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli200344–45-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veterans_turned_conquistadors">Veterans turned conquistadors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Veterans turned conquistadors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <i><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a></i>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>, had considered Italy before opting to serve in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Spanish America</a>, while large numbers of veterans from Naples and southern Italy later emigrated there, either as colonists or soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorodowich2017174–176_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorodowich2017174–176-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experience in Italy was often considered a prerequisite for military employment, although the chronicler <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés">Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés</a> claimed those who did so must have "failed to become rich,...gambled the riches away or [somehow] lost them" and suggested conditions in the Americas were far tougher. Francisco Sebastián, an Italian veteran who accompanied <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> on his expedition into <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, agreed with this assessment, largely because "no plunder of value could be obtained" from the inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspino_López20127–48_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspino_López20127–48-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italian veterans included <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a>, who conquered <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a> in 1511, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Carvajal" title="Francisco de Carvajal">Francisco de Carvajal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a>, both of whom fought at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a> in 1526.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenblatTejera200269_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenblatTejera200269-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carvajal and Valdivia served with the <a href="/wiki/Pizarro_brothers" title="Pizarro brothers">Pizarro brothers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> during their conflict with Spanish rival <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a> in 1538. Carvajal remained with the Pizarros while Valdivia began the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">conquest of Chile</a> and ignited the <a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a>. The two men fought on opposite sides in the 1548 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaquijahuana" title="Battle of Jaquijahuana">Battle of Jaquijahuana</a>; Carvajal was executed after being taken prisoner, while Valdivia died in 1553 at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenblatTejera200269_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenblatTejera200269-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cavalry">Cavalry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cavalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1518_Altdorfer_Sieg_Karls_des_Grossen_ueber_die_Awaren_anagoria_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1518_Altdorfer_Sieg_Karls_des_Grossen_ueber_die_Awaren_anagoria_%28cropped%29.JPG/290px-1518_Altdorfer_Sieg_Karls_des_Grossen_ueber_die_Awaren_anagoria_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1518_Altdorfer_Sieg_Karls_des_Grossen_ueber_die_Awaren_anagoria_%28cropped%29.JPG/435px-1518_Altdorfer_Sieg_Karls_des_Grossen_ueber_die_Awaren_anagoria_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1518_Altdorfer_Sieg_Karls_des_Grossen_ueber_die_Awaren_anagoria_%28cropped%29.JPG/580px-1518_Altdorfer_Sieg_Karls_des_Grossen_ueber_die_Awaren_anagoria_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption>French <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">heavy cavalry</a>, early 16th century</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">Heavy cavalry</a>, the final evolution of the fully armoured medieval <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knight</a>, remained significant players on the battlefields of the Italian Wars. Largely due to their excellent horses, French <a href="/wiki/Gendarme_(historical)" title="Gendarme (historical)">gendarmes</a> were generally successful against heavy mounted troops from other states, but were very vulnerable to pikemen. The Spanish used heavy cavalry and light cavalry, or <i><a href="/wiki/Jinete" title="Jinete">Jinetes</a></i>, for skirmishing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artillery">Artillery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Artillery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artillery, particularly field artillery, became an indispensable part of any first-rate army during the wars. When Charles VIII invaded in 1494, he brought with him the first truly mobile siege train of <a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">culverins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">bombards</a>. It included various innovations, such as mounting the guns on wheeled carriages, drawn by horses rather than oxen as was the custom, which allowed them to be deployed against an enemy stronghold on arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuicciardini198450_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuicciardini198450-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mobility stemmed from their lightness, achieved by employing the methods used to cast bronze church bells.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoot20064_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoot20064-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the most important improvement was the creation of the iron cannonball, rather than the stone balls that often shattered on impact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelbrück192034_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelbrück192034-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination meant Charles could level in an hour castles that had resisted sieges for months or even years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoot20065_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoot20065-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Italian Wars are one of the first major conflicts for which extensive contemporary accounts from people involved in the wars are available, owing largely to the presence of literate, and often extremely-well educated, commanders. The <a href="/wiki/Printing#Impact_of_German_movable_type_printing_press" title="Printing">invention of modern printing</a>, still less than one century old, undoubtedly played a large role in the memorialization of the conflict as well. Major historians of the period include <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Francesco Guicciardini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Sarpi" title="Paolo Sarpi">Paolo Sarpi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The naming of the component conflicts within the Italian Wars has never been standardized and varies among historians of the period. Some wars may be split or combined differently, causing ordinal numbering systems to be inconsistent among different sources. The wars may be referred to by their dates or by the monarchs fighting them. Usually, the Italian Wars are grouped into three major phases: 1494–1516; 1521–1530; and 1535–1559. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_accounts">Contemporary accounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Contemporary accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major contemporary account for the early portion of the Italian Wars is Francesco Guicciardini's <i>Storia d'Italia</i> (<i>History of Italy</i>), written during the conflict and advantaged by the access that Guicciardini had to papal affairs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, which generally backed the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Monarchy">Spanish Monarchy</a>, many Italian states switched sides on a regular basis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as the <b>Habsburg–Valois Wars</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">They included <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Florence" title="Duchy of Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Ferrara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is disputed; lack of medical knowledge meant deaths from unknown disease were often ascribed to poison, while Gian Galeazzo had shown symptoms of what may have been stomach cancer since the age of 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">But the victory was universally adjudged to the French on account of the great Disproportion of the slain, of their driving the Enemy on the other side of the River, and because their Passage was no longer obstructed, which was all they contended for, the Battle being fought on no other Account<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuicciardini1753338–339_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuicciardini1753338–339-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ostensibly created by Pope Julius to resist <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> expansion and thus formally known as the "Holy League"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiccirillo200919_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiccirillo200919-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asti had been a Valois possession from 1380 until 1526, when Charles acquired it through the Treaty of Cambrai</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENigro2010175-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENigro2010175_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNigro2010">Nigro 2010</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInalcik2000135-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInalcik2000135_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInalcik2000">Inalcik 2000</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw20128–9-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw20128–9_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallettShaw2012">Mallett & Shaw 2012</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELesaffer200423-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesaffer200423_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLesaffer2004">Lesaffer 2004</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2002150-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2002150_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2002">Morris 2002</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorio15651029-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorio15651029_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorio1565">Corio 1565</a>, p. 1029.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonstam200464-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKonstam200464_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKonstam2004">Konstam 2004</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201222–24-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201222–24_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallettShaw2012">Mallett & Shaw 2012</a>, pp. 22–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alessandro-vi-papa">"Alessandro VI papa nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"</a>. <i>www.treccani.it</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525181557/https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alessandro-vi-papa">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=Alessandro+VI+papa+nell%27Enciclopedia+Treccani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Falessandro-vi-papa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201225-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201225_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallettShaw2012">Mallett & Shaw 2012</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201227-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201227_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallettShaw2012">Mallett & Shaw 2012</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanudo1883438,_441-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanudo1883438,_441_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanudo1883">Sanudo 1883</a>, pp. 438, 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorio15651095–1099-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorio15651095–1099_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorio1565">Corio 1565</a>, pp. 1095–1099.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201231-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201231_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallettShaw2012">Mallett & Shaw 2012</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuicciardini1753338–339-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuicciardini1753338–339_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuicciardini1753">Guicciardini 1753</a>, pp. 338–339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201232-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201232_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallettShaw2012">Mallett & Shaw 2012</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner199451–53-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner199451–53_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumgartner1994">Baumgartner 1994</a>, pp. 51–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994119-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994119_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994119_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumgartner1994">Baumgartner 1994</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201241-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201241_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallettShaw2012">Mallett & Shaw 2012</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201239-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201239_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201239_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallettShaw2012">Mallett & Shaw 2012</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201243-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201243_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallettShaw2012">Mallett & Shaw 2012</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201244-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201244_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallettShaw2012">Mallett & Shaw 2012</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201245-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallettShaw201245_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallettShaw2012">Mallett & Shaw 2012</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuérard1959132-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuérard1959132_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuérard1959">Guérard 1959</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994113-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994113_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumgartner1994">Baumgartner 1994</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2008206-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2008206_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2008">Potter 2008</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994113–114-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994113–114_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumgartner1994">Baumgartner 1994</a>, pp. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomane2020141-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomane2020141_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomane2020">Romane 2020</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994120-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994120_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumgartner1994">Baumgartner 1994</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1994122-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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June 11, 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317899396" title="Special:BookSources/9781317899396"><bdi>9781317899396</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720123302/https://books.google.com/books?id=KnnJAwAAQBAJ&dq=dual+protection+King+of+spain+and+emperor&pg=PA298">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2023</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Wars+1494-1559%3A+War%2C+State+and+Society+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.isbn=9781317899396&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKnnJAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddual%2Bprotection%2BKing%2Bof%2Bspain%2Band%2Bemperor%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattingly1963145–162-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattingly1963145–162_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMattingly1963">Mattingly 1963</a>, pp. 145–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonEvans201278-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonEvans201278_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilsonEvans2012">Wilson & Evans 2012</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin20059-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin20059_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevin2005">Levin 2005</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly199076–78,_164-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly199076–78,_164_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTilly1990">Tilly 1990</a>, pp. 76–78, 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoot20064–5-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoot20064–5_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoot2006">Boot 2006</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuicciardini196420-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuicciardini196420_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuicciardini1964">Guicciardini 1964</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelbrück192040-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelbrück192040_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelbrück1920">Delbrück 1920</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli200344–45-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli200344–45_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMachiavelli2003">Machiavelli 2003</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorodowich2017174–176-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorodowich2017174–176_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorodowich2017">Horodowich 2017</a>, pp. 174–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspino_López20127–48-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspino_López20127–48_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspino_López2012">Espino López 2012</a>, pp. 7–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenblatTejera200269-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenblatTejera200269_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenblatTejera200269_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenblatTejera2002">Rosenblat & Tejera 2002</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuicciardini198450-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuicciardini198450_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuicciardini1984">Guicciardini 1984</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoot20064-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoot20064_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoot2006">Boot 2006</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelbrück192034-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelbrück192034_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelbrück1920">Delbrück 1920</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoot20065-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoot20065_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoot2006">Boot 2006</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArfaioli2005" class="citation book cs1">Arfaioli, Maurizio (2005). <i>The Black Bands of Giovanni: Infantry and Diplomacy During the Italian Wars (1526–1528)</i>. Pisa University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8884922313" title="Special:BookSources/8884922313"><bdi>8884922313</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Bands+of+Giovanni%3A+Infantry+and+Diplomacy+During+the+Italian+Wars+%281526%E2%80%931528%29&rft.pub=Pisa+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=8884922313&rft.aulast=Arfaioli&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1915" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, Edward (October 1915). "The Italian Wars of Henry II". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>30</b> (120): <span class="nowrap">602–</span>614. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXX.CXX.602">10.1093/ehr/XXX.CXX.602</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/551298">551298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Italian+Wars+of+Henry+II&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=120&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E602-%3C%2Fspan%3E614&rft.date=1915-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXX.CXX.602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F551298%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2006" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Thomas F (2006). Keegan, John (ed.). <i>The Renaissance at War in the Smithsonian History of Warfare</i>. Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060891955" title="Special:BookSources/0060891955"><bdi>0060891955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance+at+War+in+the+Smithsonian+History+of+Warfare&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0060891955&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgartner1994" class="citation book cs1">Baumgartner, Frederic J (1994). <i>Louis XII</i>. St Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312120729" title="Special:BookSources/0312120729"><bdi>0312120729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XII&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0312120729&rft.aulast=Baumgartner&rft.aufirst=Frederic+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2006" class="citation journal cs1">Black, Jeremy (Spring 2006). "Dynasty Forged by Fire". <i>The Quarterly Journal of Military History</i>. <b>18</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-5992">1040-5992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Dynasty+Forged+by+Fire&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1040-5992&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2002" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (2002). <i>European Warfare, 1494–1660 in </i>Warfare and History<i><span></span></i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415275326" title="Special:BookSources/0415275326"><bdi>0415275326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Warfare%2C+1494%E2%80%931660+in+Warfare+and+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0415275326&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlockmans2002" class="citation book cs1">Blockmans, Wim (2002). <i>Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558</i>. Translated by Hoven-Vardon, Isola van den. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0340731109" title="Special:BookSources/0340731109"><bdi>0340731109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+Charles+V%2C+1500%E2%80%931558&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0340731109&rft.aulast=Blockmans&rft.aufirst=Wim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoot2006" class="citation book cs1">Boot, Max (2006). <i>War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the Course of History, 1500 to Today</i>. Gotham Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1592402229" title="Special:BookSources/978-1592402229"><bdi>978-1592402229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Made+New%3A+Technology%2C+Warfare%2C+and+the+Course+of+History%2C+1500+to+Today&rft.pub=Gotham+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1592402229&rft.aulast=Boot&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowd2018" class="citation book cs1">Bowd, Stephen (2018). <i>Renaissance Mass Murder: Civilians and Soldiers During the Italian Wars</i>. OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198832614" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198832614"><bdi>978-0198832614</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Mass+Murder%3A+Civilians+and+Soldiers+During+the+Italian+Wars&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0198832614&rft.aulast=Bowd&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraudel1996" class="citation book cs1">Braudel, Fernand (1996). <i>The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II; Volume II</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520203303" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520203303"><bdi>978-0520203303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+the+Mediterranean+World+in+the+Age+of+Philip+II%3B+Volume+II&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0520203303&rft.aulast=Braudel&rft.aufirst=Fernand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrigdenWoolfson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Brigden, Susan; Woolfson, Jonathan (2005). "Thomas Wyatt in Italy". <i>Renaissance Quarterly</i>. <b>58</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">464–</span>511. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fren.2008.0704">10.1353/ren.2008.0704</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154848645">154848645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Thomas+Wyatt+in+Italy&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E464-%3C%2Fspan%3E511&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fren.2008.0704&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154848645%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brigden&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Woolfson%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorio1565" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Corio, Bernardino (1565). <i>L'Historia di Milano</i> (in Italian). Giorgio de' Cavalli.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Historia+di+Milano&rft.pub=Giorgio+de%27+Cavalli&rft.date=1565&rft.aulast=Corio&rft.aufirst=Bernardino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlay1999" class="citation journal cs1">Finlay, Robert (1999). "The Immortal Republic: The Myth of Venice during the Italian Wars (1494–1530)". <i>The Sixteenth Century Journal</i>. <b>30</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">931–</span>944. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2544605">10.2307/2544605</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2544605">2544605</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165704017">165704017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Immortal+Republic%3A+The+Myth+of+Venice+during+the+Italian+Wars+%281494%E2%80%931530%29&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E931-%3C%2Fspan%3E944&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165704017%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2544605%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2544605&rft.aulast=Finlay&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelbrück1920" class="citation book cs1">Delbrück, Hans (1920). <i>History of the Art of War</i>. 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US Army War College. pp. <span class="nowrap">173–</span>186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+Practice+of+Modern+Diplomacy%3A+Origins+and+Development+to+1914+in+%27Theory+of+War+and+Strategy%2C+Volume+1%27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.pub=US+Army+War+College&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Nigro&rft.aufirst=Louis+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.com%2Fstable%2Fresrep12114.16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">Norwich, John Julius</a>. <i>A History of Venice</i>. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679721975" title="Special:BookSources/0679721975">0679721975</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Oman, Charles</a>. <i>A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century</i>. London: Methuen & Co., 1937.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2019" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Geoffrey (2019). <i>Emperor: A New Life of Charles V</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300241020" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300241020"><bdi>978-0300241020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor%3A+A+New+Life+of+Charles+V&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0300241020&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiccirillo2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Piccirillo, Anthony Carmen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levantineheritage.com/pdf/PiccirilloAnthonyThesis.pdf"><i>"A Vile, Infamous, Diabolical Treaty": The Franco-Ottoman Alliance of Francis I and the Eclipse of the Christendom Ideal</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PHD). Georgetown University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%22A+Vile%2C+Infamous%2C+Diabolical+Treaty%22%3A+The+Franco-Ottoman+Alliance+of+Francis+I+and+the+Eclipse+of+the+Christendom+Ideal&rft.inst=Georgetown+University&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Piccirillo&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Carmen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.levantineheritage.com%2Fpdf%2FPiccirilloAnthonyThesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Phillips, Charles and Alan Axelrod. <i>Encyclopedia of Wars</i>. 3 vols. New York: Facts on File, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816028516" title="Special:BookSources/0816028516">0816028516</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1908" class="citation journal cs1">Pollard, A.F (1908). "Reviewed Work: Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII Preserved in the Record Office, the British Museum, and Elsewhere in England by James Gairdner, R. H. Brodie". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>23</b> (90): <span class="nowrap">358–</span>361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXIII.XC.358">10.1093/ehr/XXIII.XC.358</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/550031">550031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Work%3A+Letters+and+Papers%2C+Foreign+and+Domestic%2C+of+the+Reign+of+Henry+VIII+Preserved+in+the+Record+Office%2C+the+British+Museum%2C+and+Elsewhere+in+England+by+James+Gairdner%2C+R.+H.+Brodie&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=90&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E358-%3C%2Fspan%3E361&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXIII.XC.358&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F550031%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=A.F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2008" class="citation book cs1">Potter, David (2008). <i>Renaissance France at War: Armies, Culture and Society, c. 1480–1560</i>. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843834052" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843834052"><bdi>978-1843834052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+France+at+War%3A+Armies%2C+Culture+and+Society%2C+c.+1480%E2%80%931560&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1843834052&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomane2020" class="citation book cs1">Romane, Julian (2020). <i>The First and Second Italian Wars 1494–1504: Fearless Knights, Ruthless Princes and the Coming of Gunpowder Armies</i>. Pen and Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1526750518" title="Special:BookSources/978-1526750518"><bdi>978-1526750518</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+and+Second+Italian+Wars+1494%E2%80%931504%3A+Fearless+Knights%2C+Ruthless+Princes+and+the+Coming+of+Gunpowder+Armies&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Military&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1526750518&rft.aulast=Romane&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenblatTejera2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rosenblat, Angel; Tejera, María Josefina (2002). <i>El español de América</i> (in Spanish). Biblioteca Ayacucho. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9802763519" title="Special:BookSources/9802763519"><bdi>9802763519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+espa%C3%B1ol+de+Am%C3%A9rica&rft.pub=Biblioteca+Ayacucho&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9802763519&rft.aulast=Rosenblat&rft.aufirst=Angel&rft.au=Tejera%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Josefina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanudo1883" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sanudo, Marin (1883). <i>La spedizione di Carlo VIII in Italia</i> (in Italian). Mancia del Commercio di M. Visentini.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+spedizione+di+Carlo+VIII+in+Italia&rft.pub=Mancia+del+Commercio+di+M.+Visentini&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Sanudo&rft.aufirst=Marin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1976" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth M (1976). <i>The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571</i>. American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871691620" title="Special:BookSources/978-0871691620"><bdi>978-0871691620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant%2C+1204%E2%80%931571&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0871691620&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1965" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Rhea Marsh (1965). <i>Spain: A Modern History</i>. University of Michigan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Rhea+Marsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lewis_Taylor" title="Frederick Lewis Taylor">Taylor, Frederick Lewis</a>.<i>The Art of War in Italy 1494–1529</i>. Greenwood Press, 1973. ISBN 0837150256.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilly1990" class="citation book cs1">Tilly, Charles (1990). <i>Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1990</i> (1993 ed.). Wiley Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1557863683" title="Special:BookSources/978-1557863683"><bdi>978-1557863683</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coercion%2C+Capital%2C+and+European+States%2C+AD+990%E2%80%931990&rft.edition=1993&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1557863683&rft.aulast=Tilly&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTol2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Tol, Jonas van (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13100/7/Jonas%20van%20Tol%2C%20%27Germany%20and%20the%20Coming%20of%20the%20French%20Wars%20of%20Religion%27.pdf"><i>Germany and the Coming of the French Wars of Religion: Confession, Identity, and Transnational Relations</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PHD). University of York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Germany+and+the+Coming+of+the+French+Wars+of+Religion%3A+Confession%2C+Identity%2C+and+Transnational+Relations&rft.inst=University+of+York&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Tol&rft.aufirst=Jonas+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F13100%2F7%2FJonas%2520van%2520Tol%252C%2520%2527Germany%2520and%2520the%2520Coming%2520of%2520the%2520French%2520Wars%2520of%2520Religion%2527.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonEvans2012" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter; Evans, Robert (2012). <i>The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806: A European Perspective</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004206830" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004206830"><bdi>978-9004206830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Roman+Empire%2C+1495%E2%80%931806%3A+A+European+Perspective&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9004206830&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Evans%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Italian_Wars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Le Gall, Jean-Marie, <i>Les guerres d'Italie (1494–1559): une lecture religieuse.</i> Geneva: Droz, 2017.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Boot" title="Max Boot">Boot, Max</a>. <i>War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the Course of History: 1500 to Today.</i> New York: Gotham Books, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59240-222-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59240-222-4">1-59240-222-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Du_Bellay" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Du Bellay">Du Bellay, Martin, Sieur de Langey</a>. <i>Mémoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay.</i> Edited by V. L. Bourrilly and F. Vindry. 4 volumes. Paris: <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_l%27histoire_de_France" title="Société de l'histoire de France">Société de l'histoire de France</a>, 1908–19.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Giovio" title="Paolo Giovio">Giovio, Paolo</a>. <i>Pauli Iovii Opera.</i> Volume 3, part 1, <i>Historiarum sui temporis.</i> Edited by D. Visconti. Rome: Libreria dello Stato, 1957.</li> <li>Lot, Ferdinand. <i>Recherches sur les effectifs des armées françaises des guerres d'Italie aux guerres de religion, 1494–1562.</i> Paris: École Pratique des Hautes Études, 1962.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_de_Lasseran-Massenc%C3%B4me,_seigneur_de_Montluc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, seigneur de Montluc">Monluc, Blaise de</a>. <i>Commentaires.</i> Edited by P. Courteault. 3 volumes. Paris: 1911–25. Translated by Charles Cotton as <i>The Commentaries of Messire Blaize de Montluc</i> (London: A. Clark, 1674).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_de_Lasseran-Massenc%C3%B4me,_seigneur_de_Montluc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, seigneur de Montluc">Monluc, Blaise de</a>. <i>Military Memoirs: Blaise de Monluc, The Habsburg-Valois Wars, and the French Wars of Religion.</i> Edited by Ian Roy. London: Longmans, 1971.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_de_Saulx,_sieur_de_Tavannes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspard de Saulx, sieur de Tavannes">Saulx, Gaspard de, Seigneur de Tavanes</a>. <i>Mémoires de très noble et très illustre Gaspard de Saulx, seigneur de Tavanes, Mareschal de France, admiral des mers de Levant, Gouverneur de Provence, conseiller du Roy, et capitaine de cent hommes d'armes.</i> Château de Lugny: Fourny, 1653.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027405664">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&oldid=1277382419">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Wars&oldid=1277382419</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_Wars" 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