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<span>Initial establishment in Xichuan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_establishment_in_Xichuan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_campaign_of_resistance_against_Later_Tang_with_Dong_Zhang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_campaign_of_resistance_against_Later_Tang_with_Dong_Zhang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Joint campaign of resistance against Later Tang with Dong Zhang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_campaign_of_resistance_against_Later_Tang_with_Dong_Zhang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermaths_of_campaign_against_Later_Tang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermaths_of_campaign_against_Later_Tang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Aftermaths of campaign against Later Tang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermaths_of_campaign_against_Later_Tang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_emperor_of_independent_Later_Shu_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_emperor_of_independent_Later_Shu_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>As emperor of independent Later Shu state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_emperor_of_independent_Later_Shu_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meng_Zhixiang" title="Meng Zhixiang – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Meng Zhixiang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%B9%EC%A7%80%EC%83%81" title="맹지상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맹지상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meng_Zhixiang" title="Meng Zhixiang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Meng Zhixiang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%A5" title="孟知祥 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="孟知祥" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meng_Zhixiang" title="Meng Zhixiang – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Meng Zhixiang" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Мен Чжисян – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мен Чжисян" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1nh_Tri_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Mạnh Tri Tường – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mạnh Tri Tường" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%A5" title="孟知祥 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="孟知祥" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%A5" title="孟知祥 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="孟知祥" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%A5" title="孟知祥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="孟知祥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%A5" title="孟知祥 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="孟知祥" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1149186#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Meng_(surname)" title="Meng (surname)">Meng</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Emperor Gaozu of Later Shu<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">後蜀高祖</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Later Shu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">16 March 934<sup id="cite_ref-AS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ278_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ278-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 7 September 934</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Meng_Chang" title="Meng Chang">Meng Chang</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Prince of Shu (蜀王)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">933 – 934</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">jiedushi</a></i> of Xichuan Circuit<br />(西川節度使)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">925 – 934</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">10 May 874<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ48_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ48-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 September 934<span style="display:none">(934-09-07)</span> (aged 60)<sup id="cite_ref-AS_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ279_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ279-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">He Mausoleum (和陵; in modern <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>)<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Meng_Zhixiang&params=30_44_28_N_104_07_11_E_scale:10000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°44′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">104°07′11″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.74111°N 104.11972°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.74111; 104.11972</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Full name</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">Family name</a>: <div style="display:inline" class="nickname"><a href="/wiki/Meng_(surname)" title="Meng (surname)">Mèng</a> (孟)</div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_given_name" title="Chinese given name">Given name</a>: <div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Zhīxiáng (知祥)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Era name and dates</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Míngdé (明德): 27 May 934<sup id="cite_ref-AS_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ279_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ279-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 2 February 938<sup id="cite_ref-AS_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HFD136_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFD136-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Emperor Wénwǔ Shèngdé Yīngliè Míngxiào<br />(文武聖德英烈明孝皇帝)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Gāozǔ (高祖)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Meng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Later Shu</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Meng Zhixiang</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">孟知祥</span>; 10 May 874<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ48_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ48-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AS_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–7 September 934<sup id="cite_ref-AS_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ279_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ279-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> <b>Baoyin</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">保胤</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-NHFD64_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHFD64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known by his <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">temple name</a> as the <b>Emperor Gaozu of Later Shu</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">後蜀高祖</span></span>), was the founding <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor</a> of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Later Shu dynasty</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a>. </p><p>Meng Zhixiang was originally a general and an in-law of the <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Tang dynasty">Later Tang dynasty</a>'s ruling family, who went by the family name Li. Meng married the eldest sister or perhaps a cousin of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhuangzong_of_Later_Tang" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang">Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GPFQ_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPFQ-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meng served the Later Tang as the military governor (<i><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></i>) of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>), after the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Former_Shu" title="Former Shu">Former Shu</a>. After Emperor Zhuangzong's death, Meng was more distant to the succeeding emperor. The new emperor was Emperor Zhuangzong's adoptive brother, <a href="/wiki/Li_Siyuan" title="Li Siyuan">Emperor Mingzong</a>. Meng, fearing accusations by Emperor Mingzong's chief advisor <a href="/wiki/An_Chonghui" title="An Chonghui">An Chonghui</a>, rebelled, in alliance with <a href="/wiki/Dong_Zhang" title="Dong Zhang">Dong Zhang</a>, military governor of neighboring Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Mianyang" title="Mianyang">Mianyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>). The Meng-Dong alliance repelled subsequent attempts to suppress or control them, although they continued as nominal subjects of Mingzong. Eventually, Meng overpowered Dong, thus assuming control of both allied domains. Meng continued as titular vassal to Mingzong for the rest of that emperor's reign; but, afterwards, Meng Zhixiang declared himself emperor, thereby founding the Later Shu dynasty. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth,_family,_and_early_career"><span id="Birth.2C_family.2C_and_early_career"></span>Birth, family, and early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Zhixiang&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birth, family, and early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth">Birth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Zhixiang&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meng Zhixiang was born in 874, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Yizong of Tang">Emperor Yizong of Tang</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Zhixiang&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His family was from Xing Prefecture (邢州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Xingtai" title="Xingtai">Xingtai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>), and his ancestors had served for generations as army officers at Xing, including his grandfather Meng Cha (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孟察</span></span>) and his father Meng Dao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孟道</span></span>). His uncle <a href="/wiki/Meng_Fangli" title="Meng Fangli">Meng Fangli</a> become military governor (<i><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></i>) of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered then in <a href="/wiki/Changzhi" title="Changzhi">Changzhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>), which Xing Prefecture belonged to, late in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-HFD136_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFD136-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later moved the circuit's capital from Lu Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">潞州</span></span>) to Xing in 882, precipitating a mutiny that led to the division of the circuit in two in 883.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Meng Fangli's subsequent suicide in 889, he was succeeded by his younger brother (Meng Zhixiang's uncle) Meng Qian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孟遷</span></span>), who subsequently surrendered the parts of Zhaoyi he controlled to the major warlord <a href="/wiki/Li_Keyong" title="Li Keyong">Li Keyong</a> the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>) in 890.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Zhixiang&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Li later put Meng Qian back in command of (reunified) Zhaoyi Circuit in 899.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when Zhaoyi came under attack in 901 by Li's archrival <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Quanzhong</a> the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), Meng Qian surrendered the circuit to Zhu.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meng Zhixiang's father Meng Dao continued to serve Li, but did not distinguish himself in the Hedong army. Li, however, was impressed with Meng Zhixiang's talent, and eventually gave his eldest daughter to Meng Zhixiang in marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ48_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ48-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHFD64_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHFD64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GPFQ_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPFQ-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Meng Zhixiang's younger sister later married another younger brother of Li Keyong's, <a href="/wiki/Li_Kening" title="Li Kening">Li Kening</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NHFD64_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHFD64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Meng Zhixiang thereafter became a training officer in the Hedong army.<sup id="cite_ref-NHFD64_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHFD64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_background_during_Jin">Political background during Jin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Zhixiang&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political background during Jin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 907, Zhu Quanzhong had Tang's final emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ai_of_Tang" title="Emperor Ai of Tang">Emperor Ai</a> yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a> with him as its Emperor Taizu. Li Keyong and several other regional governors (<a href="/wiki/Yang_Wo" title="Yang Wo">Yang Wo</a> the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>), <a href="/wiki/Li_Maozhen" title="Li Maozhen">Li Maozhen</a> the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Baoji" title="Baoji">Baoji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jian_(Former_Shu)" title="Wang Jian (Former Shu)">Wang Jian</a> the military governor of Xichuan Circuit) refused to recognize the new Later Liang emperor, with Li Keyong, Li Maozhen, and Yang continuing to maintain the Tang <a href="/wiki/Era_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Era name">era name</a> of <i>Tianyou</i>, while Wang shortly after declared himself the emperor of a new state of <a href="/wiki/Former_Shu" title="Former Shu">Former Shu</a>, although Li Keyong was effectively the ruler of his own state of Jin as he carried the title of Prince of Jin. In 908, Li Keyong died and was succeeded as the Prince of Jin by his son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhuangzong_of_Later_Tang" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang">Li Cunxu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career_as_training_officer">Career as training officer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Zhixiang&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Career as training officer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meng Zhixiang continued to serve as training officer. Meanwhile, there was an incident in or around 912, when Li Cunxu, angry that the recently surrendered official Li Yan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李嚴</span></span>) refused his request for Li Yan to serve as teacher to his son <a href="/wiki/Li_Jiji" title="Li Jiji">Li Jiji</a>, was considering executing Li Yan. It was at Meng's intercession (pointing out that executing Li Yan would speak poorly for Li Cunxu's reputation) that Li Yan was spared.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ268_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ268-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promotion">Promotion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Zhixiang&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Promotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In or around 919, Li Cunxu wanted to make Meng Zhixiang chief of staff (中門使, <i>Zhongmenshi</i>) of the recently captured Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Handan" title="Handan">Handan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>). However, as that position was a thankless position, and several prior chiefs of staff had been executed due to accusations of wrongdoing, Meng was fearful and declined the position. When Li Cunxu asked him for an alternative recommendation, he recommended the officer <a href="/wiki/Guo_Chongtao" title="Guo Chongtao">Guo Chongtao</a>, whom Li Cunxu subsequently made chief of staff.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ270_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ270-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this recommendation, Guo, whose career would be greatly bolstered by this commission, became thankful to Meng later.<sup id="cite_ref-NHFD64_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHFD64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meng himself was thereafter made the discipline officer at Hedong.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ270_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ270-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one point, Li Cunxu awarded one of his own concubines, a <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Li_(Later_Shu)" title="Empress Dowager Li (Later Shu)">Lady Li</a>, to Meng Zhixiang, and she gave birth to Meng Zhixiang's third son <a href="/wiki/Meng_Chang" title="Meng Chang">Meng Renzan</a>, in 919.<sup id="cite_ref-HFD136_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFD136-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_Later_Tang">During Later Tang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Zhixiang&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: During Later Tang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_Emperor_Zhuangzong's_reign"><span id="During_Emperor_Zhuangzong.27s_reign"></span>During Emperor Zhuangzong's reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Zhixiang&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: During Emperor Zhuangzong's reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 923, Li Cunxu declared himself the emperor of a new state of <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a> (as Emperor Zhuangzong) at Xingtang (興唐, i.e., Weibo's capital). He designated Taiyuan as the western capital and made Meng Zhixiang its mayor, as well as its deputy defender.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ272_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ272-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Meng's wife, as the new emperor's eldest sister,<sup id="cite_ref-GPFQ_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPFQ-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was created the Grand Princess Qionghua, either at that time or in 925.)<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ50_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ50-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, Emperor Zhuangzong destroyed rival Later Liang and took over its territory, setting his capital at <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ272_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ272-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 925, Emperor Zhuangzong was planning to launch a major campaign to destroy Former Shu. He commissioned Li Jiji as the titular commander as its operations, with Guo Chongtao serving as deputy commander, in actual command of the operations. Before departing Luoyang, Guo, still thankful to Meng for having recommended him initially, recommended Meng as the prospective military commander of Xichuan if the campaign would be successful in conquering Former Shu.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ273_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ273-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the year, after Li Jiji and Guo were successful in capturing Former Shu's capital <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> and its emperor <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zongyan" title="Wang Zongyan">Wang Zongyan</a> (Wang Jian's son and successor), thus destroying it, Emperor Zhuangzong summoned Meng to Luoyang and made him the military governor of Xichuan, also bestowing on him the honorary <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Chancellor of the Tang dynasty">chancellor</a> designation of <i>Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">同中書門下平章事</span></span>), preparing him to send him to Xichuan.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ274_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ274-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this point, though, friction had begun to surface between Emperor Zhuangzong and the once highly trusted Guo. Emperor Zhuangzong and his wife <a href="/wiki/Empress_Liu_(Li_Cunxu%27s_wife)" title="Empress Liu (Li Cunxu's wife)">Empress Liu</a> were suspicious that Guo had seized the wealth of the Former Shu state and not submitted most of it to the imperial treasury. There were also rumors that Guo would rebel and seize the Shu territory for himself. Thus, when sending Meng on its way, Emperor Zhuangzong commented, "I have heard that Guo Chongtao may have treasonous wishes. When you get there, Lord, execute him for me." Meng responded, "Guo Chongtao is an accomplished old subject of the Empire, and it is not likely that he has such wishes. When I, your subject, reaches Shu, I will examine him. If he has no such wishes, I will send him back." Emperor Zhuangzong, at that time, agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ274_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ274-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Empress Liu became convinced that Guo was about to rebel and would kill her son Li Jiji first. She was unable to persuade Emperor Zhuangzong of this, however, and she decided to issue an edict on her own, to be delivered by her servant eunuch Ma Yangui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬彥珪</span></span>) to Li Jiji, ordering Guo's death. When Ma caught up with Meng, he delivered the message to Meng, and then himself rushed toward Chengdu. Meng knew that disaster was about to come, and therefore decided to speed himself to Chengdu as well, behind Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ274_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ274-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ma arrived in Chengdu shortly after, in spring 926. Li Jiji initially hesitated after receiving Empress Liu's edict, but then carried it out by summoning Guo to him and then killing him and his sons in surprise. This led to a general state of confusion in Chengdu, but Meng arrived shortly after and comforted both the army and the people in the city. Shortly after, Li Jiji left Meng in command of the city, departing it and heading back toward Luoyang with his troops.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ275_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ275-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nearly simultaneous killing of both Guo and another major general, <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Youqian" title="Zhu Youqian">Zhu Youqian</a>, however, shocked both the armies around the empire at large and the people, and almost immediately caused a number of mutinies to rise around the empire. One of those mutinies was led by one of the generals who served under Guo during the Former Shu campaign, <a href="/wiki/Kang_Yanxiao" title="Kang Yanxiao">Li Shaochen</a> (né Kang Yanxiao) and whose soldiers were largely previously under Zhu, and therefore who wanted to avenge Zhu. Li Shaochen claimed the title of military governor of Xichuan and postured to attack Chengdu. However, he was quickly defeated in a joint operation commanded by Meng, <a href="/wiki/Dong_Zhang" title="Dong Zhang">Dong Zhang</a> the military governor of Dongchuan Circuit, and <a href="/wiki/Ren_Huan" title="Ren Huan">Ren Huan</a>. After Li Shaochen's defeat, Li Jiji, who had stopped his progress east pending the result of the campaign, continued east back toward Luoyang. Despite Li Shaochen's defeat, however, there were still many disturbances and much banditry in the Shu territory. It was said that Meng comforted the people by selecting honest officials and decreasing the tax burden, causing the people to begin to acquiesce to his control.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ274_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ274-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before Li Jiji could reach Luoyang, however, the mutinies multiplied, and in summer 926, Emperor Zhuangzong himself was killed in a mutiny at the capital Luoyang itself. The commander of one of the mutinies, Emperor Zhuangzong's adoptive brother <a href="/wiki/Li_Siyuan" title="Li Siyuan">Li Siyuan</a> (and therefore adoptive brother to Meng's wife Grand Princess Qionghua<sup id="cite_ref-GPFQ_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPFQ-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), quickly reached Luoyang itself and claimed the title of regent. Li Jiji postured to challenge him, but soon discovered that his own soldiers were abandoning him in droves. Finding the situation hopeless, Li Jiji committed suicide, and Li Siyuan claimed the title of emperor shortly after (as Emperor Mingzong).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ275_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ275-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_Emperor_Mingzong's_reign"><span id="During_Emperor_Mingzong.27s_reign"></span>During Emperor Mingzong's reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Zhixiang&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: During Emperor Mingzong's reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_establishment_in_Xichuan">Initial establishment in Xichuan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Zhixiang&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Initial establishment in Xichuan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emperor Mingzong appeared to immediately try to make an attempt to reaffirm Meng Zhixiang's faith to his newly established administration, by bestowing on Meng the greater honorary chancellor title of <i>Shizhong</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">侍中</span></span>). However, Meng was said to begin to plan to take personal control of the region, by establishing, in addition to the 26 corps that Guo Chongtao left in Xichuan, which totaled 27,000 soldiers, some 36 additional corps of troops, totaling 32,000 soldiers, including six special naval corps preparing to defend against attacks from water.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ275_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ275-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Ren Huan became a chancellor and was also in charge of the three finance bureaus (taxation, treasury, and salt and iron monopolies), and, believing that Xichuan was wealthy and capable of supporting the central government financially, sent Meng's old friend <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Jiliang" title="Zhao Jiliang">Zhao Jiliang</a> to Xichuan to prepare to transported the wealth previously stored by the Former Shu regime, as well as taxes collected since then, to Luoyang. When Zhao arrived at Chengdu in winter 926, Meng's staff members initially advised him to refuse the orders completely, but Meng chose to partially comply — allowing Zhao to have the stored wealth shipped to Luoyang, but refusing to turn over any further tax revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ275_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ275-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also kept Zhao at Chengdu to serve as his deputy military governor.<sup id="cite_ref-NHFD64_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHFD64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this point, Emperor Mingzong's chief of staff <a href="/wiki/An_Chonghui" title="An Chonghui">An Chonghui</a> had begun to suspect both Meng (as his wife was Emperor Zhuangzong's eldest sister<sup id="cite_ref-GPFQ_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPFQ-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and Dong Zhang (who was one of Emperor Zhuangzong's favorite generals) of planning to separate their territory from Later Tang proper. Li Yan (whose life Meng had previously saved by interceding with Emperor Zhuangzong), who had previously served as Later Tang's emissary to Former Shu and had been a major proponent of the campaign against Former Shu, volunteered to serve as the monitor to the Xichuan army, believing that he could curb Meng's ambitions, so An had Li commissioned as the monitor to the Xichuan army, while commissioning the officer <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Hongzhao" title="Zhu Hongzhao">Zhu Hongzhao</a> as the deputy military governor of Dongchuan, hoping that they could curb the powers of Meng and Dong, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ275_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ275-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meng was very displeased with Li's commissioning, and while ostensibly welcoming Li, he sent a large number of soldiers to escort Li to Chengdu, hoping that the large display of military might would intimidate Li into leaving on his own. Li took no heed of this, however, and proceeded to Chengdu. Once Li arrived at Chengdu, Meng initially outwardly treated him with respect, but in spring 927, after publicly rebuking him for advocating the campaign against Former Shu that led to the destruction of both Former Shu and Later Tang — i.e., the destruction of Emperor Zhuangzong's administration — executed him. Hearing of Li's death, Zhu fled back to Luoyang, fearing the same fate. Meng then submitted a report to Emperor Mingzong, claiming that Li had plotted to take over the army and had falsely claimed that Meng would soon be summoned back to Luoyang to undermine Meng.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ275_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ275-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, Meng had sent his attendants to escort his wife Grand Princess Qionghua, as well as Meng Renzan (and probably Meng Renzan's mother Lady Li) to Xichuan. When they reached Fengxiang, the news of Li Yan's death had also reached Fengxiang, and the military governor of Fengxiang, <a href="/wiki/Li_Congyan" title="Li Congyan">Li Congyan</a> (Li Maozhen's son and successor, who was allowed to inherit the circuit after Li Maozhen submitted to be a Later Tang vassal) immediately had them detained at Fengxiang.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ275_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ275-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, wanting to retain Meng's faithfulness by grace, Emperor Mingzong ordered that they be allowed to continue on to Chengdu, escorted by the official Li Renju (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李仁矩</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ50_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ50-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ275_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ275-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Meng and Dong were also disputing themselves, over the profitability of the salt mines that both of their circuits controlled. To try to gain a trade advantage on Meng, Dong reduced the prices of Dongchuan salt, thus inducing merchants to go to Dongchuan, buy salt, and selling it on the Xichuan salt markets, thus depressing the price of Xichuan salt. In 928, Meng reacted by establishing taxation checkpoints on the border of Xichuan and Dongchuan and taxing such salt trade heavily. With their profits taken away by these taxes, merchants no longer went to Dongchuan to buy salt.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around that time, Emperor Mingzong had ordered that Xichuan contribute troops in a campaign against the rebel warlord <a href="/wiki/Gao_Jixing" title="Gao Jixing">Gao Jixing</a> the military governor of <a href="/wiki/Jingnan" title="Jingnan">Jingnan</a> Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>), to take back three prefectures that Emperor Zhuangzong had previously bestowed Gao (Kui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">夔州</span></span>), Wan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">萬州</span></span>), and Zhong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">忠州</span></span>), all in modern <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>). Meng sent 3,000 troops, commanded by the officer Mao Chongwei (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">毛重威</span></span>). After Later Tang imperial forces were able to recapture those prefectures from Gao, however, Meng requested that the troops be returned; Emperor Mingzong refused. Meng then sent secret messengers to Mao and induced him to, in violation of imperial orders, return to Chengdu with his troops. Mao did so, and when Emperor Mingzong subsequently ordered that Mao be punished, Meng refused. Further, Meng also started to refuse to comply with past orders to supply the central government-created Ningjiang Circuit (寧江, headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Kui_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kui Prefecture">Kui Prefecture</a>) with food, claiming that the food was necessary for his own circuit's army.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joint_campaign_of_resistance_against_Later_Tang_with_Dong_Zhang">Joint campaign of resistance against Later Tang with Dong Zhang</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Zhixiang&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Joint campaign of resistance against Later Tang with Dong Zhang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, the Later Tang imperial government, under An Chonghui's strategy, was placing key posts in the region under its own control — with Xia Luqi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">夏魯奇</span></span>), who had been the deputy commander of the operations against Jingnan, made the military governor of Wuxin Circuit (武信, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Suining" title="Suining">Suining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Li Renju made the military governor of a new Baoning Circuit (保寧, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Langzhong" title="Langzhong">Langzhong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>), carved out of Dongchuan and Xichuan's neighboring Shannan West Circuit (山南西道, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Hanzhong" title="Hanzhong">Hanzhong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and An's brother-in-law Wu Qianyu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">武虔裕</span></span>) the prefect of Mian Prefecture (綿州, in modern Mianyang), in the heart of Dongchuan itself.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Meng had effectively taken control of Wuxin earlier when Li Shaowen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李紹文</span></span>) the military governor of Wuxin died in 927 and the imperial government abided by Meng's wishes by having Meng's officer Li Jingzhou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李敬周</span></span>) made the acting military governor of Wuxin.)<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ275_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ275-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, there were rumors that An was ready to have Mian and nearby Long Prefecture (龍州, also in modern Mianyang) carved out of Dongchuan as a separate circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These developments made both Meng Zhixiang and Dong Zhang apprehensive of the imperial government's attentions, and despite their prior animosity with each other, they began to negotiate an alliance, agreeing to have Dong's son marrying Meng's daughter; they also began to plan a joint resistance in case of an imperial operation against them.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They then submitted a joint petition expressing their apprehension and objecting to the imperial establishment of these garrisons, to no avail. (Dong subsequently neutralized Wu by tricking him to Dongchuan's capital Zi Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">梓州</span></span>) and putting him under arrest, while the imperial government bestowed the greater honorary chancellor title of <i>Zhongshu Ling</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中書令</span></span>) on Meng.)<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ277-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dong made one last-ditch attempt to stop the imperial government from what he and Meng saw as provocative deployments — by having his son Dong Guangye (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">董光業</span></span>), who served as the director of imperial gardens at the capital Luoyang, inform An's deputy Li Qianhui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李虔徽</span></span>) that if the imperial government sent more soldiers into the region, he would rebel.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ277-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (However, as noted by, inter alia, the modern historian <a href="/wiki/Bo_Yang" title="Bo Yang">Bo Yang</a>, Dong's threat had the exact opposite effect, since An's intent was to force Dong and Meng into rebellion so that he could destroy them.)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When An thereafter, in fall 930, sent the officer Xun Xian'ai (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">荀咸乂</span></span>) to reinforce Baoning's capital Lang Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">閬州</span></span>), Dong publicly declared his rebellion, and he and Meng joined their forces to prepare to attack Baoning, Wuxin, and Zhaowu (昭武, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Guangyuan" title="Guangyuan">Guangyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>) Circuits, which were loyal to the imperial government. Their plan (as proposed by Zhao Jiliang) was to quickly capture Baoning and Wuxin, and then defend the treacherous <a href="/wiki/Jianmen_Pass" title="Jianmen Pass">Jianmen Pass</a> to stop the imperial army from advancing.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ277-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emperor Mingzong reacted by commissioning his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Later_Jin" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin">Shi Jingtang</a> the military governor of Tianxiong as the commander of an army against Dongchuan and Xichuan (with Xia as his deputy), stripping Dong Zhang and Meng of all of their titles, and slaughtering Dong Guangye and his family. Long before Shi's army could arrive in the region, however, the joint Dongchuan/Xichuan forces, under Dong Zhang's command, quickly captured Lang Prefecture and killed Li Renju, while a Xichuan army commanded by <a href="/wiki/Li_Renhan" title="Li Renhan">Li Renhan</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Tingyin" title="Zhao Tingyin">Zhao Tingyin</a> as Li Renhan's deputy, put Xia under siege at Wuxin's capital Sui Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">遂州</span></span>). However, Dong, believing that Jianmen Pass was securely defended by his own Dongchuan army, turned down Meng's offer of reinforcements; rather, he headed for Zhaowu's capital Li Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">利州</span></span>) and tried to capture it; when inclement weather subsequently stopped his advance, he withdrew back to Lang Prefecture without reinforcing the Jianmen defense.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ277-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dong's failure to adequately guard Jianmen led to the only crisis for Meng and Dong in their campaign against the imperial forces. In winter 930, the imperial officer Wang Hongzhi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王弘贄</span></span>) bypassed Jianmen Pass and then circled around to attack it by surprise. Jianmen fell to him, and he then captured nearby Jian Prefecture (劍州, in modern Guangyuan), shocking both Dong and Meng. However, no imperial forces reinforced Wang, who thereafter felt compelled to abandon Jian Prefecture and simply guard Jianmen. Xichuan forces under Zhao Tingyin and Li Zhao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李肇</span></span>) subsequently were able to take Jian Prefecture and defend it, alleviating the situation. Meanwhile, Meng also sent the former Former Shu general Zhang Wu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張武</span></span>) to capture the imperially-held Wutai Circuit (武泰, headquartered in modern Chongqing).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ277-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this time, Emperor Mingzong's resolve to defeat Dongchuan and Xichuan was beginning to dissolve, as he no longer fully trusted An's judgment or loyalty. He was particularly worried about the western circuits' reports of their difficulty in supplying Shi's army. An volunteered to head to the front to oversee the operations himself. However, as soon as he left Luoyang, Shi, who did not agree with this operation, submitted petitions requesting an end to the operations. Apparently as a test to see whether Meng would be willing to end his resistance, Emperor Mingzong released some 1,500 men that Xichuan had previously sent to Kui Prefecture back to Xichuan. In spring 931, Meng submitted a petition thanking Emperor Mingzong for their release, but did not stop his own military operations, as soon thereafter, Li Renhan captured Sui Prefecture, and Xia committed suicide. Meng, after showing Xia's head to the imperial army to demonstrate that Sui Prefecture had fallen, buried Xia with respect.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ277-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this point, An was almost at the front, but after he visited Fengxiang on the way, then governed by Zhu Hongzhao, Zhu submitted a secret petition falsely accusing An of being resentful to the emperor and possibly ready to seize the command of the imperial army from Shi, and also wrote Shi expressing the same. Shi, in fear, submitted petitions requesting that An be recalled. Emperor Mingzong thus recalled An. As soon as he did so, Shi, without first requesting approval from the emperor, withdrew his army from the Jianmen front and headed back toward Luoyang. When Dongchuan and Xichuan forces subsequently chased Shi's army and reached Li Prefecture, Li Yanqi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李彥琦</span></span>) the military governor of Zhaowu abandoned it and fled as well. Meng made Zhao Tingyin the acting military governor. Zhao Tingyin subsequently advocated seizing Dong by trick and taking over his army, but Meng stopped him from doing so. After Li Renhan captured Wuxin, Meng sent him further east to attack Ningjiang. An Chongruan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">安崇阮</span></span>) the military governor of Ningjiang abandoned Kui Prefecture as well, allowing Li Renhan to capture Ningjiang. When Zhao Tingyin subsequently advocated further attacking Shannan West Circuit, however, Meng, pointing out that the army was tired, refused.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ277-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, even before An Chonghui reached Luoyang, Emperor Mingzong commissioned him the military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Yuncheng" title="Yuncheng">Yuncheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>), and shortly after, after An offered to retire, initially granted the request to retire, but then sent his nephew Li Congzhang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">李從璋</span></span>) the Prince of Yang to kill An. After An's death, Emperor Mingzong blamed the imperial conflicts with Dong, Meng, and <a href="/wiki/Qian_Liu" title="Qian Liu">Qian Liu</a> the King of <a href="/wiki/Wuyue" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a> on An, and in essence capitulated by sending the Xichuan official Su Yuan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蘇愿</span></span>) and the Dongchuan officer Liu Cheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉澄</span></span>), who had been trapped at Luoyang, back to their circuits to announce An's death and the imperial government's desire for peace. (Other than minor skirmishes, this effectively ended the imperial campaign against Dongchuan and Xichuan.)<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ277-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermaths_of_campaign_against_Later_Tang">Aftermaths of campaign against Later Tang</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Zhixiang&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aftermaths of campaign against Later Tang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Su Yuan arrived in Chengdu in winter 931, delivering Emperor Mingzong's message and further assuring Meng that his nephews who remained in imperial territory were safe, Meng wanted to resubmit to the imperial government, and tried to persuade Dong Zhang to do so as well. Dong refused in anger, pointing out that his family members had been executed; thereafter, he began to be hostile toward Meng again. Meng, not wanting to be seen as the breaker of the covenant between him and Dong, did not himself send emissaries to the imperial government initially, and tried two more times to persuade Dong, to no avail. On the last of those occasions in spring 932, Meng's emissary <a href="/wiki/Li_Hao_(Later_Shu)" title="Li Hao (Later Shu)">Li Hao</a>, after returning to Chengdu, pointed out that it appeared that Dong was planning an attack and that Xichuan should be prepared. (Around this time, Meng's wife Grand Princess Fuqing (her title's having been changed to Fuqing by Emperor Mingzong) died.)<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ277-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In summer 932, Dong launched his attack, and initially the Dongchuan army, with Dong being known as a fierce fighter, had a number of victory over Xichuan forces. As part of Dong's plan to adversely affect the Xichuan morale, he wrote letters to Zhao Jiliang, Zhao Tingyin, and Li Zhao, acting as if they were acting in concert with him. Meng paid no heed to those letters, and, leaving Zhao Jiliang in command at Chengdu, himself took an army, along with Zhao Tingyin, to engage Dong. Meanwhile, Dong, after capturing Xichuan's Han Prefecture (漢州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Deyang" title="Deyang">Deyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>), approached Chengdu. Meng's and Zhao Tingyin's forces engaged him, but initially the Dongchuan forces prevailed; however, when Xichuan forces that Zhao Tingyin put in reserve then engaged Dongchuan forces, the Dongchuan forces were crushed, and Dong fled back to Zi Prefecture. Once he got there, his officers Wang Hui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王暉</span></span>) and Dong Yanhao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">董延浩</span></span>) (a son to one of his cousins) mutinied. In the mutiny, another officer, Pan Chou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">潘稠</span></span>) killed Dong Zhang and offered his head to Wang. Wang thereafter surrendered the city to Meng.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ277-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meng thereafter faced the situation that both Zhao Tingyin and Li Renhan wanted command of Dongchuan — a conflict that threatened to tear the victorious Xichuan forces apart. Meng, to resolve the situation, took command of Dongchuan himself, while returning Li to Wuxin and giving Zhao the command of Baoning. By this point, Meng had effective control of not only the two original circuits of Xichuan and Dongchuan, but the carved-out circuits of Wuxin, Baoning, Zhaowu, Ningjiang, and Wutai as well. However, he rejected an overture from his subordinates, led by Zhao Jiliang, to declare himself a prince.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ277-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the imperial government initially received reports of conflict between Dong and Meng, it hoped to take advantage of the situation, but after Meng quickly defeated Dong, An Chonghui's successor as chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/Fan_Yanguang" title="Fan Yanguang">Fan Yanguang</a>, pointed out to Emperor Mingzong that even though Meng controlled the region, he still needed imperial sanction because his soldiers were largely from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Plains (China)">Central Plains</a>. Emperor Mingzong, still outwardly treating Meng as an old friend, thus sent his attendant Li Cungui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李存瓌</span></span>) — a son of Li Kening's and therefore a nephew of Meng's — to Chengdu, reassuring Meng of his family members' and friends' safety and urging him to return to the imperial fold.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ277-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Li Cungui reached Chengdu, Meng, taking the form of a subject, knelt and accepted the imperial edict. Thereafter, he became formally a vassal of Later Tang again, but was said to be even more arrogant toward the imperial government than before.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ278_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ278-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also reported the death of Grand Princess Fuqing, whom Emperor Mingzong then posthumously honored as Grand Princess Yongshun of Jin.<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ50_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ50-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly thereafter, Meng had Li Hao draft petitions on the part of the five acting military governors of the five subsidiary circuits, asking that Meng be given acting imperial authority in the region and asking for imperially-issued staffs for their own commands. Li Hao pointed out that this is the authority that Meng <i>himself</i> should be asking for, lest that he be viewed as needing the sanctioning from his subordinates. Under Li Hao's suggestion, Meng therefore submitted a petition of his own, requesting authority to commission prefectural prefects and lower-level officials on his own, while requesting that the imperial government officially command the five acting military governors as military governors. He also requested that the imperial government send the wives and children of the soldiers from the Central Plains to allow the families to be reunited. In winter 932, Emperor Mingzong again sent Li Cungui to Chengdu to deliver his edict, largely approving Meng's requests, and further giving him the authority to commission even military governors in the region. However, he refused to send the wives and children of the soldiers to the region, but also did not (as Meng had feared that he might) order that they be returned to the imperial government. Shortly after, Meng, under authorities granted by Emperor Mingzong, formally bestowed the five acting military governors full commands.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ278_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ278-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spring 933, Emperor Mingzong further formally created Meng the Prince of Shu and made him the military governor of both Dongchuan and Xichuan, sending the high-level officials <a href="/wiki/Lu_Wenji" title="Lu Wenji">Lu Wenji</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%BC_Qi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lü Qi (page does not exist)">Lü Qi</a> for the creation ceremony. Meng himself crafted clothes and crowns that were like the emperor's.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ278_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ278-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later that year, Emperor Mingzong died and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Min_of_Later_Tang" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Min of Later Tang">Li Conghou</a> the Prince of Song (as Emperor Min). When Meng received the news, he commented:<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ278_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ278-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Prince of Song is young and weak, and those who govern for him were people like imperial servants. They would surely create disturbances throughout the realm.</p></blockquote> <p>Thereafter, his subordinates persuaded him to take the throne himself, and, in spring 934, he did so, claiming himself to be the Emperor of Shu.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ278_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ278-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_emperor_of_independent_Later_Shu_state">As emperor of independent Later Shu state</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Zhixiang&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: As emperor of independent Later Shu state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after Meng Zhixiang claimed the Later Shu throne, the Later Tang imperial succession was thrown into turmoil when Emperor Min's chiefs of staff, Zhu Hongzhao and <a href="/wiki/Feng_Yun_(Later_Tang)" title="Feng Yun (Later Tang)">Feng Yun</a>, who suspected both Shi Jingtang and Emperor Min's adoptive brother <a href="/wiki/Li_Congke" title="Li Congke">Li Congke</a> the Prince of Lu, tried to move their commands — Shi from Hedong to Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>) and Li Congke from Fengxiang to Hedong. Li Congke, fearing that this move was intended to trick him to his death, rebelled; he subsequently defeated the imperial forces sent against him and advanced toward Luoyang, eventually killing Emperor Min and taking the throne himself. As he was doing so, Zhang Qianzhao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張虔釗</span></span>) the military governor of Shannan West and Sun Hanshao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">孫漢韶</span></span>) the military governor of Wuding Circuit (武定, headquartered in modern Hanzhong), who had been part of the imperial forces against him and who feared reprisals, surrendered their circuits to Later Shu, allowing Later Shu to take the region south of the <a href="/wiki/Qinling_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinling Mountains">Qinling Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ279_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ279-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Meng, who was said to have suffered from a stroke for over a year, became gravely ill. In fall 934, he created Meng Renzan <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince">Crown Prince</a>. He died the same day, and Meng Renzan (whose name was then changed to Meng Chang) took the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ279_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ279-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_information">Personal information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Zhixiang&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Father <ul><li>Meng Dao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孟道</span></span>), posthumously honored Emperor Xiaowu with the <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">temple name</a> Xianzong (honored 934)</li></ul></li> <li>Wife <ul><li>Lady Li (died 932), eldest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Li_Keyong" title="Li Keyong">Li Keyong</a> the Prince of Jin,<sup id="cite_ref-GPFQ_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPFQ-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later Grand Princess Qionghua (created 923?/925?) and then Grand Princess Fuqing (created 930) during Later Tang, posthumously honored as Grand Princess Yongshun of Jin by <a href="/wiki/Li_Siyuan" title="Li Siyuan">Li Siyuan</a>, posthumously honored as empress by Meng Zhixiang (honored 934)</li></ul></li> <li>Major Concubine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Li_(Later_Shu)" title="Empress Dowager Li (Later Shu)">Consort Li</a> (died 965), originally consort to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhuangzong_of_Later_Tang" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang">Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang</a>, mother of Prince Chang</li></ul></li> <li>Children <ul><li>Meng Yifan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孟貽範</span></span>), died young before 932</li> <li>Meng Yiyong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孟貽邕</span></span>), died young before 932</li> <li>Meng Yiju (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孟貽矩</span></span>), presumably predeceased him</li> <li>Meng Yiye (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孟貽鄴</span></span>), the Prince of Yan, died later than 958</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Chang" title="Meng Chang">Meng Chang</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孟昶</span></span>) (919–965), né Meng Renzan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孟仁贊</span></span>), the Crown Prince (created 934), later emperor</li> <li>Meng Renyi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孟仁毅</span></span>) (died 955), the Prince Gongxiao of Kui (created 950)</li> <li>Meng Renyu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孟仁裕</span></span>) (928–970), the Prince of Peng (created 950)</li> <li>Meng Renzhi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孟仁贄</span></span>) (927–971), the Prince of Ya (created 950), later the Earl of Pingchang during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></li> <li>Meng Rencao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孟仁操</span></span>) (died 986), the Prince of Jia (created 950)</li> <li>Meng Jiuzhu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孟久柱</span></span>), Princess Chonghua, wife of Yi Yangui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">伊延瓌</span></span>)</li> <li>Meng Yanyi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孟延意</span></span>), Princess Yuqing, wife of Dong Guangsi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">董光嗣</span></span>) son of Dong Zhang</li> <li>Princess Jinxian, wife of Zhang Kuangbi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張匡弼</span></span>) eldest son of Zhang Qianzhao</li> <li>Princess Lanying, wife of Sun Yancong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">孫晏琮</span></span>) son of Sun Hanshao</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Zhixiang&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Academia Sinica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinocal.sinica.edu.tw/">Chinese-Western Calendar Converter</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ278-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ278_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ278_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ278_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ278_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ278_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ278_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7278" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷278">vol. 278</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SGCQ48-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ48_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ48_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ48_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals_of_the_Ten_Kingdoms" title="Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms">Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms</a></i> (十國春秋), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/06072243.cn#page/n2/mode/2up">vol. 48</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ279-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ279_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ279_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ279_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ279_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ279_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7279" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷279">vol. 279</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HFD136-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HFD136_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HFD136_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HFD136_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">Old History of the Five Dynasties</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%88%8A%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7136" class="extiw" title="zh:s:舊五代史/卷136">vol. 136</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHFD64-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHFD64_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHFD64_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHFD64_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHFD64_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHFD64_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHFD64_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/New_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="New History of the Five Dynasties">New History of the Five Dynasties</a></i> <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B764" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新五代史/卷64">vol. 64</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPFQ-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GPFQ_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPFQ_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPFQ_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPFQ_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPFQ_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPFQ_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Though historical sources such as <i>New History of Five Dynasties</i>, <i>Zizhi Tongjian</i> and <i>The Autumn and Spring of the Ten Kingdoms</i> referred to Meng Zhixiang's wife as daughter of Li Keyong's younger brother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Kerang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Kerang (page does not exist)">Li Kerang</a>, her epitaph referred to her as the eldest daughter of Li Keyong and born by <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cao_(Li_Cunxu%27s_mother)" title="Empress Dowager Cao (Li Cunxu's mother)">Empress Dowager Cao</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7255" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷255">vol. 255</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7258" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷258">vol. 258</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7261" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷261">vol. 261</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7262" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷262">vol. 262</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7266" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷266">vol. 266</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ268-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ268_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7268" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷268">vol. 268</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ270-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ270_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ270_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7270" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷270">vol. 270</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ272-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ272_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ272_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7272" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷272">vol. 272</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SGCQ50-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ50_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ50_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ50_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/06072244.cn#page/n2/mode/2up">vol. 50</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ273-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ273_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7273" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷273">vol. 273</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ274-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ274_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ274_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ274_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ274_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7274" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷274">vol. 274</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ275-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ275_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ275_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ275_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ275_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ275_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ275_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ275_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ275_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ275_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7275" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷275">vol. 275</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ276-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7276" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷276">vol. 276</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Old History of the Five Dynasties</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%88%8A%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B770" class="extiw" title="zh:s:舊五代史/卷70">vol. 70</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7040" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新唐書/卷040">vol. 40</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ277-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ277_23-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7277" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷277">vol. 277</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yang" title="Bo Yang">Bo Yang</a> Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian</i>, vol. 68 (930).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMote,_F.W.1999" class="citation book cs1">Mote, F.W. (1999). <i>Imperial China (900–1800)</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01212-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01212-7"><bdi>0-674-01212-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China+%28900%E2%80%931800%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-674-01212-7&rft.au=Mote%2C+F.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeng+Zhixiang" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">Old History of the Five Dynasties</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%88%8A%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7136" class="extiw" title="zh:s:舊五代史/卷136">vol. 136</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="New History of the Five Dynasties">New History of the Five Dynasties</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B764" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新五代史/卷64">vol. 64</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, vols. <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7268" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷268">268</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7270" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷270">270</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7272" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷272">272</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7273" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷273">273</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7274" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷274">274</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7275" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷275">275</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7276" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷276">276</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7277" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷277">277</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7278" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷278">278</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7279" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷279">279</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals_of_the_Ten_Kingdoms" title="Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms">Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">十國春秋</span></span>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/06072243.cn#page/n2/mode/2up">vol. 48</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">None (dynasty founded)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Emperor of Later Shu</a> </b><br />934 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Meng_Chang" title="Meng Chang">Meng Chang</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Li_Conghou" title="Li Conghou">Li Conghou</a> (Emperor Min of <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a>)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> (Southwestern) </b><br />934 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yougui" title="Zhu Yougui">Zhu Yougui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Youzhen" title="Zhu Youzhen">Zhu Youzhen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concurrent warlords</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shouguang" title="Liu Shouguang">Liu Shouguang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yan_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yan (Five Dynasties period)">Yan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Rong_(warlord)" title="Wang Rong (warlord)">Wang Rong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zhao_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Zhao (Five Dynasties period)">Zhao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Maozhen" title="Li Maozhen">Li Maozhen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qi_(Li_Maozhen%27s_state)" title="Qi (Li Maozhen's state)">Qi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jin34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Later_Tang_precursor)" title="Jin (Later Tang precursor)">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Li_Keyong" title="Li Keyong">Li Keyong</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Cunxu" title="Li Cunxu">Li Cunxu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Siyuan" title="Li Siyuan">Li Siyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Conghou" title="Li Conghou">Li Conghou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Congke" title="Li Congke">Li Congke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Jingtang" title="Shi Jingtang">Shi Jingtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Chonggui" title="Shi Chonggui">Shi Chonggui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interregnum<br />(<a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a> occupation)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Emperor Taizong of Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Shizong of Liao">Emperor Shizong of Liao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhiyuan" title="Liu Zhiyuan">Liu Zhiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Chengyou" title="Liu Chengyou">Liu Chengyou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Han" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Chong" title="Liu Chong">Liu Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jun_(Northern_Han)" title="Liu Jun (Northern Han)">Liu Chengjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Ji%27en" title="Liu Ji'en">Liu Ji'en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jiyuan" title="Liu Jiyuan">Liu Jiyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Wei" title="Guo Wei">Guo Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Rong" title="Chai Rong">Chai Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Zongxun" title="Guo Zongxun">Guo Zongxun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ten Kingdoms<br />(other than Northern Han)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_Shu" title="Former Shu">Former Shu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jian_(Former_Shu)" title="Wang Jian (Former Shu)">Wang Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zongyan" title="Wang Zongyan">Wang Zongyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Later Shu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Meng Zhixiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Chang" title="Meng Chang">Meng Chang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jingnan" title="Jingnan">Jingnan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Jixing" title="Gao Jixing">Gao Jixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Conghui" title="Gao Conghui">Gao Conghui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Baorong" title="Gao Baorong">Gao Baorong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Baoxu" title="Gao Baoxu">Gao Baoxu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Jichong" title="Gao Jichong">Gao Jichong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Chu" title="Ma Chu">Chu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yin" title="Ma Yin">Ma Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xisheng" title="Ma Xisheng">Ma Xisheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xifan" title="Ma Xifan">Ma Xifan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiguang" title="Ma Xiguang">Ma Xiguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xi%27e" title="Ma Xi'e">Ma Xi'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xichong" title="Ma Xichong">Ma Xichong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yan_(Southern_Han)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yan (Southern Han)">Liu Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bin_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Bin (Southern Han)">Liu Bin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Sheng_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Sheng (Southern Han)">Liu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Chang_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Chang (Southern Han)">Liu Chang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wu" title="Yang Wu">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xingmi" title="Yang Xingmi">Yang Xingmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wo" title="Yang Wo">Yang Wo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Longyan" title="Yang Longyan">Yang Longyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Pu" title="Yang Pu">Yang Pu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bian" title="Li Bian">Li Bian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)" title="Li Jing (Southern Tang)">Li Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yu_(Southern_Tang)" title="Li Yu (Southern Tang)">Li Yu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_(Ten_Kingdoms)" title="Min (Ten Kingdoms)">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chao_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Chao (Tang dynasty)">Wang Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shenzhi" title="Wang Shenzhi">Wang Shenzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanhan" title="Wang Yanhan">Wang Yanhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanjun" title="Wang Yanjun">Wang Yanjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jipeng" title="Wang Jipeng">Wang Jipeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanxi" title="Wang Yanxi">Wang Yanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wenjin" title="Zhu Wenjin">Zhu Wenjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yin_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yin (Five Dynasties period)">Yin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanzheng" title="Wang Yanzheng">Wang Yanzheng</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wuyue" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Liu" title="Qian Liu">Qian Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Yuanguan" title="Qian Yuanguan">Qian Yuanguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Hongzuo" title="Qian Hongzuo">Qian Hongzuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Hongzong" title="Qian Hongzong">Qian Hongzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Chu" title="Qian Chu">Qian Chu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149186#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1033" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149186#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1033" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149186#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000064140759">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/39221896">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/252974/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJk4yFYFTy6MbvjhxxKDbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr89007987">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15092527m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15092527m">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1394377">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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