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cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the alphabet derived from the Aramaic alphabet (135 CE – present). For the original Hebrew alphabet derived directly from the Phoenician alphabet (10th century BCE – 135 CE), see <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew alphabet</a>. For the descendant script of the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, see <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan script</a>. For the insect, see <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_character" title="Hebrew character">Hebrew character</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Hebrew alphabet (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:אלפבית">אָלֶף־בֵּית</a> עִבְרִי,<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_Common_Hebrew_Spelling">[a]</a> Alefbet ivri), known variously by scholars as the <a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ktav Ashuri</a>, Jewish script, square script and block script, is an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a> script used in the writing of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish languages</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a>. In modern Hebrew, vowels are increasingly introduced. It is also used informally in Israel to write <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a>, especially among <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AbuElhija-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> It is an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Imperial Aramaic alphabet</a>, which flourished during the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> and which itself derives from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>. <table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:palegreen;">Hebrew alphabet <div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alefbet_ivri.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Alefbet_ivri.svg/221px-Alefbet_ivri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="221" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Alefbet_ivri.svg/332px-Alefbet_ivri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Alefbet_ivri.svg/442px-Alefbet_ivri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="244"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2nd–1st century BCE to present<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_script" title="Right-to-left script">Right-to-left script</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33513?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Spanish">Ladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knaanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Knaanic">Knaanic</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Hebrew alphabet</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish alphabet">Yiddish alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic#Square_Maalouli_alphabet" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Square Maalouli alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean alphabet">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a></li> <li>Edessan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>Hebr <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">(125), Hebrew</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Hebrew</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0590.pdf">U+0590 to U+05FF</a> Hebrew,</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB00.pdf">U+FB1D to U+FB4F</a> Alphabetic Presentation Forms</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"> This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/Shalom" title="Shalom"><img alt="שָׁלוֹם" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shalom2.svg/40px-Shalom2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shalom2.svg/60px-Shalom2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shalom2.svg/80px-Shalom2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="400"></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hebrew text</a>. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"> Historically, a different abjad script was used to write Hebrew: the original, old Hebrew script, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">paleo-Hebrew alphabet</a>, has been largely preserved in a variant form as the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan alphabet</a>, and is still used by the <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>. The present Jewish script or square script, on the contrary, is a stylized form of the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a> and was technically known by Jewish sages as <a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashurit</a> (lit. "Assyrian script"), since its origins were known to be from <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Various styles (in current terms, <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">fonts</a>) of representation of the Jewish script letters described in this article also exist, including a variety of <a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">cursive Hebrew</a> styles. In the remainder of this article, the term Hebrew alphabet refers to the square script unless otherwise indicated. The Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters. It does not have <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">case</a>. Five letters have different forms when used at the end of a word. Hebrew is <a href="/wiki/Writing_system#Directionality" title="Writing system">written from right to left</a>. Originally, the alphabet was an abjad consisting only of <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>, but is now considered an <a href="/wiki/Impure_abjad" class="mw-redirect" title="Impure abjad">impure abjad</a>. As with other abjads, such as the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>, during its centuries-long use scribes devised means of indicating <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> sounds by separate vowel points, known in Hebrew as <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">niqqud</a>. In both biblical and rabbinic Hebrew, the letters <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">י</a> <a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">ו</a> <a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">ה</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">א</a> can also function as <a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">matres lectionis</a>, which is when certain consonants are used to indicate vowels. There is a trend in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> towards the use of matres lectionis to indicate vowels that have traditionally gone unwritten, a practice known as <a href="/wiki/Full_spelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Full spelling">full spelling</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish alphabet">Yiddish alphabet</a>, a modified version of the Hebrew alphabet used to write Yiddish, is a true alphabet, with all vowels rendered in the spelling, except in the case of inherited Hebrew words, which typically retain their Hebrew consonant-only spellings. The Arabic and Hebrew alphabets have similarities because they are both derived from the Aramaic alphabet, which in turn derives either from <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew">paleo-Hebrew</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>, both being slight regional variations of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Canaanite_alphabet" title="Proto-Canaanite alphabet">Proto-Canaanite alphabet</a> used in ancient times to write the various <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite languages</a> (including Hebrew, Moabite, Phoenician, Punic, et cetera). <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Description">2 Description</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#General">2.1 General</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Vowels">2.2 Vowels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Alphabet">2.3 Alphabet</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Order">2.4 Order</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Pronunciation">3 Pronunciation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Alphabet_2">3.1 Alphabet</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Shin_and_sin">3.1.1 Shin and sin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Dagesh">3.1.2 Dagesh</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Sounds_represented_with_diacritic_geresh">3.1.3 Sounds represented with diacritic geresh</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Identical_pronunciation">3.1.4 Identical pronunciation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Ancient_Hebrew_pronunciation">3.1.5 Ancient Hebrew pronunciation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Regional_and_historical_variation">3.1.6 Regional and historical variation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Vowels_2">3.2 Vowels</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Matres_lectionis">3.2.1 Matres lectionis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Vowel_points">3.2.2 Vowel points</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-18"><a href="#Meteg">3.2.2.1 Meteg</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-19"><a href="#Sh'va">3.2.2.2 Sh'va</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-20"><a href="#Comparison_table">3.2.2.3 Comparison table</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Gershayim">3.3 Gershayim</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Stylistic_variants">4 Stylistic variants</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Yiddish_symbols">4.1 Yiddish symbols</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Numeric_values_of_letters">5 Numeric values of letters</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Transliterations_and_transcriptions">6 Transliterations and transcriptions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Religious_use">7 Religious use</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Mathematical_use">8 Mathematical use</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Unicode_and_HTML">9 Unicode and HTML</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Notes">11 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Bibliography">13 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#General_2">14.1 General</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Keyboards">14.2 Keyboards</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paleo-Hebrew_abjad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Paleo-Hebrew_abjad.svg/300px-Paleo-Hebrew_abjad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="384"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 109px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Paleo-Hebrew_abjad.svg/300px-Paleo-Hebrew_abjad.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="109" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Paleo-Hebrew_abjad.svg/450px-Paleo-Hebrew_abjad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Paleo-Hebrew_abjad.svg/600px-Paleo-Hebrew_abjad.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Paleo-Hebrew alphabet containing 22 letters, period, <a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">geresh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">gershayim</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/300px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="356"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/300px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/450px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/600px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a>, a tenth-century <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a> 1:1</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History of the Hebrew alphabet</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite</a> dialects were largely indistinguishable before around 1000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> An example of related early <a href="/wiki/Semitic_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic inscriptions">Semitic inscriptions</a> from the area include the tenth-century <a href="/wiki/Gezer_calendar" title="Gezer calendar">Gezer calendar</a> over which scholars are divided as to whether its language is <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> and whether the script is <a href="/wiki/Proto-Canaanite_alphabet" title="Proto-Canaanite alphabet">Proto-Canaanite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">paleo-Hebrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rollston2010-12">[12]</a> A Hebrew variant of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Canaanite_alphabet" title="Proto-Canaanite alphabet">Proto-Canaanite alphabet</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">paleo-Hebrew alphabet</a> by scholars, began to emerge around 800 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESa%C3%A9nz-Badillos199316-13">[13]</a> An example is the <a href="/wiki/Siloam_inscription" title="Siloam inscription">Siloam inscription</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 700 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESa%C3%A9nz-Badillos199361&ndash;62-14">[14]</a> The paleo-Hebrew alphabet was used in the ancient kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">Babylonian exile</a> of the Kingdom of Judah in the 6th century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> began using a form of the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Imperial Aramaic alphabet</a>, another offshoot of the same family of scripts, which flourished during the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>, who remained in the Land of Israel, continued to use the paleo-Hebrew alphabet. During the 3rd century BCE, Jews began to use a stylized, "square" form of the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a> that was used by the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a> (and which in turn had been adopted from the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESa%C3%A9nz-Badillos1993-15">[15]</a> while the Samaritans continued to use a form of the paleo-Hebrew script called the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan alphabet">Samaritan alphabet</a>. After the fall of the Persian Empire in 330 BCE, Jews used both scripts before settling on the square Assyrian form. The square Hebrew alphabet was later adapted and used for writing languages of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> – such as <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic languages</a>, Judaeo-Spanish, and Yiddish. The Hebrew alphabet continued in use for scholarly writing in Hebrew and came again into everyday use with the rebirth of the Hebrew language as a spoken language in the 18th and 19th centuries, especially in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the traditional form, the Hebrew alphabet is an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a> consisting only of <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Writing_system#Directionality" title="Writing system">written from right to left</a>. It has 22 letters, five of which use different forms at the end of a word. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the traditional form, vowels are indicated by the weak <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Aleph</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎), <a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">He</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ה‎), <a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Waw/Vav</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ו‎), or <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yodh</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎) serving as vowel letters, or <a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">matres lectionis</a>: the letter is combined with a previous vowel and becomes silent, or by imitation of such cases in the spelling of other forms. Also, a system of vowel points to indicate vowels (diacritics), called <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">niqqud</a>, was developed. In modern forms of the alphabet, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> and to some extent <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> may be indicated. Today, the trend is toward <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full spelling</a> with the weak letters acting as true vowels. When used to <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_orthography" title="Yiddish orthography">write Yiddish</a>, vowels are indicated, using certain letters, either with niqqud diacritics (e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אָ‎ or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יִ‎) or without (e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ע‎ or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎), except for Hebrew words, which in Yiddish are written in their Hebrew spelling. To preserve the proper vowel sounds, scholars developed several different sets of vocalization and diacritical symbols called nequdot (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">נקודות‎‎, literally "points"). One of these, the <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian system</a>, eventually prevailed. <a href="/wiki/Aaron_ben_Moses_ben_Asher" title="Aaron ben Moses ben Asher">Aaron ben Moses ben Asher</a>, and his family for several generations, are credited for refining and maintaining the system. These points are normally used only for special purposes, such as <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> books intended for study, in <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> or when teaching the language to children. The Tiberian system also includes a set of <a href="/wiki/Cantillation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantillation marks">cantillation marks</a>, called trope or te'amim, used to indicate how scriptural passages should be chanted in synagogue recitations of scripture (although these marks do not appear in the scrolls). In everyday writing of modern Hebrew, niqqud are absent; however, patterns of how words are derived from <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Hebrew roots</a> (called shorashim or triliterals) allow Hebrew speakers to determine the vowel-structure of a given word from its consonants based on the word's context and part of speech. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alphabet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Unlike the Paleo-Hebrew writing script, the modern Hebrew script has five <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a> that have special <a href="/wiki/Final_form" title="Final form">final forms</a>,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_Pronunciation_in_Different_Word_Positions">[c]</a> called sofit (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: סופית, meaning in this context "final" or "ending") form, used only at the end of a word, somewhat as in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> or in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic alphabets</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_Variants_in_Arabic_Mandaic">[b]</a> These are shown below the normal form in the following table (letter names are <a href="/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters#Hebrew" title="List of Unicode characters">Unicode</a> standard<a href="#cite_note-unicode_names_of_hebrew_glyphs_at_unicode.org-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-unicode_names_of_hebrew_glyphs_at_fileformat.info-17">[17]</a>). Although Hebrew is read and written from right to left, the following table shows the letters in order from left to right: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:150%;" dir="ltr"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></th> <th><div dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Beth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth (letter)">Bet</a></div></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></th> <th><div dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">He</a></div></th> <th><div dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Waw/Vav</a></div></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Chet</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yod</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ב‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ג‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ד‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ה‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ו‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ז‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ח‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ט‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎ </td> <td style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כ‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ך‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lamed" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamed">Lamed</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></th> <th><div dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></div></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Samech" class="mw-redirect" title="Samech">Samech</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></th> <th><div dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pe</a></div></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Qof</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></th> <th><div dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></div></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ל‎ </td> <td style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">מ‎ </td> <td style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">נ‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ס‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ע‎ </td> <td style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פ‎ </td> <td style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">צ‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ק‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ר‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ש‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ת‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ם‎ </td> <td style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ן‎ </td> <td style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ף‎ </td> <td style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ץ‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order">Order</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Order" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As far back as the 13th century BCE, ancient Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Abecedaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Abecedaries">abecedaries</a> indicate a slightly different ordering of the alphabet. The <a href="/wiki/Zayit_Stone" title="Zayit Stone">Zayit Stone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Izbet Sartah <a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">ostracon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Kuntillet_Ajrud_inscriptions" title="Kuntillet Ajrud inscriptions">inscription from Kuntillet Ajrud</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> each contain a number of reverse letter orders; such as vav-he, chet-zayin, pe-ayin, etc. A reversal to pe-ayin can be clearly seen in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Book of Lamentations</a>, whose first four chapters are ordered as alphabetical acrostics. In the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Masoretic text">Masoretic text</a>, the first chapter has the now-usual ayin-pe ordering, and the second, third and fourth chapters exhibit pe-ayin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin20044-21">[21]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> version (4QLam/4Q111), reversed ordering also appears in the first chapter (i.e. in all the first four chapters).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldingay202275-22">[22]</a> The fact that these chapters follows the pre-exilic pe-ayin order is evidence for them being written shortly after the events described, rather than being later, post-exilic compositions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirst2017-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirst2014-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitreBergsma2018-25">[25]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pronunciation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet_2">Alphabet</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alphabet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew phonology">Biblical Hebrew phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_for_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet for Hebrew">International Phonetic Alphabet for Hebrew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_phonology" title="Yiddish phonology">Yiddish phonology</a></div> The descriptions that follow are based on the pronunciation of modern standard Israeli Hebrew. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">letter </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">IPA</a> </th> <th colspan="6">Name of letter </th> <th>Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters#Hebrew" title="List of Unicode characters">Unicode</a><a href="#cite_note-unicode_names_of_hebrew_glyphs_at_unicode.org-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-unicode_names_of_hebrew_glyphs_at_fileformat.info-17">[17]</a> </th> <th>Hebrew<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> pronunciation </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a> pronunciation </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a> pronunciation </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a> pronunciation </th> <th>Approximate western European equivalent<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אָלֶף‎</td> <td>/alɛf/</td> <td>/ʔaləf/</td> <td>/ʔalɛf/ </td> <td>/ˈɔlæf/ </td> <td>When ʔ, as in button [ˈbʌʔn̩] or clipboard [ˌklɪʔ⁠ˈbɔɹd] </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">בּ‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">בֵּית‎</td> <td>/bet/</td> <td>/bɛɪs/, /bɛɪz/</td> <td>/bɛt/ </td> <td>/be̞θ/ </td> <td>b as in black </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ב‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">בֵית‎</td> <td>/vet/</td> <td>/vɛɪs/, /vɛɪz/</td> <td>/vɛt/ </td> <td>/ve̞θ/ </td> <td>v as in vogue </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">גּ‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">גִּימֵל‎</td> <td rowspan="2">/ˈɡimel/</td> <td rowspan="2">/ˈɡɪməl/</td> <td>/ˈɡimɛl/ </td> <td>/ˈdʒime̞l/ </td> <td>g as in gourd </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ג‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">גִימֵל‎</td> <td>/ˈɣɪmεl/ </td> <td>/ˈɣime̞l/ </td> <td>gh as in Arabic ghoul </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">דּ‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">דָּלֶת‎</td> <td rowspan="2">/ˈdalɛt/, /ˈdalɛd/</td> <td rowspan="2">/ˈdaləd/, /ˈdaləs/</td> <td>/ˈdalɛt/ </td> <td>/ˈdɔle̞θ/ </td> <td>d as in doll </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ד‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">דָלֶת‎</td> <td>/ˈðalεt/ </td> <td>/ˈðɔle̞θ/ </td> <td>th as in that </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ה‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">He</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">הֵא‎</td> <td>/he/, /hej/</td> <td>/hɛɪ/</td> <td>/he/ </td> <td>/he̞/ </td> <td>h as in hold </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ו‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וָו‎</td> <td>/vav/</td> <td>/vɔv/</td> <td>/vav/ </td> <td>/wɔw/ </td> <td>v as in vogue </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ז‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">זַיִן‎</td> <td>/ˈzajin/, /ˈza.in/</td> <td>/ˈzajɪn/</td> <td>/ˈzajin/ </td> <td>/ˈzajin/ </td> <td>z as in zoo </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ח‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Chet</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">חֵית‎</td> <td>/χet/</td> <td>/χɛs/</td> <td>/ħɛt/ </td> <td>/ħe̞θ/ </td> <td>ch as in Bach </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ט‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">טֵית‎</td> <td>/tet/</td> <td>/tɛs/</td> <td>/tɛt/ </td> <td>/tˤe̞θ/ </td> <td>t as in tool </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yod</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יוֹד‎</td> <td>/jod/, /jud/</td> <td>/jʊd/</td> <td>/jud/ </td> <td>/jœð/ </td> <td>y as in yolk </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כּ‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כַּף‎</td> <td>/kaf/</td> <td>/kɔf/</td> <td>/kaf/ </td> <td>/kaf/ </td> <td>k as in king </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כ‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]</td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כַף‎</td> <td>/χaf/</td> <td>/χɔf/</td> <td>/χaf/ </td> <td>/xaf/ </td> <td>ch as in bach </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ךּ‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כַּף סוֹפִית‎</td> <td>/kaf sofit/</td> <td>/ˈlaŋɡə kɔf/</td> <td>/kaf sofit/ </td> <td>/kaf sœˈfiθ/ </td> <td>k as in king </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ך‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]~[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]</td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כַף סוֹפִית‎</td> <td>/χaf sofit/</td> <td>/ˈlaŋɡə χɔf/</td> <td>/χaf sofit/ </td> <td>/xaf sœˈfiθ/ </td> <td>ch as in bach </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ל‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">לָמֶד‎</td> <td>/ˈlamɛd/</td> <td>/ˈlaməd/</td> <td>/ˈlamɛd/ </td> <td>/ˈlɔme̞ð/ </td> <td>l as in luck </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">מ‎</td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">מֵם‎</td> <td>/mem/</td> <td>/mɛm/</td> <td>/mɛm/ </td> <td>/me̞m/ </td> <td rowspan="2">m as in mother </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ם‎</td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">מֵם סוֹפִית‎</td> <td>/mem sofit/</td> <td>/ˈʃlɔs mɛm/</td> <td>/mɛm sofit/ </td> <td>/me̞m sœˈfiθ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">נ‎</td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">נוּן‎</td> <td>/nun/</td> <td>/nʊn/</td> <td>/nun/ </td> <td>/nun/ </td> <td rowspan="2">n as in night </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ן‎</td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">נוּן סוֹפִית‎</td> <td>/nun sofit/</td> <td>/ˈlaŋɡə nʊn/</td> <td>/nun sofit/ </td> <td>/nun sœˈfiθ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ס‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samekh</a></td> <td><big>ְ<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">סָמֶךְ‎</big></td> <td>/ˈsamɛχ/</td> <td>/ˈsaməχ/</td> <td>/ˈsamɛχ/ </td> <td>/ˈsɔme̞x/ </td> <td>s as in sight </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ע‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]~[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">עַיִן‎</td> <td>/ajin/, /ʔa.in/</td> <td>/ajɪn/</td> <td>/ajin/ </td> <td>/ˈʕajin/ </td> <td>When ʔ, as in button [ˈbʌʔn̩] or clipboard [ˌklɪʔ⁠ˈbɔɹd]. When ʕ, no English equivalent. </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פּ‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pe</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פֵּא‎</td> <td>/pe/, /pej/</td> <td>/pɛɪ/</td> <td>/pe/ </td> <td>/pe̞/ </td> <td>p as in pool </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פ‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פֵא‎</td> <td>/fe/, /fej/</td> <td>/fɛɪ/</td> <td>/fe/ </td> <td>/fe̞/ </td> <td>f as in full </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ףּ‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פֵּא סוֹפִית‎</td> <td>/pe sofit/, /pej sofit/</td> <td>/ˈlaŋɡə pɛɪ/</td> <td>/pe sofit/ </td> <td>/pe̞ sœˈfiθ/ </td> <td>p as in pool </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ף‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פֵא סוֹפִית‎</td> <td>/fe sofit/, /fej sofit/</td> <td>/ˈlaŋɡə fɛɪ/</td> <td>/fe sofit/ </td> <td>/fe̞ sœˈfiθ/ </td> <td>f as in full </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">צ‎</td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>]</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">צָדִי‎</td> <td>/ˈtsadi/</td> <td>/ˈtsadi/, /ˈtsadɪk/</td> <td>/ˈtsadik/ </td> <td>/ˈsˤɔði/ </td> <td rowspan="2">ts as in cats </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ץ‎</td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> צָדִי סוֹפִית‎</td> <td>/ˈtsadi sofit/</td> <td>/ˈlaŋɡə ˈtsadɪk/, /ˈlaŋɡə ˈtsadək/</td> <td>/ˈtsadik sofit/ </td> <td>/ˈsˤɔði sœˈfiθ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ק‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Qof</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">קוֹף‎</td> <td>/kuf/, /kof/</td> <td>/kʊf/</td> <td>/kuf/ </td> <td>/gœf/ </td> <td>k as in king </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ר‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">רֵישׁ‎</td> <td>/ʁeʃ/</td> <td>/ʁɛɪʃ/</td> <td>/reʃ/ </td> <td>/re̞ʃ/ </td> <td>r as in French ⟨r⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שׁ‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שִׁין‎</td> <td>/ʃin/</td> <td>/ʃɪn/</td> <td>/ʃin/ </td> <td>/ʃin/ </td> <td>sh as in shop </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שׂ‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שִׂין‎</td> <td>/sin/</td> <td>/sɪn/</td> <td>/sin/ </td> <td>/sin/ </td> <td>s as in sight </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">תּ‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">תָּו‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">/tav/, /taf/</td> <td>/tɔv/, /tɔf/</td> <td>/tav/ </td> <td>/tɔw/ </td> <td>t as in tool </td></tr> <tr> <td style='font-size:250%;"'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ת‎</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]</td> <td style="font-size:125%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">תָו‎</td> <td>/sɔv/, /sɔf/</td> <td>/θav/ </td> <td>/θɔw/ </td> <td>th as in thin </td></tr></tbody></table> By analogy with the other dotted/dotless pairs, dotless tav, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ת‎, would be expected to be pronounced /θ/ (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">voiceless dental fricative</a>), and dotless dalet <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ד‎ as /ð/ (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">voiced dental fricative</a>), but these were lost among most Jews due to these sounds not existing in the countries where they lived (such as in nearly all of Eastern Europe). Yiddish modified /θ/ to /s/ (cf. <a href="/wiki/Seseo" class="mw-redirect" title="Seseo">seseo</a> in Spanish), but in modern Israeli Hebrew, it is simply pronounced /t/. Likewise, historical /ð/ is simply pronounced /d/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shin_and_sin">Shin and sin</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shin and sin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin (letter)</a></div> Shin and sin are represented by the same letter, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ש‎, but are two separate <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>. When vowel diacritics are used, the two phonemes are differentiated with a shin-dot or sin-dot; the shin-dot is above the upper-right side of the letter, and the sin-dot is above the upper-left side of the letter. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol </th> <th>Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_chart_for_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA chart for Hebrew">IPA</a> </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding-top:9px; padding-bottom:9px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שׁ‎ (right dot) </td> <td>shin </td> <td style="text-align:center;">sh </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/ʃ/ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">shower </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding-top:9px; padding-bottom:9px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שׂ‎ (left dot) </td> <td>sin </td> <td style="text-align:center;">s </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/s/ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">sour </td></tr></tbody></table> Historically, left-dot-sin corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic_language" title="Proto-Semitic language">Proto-Semitic</a> *ś, which in biblical-Judaic-Hebrew corresponded to the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_lateral_fricatives" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives">voiceless alveolar lateral fricative</a> /ɬ/ (or /ś/).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dagesh">Dagesh</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dagesh" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Begadkefat</a></div> Historically, the consonants <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ב‎ bet, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ג‎ gimmel, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ד‎ daleth, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כ‎ kaf, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פ‎ pe and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ת‎ tav each had two sounds: one hard (<a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosive</a>), and one soft (<a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative</a>), depending on the position of the letter and other factors. When vowel diacritics are used, the hard sounds are indicated by a central dot called dagesh (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">דגש‎), while the soft sounds lack a dagesh. In modern Hebrew, however, the dagesh only changes the pronunciation of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ב‎ bet, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כ‎ kaf, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פ‎ pe, and does not affect the name of the letter. The differences are as follows: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th colspan="4">With dagesh </th> <th colspan="4">Without dagesh </th></tr> <tr> <th>Symbol </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">IPA</a> </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Symbol </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">IPA</a> </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>bet/vet </td> <td align="center" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">בּ‎ </td> <td>b </td> <td>/b/ </td> <td>bun </td> <td align="center" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ב‎ </td> <td>v, ḇ </td> <td>/v/ </td> <td>van </td></tr> <tr> <td>kaf </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-kaf_sofit-29">[29]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כּ ךּ‎ </td> <td>k </td> <td>/k/ </td> <td>kangaroo </td> <td align="center" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כ ך‎ </td> <td>kh, ch, ḵ, x </td> <td>/χ/ </td> <td>loch </td></tr> <tr> <td>pe </td> <td align="center" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פּ ףּ‎ </td> <td>p </td> <td>/p/ </td> <td>pass </td> <td align="center" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פ ף‎ </td> <td>f, p̄, ph </td> <td>/f/ </td> <td>find </td></tr></tbody></table> In other dialects (mainly liturgical) there are variations from this pattern. <ul><li>In some <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> dialects, bet without dagesh is pronounced [b], like bet with dagesh</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite Hebrew</a>, gimel without dagesh is pronounced [ɣ].</li> <li>In Yemenite Hebrew, and in the Iraqi pronunciation of the word Adonai, dalet without dagesh is pronounced [ð] as in these</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi Hebrew</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaki Hebrew</a>, tav without dagesh is pronounced [s] as in silk</li> <li>In Iraqi and <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite Hebrew</a>, and formerly in some other dialects, tav without dagesh is pronounced [θ] as in thick</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sounds_represented_with_diacritic_geresh">Sounds represented with diacritic geresh</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sounds represented with diacritic geresh" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">Hebraization of English</a></div> The sounds [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>], written ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">צ׳‎⟩, ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ג׳‎⟩, ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ז׳‎⟩, and [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>], non-standardly sometimes transliterated ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וו‎⟩, are often found in slang and loanwords that are part of the everyday Hebrew colloquial vocabulary. The symbol resembling an apostrophe after the Hebrew letter modifies the pronunciation of the letter and is called a <a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">geresh</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7">Hebrew slang and loanwords </th></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Symbol </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_chart_for_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA chart for Hebrew">IPA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> </th> <th colspan="3">Example </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Gimel with a geresh </td> <td align="center" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ג׳‎ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>] </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ǧ<a href="#cite_note-foreign_sounds-30">[30]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jachnun" title="Jachnun">ǧáḥnun</a></td> <td>[ˈd͡ʒaχnun] </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">גַּ׳חְנוּן‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Zayin with a geresh </td> <td align="center" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ז׳‎ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>] </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ž<a href="#cite_note-foreign_sounds-30">[30]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">koláž</a></td> <td>[koˈlaʒ] </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">קוֹלַאז׳‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Tsadi with a geresh </td> <td align="center" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">צ׳‎ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>] </td> <td style="text-align:center;">č<a href="#cite_note-foreign_sounds-30">[30]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">čupár (treat)</td> <td>[t͡ʃuˈpar] </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">צ׳וּפָּר‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Vav with a geresh or double Vav </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וו‎ or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ו׳‎ (non standard)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_Double_Vav">[]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>] </td> <td style="text-align:center;">w </td> <td style="text-align:left;">awánta (boastful act)</td> <td>[aˈwanta] </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אַוַונְטַה‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> The pronunciation of the following letters can also be modified with the geresh diacritic. The represented sounds are however foreign to <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Hebrew phonology</a>, i.e., these symbols mainly represent sounds in foreign words or names when transliterated with the Hebrew alphabet, and not <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7">Transliteration of non-native sounds </th></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Symbol </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_chart_for_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA chart for Hebrew">IPA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic letter</a> </th> <th colspan="2">Example </th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Dalet with a geresh </td> <td align="center" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ד׳‎ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>] </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">Dhāl</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>ذ‎) <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> th </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Dhū al-Ḥijjah (ذو الحجة)‎ </td> <td style="text-align:right;">ד׳ו אל־חיג׳ה </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><div><ul><li>Also used for English voiced "th"</li><li>Often a simple <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ד‎ is written.</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Tav with a geresh </td> <td align="center" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ת׳‎ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>] </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṯāʼ">Thāʼ</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ﺙ‎) <a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">Voiceless</a> th </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Thurston </td> <td style="text-align:right;">ת׳רסטון </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Chet with a geresh </td> <td align="center" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ח׳‎ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">Khāʼ</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">خ‎) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sheikh (شيخ)‎ </td> <td style="text-align:right;">שייח׳ </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Unlike the other sounds in this table, the sound [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] represented by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ח׳‎ is indeed a native sound in Hebrew; the geresh is however used only when transliteration must distinguish between [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>], in which case <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ח׳‎ transliterates the former and ח the latter, whereas in everyday usage ח without geresh is pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>] only dialectically but [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] commonly. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ayin with a geresh or Resh with a geresh </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ע׳‎ or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ר׳‎ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%C4%A0ayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ġayn">Ghayn</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">غ‎) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ghajar (غجر); Ghalib (غالب) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">ע׳ג׳ר ר׳אלב </td> <td style="text-align:left;">The guidelines specified by the Academy of the Hebrew Language prefer Resh with a geresh (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ר׳‎); however, this guideline is not universally followed </td></tr></tbody></table> Geresh is also used to denote an abbreviation consisting of a single Hebrew letter, while gershayim (a doubled geresh) are used to denote <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronyms</a> pronounced as a string of letters; geresh and gershayim are also used to denote <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew numeral">Hebrew numerals</a> consisting of a single Hebrew letter or of multiple Hebrew letters, respectively. Geresh is also the name of a cantillation mark used for <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> recitation, though its visual appearance and function are different in that context. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Identical_pronunciation">Identical pronunciation</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Identical pronunciation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In much of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s general population, especially where <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazic">Ashkenazic</a> pronunciation is prevalent, many letters have the same pronunciation. They are as follows: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="4">Letters</th> <th>Transliteration</th> <th>Pronunciation (IPA) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎ Alef* </td> <td rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ע‎ Ayin* </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">not transliterated </td> <td align="center">Usually when in medial word position: /<a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">.</a>/ (separation of vowels in a <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">In initial, final, or sometimes medial word position: <a href="/wiki/Silent_letter" title="Silent letter">silent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:75%" colspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Alternation_(linguistics)" title="Alternation (linguistics)">alternatingly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">ʼ</td> <td align="center">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/ (<a href="/wiki/Glottal_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottal plosive">glottal plosive</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ב‎ Bet (without dagesh) Vet </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ו‎ Vav </td> <td align="center">v </td> <td align="center">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ח‎ Chet* </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כ‎ Kaf (without dagesh) Khaf* </td> <td align="center">kh/ch/h </td> <td align="center">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ט‎ Tet </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">תּ‎ Tav </td> <td align="center">t </td> <td align="center">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כּ‎ Kaf (with dagesh) </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ק‎ Qof </td> <td align="center">k </td> <td align="center">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ס‎ Samekh </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center; padding-top:9px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שׂ‎ Sin (with left dot) </td> <td align="center">s </td> <td align="center">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">צ‎ Tsadi* </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">תס‎ Tav-Samekh* </td> <td align="center">and </td> <td style="text-align:center; padding-top:9px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">תשׂ‎ Tav-Sin* </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ts/tz </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">צ׳‎ Tsadi (with geresh) </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">טשׁ‎ Tet-Shin* </td> <td align="center">and </td> <td style="text-align:center; padding-top:9px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">תשׁ‎ Tav-Shin* </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ch/tsh (chair) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/ </td></tr></tbody></table> * Varyingly <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Hebrew_pronunciation">Ancient Hebrew pronunciation</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ancient Hebrew pronunciation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some of the variations in sound mentioned above are due to a systematic feature of Ancient Hebrew. The six consonants /b ɡ d k p t/ were pronounced differently depending on their position. These letters were also called <a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">BeGeD KeFeT</a> letters <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌbeɪɡɛdˈkɛfɛt/</a>. The full details are very complex; this summary omits some points. They were pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosives</a> [b ɡ d k p t] at the beginning of a syllable, or when doubled. They were pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a> [v ɣ ð x f θ] when preceded by a vowel (commonly indicated with a macron, ḇ ḡ ḏ ḵ p̄ ṯ). The plosive and double pronunciations were indicated by the dagesh. In Modern Hebrew the sounds ḏ and ḡ have reverted to [d] and [ɡ], respectively, and ṯ has become [t], so only the remaining three consonants /b k p/ show variation. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ר‎ resh may have also been a "doubled" letter, making the list BeGeD KePoReT. (<a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a>, 4:1) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ח‎ chet and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ע‎ ayin represented the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeal</a> <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a> /ħ/ and /ʕ/, respectively, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">צ‎ tsadi represented the <a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonant" title="Emphatic consonant">emphatic consonant</a> /sˤ/, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ט‎ tet represented the emphatic consonant /tˤ/, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ק‎ qof represented the <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular plosive</a> /q/. All these are common <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שׂ‎ sin (the /s/ variant of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ש‎ shin) was originally different from both <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שׁ‎ shin and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ס‎ samekh, but had become /s/ the same as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ס‎ samekh by the time the vowel pointing was devised. Because of <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> with other <a href="/wiki/Semitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic language">Semitic languages</a>, this phoneme is known to have originally been a <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral consonant</a>, most likely the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">voiceless alveolar lateral fricative</a> /ɬ/ (the sound of modern <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> ll) or the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">voiceless alveolar lateral affricate</a> /tɬ/ (like <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1huatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Náhuatl">Náhuatl</a> tl).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regional_and_historical_variation">Regional and historical variation</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Regional and historical variation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The following table contains the <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a> of the Hebrew letters in reconstructed historical forms and <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>. The apostrophe-looking symbol after some letters is not a <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yud</a> but a <a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">geresh</a>. It is used for loanwords with non-native Hebrew sounds. The dot in the middle of some of the letters, called a <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a> kal, also modifies the sounds of the letters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ב">ב</a>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="כ">כ</a>‎ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="פ">פ</a>‎ in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">modern Hebrew</a> (in some forms of Hebrew it modifies also the sounds of the letters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ג">ג</a>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ד">ד</a>‎ and/or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ת">ת</a>‎; the dagesh chazak – orthographically indistinguishable from the dagesh kal – designates <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a>, which today is realized only rarely – e.g. in biblical recitations or when using <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>). <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Symbol </th> <th colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Pronunciation</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Hebrew language">Sephardi</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite Hebrew language">Yemenite</a> </th> <th colspan="3">Reconstructed </th> <th rowspan="2">Arabic equivalent </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎ </td> <td><big>[ʔ, –]</big></td> <td>[–]</td> <td><big>[ʔ, –]</big></td> <td><big>[ʔ, –]</big></td> <td><big>[ʔ, –]</big></td> <td><big>[ʔ, –]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a>‎ / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ء">ء</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">בּ‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</big> </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ב‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[v~v̥]</big></td> <td><big>[b~β~v]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>]</big> </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%EF%AD%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ﭪ">ﭪ</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">גּ‎ </td> <td rowspan="2"><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</big> </td> <td rowspan="2"><big>[ɡ~ɡ̊]</big> </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</big> </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ג‎ </td> <td><big>[ɡ~ɣ]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</big> </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">דּ‎ </td> <td rowspan="2"><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</big> </td> <td rowspan="2"><big>[d~d̥]</big> </td> <td><big>[d̪]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a>]</big> </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="د">د</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ד‎ </td> <td><big>[d̪~ð]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</big> </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ذ">ذ</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ה‎ </td> <td><big>[h~ʔ, –]</big></td> <td><big>[h, –]</big></td> <td><big>[h, –]</big></td> <td><big>[h, –]</big></td> <td><big>[h, –]</big></td> <td><big>[h, –]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D9%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ه">ه</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ו‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[v~v̥]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וּ‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[uː]</big></td> <td><big>[uː]</big></td> <td><big>[əw]</big></td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـُو‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וֹ‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞ː</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[əʊ, ɐʊ]</big></td> <td><big>[oː]</big></td> <td><big>[œː]</big></td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـو‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ז‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[z~z̥]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ز">ز</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ח‎ </td> <td><big>[x~χ]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[ħ, χ]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ט‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[t̪]</big></td> <td><big>[t̴̪]</big> (1)</td> <td><big>[t̴̪]</big></td> <td><big>[t̪ˤ]</big> (2)</td> <td><big>[t̪ʼ]</big> (3) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ط">ط</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">ي</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl">ִ<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>]</big></td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـِي‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כּ ךּ‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</big> </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D9%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ك">ك</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כ ך‎ </td> <td><big>[x~χ]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</big> </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">خ</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ל‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[l~ɫ]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ل">ل</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">מ ם‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">م</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">נ ן‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n̪</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n̪</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n̪</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n̪</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n̪</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ס‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ص">ص</a>‎⟨ṣ⟩ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">sˤ</a>] / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ע‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>, –]</big></td> <td>[–]</td> <td><big>[ʕ, ŋ, –]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[ʕ]</big></td> <td><big>[ʕ, ʁ]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פּ ףּ‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</big> </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="پ">پ</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פ ף‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>]</big> </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">צ ץ‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[s̴]</big> (1)</td> <td><big>[s̴]</big></td> <td><big>[sˤ]</big> (2)</td> <td><big>[sˤ]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a>‎⟨ḍ⟩[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪ˤ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-31">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ק‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</big>, <big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a>]</big>, <big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ר‎ </td> <td><big>[ɣ~ʁ]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>]~[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]~[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]~[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שׁ‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">ش</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שׂ‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">תּ‎ </td> <td rowspan="2"><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</big> </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</big> </td> <td rowspan="2"><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</big> </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a>]</big> </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">ت</a>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" lang="hbo" style="font-size:200%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ת‎ </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]</big></td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]</big> </td> <td><big>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ث">ث</a>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarized</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized</a></li> <li>pharyngealized</li> <li>sometimes said to be <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a> but more likely <a href="/wiki/Glottalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalized">glottalized</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels_2">Vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Matres_lectionis">Matres lectionis</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Matres lectionis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎ alef, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ע‎ ayin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ו‎ waw/vav and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎ yod are letters that can sometimes indicate a vowel instead of a consonant (which would be, respectively, /ʔ/, /ʕ/, /v/ and /j/). When they do, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ו‎ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎ are considered to constitute part of the vowel designation in combination with a niqqud symbol – a vowel diacritic (whether or not the diacritic is marked), whereas <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ע‎ are considered to be mute, their role being purely indicative of the non-marked vowel. <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter</th> <th>Name of letter</th> <th>Consonant indicated when letter consonantal</th> <th>Vowel designation</th> <th>Name of vowel designation</th> <th>Indicated Vowel </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎ </td> <td>alef</td> <td>/ʔ/</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td>ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ע‎ </td> <td>ayin</td> <td>/ʔ/ or /ʕ/</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td>ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ו‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">waw/vav </td> <td rowspan="2">/w/ or /v/ </td> <td style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וֹ‎ </td> <td>ḥolám malé </td> <td>ô </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וּ‎ </td> <td>shurúq </td> <td>û </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">yud </td> <td rowspan="2">/j/ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ִ י‎ </td> <td>ḥiríq malé </td> <td>î </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ֵ י‎ </td> <td>tseré malé </td> <td>ê, ệ </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_points">Vowel points</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vowel points" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a> is the system of dots that help determine vowels and consonants. In Hebrew, all forms of niqqud are often omitted in writing, except for children's books, prayer books, poetry, foreign words, and words which would be ambiguous to pronounce. Israeli Hebrew has five vowel phonemes, /i e a o u/, but many more written symbols for them: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Symbol </th> <th rowspan="2">Written Position </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli Hebrew</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_chart_for_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA chart for Hebrew">IPA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> </th> <th>English example </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Hiriq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hebrew_Hiriq.svg/35px-Hebrew_Hiriq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 34px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hebrew_Hiriq.svg/35px-Hebrew_Hiriq.svg.png" data-width="35" data-height="34" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hebrew_Hiriq.svg/53px-Hebrew_Hiriq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hebrew_Hiriq.svg/70px-Hebrew_Hiriq.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>vowel written below consonant </td> <td style="text-align:center;">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] </td> <td style="text-align:center;">i </td> <td style="text-align:center;">meet </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsere" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsere">Tsere</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Zeire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hebrew_Zeire.svg/35px-Hebrew_Zeire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 34px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hebrew_Zeire.svg/35px-Hebrew_Zeire.svg.png" data-width="35" data-height="34" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hebrew_Zeire.svg/53px-Hebrew_Zeire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hebrew_Zeire.svg/70px-Hebrew_Zeire.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>vowel written below consonant </td> <td style="text-align:center;">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>], ([e̞j] with succeeding <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yod</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">eh (precise pronunciation); ei (imprecise due to modern pronunciation, even if with succeeding yod – see Note 2) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">bed, penguin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Segol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hebrew_Segol.svg/35px-Hebrew_Segol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 34px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hebrew_Segol.svg/35px-Hebrew_Segol.svg.png" data-width="35" data-height="34" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hebrew_Segol.svg/53px-Hebrew_Segol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hebrew_Segol.svg/70px-Hebrew_Segol.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>vowel written below consonant </td> <td style="text-align:center;">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>] </td> <td style="text-align:center;">e </td> <td style="text-align:center;">men </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Patach</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Patah.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hebrew_Patah.svg/35px-Hebrew_Patah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 34px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hebrew_Patah.svg/35px-Hebrew_Patah.svg.png" data-width="35" data-height="34" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hebrew_Patah.svg/53px-Hebrew_Patah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hebrew_Patah.svg/70px-Hebrew_Patah.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>vowel written below consonant </td> <td style="text-align:center;">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>] </td> <td style="text-align:center;">a </td> <td style="text-align:center;">father </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Qamaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hebrew_Qamaz.svg/35px-Hebrew_Qamaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 34px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hebrew_Qamaz.svg/35px-Hebrew_Qamaz.svg.png" data-width="35" data-height="34" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hebrew_Qamaz.svg/53px-Hebrew_Qamaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hebrew_Qamaz.svg/70px-Hebrew_Qamaz.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>vowel written below consonant </td> <td style="text-align:center;">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>], (or [<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>]) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ah, (or oh) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">father, loɡin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam Haser</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Holam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hebrew_Holam.svg/23px-Hebrew_Holam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hebrew_Holam.svg/23px-Hebrew_Holam.svg.png" data-width="23" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hebrew_Holam.svg/35px-Hebrew_Holam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hebrew_Holam.svg/46px-Hebrew_Holam.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>vowel written above consonant </td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>] </td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2">o </td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2">home </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam Male</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:30px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וֹ‎ </td> <td>isolated vowel written on its own </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shuruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuruk">Shuruk</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:30px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וּ‎ </td> <td>isolated vowel written on its own </td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>] </td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2">u </td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2">food </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kubutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubutz">Kubutz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Backslash_Qubuz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hebrew_Backslash_Qubuz.svg/35px-Hebrew_Backslash_Qubuz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 34px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hebrew_Backslash_Qubuz.svg/35px-Hebrew_Backslash_Qubuz.svg.png" data-width="35" data-height="34" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hebrew_Backslash_Qubuz.svg/53px-Hebrew_Backslash_Qubuz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hebrew_Backslash_Qubuz.svg/70px-Hebrew_Backslash_Qubuz.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>vowel written below consonant </td></tr></tbody></table> Note 1: The circle represents whatever Hebrew letter is used. Note 2: The pronunciation of tsere and sometimes segol – with or without the letter yod – is sometimes ei in Modern Hebrew. This is not correct in the normative pronunciation and not consistent in the spoken language.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Note 3: The <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">mappiq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_Shuruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubutz and Shuruk">shuruk</a> have different functions, even though they look the same. Note 4: The letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ו‎ (waw/vav) is used since it can only be represented by that letter. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Meteg">Meteg</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Meteg" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></div> By adding a vertical line (called <a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a>) underneath the letter and to the left of the vowel point, the vowel is made long. The meteg is only used in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sh'va">Sh'va</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sh'va" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sh%27va" class="mw-redirect" title="Sh'va">Sh'va</a></div> By adding two vertical dots (called <a href="/wiki/Sh%27va" class="mw-redirect" title="Sh'va">sh'va</a>) underneath the letter, the vowel is made very short. When sh'va is placed on the first letter of the word, mostly it is "è" (but in some instances, it makes the first letter silent without a vowel (vowel-less): e.g. <big>וְ</big> wè to "w"). <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Symbol </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli Hebrew</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_chart_for_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA chart for Hebrew">IPA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> </th> <th>English example </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilde_Schwa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tilde_Schwa.svg/35px-Tilde_Schwa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 34px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tilde_Schwa.svg/35px-Tilde_Schwa.svg.png" data-width="35" data-height="34" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tilde_Schwa.svg/53px-Tilde_Schwa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tilde_Schwa.svg/70px-Tilde_Schwa.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>] or <a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">apostrophe, e, or silent </td> <td style="text-align:center;">met or silent </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reduced_Segol" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced Segol">Reduced Segol</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hataf_Segol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hataf_Segol.svg/35px-Hataf_Segol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 34px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hataf_Segol.svg/35px-Hataf_Segol.svg.png" data-width="35" data-height="34" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hataf_Segol.svg/53px-Hataf_Segol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hataf_Segol.svg/70px-Hataf_Segol.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>] </td> <td style="text-align:center;">e </td> <td style="text-align:center;">met </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reduced_Patach" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced Patach">Reduced Patach</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hataf_Patah.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hataf_Patah.svg/35px-Hataf_Patah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 34px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hataf_Patah.svg/35px-Hataf_Patah.svg.png" data-width="35" data-height="34" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hataf_Patah.svg/53px-Hataf_Patah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hataf_Patah.svg/70px-Hataf_Patah.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>] </td> <td style="text-align:center;">a </td> <td style="text-align:center;">cat </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reduced_Kamatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced Kamatz">Reduced Kamatz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hataf_Qamaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hataf_Qamaz.svg/35px-Hataf_Qamaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 34px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hataf_Qamaz.svg/35px-Hataf_Qamaz.svg.png" data-width="35" data-height="34" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hataf_Qamaz.svg/53px-Hataf_Qamaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hataf_Qamaz.svg/70px-Hataf_Qamaz.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>] </td> <td style="text-align:center;">o </td> <td style="text-align:center;">on </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Comparison_table">Comparison table</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Comparison table" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowel comparison table <a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Vowel length</a> (phonetically not manifested in Israeli Hebrew) </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_chart_for_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA chart for Hebrew">IPA</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">English example </th></tr> <tr> <th>Long </th> <th>Short </th> <th>Very Short </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="padding-bottom:0.5em;font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> ָ ‎ </td> <td style="padding-bottom:0.5em;font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> ַ ‎ </td> <td style="padding-bottom:0.5em;font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> ֲ ‎ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]</td> <td>a </td> <td>fall </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="padding-bottom:0.5em;font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> ֵ ‎ </td> <td style="padding-bottom:0.5em;font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> ֶ ‎ </td> <td style="padding-bottom:0.5em;font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> ֱ ‎ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>]</td> <td>e </td> <td>men </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="padding-bottom:0.5em;font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> וֹ ‎ </td> <td style="padding-bottom:0.5em;font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> ֹ ‎ </td> <td style="padding-bottom:0.5em;font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> ֳ ‎ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>]</td> <td>o </td> <td>joke </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וּ‎ </td> <td style="padding-bottom:0.5em;font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> ֻ ‎ </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</td> <td>u </td> <td>duty </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> ִ י ‎ </td> <td style="padding-bottom:0.5em;font-size:200%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> ִ ‎ </td> <td> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</td> <td>i </td> <td>media </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2">Note I: </th> <td colspan="4">By adding two vertical dots (<a href="/wiki/Sh%27va" class="mw-redirect" title="Sh'va">sh'va</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> ְ ‎ the vowel is made very short. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Note II: </th> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;">The short o and long a have the same niqqud. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Note III: </th> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;">The short o is usually promoted to a long o in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Note IV: </th> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;">The short u is usually promoted to a long u in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gershayim">Gershayim</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gershayim" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></div> The symbol <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">״‎ is called a <a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">gershayim</a> and is a punctuation mark used in the Hebrew language to denote acronyms. It is written before the last letter in the acronym, e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ר״ת‎. Gershayim is also the name of a <a href="/wiki/Cantillation_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantillation mark">cantillation mark</a> in the reading of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, printed above the accented letter, e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א֞‎. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Stylistic_variants">Stylistic variants</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Stylistic variants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashuri_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashuri alphabet">Ashuri alphabet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History of the Hebrew alphabet</a></div> The following table displays typographic and chirographic variants of each letter. For the letters that have different forms in word-final position, the final forms are displayed beneath the regular forms. The block (square, or print form) and cursive (handwritten form) are the only variants in widespread contemporary use. Rashi is also used, for historical reasons, in a handful of standard texts. <table class="wikitable noresize"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="width:13%;">Letter name (<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>) </th> <th colspan="7">Variants </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Contemporary </th> <th colspan="1">Early modern </th> <th colspan="3">Ancestral </th></tr> <tr style="line-height:.75em;"> <th style="width:12%;">Block <a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serif</a> </th> <th style="width:12%;">Block <a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">sans-serif</a> </th> <th style="width:12%;"><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a> </th> <th style="width:12%;"><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a> </th> <th style="width:13%;"><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> </th> <th style="width:13%;"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a> </th> <th style="width:13%;"><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Alef </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">א </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">א </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alef_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alef_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Alef_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="68" data-file-height="125"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alef_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Alef_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alef_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Alef_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alef_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Alef_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>𐤀 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_Alaph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alef"><noscript><img alt="Alef" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Early_Aramaic_character_-_Alaph.svg/20px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_Alaph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="40"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Early_Aramaic_character_-_Alaph.svg/20px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_Alaph.svg.png" data-alt="Alef" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Early_Aramaic_character_-_Alaph.svg/30px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_Alaph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Early_Aramaic_character_-_Alaph.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_Alaph.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Aleph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aleph.svg/20px-Aleph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aleph.svg/20px-Aleph.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aleph.svg/30px-Aleph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aleph.svg/40px-Aleph.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Bet </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ב </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ב </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bet_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bet_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Bet_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bet_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Bet_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bet_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Bet_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bet_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Bet_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>𐤁 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_Beth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bet"><noscript><img alt="Bet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Early_Aramaic_character_-_Beth.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_Beth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Early_Aramaic_character_-_Beth.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_Beth.svg.png" data-alt="Bet" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Early_Aramaic_character_-_Beth.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_Beth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Early_Aramaic_character_-_Beth.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_Beth.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Beth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Beth.svg/20px-Beth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Beth.svg/20px-Beth.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Beth.svg/30px-Beth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Beth.svg/40px-Beth.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Gimel </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ג </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ג </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gimel_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gimel_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Gimel_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gimel_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Gimel_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gimel_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Gimel_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gimel_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Gimel_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>𐤂 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_gimmel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gimel"><noscript><img alt="Gimel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Early_Aramaic_character_-_gimmel.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_gimmel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Early_Aramaic_character_-_gimmel.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_gimmel.svg.png" data-alt="Gimel" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Early_Aramaic_character_-_gimmel.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_gimmel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Early_Aramaic_character_-_gimmel.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_gimmel.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Igimel.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Igimel.png/20px-Igimel.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Igimel.png/20px-Igimel.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Igimel.png/30px-Igimel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Igimel.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Dalet </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ד </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ד </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Daled_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Daled_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Daled_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Daled_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Daled_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Daled_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Daled_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Daled_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Daled_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>𐤃 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_daled.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daled"><noscript><img alt="Daled" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Early_Aramaic_character_-_daled.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_daled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Early_Aramaic_character_-_daled.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_daled.svg.png" data-alt="Daled" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Early_Aramaic_character_-_daled.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_daled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Early_Aramaic_character_-_daled.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_daled.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Daleth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Daleth.svg/20px-Daleth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Daleth.svg/20px-Daleth.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Daleth.svg/30px-Daleth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Daleth.svg/40px-Daleth.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">He </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ה </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ה </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:He_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/He_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-He_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/He_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-He_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/He_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-He_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/He_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-He_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>𐤄 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_heh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heh"><noscript><img alt="Heh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Early_Aramaic_character_-_heh.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_heh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Early_Aramaic_character_-_heh.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_heh.svg.png" data-alt="Heh" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Early_Aramaic_character_-_heh.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_heh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Early_Aramaic_character_-_heh.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_heh.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:He0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/He0.svg/20px-He0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/He0.svg/20px-He0.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/He0.svg/30px-He0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/He0.svg/40px-He0.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Vav (Unicode)<a href="#cite_note-unicode_names_of_hebrew_glyphs_at_unicode.org-16">[16]</a> / Waw </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ו </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ו </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Vav_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vav_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Vav_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vav_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Vav_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vav_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Vav_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vav_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Vav_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>𐤅 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_vav.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vav"><noscript><img alt="Vav" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Early_Aramaic_character_-_vav.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_vav.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Early_Aramaic_character_-_vav.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_vav.svg.png" data-alt="Vav" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Early_Aramaic_character_-_vav.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_vav.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Early_Aramaic_character_-_vav.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_vav.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Waw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Waw.svg/20px-Waw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Waw.svg/20px-Waw.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Waw.svg/30px-Waw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Waw.svg/40px-Waw.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Zayin </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ז </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ז </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Zayin_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Zayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Zayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Zayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Zayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Zayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Zayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Zayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Zayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>𐤆 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_zayin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zayin"><noscript><img alt="Zayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Early_Aramaic_character_-_zayin.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_zayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Early_Aramaic_character_-_zayin.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_zayin.svg.png" data-alt="Zayin" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Early_Aramaic_character_-_zayin.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_zayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Early_Aramaic_character_-_zayin.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_zayin.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Zayin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zayin.svg/20px-Zayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zayin.svg/20px-Zayin.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zayin.svg/30px-Zayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zayin.svg/40px-Zayin.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Chet </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ח </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ח </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Het_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Het_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Het_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Het_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Het_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Het_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Het_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Het_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Het_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>𐤇 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_khet.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khet"><noscript><img alt="Khet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Early_Aramaic_character_-_khet.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_khet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Early_Aramaic_character_-_khet.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_khet.svg.png" data-alt="Khet" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Early_Aramaic_character_-_khet.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_khet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Early_Aramaic_character_-_khet.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_khet.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Heth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Heth.svg/20px-Heth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Heth.svg/20px-Heth.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Heth.svg/30px-Heth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Heth.svg/40px-Heth.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Tet </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ט </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ט </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tet_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tet_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Tet_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tet_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Tet_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tet_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Tet_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tet_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Tet_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>𐤈 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_tet.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tet"><noscript><img alt="Tet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Early_Aramaic_character_-_tet.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_tet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Early_Aramaic_character_-_tet.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_tet.svg.png" data-alt="Tet" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Early_Aramaic_character_-_tet.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_tet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Early_Aramaic_character_-_tet.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_tet.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Teth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Teth.svg/20px-Teth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Teth.svg/20px-Teth.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Teth.svg/30px-Teth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Teth.svg/40px-Teth.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Yod </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">י </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">י </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Yud_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hebrew_letter_Yud_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Yud_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hebrew_letter_Yud_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Yud_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hebrew_letter_Yud_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Yud_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hebrew_letter_Yud_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Yud_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Yud_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Yud_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Yud_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Yud_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Yud_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Yud_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Yud_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Yud_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Yud_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>𐤉 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_yud.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yud"><noscript><img alt="Yud" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Early_Aramaic_character_-_yud.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_yud.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Early_Aramaic_character_-_yud.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_yud.svg.png" data-alt="Yud" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Early_Aramaic_character_-_yud.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_yud.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Early_Aramaic_character_-_yud.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_yud.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Yod.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Yod.svg/20px-Yod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Yod.svg/20px-Yod.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Yod.svg/30px-Yod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Yod.svg/40px-Yod.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Kaf </td> <td style="font-size:50%;">Non-final </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">כ </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">כ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Kaf_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hebrew_letter_Kaf_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Kaf_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hebrew_letter_Kaf_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Kaf_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hebrew_letter_Kaf_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Kaf_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hebrew_letter_Kaf_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Kaf_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kaf-nonfinal_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kaf-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Kaf-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kaf-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Kaf-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kaf-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Kaf-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kaf-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Kaf-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td rowspan="2">𐤊 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_khof.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khof"><noscript><img alt="Khof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Early_Aramaic_character_-_khof.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_khof.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Early_Aramaic_character_-_khof.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_khof.svg.png" data-alt="Khof" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Early_Aramaic_character_-_khof.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_khof.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Early_Aramaic_character_-_khof.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_khof.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kaph.svg/20px-Kaph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kaph.svg/20px-Kaph.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kaph.svg/30px-Kaph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kaph.svg/40px-Kaph.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td style="font-size:50%;">Final </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ך </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ך </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Kaf-final_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hebrew_letter_Kaf-final_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Kaf-final_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hebrew_letter_Kaf-final_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Kaf-final_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hebrew_letter_Kaf-final_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Kaf-final_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hebrew_letter_Kaf-final_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Kaf-final_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kaf-final_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kaf-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Kaf-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="68" data-file-height="125"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kaf-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Kaf-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kaf-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Kaf-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kaf-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Kaf-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Lamed </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ל </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ל </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Lamed_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hebrew_letter_Lamed_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Lamed_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hebrew_letter_Lamed_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Lamed_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hebrew_letter_Lamed_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Lamed_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hebrew_letter_Lamed_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Lamed_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lamed_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lamed_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/19px-Lamed_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="68" data-file-height="125"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 35px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lamed_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/19px-Lamed_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="19" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lamed_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/29px-Lamed_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lamed_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/38px-Lamed_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>𐤋 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_lamed.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lamed"><noscript><img alt="Lamed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Early_Aramaic_character_-_lamed.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_lamed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Early_Aramaic_character_-_lamed.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_lamed.svg.png" data-alt="Lamed" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Early_Aramaic_character_-_lamed.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_lamed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Early_Aramaic_character_-_lamed.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_lamed.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lamed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lamed.svg/20px-Lamed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lamed.svg/20px-Lamed.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lamed.svg/30px-Lamed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lamed.svg/40px-Lamed.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Mem </td> <td style="font-size:50%;">Non-final </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">מ </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">מ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Mem_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hebrew_letter_Mem_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Mem_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hebrew_letter_Mem_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Mem_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hebrew_letter_Mem_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Mem_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hebrew_letter_Mem_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Mem_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mem-nonfinal_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mem-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Mem-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mem-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Mem-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mem-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Mem-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mem-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Mem-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td rowspan="2">𐤌 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_mem.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mem"><noscript><img alt="Mem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Early_Aramaic_character_-_mem.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_mem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Early_Aramaic_character_-_mem.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_mem.svg.png" data-alt="Mem" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Early_Aramaic_character_-_mem.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_mem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Early_Aramaic_character_-_mem.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_mem.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Mem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mem.svg/20px-Mem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mem.svg/20px-Mem.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mem.svg/30px-Mem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mem.svg/40px-Mem.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td style="font-size:50%;">Final </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ם </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ם </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mem-final_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mem-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Mem-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mem-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Mem-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mem-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Mem-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mem-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Mem-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Nun </td> <td style="font-size:50%;">Non-final </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">נ </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">נ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Nun_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hebrew_letter_Nun_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Nun_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hebrew_letter_Nun_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Nun_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hebrew_letter_Nun_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Nun_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hebrew_letter_Nun_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Nun_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nun-nonfinal_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nun-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Nun-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nun-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Nun-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nun-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Nun-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nun-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Nun-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td rowspan="2">𐤍 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_nun.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nun"><noscript><img alt="Nun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Early_Aramaic_character_-_nun.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_nun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Early_Aramaic_character_-_nun.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_nun.svg.png" data-alt="Nun" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Early_Aramaic_character_-_nun.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_nun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Early_Aramaic_character_-_nun.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_nun.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Nun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nun.svg/20px-Nun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nun.svg/20px-Nun.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nun.svg/30px-Nun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nun.svg/40px-Nun.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td style="font-size:50%;">Final </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ן </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ן </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nun-final_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nun-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Nun-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="68" data-file-height="125"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nun-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Nun-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nun-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Nun-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nun-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Nun-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Samekh </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ס </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ס </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Samekh_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hebrew_letter_Samekh_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Samekh_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hebrew_letter_Samekh_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Samekh_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hebrew_letter_Samekh_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Samekh_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hebrew_letter_Samekh_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Samekh_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Samekh_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Samekh_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Samekh_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Samekh_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Samekh_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Samekh_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Samekh_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Samekh_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Samekh_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>𐤎 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_samekh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samekh"><noscript><img alt="Samekh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Early_Aramaic_character_-_samekh.svg/20px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_samekh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="39"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 25px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Early_Aramaic_character_-_samekh.svg/20px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_samekh.svg.png" data-alt="Samekh" data-width="20" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Early_Aramaic_character_-_samekh.svg/30px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_samekh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Early_Aramaic_character_-_samekh.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_samekh.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Samekh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Samekh.svg/20px-Samekh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Samekh.svg/20px-Samekh.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Samekh.svg/30px-Samekh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Samekh.svg/40px-Samekh.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Ayin </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ע </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ע </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ayin_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Ayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Ayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Ayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Ayin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>𐤏 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_ayin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayin"><noscript><img alt="Ayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Early_Aramaic_character_-_ayin.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_ayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Early_Aramaic_character_-_ayin.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_ayin.svg.png" data-alt="Ayin" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Early_Aramaic_character_-_ayin.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_ayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Early_Aramaic_character_-_ayin.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_ayin.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ayin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ayin.svg/20px-Ayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ayin.svg/20px-Ayin.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ayin.svg/30px-Ayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ayin.svg/40px-Ayin.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Pe </td> <td style="font-size:50%;">Non-final </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">פ </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">פ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Pe_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hebrew_letter_Pe_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Pe_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hebrew_letter_Pe_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Pe_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hebrew_letter_Pe_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Pe_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hebrew_letter_Pe_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Pe_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pe-nonfinal_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pe-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Pe-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pe-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Pe-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pe-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Pe-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pe-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Pe-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td rowspan="2">𐤐 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_pey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pey"><noscript><img alt="Pey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Early_Aramaic_character_-_pey.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_pey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Early_Aramaic_character_-_pey.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_pey.svg.png" data-alt="Pey" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Early_Aramaic_character_-_pey.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_pey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Early_Aramaic_character_-_pey.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_pey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Pe0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pe0.svg/20px-Pe0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pe0.svg/20px-Pe0.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pe0.svg/30px-Pe0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pe0.svg/40px-Pe0.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td style="font-size:50%;">Final </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ף </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ף </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pe-final_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pe-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Pe-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="68" data-file-height="125"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pe-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Pe-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pe-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Pe-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pe-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Pe-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Tsadi </td> <td style="font-size:50%;">Non-final </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">צ </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">צ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Tsadik_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hebrew_letter_Tsadik_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Tsadik_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hebrew_letter_Tsadik_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Tsadik_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hebrew_letter_Tsadik_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Tsadik_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hebrew_letter_Tsadik_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Tsadik_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tsadik-nonfinal_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tsadik-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Tsadik-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="68" data-file-height="125"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tsadik-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Tsadik-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tsadik-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Tsadik-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tsadik-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Tsadik-nonfinal_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td rowspan="2">𐤑 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_tzadi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tzadi"><noscript><img alt="Tzadi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Early_Aramaic_character_-_tzadi.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_tzadi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Early_Aramaic_character_-_tzadi.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_tzadi.svg.png" data-alt="Tzadi" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Early_Aramaic_character_-_tzadi.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_tzadi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Early_Aramaic_character_-_tzadi.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_tzadi.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Sade_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sade_1.svg/20px-Sade_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sade_1.svg/20px-Sade_1.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sade_1.svg/30px-Sade_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sade_1.svg/40px-Sade_1.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Sade_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sade_2.svg/20px-Sade_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sade_2.svg/20px-Sade_2.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sade_2.svg/30px-Sade_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sade_2.svg/40px-Sade_2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td style="font-size:50%;">Final </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ץ </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ץ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tsadik-final_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tsadik-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Tsadik-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="68" data-file-height="125"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tsadik-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Tsadik-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tsadik-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Tsadik-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tsadik-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Tsadik-final_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Qof </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ק </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ק </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kuf_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kuf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Kuf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="68" data-file-height="125"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kuf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Kuf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kuf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Kuf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kuf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Kuf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>𐤒 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_quf.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quf"><noscript><img alt="Quf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Early_Aramaic_character_-_quf.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_quf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Early_Aramaic_character_-_quf.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_quf.svg.png" data-alt="Quf" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Early_Aramaic_character_-_quf.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_quf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Early_Aramaic_character_-_quf.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_quf.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Qoph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Qoph.svg/20px-Qoph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Qoph.svg/20px-Qoph.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Qoph.svg/30px-Qoph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Qoph.svg/40px-Qoph.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Resh </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ר </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ר </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Resh_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Resh_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Resh_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Resh_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Resh_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Resh_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Resh_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Resh_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Resh_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>𐤓 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_resh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Resh"><noscript><img alt="Resh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Early_Aramaic_character_-_resh.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_resh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Early_Aramaic_character_-_resh.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_resh.svg.png" data-alt="Resh" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Early_Aramaic_character_-_resh.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_resh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Early_Aramaic_character_-_resh.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_resh.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Resh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Resh.svg/20px-Resh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Resh.svg/20px-Resh.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Resh.svg/30px-Resh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Resh.svg/40px-Resh.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Shin </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ש </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ש </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shin_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Shin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Shin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Shin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Shin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Shin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Shin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Shin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Shin_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>𐤔 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_shin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shin"><noscript><img alt="Shin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Early_Aramaic_character_-_shin.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_shin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Early_Aramaic_character_-_shin.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_shin.svg.png" data-alt="Shin" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Early_Aramaic_character_-_shin.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_shin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Early_Aramaic_character_-_shin.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_shin.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Shin.svg/20px-Shin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Shin.svg/20px-Shin.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Shin.svg/30px-Shin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Shin.svg/40px-Shin.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:50%;">Tav </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'New Peninim MT', 'Noto Serif Hebrew', FreeSerif, serif;">ת </td> <td lang="he" style="font-family: Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, FreeSans, sans-serif;">ת </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Taf_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Taf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Taf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Taf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/17px-Taf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Taf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/26px-Taf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Taf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/34px-Taf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>𐤕 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_tof.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tof"><noscript><img alt="Tof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Early_Aramaic_character_-_tof.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_tof.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 31px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Early_Aramaic_character_-_tof.svg/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_tof.svg.png" data-alt="Tof" data-width="40" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Early_Aramaic_character_-_tof.svg/60px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_tof.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Early_Aramaic_character_-_tof.svg/80px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_tof.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Taw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Taw.svg/20px-Taw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Taw.svg/20px-Taw.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Taw.svg/30px-Taw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Taw.svg/40px-Taw.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yiddish_symbols">Yiddish symbols</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Yiddish symbols" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol </th> <th>Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> װ ױ ײ ײַ ‎ </td> <td>These are intended for <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_orthography#The_Standard_Yiddish_Orthography" title="Yiddish orthography">Yiddish</a>. They are not used in Hebrew, aside from in loan words<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_Double_Vav_as_Ligature_or_as_Separate_Letters">[d]</a>. They are possible to visually recreate using a sequence of letters, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וו וי יי‎, except when a diacritic is inserted underneath that would not appear in the middle. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">בֿ‎ </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">rafe</a> (רפה) <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">diacritic</a> is no longer regularly used in Hebrew. In <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Texts</a> and some other older texts, <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenited</a> consonants and sometimes matres lectionis are indicated by a small line on top of the letter. Its use has been largely discontinued in modern printed texts. It is still used to mark fricative consonants in the <a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO</a> orthography of <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Numeric_values_of_letters">Numeric values of letters</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Numeric values of letters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Hebrew numerals</a></div> Following the adoption of Greek Hellenistic alphabetic numeration practice, Hebrew letters started being used to denote numbers in the late 2nd century BCE,<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> and performed this arithmetic function for about a thousand years. Nowadays alphanumeric notation is used only in specific contexts, e.g. denoting dates in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>, denoting grades of school in Israel, other listings (e.g. שלב א׳, שלב ב׳ – "phase a, phase b"), commonly in <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>) in a practice known as <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a>, and often in religious contexts. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hohe_Synagoge_Prag_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hohe_Synagoge_Prag_1.jpg/260px-Hohe_Synagoge_Prag_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 195px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hohe_Synagoge_Prag_1.jpg/260px-Hohe_Synagoge_Prag_1.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hohe_Synagoge_Prag_1.jpg/390px-Hohe_Synagoge_Prag_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hohe_Synagoge_Prag_1.jpg/520px-Hohe_Synagoge_Prag_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> The lower clock on the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Town_Hall_(Prague)" title="Jewish Town Hall (Prague)">Jewish Town Hall</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, with Hebrew numerals in counterclockwise order.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>letter</th> <th>numeric value </th> <th>letter</th> <th>numeric value </th> <th>letter</th> <th>numeric value </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%90" class="mw-redirect" title="א">א</a>‎</big></td> <td>1</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%99" class="mw-redirect" title="י">י</a>‎</big></td> <td>10</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ק">ק</a>‎</big></td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ב">ב</a>‎</big></td> <td>2</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="כ">כ</a>‎</big></td> <td>20</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ר">ר</a>‎</big></td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ג">ג</a>‎</big></td> <td>3</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ל">ל</a>‎</big></td> <td>30</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ש">ש</a>‎</big></td> <td>300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ד">ד</a>‎</big></td> <td>4</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="מ">מ</a>‎</big></td> <td>40</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ת">ת</a>‎</big></td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ה">ה</a>‎</big></td> <td>5</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="נ">נ</a>‎</big></td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ו">ו</a>‎</big></td> <td>6</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ס">ס</a>‎</big></td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ז">ז</a>‎</big></td> <td>7</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ע">ע</a>‎</big></td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ח">ח</a>‎</big></td> <td>8</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="פ">פ</a>‎</big></td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ט">ט</a>‎</big></td> <td>9</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="צ">צ</a>‎</big></td> <td>90 </td></tr></tbody></table> The numbers 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 are commonly represented by the juxtapositions <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ת״ק‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ת״ר‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ת״ש‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ת״ת‎, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">תת״ק‎ respectively. Adding a <a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">geresh</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">׳‎⟩ to a letter multiplies its value by one thousand, for example, the year 5778 is portrayed as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ה׳תשע״ח‎, where <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ה׳‎ represents 5000, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">תשע״ח‎ represents 778. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Transliterations_and_transcriptions">Transliterations and transcriptions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Transliterations and transcriptions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Romanization of Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical Hebrew orthography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_orthography" title="Yiddish orthography">Yiddish orthography</a></div> The following table lists transliterations and transcriptions of Hebrew letters used in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>. Clarifications: <ul><li>For some letters, the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a> offers a precise transliteration that differs from the regular standard it has set. When omitted, no such precise alternative exists and the regular standard applies.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> transcription is specified whenever it uses a different symbol from the one used for the regular standard Israeli transliteration.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> transcription is specified whenever it differs from IPA phonemic transcription.</li></ul> Note: <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">SBL's</a> transliteration system, recommended in its Handbook of Style,<a href="#cite_note-SBL-35">[34]</a> differs slightly from the 2006 precise transliteration system of the Academy of the Hebrew Language; for ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="צ">צ</a>‎⟩ SBL uses ⟨ṣ⟩ (≠ AHL ⟨ẓ⟩), and for <a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">בג״ד כפ״ת</a> with no dagesh, SBL uses the same symbols as for with dagesh (i.e. ⟨b⟩, ⟨g⟩, ⟨d⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨f⟩, ⟨t⟩). <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="15" style="text-transform: uppercase; font-size:xx-small;">Click "show" to view extended table including examples. </th></tr> <tr> <th>Hebrew letter</th> <th>example </th> <th>Translation </th> <td rowspan="45" style="background:white;"> </td> <th>Standard Israeli transliteration – regular<a href="#cite_note-akademya-36">[35]</a></th> <th>example </th> <td rowspan="45" style="background:white;"> </td> <th>standard Israeli transliteration – precise<a href="#cite_note-akademya-36">[35]</a></th> <th>example </th> <td rowspan="45" style="background:white; border-bottom-color:white;"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> transcription</th> <th>example </th> <td rowspan="45" style="background:white;"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> transcription</th> <th>example </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎<div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal, in initial word positions</div></td> <td>אִם</td> <td>if</td> <td>none<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_silent_A1_eg">[A1]</a></td> <td>im</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</td> <td>[ʔim] </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎<div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal, in non-initial word positions</div></td> <td>שָׁאַל</td> <td>asked</td> <td><big>'</big></td> <td>sha<big>'</big>ál</td> <td><big>ʾ</big></td> <td>sha<big>ʾ</big>ál</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</td> <td>/ʃaˈʔal/</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎<div style="line-height:1em;">silent</div></td> <td>רִאשׁוֹן</td> <td>first</td> <td>none<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_silent_A2_eg">[A2]</a></td> <td>rishón</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">בּ‎</td> <td>בֵּן</td> <td>son</td> <td>b</td> <td>ben</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ב‎</td> <td>טוֹב</td> <td>good</td> <td>v</td> <td>tov</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">גּ‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">גַּג </td> <td rowspan="2">roof </td> <td rowspan="2">g </td> <td rowspan="2">gag </td> <td>g </td> <td rowspan="2">gaḡ </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ג‎</td> <td>ḡ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ג׳‎</td> <td>ג׳וּק</td> <td>roach</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C7%A6" title="Ǧ">ǧ</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_geresh_B1_eg">[B1]</a><a href="#cite_note-foreign_sounds-30">[30]</a></td> <td>ǧuk</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/</td> <td>/d͡ʒuk/</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">דּ‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">דּוּד </td> <td rowspan="2">boiler </td> <td rowspan="2">d </td> <td rowspan="2">dud </td> <td>d </td> <td rowspan="2">duḏ </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ד‎</td> <td>ḏ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ה‎<div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal</div></td> <td>הֵד</td> <td>echo</td> <td>h</td> <td>hed</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ה‎<div style="line-height:1em;">silent</div></td> <td>פֹּה</td> <td>here</td> <td>none<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_silent_A3_eg">[A3]</a></td> <td>po</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ו‎<div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal</div></td> <td>וָו</td> <td>hook</td> <td>v</td> <td>vav</td> <td>w</td> <td>waw</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וּ‎</td> <td>הוּא</td> <td>he</td> <td>u</td> <td>hu</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וֹ‎</td> <td>לוֹ</td> <td>to him</td> <td>o</td> <td>lo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">ɔ̝</a>]</td> <td>[lo̞, lɔ̝] </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ז‎</td> <td>זֶה</td> <td>this</td> <td>z</td> <td>ze</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ז׳‎</td> <td>זָ׳רְגוֹן</td> <td>jargon</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%BD" title="Ž">ž</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_geresh_B2_eg">[B2]</a><a href="#cite_note-foreign_sounds-30">[30]</a></td> <td>žargón</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</td> <td>/ʒarˈɡon/</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ח‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">חַם </td> <td rowspan="2">hot </td> <td rowspan="2">ẖ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_ch_C1_eg">[C1]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ẖam </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥ </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥam</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ or /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/</td> <td>/xam/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]</td> <td>[χam] </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom"><a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectical</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>] </td> <td valign="bottom">[ħam] </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ט‎</td> <td>קָט</td> <td>tiny</td> <td>t</td> <td>kat</td> <td>ṭ</td> <td>kaṭ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎<div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal</div></td> <td>יָם</td> <td>sea</td> <td>y</td> <td>yam</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</td> <td>/jam/</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎<div style="line-height:1em;">part of hirik male (/i/ vowel)</div></td> <td>בִּי</td> <td>in me</td> <td>i</td> <td>bi</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎<div style="line-height:1em;">part of tsere male (/e/ vowel or /ei/ diphthong)</div></td> <td>מֵידָע</td> <td>information</td> <td>e</td> <td>medá</td> <td>é</td> <td>médá</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/ or /ej/</td> <td>/meˈda/ or /mejˈda/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>] or /e̞j/</td> <td>[me̞ˈda] or [me̞jˈda] </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כּ, ךּ‎<a href="#cite_note-kaf_sofit-29">[29]</a></td> <td>כֹּה</td> <td>so</td> <td>k</td> <td>ko</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כ, ך‎</td> <td>סְכָךְ</td> <td>branch-roofing</td> <td>kh <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_ch_C2_eg">[C2]</a></td> <td>skhakh</td> <td>ḵ</td> <td>sḵaḵ</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ or /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/</td> <td>/sxax/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]</td> <td>[sχaχ] </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ל‎</td> <td>לִי</td> <td>to me</td> <td>l</td> <td>li</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">מ, ם‎</td> <td>מוּם</td> <td>defect</td> <td>m</td> <td>mum</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">נ, ן‎</td> <td>נִין</td> <td>great-grandson</td> <td>n</td> <td>nin</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ס‎</td> <td>סוֹף</td> <td>end</td> <td>s</td> <td>sof</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ע‎<div style="line-height:1em;">in initial or final word positions</div> </td> <td rowspan="2">עַדְלֹאיָדַע </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>-parade </td> <td rowspan="2">none<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_silent_A4_eg">[A4]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">adloyáda </td> <td rowspan="2"><big>ʿ</big> </td> <td rowspan="2"><big>ʿ</big>adloyáda<big>ʿ</big> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>only in initial word position [<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</td> <td>[ˌʔadlo̞ˈjada] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectical</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/ </td> <td valign="bottom">/ˌʕadloˈjadaʕ/</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ע‎<div style="line-height:1em;">in medial word positions</div> </td> <td rowspan="2">מוֹעִיל </td> <td rowspan="2">useful </td> <td rowspan="2"><big>'</big> </td> <td rowspan="2">mo<big>'</big>íl </td> <td rowspan="2"><big>ʿ</big> </td> <td rowspan="2">mo<big>ʿ</big>íl </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</td> <td>/moˈʔil/</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectical</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/</td> <td>/moˈʕil/</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פּ‎<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_final_pe_D_eg">[D]</a></td> <td>טִיפּ</td> <td>tip</td> <td>p</td> <td>tip</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פ, ף‎</td> <td>פִסְפֵס</td> <td>missed</td> <td>f</td> <td>fisfés</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">צ, ץ‎</td> <td>צִיץ</td> <td>bud</td> <td>ts</td> <td>tsits</td> <td>ẓ</td> <td>ẓiẓ</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/</td> <td>/t͡sit͡s/</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">צ׳, ץ׳‎</td> <td>ריצ׳רץ׳</td> <td>zip</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%8C" title="Č">č</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_geresh_B3_eg">[B3]</a><a href="#cite_note-foreign_sounds-30">[30]</a></td> <td>ríčrač</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</td> <td>/ˈrit͡ʃrat͡ʃ/</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ק‎</td> <td>קוֹל</td> <td>sound</td> <td>k</td> <td>kol</td> <td>q</td> <td>qol</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ר‎</td> <td rowspan="2">עִיר</td> <td rowspan="2">city</td> <td rowspan="2">r</td> <td rowspan="2">ir</td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>]</td> <td>[iʀ] or [iʁ] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectical</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</td> <td valign="bottom">[ir] or [iɾ] </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שׁ‎</td> <td>שָׁם</td> <td>there</td> <td>sh</td> <td>sham</td> <td>š</td> <td>šam</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</td> <td>/ʃam/</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שׂ‎</td> <td>שָׂם</td> <td>put</td> <td>s</td> <td>sam</td> <td>ś</td> <td>śam</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">תּ‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">תּוּת </td> <td rowspan="2">strawberry </td> <td rowspan="2">t </td> <td rowspan="2">tut </td> <td>t </td> <td rowspan="2">tuṯ </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ת‎ </td> <td valign="bottom">ṯ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hebrew letter </th> <td rowspan="45" style="background:white;"> </td> <th>Standard Israeli transliteration – regular<a href="#cite_note-akademya-36">[35]</a> </th> <td rowspan="45" style="background:white;"> </td> <th>standard Israeli transliteration – precise<a href="#cite_note-akademya-36">[35]</a> </th> <td rowspan="45" style="background:white; border-bottom-color:white;"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> transcription </th> <td rowspan="45" style="background:white;"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> transcription </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎<div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal, in initial word positions</div></td> <td>none<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_silent_A1">[A1]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎<div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal, in non-initial word positions</div></td> <td><big>'</big></td> <td><big>ʾ</big></td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎<div style="line-height:1em;">silent</div></td> <td>none<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_silent_A2">[A2]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">בּ‎</td> <td>b</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ב‎</td> <td>v</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">גּ‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">g </td> <td>g </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ג‎</td> <td>ḡ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ג׳‎</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C7%A6" title="Ǧ">ǧ</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_geresh_B1">[B1]</a><a href="#cite_note-foreign_sounds-30">[30]</a></td> <td></td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">דּ‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">d </td> <td>d </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ד‎</td> <td>ḏ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ה‎<div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal</div></td> <td>h</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ה‎<div style="line-height:1em;">silent</div></td> <td>none<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_silent_A3">[A3]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ו‎<div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal</div></td> <td>v</td> <td>w</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וּ‎</td> <td>u</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וֹ‎</td> <td>o</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">ɔ̝</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ז‎</td> <td>z</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ז׳‎</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%BD" title="Ž">ž</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_geresh_B2">[B2]</a><a href="#cite_note-foreign_sounds-30">[30]</a></td> <td></td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ח‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">ẖ<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_ch_C1">[C1]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ḥ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ or /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom"><a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectical</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>]</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ט‎</td> <td>t</td> <td>ṭ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎<div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal</div></td> <td>y</td> <td></td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎<div style="line-height:1em;">part of hirik male (/i/ vowel)</div></td> <td>i</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎<div style="line-height:1em;">part of tsere male (/e/ vowel or /ei/ diphthong)</div></td> <td>e</td> <td>é</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/ or /ej/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>] or [e̞j]/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כּ, ךּ‎<a href="#cite_note-kaf_sofit-29">[29]</a></td> <td>k</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כ, ך‎</td> <td>kh<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_ch_C2">[C2]</a></td> <td>ḵ</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ or /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ל‎</td> <td>l</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">מ, ם‎</td> <td>m</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">נ, ן‎</td> <td>n</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ס‎</td> <td>s</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ע‎<div style="line-height:1em;">in initial or final word positions</div> </td> <td rowspan="2">none<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_silent_A4">[A4]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><big>ʿ</big></td> <td></td> <td>only in initial word position [<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectical</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ע‎<div style="line-height:1em;">in medial word positions</div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><big>'</big> </td> <td rowspan="2"><big>ʿ</big> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectical</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פּ‎<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_final_pe_D">[D]</a></td> <td>p</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פ, ף‎</td> <td>f</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">צ, ץ‎</td> <td>ts</td> <td>ẓ</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">צ׳, ץ׳‎</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%8C" title="Č">č</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_geresh_B3">[B3]</a><a href="#cite_note-foreign_sounds-30">[30]</a></td> <td></td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ק‎</td> <td>k</td> <td>q</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ר‎</td> <td rowspan="2">r</td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectical</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שׁ‎</td> <td>sh</td> <td>š</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שׂ‎</td> <td>s</td> <td>ś</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">תּ‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">t </td> <td>t </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ת‎ </td> <td valign="bottom">ṯ </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"> A1<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_silent_A1">^</a> 2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_silent_A2">^</a> 3<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_silent_A3">^</a> 4<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_silent_A4">^</a> In transliterations of modern Israeli Hebrew, initial and final <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ע‎ (in regular transliteration), silent or initial <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎, and silent <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ה‎ are not transliterated. To the eye of readers orientating themselves on Latin (or similar) alphabets, these letters might seem to be transliterated as vowel letters; however, these are in fact transliterations of the vowel diacritics – niqqud (or are representations of the spoken vowels). E.g., in אִם ("if", [ʔim]), אֵם ("mother", [ʔe̞m]) and אֹם ("<a href="/wiki/Nut_(hardware)" title="Nut (hardware)">nut</a>", [ʔo̞m]), the letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎ always represents the same consonant: [<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>] (<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>), whereas the vowels /i/, /e/ and /o/ respectively represent the spoken vowel, whether it is orthographically denoted by diacritics or not. Since the Academy of the Hebrew Language ascertains that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎ in initial position is not transliterated, the symbol for the glottal stop <big>ʾ</big> is omitted from the transliteration, and only the subsequent vowels are transliterated (whether or not their corresponding vowel diacritics appeared in the text being transliterated), resulting in "im", "em" and "om", respectively. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"> B1<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_geresh_B1">^</a> 2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_geresh_B2">^</a> 3<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_geresh_B3">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> <a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">geresh</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">׳‎⟩ is used with some other letters as well (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ד׳‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ח׳‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ט׳‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ע׳‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ר׳‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ת׳‎), but only to transliterate from other languages to Hebrew – never to spell Hebrew words; therefore they were not included in this table (correctly translating a Hebrew text with these letters would require using the spelling in the language from which the transliteration to Hebrew was originally made). The non-standard ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ו׳‎⟩ and ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וו‎⟩ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_Double_Vav_and_Vav_with_Geresh_1">[e1]</a> are sometimes used to represent /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/, which like /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/ appears in Hebrew slang and loanwords. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"> C1<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_ch_C1">^</a> 2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_ch_C2">^</a> The sound /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/ (as ⟨ch⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Loch" title="Loch">loch</a>) is often transcribed ⟨ch⟩, inconsistently with the guidelines specified by the Academy of the Hebrew Language: חם /χam/ → "cham"; סכך /sχaχ/ → "schach". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"> D<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_final_pe_D">^</a> Although the Bible does include a single occurrence of a final pe with a dagesh (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Book of Proverbs</a> 30, 6: אַל-תּוֹסְףְּ עַל-דְּבָרָיו: פֶּן-יוֹכִיחַ בְּךָ וְנִכְזָבְתָּ.), in modern Hebrew /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/ is always represented by <a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">pe</a> in its regular, not final, form <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פ‎, even when in word-final position, which occurs with loanwords (e.g. שׁוֹפּ /ʃop/ "shop"), foreign names (e.g. פִילִיפּ /ˈfilip/ "Philip") and some slang (e.g. חָרַפּ /χaˈrap/ "slept deeply"). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Religious_use">Religious use</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Religious use" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> The letters of the Hebrew alphabet have played varied roles in Jewish religious literature over the centuries, primarily in mystical texts. Some sources in classical <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical literature">rabbinical literature</a> seem to acknowledge the historical provenance of the currently used Hebrew alphabet and deal with them as a mundane subject (the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a>, for example, records that "the Israelites took for themselves square calligraphy", and that the letters "came with the Israelites from Ashur [Assyria]");<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> others attribute mystical significance to the letters, connecting them with the process of creation or <a href="/wiki/Jewish_messianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish messianism">the redemption</a>. In mystical conceptions, the alphabet is considered eternal, pre-existent to the Earth, and the letters themselves are seen as having holiness and power, sometimes to such an extent that several stories from the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> illustrate the idea that they cannot be destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> The idea of the letters' creative power finds its greatest vehicle in the <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yezirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Yezirah">Sefer Yezirah</a>, or Book of Creation, a mystical text of uncertain origin which describes a story of creation highly divergent from that in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, largely through exposition on the powers of the letters of the alphabet. The supposed creative powers of the letters are also referenced in the Talmud and <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tefillin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tefillin.JPG/200px-Tefillin.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tefillin.JPG/200px-Tefillin.JPG" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tefillin.JPG/300px-Tefillin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tefillin.JPG/400px-Tefillin.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The four-pronged <a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></figcaption></figure> Another book, the 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Kabbalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalistic">Kabbalistic</a> text <a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaTemunah" title="Sefer HaTemunah">Sefer HaTemunah</a>, holds that a single letter of unknown pronunciation, held by some to be the four-pronged shin on one side of the <a href="/wiki/Teffilin" class="mw-redirect" title="Teffilin">teffilin</a> box, is missing from the current alphabet. The world's flaws, the book teaches, are related to the absence of this letter, the eventual revelation of which will <a href="/wiki/Tikkun_Olam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikkun Olam">repair the universe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41">[40]</a> Another example of messianic significance attached to the letters is the teaching of Rabbi Eliezer that the five letters of the alphabet with distinct final forms hold the "secret of redemption".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41">[40]</a> In addition, the letters occasionally feature in <a href="/wiki/Aggadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggadic">aggadic</a> portions of non-mystical rabbinic literature. In such aggada the letters are often given <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> qualities and depicted as speaking to God. Commonly their shapes are used in parables to illustrate points of ethics or theology. An example from the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (a parable intended to discourage speculation about the universe before creation): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:50%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Why does the story of creation begin with bet?... In the same manner that the letter bet is closed on all sides and only open in front, similarly you are not permitted to inquire into what is before or what was behind, but only from the actual time of Creation. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Hagigah, 77c</cite></div> </div> Extensive instructions about the proper methods of forming the letters are found in Mishnat Soferim, within <a href="/wiki/Mishna_Berura" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishna Berura">Mishna Berura</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Meir_Kagan" title="Yisrael Meir Kagan">Yisrael Meir Kagan</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Mathematical_use">Mathematical use</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mathematical use" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> In <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set theory</a>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \aleph _{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">ℵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \aleph _{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/721cd7f8c15a2e72ad162bdfa5baea8eef98aab1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.475ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \aleph _{0}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.475ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/721cd7f8c15a2e72ad162bdfa5baea8eef98aab1" data-alt="{\displaystyle \aleph _{0}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , pronounced aleph-naught, aleph-zero, or aleph-null, is used to mark the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_number" title="Cardinal number">cardinal number</a> of an infinite <a href="/wiki/Countable_set" title="Countable set">countable set</a>, such as <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/449494a083e0a1fda2b61c62b2f09b6bee4633dc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.55ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/449494a083e0a1fda2b61c62b2f09b6bee4633dc" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , the set of all integers. More generally, the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \aleph _{\alpha }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">ℵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \aleph _{\alpha }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fd1f42a5a41f25dc3689817aa40dca0ad1649bd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.704ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \aleph _{\alpha }}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.704ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fd1f42a5a41f25dc3689817aa40dca0ad1649bd" data-alt="{\displaystyle \aleph _{\alpha }}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  <a href="/wiki/Aleph_number" title="Aleph number">aleph number</a> notation marks the ordered sequence of all distinct infinite cardinal numbers. Less frequently used, the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beth _{\alpha }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ℶ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beth _{\alpha }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/602728797c3415a4581fc2ced51ea8c91692722d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.05ex; width:2.884ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beth _{\alpha }}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.884ex;height: 2.676ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/602728797c3415a4581fc2ced51ea8c91692722d" data-alt="{\displaystyle \beth _{\alpha }}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  <a href="/wiki/Beth_number" title="Beth number">beth number</a> notation is used for the iterated <a href="/wiki/Power_set" title="Power set">power sets</a> of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \aleph _{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">ℵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \aleph _{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/721cd7f8c15a2e72ad162bdfa5baea8eef98aab1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.475ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \aleph _{0}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.475ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/721cd7f8c15a2e72ad162bdfa5baea8eef98aab1" data-alt="{\displaystyle \aleph _{0}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . The second element <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beth _{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ℶ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beth _{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6bb3462a86543187911778e6ff64ed1dc27b19f5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.05ex; width:2.655ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beth _{1}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.655ex;height: 2.676ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6bb3462a86543187911778e6ff64ed1dc27b19f5" data-alt="{\displaystyle \beth _{1}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  is the <a href="/wiki/Cardinality_of_the_continuum" title="Cardinality of the continuum">cardinality of the continuum</a>. Very occasionally, a <a href="/wiki/Gimel_function" title="Gimel function">gimel function</a> is used in cardinal notation. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Unicode_and_HTML">Unicode and HTML</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Unicode and HTML" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Hebrew keyboard</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_keyboard_layout.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hebrew_keyboard_layout.svg/220px-Hebrew_keyboard_layout.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 73px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hebrew_keyboard_layout.svg/220px-Hebrew_keyboard_layout.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="73" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hebrew_keyboard_layout.svg/330px-Hebrew_keyboard_layout.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hebrew_keyboard_layout.svg/440px-Hebrew_keyboard_layout.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An example of a Hebrew keyboard</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Hebrew block extends from U+0590 to U+05FF and from U+FB1D to U+FB4F. It includes <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligatures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combining_diacritical_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Combining diacritical mark">combining diacritical marks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantillation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantillation marks">cantillation marks</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unicode_names_of_hebrew_glyphs_at_unicode.org-16">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric Character References</a> is included for HTML. These can be used in many markup languages, and they are often used in Wiki to create the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Glyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyphs">glyphs</a> compatible with the majority of web browsers. Standard Hebrew keyboards have a 101-key layout. Like the standard <a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a> layout, the Hebrew layout was derived from the order of letters on Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew braille">Hebrew braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Hebrew diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Hebrew punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Hebrew" title="Help:Hebrew">Help:Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koren_Type" title="Koren Type">Koren Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">Ktiv hasar niqqud</a> ("spelling lacking niqqud")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significance_of_numbers_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Significance of numbers of Judaism">Significance of numbers of Judaism</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> a<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Common_Hebrew_Spelling">^</a> "Alef-bet" is commonly written in Israeli Hebrew without the maqaf (מקף, "[Hebrew] hyphen"), אלפבית עברי, as opposed to with the hyphen, אלף־בית עברי. b<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Variants_in_Arabic_Mandaic">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic letters</a> generally have four forms each, though six of the primary letters can have only two variants, according to their places in words (initial, medial, final, and isolate). The same applies the <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic letters</a>, except for three of the 22 letters, which each have only one form. c<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Pronunciation_in_Different_Word_Positions">^</a> In forms of Hebrew older than Modern Hebrew, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">בי״ת‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כ״ף‎, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פ״א‎ can only be read b, k and p, respectively, at the beginning of a word, while they will have the sole value of v, kh and f in a sofit (final) position, with few exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-kaf_sofit-29">[29]</a> In medial positions, both pronunciations are possible. In Modern Hebrew this restriction is not absolute, e.g. פִיזִיקַאי /fiziˈkaj/ and never /piziˈkaj/ (= "physicist"), סְנוֹבּ /snob/ and never /snov/ (= "snob"). A <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a> may be inserted to unambiguously denote the <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosive</a> variant: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">בּ‎ = /b/, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כּ‎ = /k/, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פּ‎ =/p/; similarly (though today very rare in Hebrew and common only in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>) a <a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">rafé</a> placed above the letter unambiguously denotes the <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> variant: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">בֿ‎ = /v/, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כֿ‎ = /χ/ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פֿ‎ = /f/. In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, the sound [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>] at the end of a word is denoted by the regular form <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פ‎, as opposed to the final form <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ף‎, which always denotes [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>] (see <a href="#Transliterations_and_transcriptions">table of transliterations and transcriptions</a>, comment<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_final_pe_D_eg">[D]</a>). d<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Double_Vav_as_Ligature_or_as_Separate_Letters">^</a> However, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וו‎ (two separate vavs), used in <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">Ktiv male</a>, is to be distinguished from the Yiddish ligature <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">װ‎ (also two vavs but together as one character). e1<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Double_Vav_and_Vav_with_Geresh_1">^</a> e2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Double_Vav_and_Vav_with_Geresh_2">^</a> e3<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Double_Vav_and_Vav_with_Geresh_3">^</a> e4<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Double_Vav_and_Vav_with_Geresh_4">^</a> e5<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Double_Vav_and_Vav_with_Geresh_5">^</a> The Academy of the Hebrew Language states that both [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>] be indistinguishably represented in Hebrew using the letter vav.<a href="#cite_note-akademya-36">[35]</a> Sometimes the vav is indeed doubled, however not to denote [w] as opposed to [v] but rather, when <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">spelling without niqqud</a>, to denote the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> /v/ at a non-initial and non-final position in the word, whereas a single vav at a non-initial and non-final position in the word in spelling without niqqud denotes one of the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> /u/ or /o/. To pronounce foreign words and <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> containing the sound [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>], Hebrew readers must therefore rely on former knowledge and context. Explanatory footnotes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Possibly rooted from Ancient Egyptian ḏ or dj. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hebrew-alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>." <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. "Square Hebrew became established in the 2nd and 1st centuries bce and developed into the modern Hebrew alphabet over the next 1,500 years." </li> <li id="cite_note-AbuElhija-2"><a href="#cite_ref-AbuElhija_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Elhija2014" class="citation journal cs1">Abu Elhija, Dua'a (23 January 2014). "A new writing system? Developing orthographies for writing Arabic dialects in electronic media". Writing Systems Research. 6 (2). Informa UK Limited: 190–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17586801.2013.868334">10.1080/17586801.2013.868334</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-6801">1758-6801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219568845">219568845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Writing+Systems+Research&rft.atitle=A+new+writing+system%3F+Developing+orthographies+for+writing+Arabic+dialects+in+electronic+media&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E214&rft.date=2014-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219568845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1758-6801&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17586801.2013.868334&rft.aulast=Abu+Elhija&rft.aufirst=Dua%27a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Gaash, Amir. "Colloquial Arabic written in Hebrew characters on Israeli websites by Druzes (and other non-Jews)." Jerusalem studies in Arabic and Islam 43 (2016): 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Shachmon, Ori, and Merav Mack. "Speaking Arabic, Writing Hebrew. Linguistic Transitions in Christian Arab Communities in Israel". Wiener Zeitschrift Für Die Kunde Des Morgenlandes, vol. 106, 2016, pp. 223–239. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/26449346. Accessed 15 July 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Babylonian Talmud (Sanhedrin 21b–22a); Jerusalem Talmud (Megillah 10a). Cf. <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> (Megillah 1:8): "The Books [of Scripture] differ from phylacteries and Mezuzahs only in that the Books may be written in any language, while phylacteries and Mezuzahs may be written in the Assyrian writing only." See: The Mishnah (ed. Herbert Danby), Oxford University Press: London 1977, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaveh1987" class="citation cs2">Naveh, Joseph (1987), "Proto-Canaanite, Archaic Greek, and the Script of the Aramaic Text on the Tell Fakhariyah Statue", in Miller; et al. (eds.), Ancient Israelite Religion</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proto-Canaanite%2C+Archaic+Greek%2C+and+the+Script+of+the+Aramaic+Text+on+the+Tell+Fakhariyah+Statue&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israelite+Religion&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Naveh&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Mark S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC&dq=Gezer+calendar+phoenician&pg=PA20">The Early History of God: Yahweh and the other deities in ancient Israel</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3972-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3972-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-3972-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+God%3A+Yahweh+and+the+other+deities+in+ancient+Israel&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3972-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1yM3AuBh4AsC%26dq%3DGezer%2Bcalendar%2Bphoenician%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esr.academia.edu/AdamBean/Papers/443200/The_Calendar_Tablet_from_Gezer">The Calendar Tablet from Gezer, Adam L Bean, Emmanual School of Religion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110302090228/http://esr.academia.edu/AdamBean/Papers/443200/The_Calendar_Tablet_from_Gezer">Archived</a> March 2, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bib-arch.org/scholars-study/jezebel-seal-06.asp">"Is it "Tenable"?", Hershel Shanks, Biblical Archaeology Review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225054108/http://www.bib-arch.org/scholars-study/jezebel-seal-06.asp">Archived</a> December 25, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IhFxx8eQIDsC&q=gezer&pg=PA56">Spelling in the Hebrew Bible: Dahood memorial lecture, By Francis I. Andersen, A. Dean Forbes, p56</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPardee" class="citation journal cs1">Pardee, Dennis. "A Brief Case for the Language of the 'Gezer Calendar' as Phoenician". Linguistic Studies in Phoenician, ed. Robert D. Holmstedt and Aaron Schade. Winona Lake: 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Studies+in+Phoenician%2C+ed.+Robert+D.+Holmstedt+and+Aaron+Schade&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Case+for+the+Language+of+the+%27Gezer+Calendar%27+as+Phoenician&rft.pages=43&rft.aulast=Pardee&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rollston2010-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Rollston2010_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_A._Rollston2010" class="citation book cs1">Chris A. Rollston (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kx9Uke_IfloC&pg=PA30">Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age</a>. Society of Biblical Lit. pp. 30–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-107-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-107-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-107-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+and+Literacy+in+the+World+of+Ancient+Israel%3A+Epigraphic+Evidence+from+the+Iron+Age&rft.pages=30-&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Lit&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-107-0&rft.au=Chris+A.+Rollston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkx9Uke_IfloC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaénz-Badillos199316-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa%C3%A9nz-Badillos199316_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSa%C3%A9nz-Badillos1993">Saénz-Badillos 1993</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaénz-Badillos199361&ndash;62-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa%C3%A9nz-Badillos199361&ndash;62_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSa%C3%A9nz-Badillos1993">Saénz-Badillos 1993</a>, p. 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaénz-Badillos1993-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa%C3%A9nz-Badillos1993_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSa%C3%A9nz-Badillos1993">Saénz-Badillos 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-unicode_names_of_hebrew_glyphs_at_unicode.org-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unicode_names_of_hebrew_glyphs_at_unicode.org_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicode_names_of_hebrew_glyphs_at_unicode.org_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicode_names_of_hebrew_glyphs_at_unicode.org_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicode_names_of_hebrew_glyphs_at_unicode.org_16-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0590.pdf">"Hebrew"</a> (character code chart). The Unicode Standard. Unicode, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=Hebrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU0590.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unicode_names_of_hebrew_glyphs_at_fileformat.info-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unicode_names_of_hebrew_glyphs_at_fileformat.info_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicode_names_of_hebrew_glyphs_at_fileformat.info_17-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/hebrew/list.htm">Unicode names of Hebrew characters at fileformat.info</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Tappy, Ron E., et al. "An Abecedary of the Mid-Tenth Century B.C.E. from the Judaean Shephelah." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 344, 2006, pp. 5–46. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25066976">http://www.jstor.org/stable/25066976</a>. Accessed 17 May 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> A. Dotan. “The Alphabet Inscription of 'Izbet Ṣarṭah / כתובת הא"ב מעזבת צרטה.” Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה, vol. 16 (טז), 1982, pp. 62–69. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23619530">http://www.jstor.org/stable/23619530</a>. Accessed 17 May 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenzRöllig2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Renz, Johannes; Röllig, Wolfgang (2016). Handbuch der althebräischen Epigraphik (in German). Darmstadt: WBG (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft). p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-26789-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-26789-7"><bdi>978-3-534-26789-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+althebr%C3%A4ischen+Epigraphik&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=WBG+%28Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft%29&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-534-26789-7&rft.aulast=Renz&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=R%C3%B6llig%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin20044-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin20044_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerlin2004">Berlin 2004</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldingay202275-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldingay202275_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldingay2022">Goldingay 2022</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirst2017-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirst2017_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFirst2017">First 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirst2014-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirst2014_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFirst2014">First 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitreBergsma2018-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitreBergsma2018_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPitreBergsma2018">Pitre & Bergsma 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Kaplan, Aryeh. Sefer Yetzirah: The Book of Creation. pp. 8, 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-hebrew-alphabet-aleph-bet">"The Hebrew Alphabet (Aleph-Bet)"</a>. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 4 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=The+Hebrew+Alphabet+%28Aleph-Bet%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fthe-hebrew-alphabet-aleph-bet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendsburg1997" class="citation book cs1">Rendsburg, Gary A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishstudies.rutgers.edu/docman/rendsburg/470-ancient-hebrew-phonology-professional-pdf-from-the-publisher/file">"Ancient Hebrew Phonology"</a> (PDF). In Kaye, Alan S. (ed.). Phonologies of Asia and Africa. pp. 70, 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Hebrew+Phonology&rft.btitle=Phonologies+of+Asia+and+Africa&rft.pages=70%2C+73&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Rendsburg&rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishstudies.rutgers.edu%2Fdocman%2Frendsburg%2F470-ancient-hebrew-phonology-professional-pdf-from-the-publisher%2Ffile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-kaf_sofit-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kaf_sofit_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaf_sofit_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaf_sofit_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaf_sofit_29-3">d</a> "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ךּ‎" is rare but exists, e.g. last word in <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 7 1 (דברים פרק ז׳ פסוק א׳) in the word "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">מִמֶּךָּ‎" – see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/i/t/t0507.htm">תנ״ך מנוקד, דברים פרק ז׳</a>. There is a single occurrence of "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ףּ‎", see this comment<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_final_pe_D_eg">[D]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-foreign_sounds-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foreign_sounds_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreign_sounds_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreign_sounds_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreign_sounds_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreign_sounds_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreign_sounds_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreign_sounds_30-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreign_sounds_30-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreign_sounds_30-8">i</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/ATAR1.pdf">Transliteration guidelines preceding 2006-update</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116075851/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/ATAR1.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-11-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 3 Academy of the Hebrew Language </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaufer2008" class="citation book cs1">Laufer, Asher (2008). Chapters in Phonetics and Phonetic Transcription. Jerusalem: Magnes. pp. 207–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-493-401-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-493-401-5"><bdi>978-965-493-401-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapters+in+Phonetics+and+Phonetic+Transcription&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.pub=Magnes&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-965-493-401-5&rft.aulast=Laufer&rft.aufirst=Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hebrew4christians.com/Grammar/Unit_Two/unit_two.html">"Hebrew lessons for Christians"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hebrew+lessons+for+Christians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrew4christians.com%2FGrammar%2FUnit_Two%2Funit_two.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Colette_Sirat" title="Colette Sirat">Sirat, Colette</a> (1976), Ecriture et civilisations, Paris: Editions du CNRS. </li> <li id="cite_note-SBL-35"><a href="#cite_ref-SBL_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viceregency.com/Translit.htm">"Resources for New Testament Exegesis – Transliteration Standards of The SBL Handbook of Style"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resources+for+New+Testament+Exegesis+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BTransliteration+Standards+of+The+SBL+Handbook+of+Style&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viceregency.com%2FTranslit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-akademya-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-akademya_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akademya_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akademya_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akademya_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akademya_36-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703210016/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/taatiq2007.pdf">"Transliteration guidelines"</a> (PDF). Academy of the Hebrew Language. November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/taatiq2007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transliteration+guidelines&rft.pub=Academy+of+the+Hebrew+Language&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrew-academy.huji.ac.il%2Fhahlatot%2FTheTranscription%2FDocuments%2Ftaatiq2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Jerusalem Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin 21b </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Pesach 87b, Avodah Zarah 18a. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berachot 55c </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Zohar 1:3; 2:152 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-1">b</a> The Book of Letters. Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, Woodstock. 1990 </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/5" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/5">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, §5</a> ff.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin2004" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Adele (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iTH9qth5cbEC">Lamentations: A Commentary</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664229740" title="Special:BookSources/9780664229740"><bdi>9780664229740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lamentations%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780664229740&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Adele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiTH9qth5cbEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirst2014" class="citation journal cs1">First, Mitchell (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0309089214536490">"Using the Pe–Ayin Order of the Abecedaries of Ancient Israel to Date the Book of Psalms"</a>. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. 38 (4): 471–485. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0309089214536490">10.1177/0309089214536490</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-0892">0309-0892</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170926400">170926400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.atitle=Using+the+Pe%E2%80%93Ayin+Order+of+the+Abecedaries+of+Ancient+Israel+to+Date+the+Book+of+Psalms&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E471-%3C%2Fspan%3E485&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170926400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0309-0892&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0309089214536490&rft.aulast=First&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F0309089214536490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirst2017" class="citation book cs1">First, Mitchell (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/pe-before-ayin-in-biblical-pre-exilic-acrostics">Pe before Ayin in Biblical Pre-Exilic Acrostics</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pe+before+Ayin+in+Biblical+Pre-Exilic+Acrostics&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=First&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fpe-before-ayin-in-biblical-pre-exilic-acrostics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldingay2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Goldingay" title="John Goldingay">Goldingay, John</a> (2022). The Book of Lamentations. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802825421" title="Special:BookSources/9780802825421"><bdi>9780802825421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Lamentations&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780802825421&rft.aulast=Goldingay&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=momIk7nVNdkC">Hoffman, Joel M. 2004. In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language. New York: New York University Press.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitreBergsma2018" class="citation book cs1">Pitre, Brant J.; Bergsma, John S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvEmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA820">A Catholic Introduction to the Bible: The Old Testament</a>. Ignatius Press. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-722-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-722-5"><bdi>978-1-58617-722-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catholic+Introduction+to+the+Bible%3A+The+Old+Testament&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-58617-722-5&rft.aulast=Pitre&rft.aufirst=Brant+J.&rft.au=Bergsma%2C+John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvEmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaénz-Badillos1993" class="citation book cs1">Saénz-Badillos, Angel (1993). A History of the Hebrew Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Hebrew+Language&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Sa%C3%A9nz-Badillos&rft.aufirst=Angel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+alphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adath-shalom.ca/history_of_hebrew.htm">Steinberg, David. History of the Hebrew Language.</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levsoftware.com/alefbet.htm">How to draw letters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0590.pdf">Official Unicode standards document for Hebrew</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/collation/">Unicode collation charts</a> – including Hebrew letters, sorted by shape</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboards">Keyboards</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Keyboards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litetype.com/?lang=hebrew&style=moon">LiteType.com</a> – Virtual & Interactive Hebrew Keyboard</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614000600/http://www.mikledet.com/">Mikledet.com</a> – For typing Hebrew with an English keyboard (Hebrew keyboard|Hebrew layout)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=2&ArticleID=9">Prize Find: Oldest Hebrew Inscription</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229232512/http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=2&ArticleID=9">Archived</a> 2012-02-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Biblical Archaeology Review</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&oldid=1273814637">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&oldid=1273814637</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 4 February 2025, at 04:25 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%8D" title="Журт тхыпкъылъэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Журт тхыпкъылъэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreeuse_alfabet" title="Hebreeuse alfabet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hebreeuse alfabet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebr%C3%A4isches_Alphabet" title="Hebräisches Alphabet – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hebräisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الأبجدية العبرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأبجدية العبرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%A6%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC_%DC%A5%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܒܪܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܒܪܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_hebr%C3%A9u" title="Alfabetu hebréu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetu hebréu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0vrit_%C9%99lifbas%C4%B1" title="İvrit əlifbası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İvrit əlifbası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="عیبری الیفباسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عیبری الیفباسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="হিব্রু লিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিব্রু লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Ibrani" title="Abjad Ibrani – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Abjad Ibrani" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D2%BB%D2%AF%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Йәһүд алфавиты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йәһүд алфавиты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Яўрэйскае пісьмо – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яўрэйскае пісьмо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Hebreo" title="Surat Hebreo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Surat Hebreo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Еврейска писменост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еврейска писменост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebr%C3%A4isches_Alphabet" title="Hebräisches Alphabet – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hebräisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrejsko_pismo" title="Hebrejsko pismo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hebrejsko pismo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizherenneg_hebraek" title="Lizherenneg hebraek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizherenneg hebraek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_hebreu" title="Alfabet hebreu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet hebreu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulat_Inebreo" title="Sulat Inebreo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sulat Inebreo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrejsk%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Hebrejské písmo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hebrejské písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_wyddor_Hebraeg" title="Yr wyddor Hebraeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr wyddor Hebraeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_hebraiske_alfabet" title="Det hebraiske alfabet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det hebraiske alfabet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebr%C3%A4isches_Alphabet" title="Hebräisches Alphabet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hebräisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heebrea_kiri" title="Heebrea kiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Heebrea kiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Εβραϊκό αλφάβητο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εβραϊκό αλφάβητο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_hebreo" title="Alfabeto hebreo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto hebreo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrea_alfabeto" title="Hebrea alfabeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hebrea alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrear_alfabeto" title="Hebrear alfabeto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hebrear alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="الفبای عبری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای عبری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_h%C3%A9breu" title="Alphabet hébreu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabet hébreu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aib%C3%ADtir_Eabhraise" title="Aibítir Eabhraise – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aibítir Eabhraise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aibidil_Eabhra" title="Aibidil Eabhra – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aibidil Eabhra" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_hebreo" title="Alfabeto hebreo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto hebreo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="히브리 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히브리 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Եբրայերենի այբուբեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եբրայերենի այբուբեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="इब्रानी लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इब्रानी लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrejski_alfabet" title="Hebrejski alfabet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hebrejski alfabet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Ibrani" title="Abjad Ibrani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abjad Ibrani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabeto_hebree" title="Alphabeto hebree – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alphabeto hebree" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreskt_stafr%C3%B3f" title="Hebreskt stafróf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hebreskt stafróf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_ebraico" title="Alfabeto ebraico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto ebraico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99" title="אלפבית עברי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפבית עברי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ებრაული დამწერლობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ებრაული დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwandiko_wa_Kiebrania" title="Mwandiko wa Kiebrania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwandiko wa Kiebrania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfub%C3%AAy_%C3%AEbr%C3%AE" title="Elfubêy îbrî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Elfubêy îbrî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alefbet_ebreo" title="Alefbet ebreo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Alefbet ebreo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetum_Hebraicum" title="Alphabetum Hebraicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alphabetum Hebraicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebreju_alfab%C4%93ts" title="Ebreju alfabēts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ebreju alfabēts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraj%C5%B3_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Hebrajų raštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hebrajų raštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta_ivri" title="Alfabeta ivri – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta ivri" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ber_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9" title="Héber ábécé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Héber ábécé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хебрејска азбука – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хебрејска азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidy_hebreo" title="Abidy hebreo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abidy hebreo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="हिब्रू वर्णमाला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिब्रू वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ურიული ჭარალუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ურიული ჭარალუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="عبرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عبرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Ibrani" title="Abjad Ibrani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abjad Ibrani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Еврей бичиг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Еврей бичиг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreeuws_alfabet" title="Hebreeuws alfabet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hebreeuws alfabet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ヘブライ文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘブライ文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Жуьгтийн абат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Жуьгтийн абат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreewsk_alfabeet" title="Hebreewsk alfabeet – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hebreewsk alfabeet" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_hebraiske_alfabetet" title="Det hebraiske alfabetet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det hebraiske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_hebraiske_alfabetet" title="Det hebraiske alfabetet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det hebraiske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudiy_yozuvi" title="Yahudiy yozuvi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yahudiy yozuvi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਇਬਰਾਨੀ ਲਿਪੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਬਰਾਨੀ ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="عبرانی لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عبرانی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%90%DA%85%DB%90" title="عبراني ابېڅې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عبراني ابېڅې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Еврей анбур – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Еврей анбур" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_hebrajski" title="Alfabet hebrajski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfabet hebrajski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_hebraico" title="Alfabeto hebraico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto hebraico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0brani_elifbesi" title="İbrani elifbesi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İbrani elifbesi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetul_ebraic" title="Alfabetul ebraic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfabetul ebraic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Еврейское письмо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Еврейское письмо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_hebre" title="Alfabeti hebre – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfabeti hebre" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrejsk%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo_(nov%C5%A1ie)" title="Hebrejské písmo (novšie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hebrejské písmo (novšie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrejska_abeceda" title="Hebrejska abeceda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hebrejska abeceda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8E%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ئەلفوبێی عیبری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلفوبێی عیبری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Хебрејско писмо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хебрејско писмо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrejsko_pismo" title="Hebrejsko pismo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hebrejsko pismo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heprealainen_kirjaimisto" title="Heprealainen kirjaimisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Heprealainen kirjaimisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreiska_alfabetet" title="Hebreiska alfabetet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hebreiska alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulat_Ebreo" title="Sulat Ebreo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sulat Ebreo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="எபிரேய அரிச்சுவடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எபிரேய அரிச்சுவடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agemmay_a%C9%9Bebri" title="Agemmay aɛebri – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agemmay aɛebri" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9" title="ชุดตัวอักษรฮีบรู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชุดตัวอักษรฮีบรู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Ҳуруфи ибрӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳуруфи ибрӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0brani_alfabesi" title="İbrani alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbrani alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гебрайська абетка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гебрайська абетка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="عبرانی حروف تہجی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عبرانی حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_ebraico" title="Alfabeto ebraico – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Alfabeto ebraico" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_ch%E1%BB%AF_c%C3%A1i_Hebrew" title="Bảng chữ cái Hebrew – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảng chữ cái Hebrew" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_ebreu" title="Alfabet ebreu – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Alfabet ebreu" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E6%9D%A5%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="希伯来字母 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="希伯来字母" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A3_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אלף בית – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלף בית" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="希伯來字母 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="希伯來字母" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabey_%C4%B0branki" title="Alfabey İbranki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alfabey İbranki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E6%9D%A5%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="希伯来字母 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希伯来字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurup_Heber" title="Hurup Heber – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hurup Heber" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huruf_Ibrani" title="Huruf Ibrani – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Huruf Ibrani" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 February 2025, at 04:25 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a 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