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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ezaugarriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ezaugarriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Ezaugarriak </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ezaugarriak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Ezaugarriak azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Ezaugarriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fisikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Fisikoak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kimikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kimikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Kimikoak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kimikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Isotopoak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gertakariak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gertakariak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Gertakariak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gertakariak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konposatuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konposatuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Konposatuak </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Konposatuak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Konposatuak azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Konposatuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Halogenuroa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halogenuroa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Halogenuroa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halogenuroa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxidoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxidoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Oxidoak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxidoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beste_batzuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beste_batzuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Beste batzuk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beste_batzuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Historia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Historia azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lehengo_erabilerak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lehengo_erabilerak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Lehengo erabilerak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lehengo_erabilerak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europarren_aurkikuntza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europarren_aurkikuntza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Europarren aurkikuntza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europarren_aurkikuntza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malgutasuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malgutasuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Malgutasuna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malgutasuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekoizpena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekoizpena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ekoizpena </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekoizpena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikazioa_eta_erabilerak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikazioa_eta_erabilerak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aplikazioa eta erabilerak </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aplikazioa_eta_erabilerak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Aplikazioa eta erabilerak azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Aplikazioa_eta_erabilerak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Katalizatzaileak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katalizatzaileak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Katalizatzaileak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katalizatzaileak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estandarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estandarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Estandarra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estandarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inbertsiotzat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inbertsiotzat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Inbertsiotzat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inbertsiotzat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gainerako_erabilerak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gainerako_erabilerak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Gainerako erabilerak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gainerako_erabilerak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ospe_sinboloak_marketinean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ospe_sinboloak_marketinean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Ospe sinboloak marketinean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ospe_sinboloak_marketinean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osasun_arazoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osasun_arazoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Osasun arazoak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osasun_arazoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Erreferentziak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Ikus, gainera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Kanpo estekak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Eduki-taula" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Platino</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 154 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-154" aria-hidden="true" > 154 hizkuntza </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Platinum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%95%E1%88%8B%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%90%E1%88%9D" title="ፕላቲነም – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፕላቲነም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%ADn" title="Platín – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Platín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लैटिनम – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्लैटिनम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بلاتين – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلاتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پلاتين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پلاتين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بلاتين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلاتين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%ADn" title="Platín – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Platín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwapiskw" title="Piwapiskw – atikamekwera" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Piwapiskw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikamekwera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platin" title="Platin – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Platin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پلاتین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پلاتین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Аҡ алтын – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҡ алтын" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum – baliera" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Platinum" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platin" title="Platin – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Platin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platino" title="Platino – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Platino" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Плаціна (хімічны элемент) – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плаціна (хімічны элемент)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Плятына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плятына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emas_kodok" title="Emas kodok – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Emas kodok" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Платина – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Платина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लैटिनम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्लैटिनम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="প্লাটিনাম – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লাটিনাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="བེ་ལེ་ཊི་ནམ། – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བེ་ལེ་ཊི་ནམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platin" title="Platin – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Platin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%AD" title="Platí – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Platí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83h-g%C4%ADng" title="Băh-gĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Băh-gĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platino" title="Platino – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Platino" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%9D%E1%8F%98%E1%8F%85%E1%8E%BB" title="ᏝᏘᏅᎻ – txerokiera" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏝᏘᏅᎻ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="txerokiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پلاتین – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پلاتین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinu" title="Platinu – korsikera" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Platinu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%ABna" title="Platëna – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Platëna" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Платина – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Платина" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinwm" title="Platinwm – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Platinwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platin" title="Platin – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Platin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platin" title="Platin – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Platin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%87%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Λευκόχρυσος – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λευκόχρυσος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Platinum" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateno" title="Plateno – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plateno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platino" title="Platino – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Platino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaatina" title="Plaatina – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Plaatina" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پلاتین – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلاتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platine" title="Platine – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Platine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaatin" title="Plaatin – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Plaatin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platin" title="Platin – friulera" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Platin" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platanam" title="Platanam – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Platanam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platanum" title="Platanum – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Platanum" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platino" title="Platino – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Platino" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%AE" title="પ્લેટિનમ – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્લેટિનમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Platinum" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-k%C3%AEm" title="Pha̍k-kîm – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pha̍k-kîm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="פלטינה – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלטינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लैटिनम – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्लैटिनम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Platinum" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platin" title="Platin – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Platin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Պլատին – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլատին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platino" title="Platino – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Platino" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platino" title="Platino – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Platino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%ADna" title="Platína – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Platína" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platino" title="Platino – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Platino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E9%87%91" title="白金 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="白金" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrplati" title="jinmrplati – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrplati" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="პლატინა – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლატინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C9%A9n%C9%A9" title="Platɩnɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Platɩnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum – kikuyuera" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Platinum" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyuera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Платина – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Платина" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ಲಾಟಿನಮ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ಲಾಟಿನಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EA%B8%88" title="백금 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백금" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%AEn" title="Platîn – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Platîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Платина – komiera" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Платина" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinom" title="Platinom – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Platinom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Платина – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Платина" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Platinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platin" title="Platin – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Platin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="КӀяла муси – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="КӀяла муси" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattino" title="Plattino – liguriera" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Plattino" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platin" title="Platin – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Platin" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platino" title="Platino – lombardiera" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Platino" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C4%ABns" title="Platīns – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Platīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volamahery" title="Volamahery – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Volamahery" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Платина – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Платина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="പ്ലാറ്റിനം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലാറ്റിനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Цагаан алт – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цагаан алт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯇꯤꯅꯝ – manipurera" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯇꯤꯅꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लॅटिनम – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्लॅटिनम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Платина – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Платина" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Platinum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0" title="ရွှေဖြူ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရွှေဖြူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Ашо сырне – erziera" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ашо сырне" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platin" title="Platin – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Platin" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96" title="प्वलाख – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्वलाख" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platine" title="Platine – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Platine" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platin" title="Platin – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Platin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinu" title="Platinu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Platinu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%AE" title="ପ୍ଲାଟିନମ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ଲାଟିନମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%C3%A6" title="Платинæ – osetiera" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Платинæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AE" title="ਪਲੈਟੀਨਮ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਲੈਟੀਨਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platyna" title="Platyna – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Platyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A0tin" title="Plàtin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Plàtin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85" title="پلاٹینم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پلاٹینم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="پلاټينيوم – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پلاټينيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qullqiya" title="Qullqiya – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qullqiya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platin%C4%83" title="Platină – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Platină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platin%C3%A2" title="Platinâ – aromaniera" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Platinâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Платина – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Платина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="प्लेटिनम् – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्लेटिनम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A0tinu" title="Plàtinu – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Plàtinu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A0tinu" title="Plàtinu – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Plàtinu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Platinum" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Platinum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balatiniyaam" title="Balatiniyaam – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Balatiniyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Платина – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Платина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platin" title="Platin – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Platin" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Platinum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platini" title="Platini – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Platini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பிளாட்டினம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிளாட்டினம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="ప్లాటినం – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్లాటినం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Платина – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Платина" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="แพลทินัม – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แพลทินัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platino" title="Platino – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Platino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platin" title="Platin – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Platin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Агалтын – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Агалтын" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Платина – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Платина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85" title="پلاٹینم – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پلاٹینم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" title="Platina – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Platina" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platin" title="Platin – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Platin" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platin" title="Platin – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Platin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platino" title="Platino – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Platino" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Платинум – kalmykera" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Платинум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmykera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פלאטין – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פלאטין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Platinum" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimhau" title="Gimhau – zhuangera" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gimhau" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuangera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%91" title="鉑 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鉑" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-kim" title="Pe̍h-kim – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pe̍h-kim" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E9%87%91" title="白金 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="白金" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhazi" title="IKhazi – zuluera" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IKhazi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluera" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q880#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Platino" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c">Artikulua</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Platino" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t">Eztabaida</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >euskara </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ikusketak"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Platino">Irakurri</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v">Aldatu</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e">Aldatu iturburu kodea</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h">Ikusi historia</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tresnak </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Platino">Irakurri</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v">Aldatu</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e">Aldatu iturburu kodea</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=history">Ikusi historia</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Platino" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j">Honanzko esteka duten orriak</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Platino" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k">Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u">Fitxategia igo</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&oldid=8970616" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra">Lotura iraunkorra</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago">Orri honen datuak</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Platino&id=8970616&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa">Artikulu hau aipatu</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPlatino">URL laburra lortu</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPlatino">QR kodea jaitsi</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Platino">Liburu bat sortu</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Platino&action=show-download-screen">Deskargatu PDF formatuan</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p">Inprimatzeko bertsioa</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Platinum" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q880" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata itema</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="hd" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: rgb(255, 192, 192)">Platinoa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Platinum_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Platinum_crystals.jpg/220px-Platinum_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Platinum_crystals.jpg/330px-Platinum_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Platinum_crystals.jpg/440px-Platinum_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="1460" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center">78 <a href="/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio">Iridioa</a> ← Platinoa → <a href="/wiki/Urre" title="Urre">Urrea</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" style="border-collapse:separate;width:248px;background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno"> </a> </td> <td style="border:none;width:7px;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td colspan="7" rowspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;">  </td> <td colspan="7" rowspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td colspan="10" rowspan="3" style="border:none;text-align:center;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:10pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;">  78</td> <td style="font-size:16pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;">Pt</td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Berilio" title="Berilio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogeno" title="Nitrogeno"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Silizio" title="Silizio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Sufre" title="Sufre"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Kloro" title="Kloro"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Kaltzio" title="Kaltzio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Eskandio" title="Eskandio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Banadio" title="Banadio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kromo" title="Kromo"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kobalto" title="Kobalto"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Zink" title="Zink"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Artseniko" title="Artseniko"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenio" title="Selenio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidio" title="Rubidio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Estrontzio" title="Estrontzio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonio" title="Zirkonio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Teknezio" title="Teknezio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rodio" title="Rodio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Zilar" title="Zilar"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kadmio" title="Kadmio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Indio" title="Indio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Eztainu" title="Eztainu"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Telurio" title="Telurio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Zesio" title="Zesio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Zerio" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Zerio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimio" title="Praseodimio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimio" title="Neodimio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Prometio" title="Prometio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Samario" title="Samario"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Europio" title="Europio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinio" title="Gadolinio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Terbio" title="Terbio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosio" title="Disprosio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Holmio" title="Holmio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Erbio" title="Erbio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Iterbio" title="Iterbio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lutezio" title="Lutezio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnio" title="Hafnio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalo" title="Tantalo"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Wolframio" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolframio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Renio" title="Renio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Urre" title="Urre"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Merkurio_(elementua)" title="Merkurio (elementua)"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Talio" title="Talio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Berun" title="Berun"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Astato" title="Astato"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Frantzio" title="Frantzio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinio" title="Aktinio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Torio" title="Torio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinio" title="Protaktinio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunio" title="Neptunio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Amerizio" title="Amerizio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Curio" title="Curio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelio" title="Berkelio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornio" title="Kalifornio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Einstenio" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstenio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Fermio" title="Fermio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevio" title="Mendelevio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelio" title="Nobelio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrentzio" title="Lawrentzio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordio" title="Rutherfordio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnio" title="Dubnio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgio" title="Seaborgio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrio" title="Bohrio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Hasio" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerio" title="Meitnerio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtio" title="Darmstadtio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenio" title="Roentgenio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kopernizio" title="Kopernizio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovio" title="Flerovio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Moskovio" title="Moskovio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorio" title="Livermorio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Teneso" title="Teneso"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson"> </a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div align="center"><a href="/wiki/Taula_periodikoa" title="Taula periodikoa">Taula periodikoa</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: rgb(255, 192, 192)">Ezaugarri orokorrak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimikoen_zerrenda_izenaren_arabera" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementu kimikoen zerrenda izenaren arabera">Izena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimikoen_zerrenda_ikurraren_arabera" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementu kimikoen zerrenda ikurraren arabera">ikurra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenbaki_atomiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenbaki atomiko">zenbakia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Platinoa, Pt, 78</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Serie_kimiko" title="Serie kimiko">Serie kimikoa</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trantsizio-metal" title="Trantsizio-metal">trantsizio-metalak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Taula_periodikoko_talde" title="Taula periodikoko talde">Taldea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taula_periodikoko_periodo" title="Taula periodikoko periodo">periodoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orbital_atomiko" title="Orbital atomiko">orbitala</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/10._taldeko_elementu" title="10. taldeko elementu">10</a>, <a href="/wiki/6._periodoko_elementu" title="6. periodoko elementu">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/D_orbitala" class="mw-redirect" title="D orbitala">d</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Masa_atomiko" title="Masa atomiko">Masa atomikoa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">195,084(9) g/mol</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Konfigurazio_elektroniko" title="Konfigurazio elektroniko">Konfigurazio elektronikoa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f14 5d9 6s1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">Elektroiak</a> orbitaleko</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: rgb(255, 192, 192)">Propietate fisikoak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Materiaren_egoera" title="Materiaren egoera">Egoera</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solido" title="Solido">solidoa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Dentsitate_(fisika)" title="Dentsitate (fisika)">Dentsitatea</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(0 °C, 101,325 kPa) 21,45 g/L</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Urtze-puntu" title="Urtze-puntu">Urtze-puntua</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.041,4 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1.768,3 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Celsius">°C</a>, 3.214,9 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Irakite-puntu" title="Irakite-puntu">Irakite-puntua</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.098 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvin">K</a> (3.825 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Celsius">°C</a>, 6.917 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Urtze-entalpia" title="Urtze-entalpia">Urtze-entalpia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22,17 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_moleko" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule moleko">kJ·mol−1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Irakite-entalpia" title="Irakite-entalpia">Irakite-entalpia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">469 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_moleko" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule moleko">kJ·mol−1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Bero_espezifiko" title="Bero espezifiko">Bero espezifikoa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(25 °C) 25,86 J·mol−1·K−1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lurrun-presio" title="Lurrun-presio">Lurrun-presioa</a> <table width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presio" title="Presio">P</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unitatea)" title="Pascal (unitatea)">Pa</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>10</td> <td>100</td> <td>1 k</td> <td>10 k</td> <td>100 k </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenperatura" title="Tenperatura">T</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(unitatea)" title="Kelvin (unitatea)">K</a></td> <td>2.330</td> <td>(2.550)</td> <td>2.815</td> <td>3.143</td> <td>3.556</td> <td>4.094 </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: rgb(255, 192, 192)">Propietate atomikoak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Kristal-egitura" title="Kristal-egitura">Kristal-egitura</a></th><td class="infobox-data">kubikoa, aurpegietan zentratua</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Oxidazio-zenbaki" title="Oxidazio-zenbaki">Oxidazio-zenbakia(k)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (oxido <a href="/wiki/Base" title="Base">basiko</a> ahula)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Elektronegatibotasun" title="Elektronegatibotasun">Elektronegatibotasuna</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,28 (Paulingen eskala)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ionizazio-potentzial" title="Ionizazio-potentzial">Ionizazio-potentziala</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.a: 8870 <a href="/wiki/Joule_moleko" title="Joule moleko">kJ/mol</a> 2.a: 1.791 kJ/mol</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Erradio_atomiko" title="Erradio atomiko">Erradio atomikoa</a> (batezbestekoa)</th><td class="infobox-data">135 <a href="/wiki/Pikometro" title="Pikometro">pm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Erradio atomikoa (kalkulatua)</th><td class="infobox-data">177 pm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Erradio_kobalente" title="Erradio kobalente">Erradio kobalentea</a></th><td class="infobox-data">128 pm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waalsen_erradio" title="Van der Waalsen erradio">Van der Waalsen erradioa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">175 pm</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: rgb(255, 192, 192)">Datu gehiago</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Eroankortasun_termiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Eroankortasun termiko">Eroankortasun termikoa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(300 K) 71,6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Soinuaren_abiadura" class="mw-redirect" title="Soinuaren abiadura">Soinuaren abiadura</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.800 <a href="/wiki/Metro_segundoko" title="Metro segundoko">m/s</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: rgb(255, 192, 192)">Isotopo egonkorrenak</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platinoaren_isotopoak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platinoaren isotopoak (sortu gabe)">Platinoaren isotopoak</a> <table border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.5em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo">iso</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ugaritasun_natural" title="Ugaritasun natural">UN</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Semidesintegrazio-periodo" title="Semidesintegrazio-periodo">Sd-P</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo" title="Desintegrazio erradioaktibo">D</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio-energia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desintegrazio-energia (sortu gabe)">DE</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a>) </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio-produktu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desintegrazio-produktu (sortu gabe)">DP</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>190Pt </td> <td>%0,014 </td> <td>6,5x1011 <a href="/wiki/Urte" title="Urte">u</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektroi-harrapaketa" title="Elektroi-harrapaketa">ε</a> </td> <td>3,18 </td> <td>186<a href="/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio">Os</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>191Pt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erradioisotopo_sintetiko" title="Erradioisotopo sintetiko">Sintetikoa</a> </td> <td>2,76 <a href="/wiki/Egun" title="Egun">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektroi-harrapaketa" title="Elektroi-harrapaketa">ε</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>191<a href="/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio">Ir</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>102Pt </td> <td>%0,782 </td> <td colspan="4">Pt egonkorra da 114 <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroirekin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>190Pt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erradioisotopo_sintetiko" title="Erradioisotopo sintetiko">Sintetikoa</a> </td> <td>50 <a href="/wiki/Urte" title="Urte">u</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektroi-harrapaketa" title="Elektroi-harrapaketa">ε</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>193<a href="/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio">Ir</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>181mPt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erradioisotopo_sintetiko" title="Erradioisotopo sintetiko">Sintetikoa</a> </td> <td>4,33 <a href="/wiki/Egun" title="Egun">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barne-konbertsio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barne-konbertsio (sortu gabe)">IT</a> </td> <td>0,1355e </td> <td>193Pt </td></tr> <tr> <td>195Pt </td> <td>%32,967 </td> <td colspan="4">Pt egonkorra da 116 <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroirekin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>194Pt </td> <td>%33,832 </td> <td colspan="4">Pt egonkorra da 117 <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroirekin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>195mPt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erradioisotopo_sintetiko" title="Erradioisotopo sintetiko">Sintetikoa</a> </td> <td>4,02 <a href="/wiki/Egun" title="Egun">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barne-konbertsio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barne-konbertsio (sortu gabe)">IT</a> </td> <td>0,1297e </td> <td>195Pt </td></tr> <tr> <td>196Pt </td> <td>%25,242 </td> <td colspan="4">Pt egonkorra da 118 <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroirekin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>197Pt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erradioisotopo_sintetiko" title="Erradioisotopo sintetiko">Sintetikoa</a> </td> <td>19,8913 <a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">o</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beta_desintegrazio" title="Beta desintegrazio">β−</a> </td> <td>0,719 </td> <td>197<a href="/wiki/Urre" title="Urre">Au</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>197mPt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erradioisotopo_sintetiko" title="Erradioisotopo sintetiko">Sintetikoa</a> </td> <td>1,59 <a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">o</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barne-konbertsio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barne-konbertsio (sortu gabe)">IT</a> </td> <td>0,3465 </td> <td>197Pt </td></tr> <tr> <td>198Pt </td> <td>%7,163 </td> <td colspan="4">Pt egonkorra da 120 <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroirekin</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> Platinoa <a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimiko" title="Elementu kimiko">elementu kimiko</a> bat da, Pt ikurra eta 78 <a href="/wiki/Atomo-zenbaki" title="Atomo-zenbaki">zenbaki atomikoa</a> dituena. <a href="/wiki/Metal_preziatu" title="Metal preziatu">Metal preziatu</a> gris zurixka, astun, xaflakor, harikor eta <a href="/wiki/Korrosio" title="Korrosio">korrosioarekiko</a> erresistentea da. Platino izena gaztelaniako platina hitzetik dator, "zilar txiki" euskaraz.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Platinoa platinoaren taldean sartzen da eta <a href="/wiki/Taula_periodikoa" title="Taula periodikoa">taula periodikoa</a>n <a href="/wiki/10._taldeko_elementu" title="10. taldeko elementu">10.taldean</a> kokatzen da. Platinoaren sei <a href="/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo">isotopo</a> ikus daitezke naturan. <a href="/wiki/Lurrazal" title="Lurrazal">Lurrazalean</a> aurki daitekeen elementu arraroenetako bat da, batazbesteko 5 μg/kg-ko ugaritasuna du gutxi gorabehera. <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Nikel</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">kobre</a> <a href="/wiki/Mea" title="Mea">meatan</a> agertzen da eta, zenbaitetan, baita jatorrizko forman ere, gehienbat Hegoafrikan. Honek %80-ko ekoizpena du bitxien industrian. Munduan dagoen kopuru txikia dela eta, ehunka tona soilik ekoizten dira urtero, ondorioz, gai baliotsua da <a href="/wiki/Bitxi" title="Bitxi">bitxigintzan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Platinoa gutxien erreakzionatzen duen metaletako bat da eta ikaragarrizko erresistentzia du <a href="/wiki/Korrosio" title="Korrosio">korrosioarekiko</a>, nahiz eta tenperaturak altuak izan. Horregatik, metal nobletzat hartzen da eta platinoa kimikoki libre askotan aurkitzen da jatorrizko platino bezala. Honengatik, Ameriketako kolonizazioaren aurreko bertakoek tresnak egiteko erabiltzen zuten, hondar askoko ibaietatik hartuz. Lehenengo aldiz 16.mendeko europako idatzietan aipatua izan zen. Haatik, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloak</a> 1748an argitaratutako erresina baten ondoren hasi zen metal honi buruzko ikerketa zientzialarien artean. Bihurgailu katalitikoetan erabiltzen da, <a href="/wiki/Laborategi" title="Laborategi">laborategiko</a> ekipamenduan, kontaktu <a href="/wiki/Elektriko" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektriko">elektrikoetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odontologia" title="Odontologia">odontologian</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Automobil" title="Automobil">automobil</a>-igorpenen kontrolerako gailuetan eta tenperatura handiko labeak indartzeko erabiltzen da. <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metal</a> pisutsu bat izanik, osasun arazoak ekar ditzake bere <a href="/wiki/Gatz" class="mw-disambig" title="Gatz">gatzen</a> eraginpean jartzean, baina <a href="/wiki/Korrosio" title="Korrosio">korrosioarekiko</a> erresistentzia handia duenez, platino metalikoa ez da inoiz egon lotuta osasun ondorioetara. Platinoa duten konposatuak, hala nola, cisplatinoa, oxiplatinoa eta karboplatinoa hainbat <a href="/wiki/Minbizi" title="Minbizi">minbizi</a> sendatzeko <a href="/wiki/Kimioterapia" title="Kimioterapia">kimioterapian</a> aplikatzen da.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> 2018.urtean, platinoaren balioa <a href="/wiki/Ontza_(unitatea)" title="Ontza (unitatea)">ontza</a> bakoitzeko $833,00 da.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Hego Ameriketako hondar urretsuetan aurkitu zen lehen aldiz 1735ean. Ongi irauten du oxidatu gabe eta ez da urtzen azido mineraletan eta inorganikoetan, baina bai azido klorhidrikoak eta <a href="/wiki/Azido_nitriko" title="Azido nitriko">azido nitrikoak</a> 3:1 proportzioan nahastuta eratzen duten <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a> izeneko erreaktiboan. <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">Alkali</a> urtuek ere erasotzen dute, eta berotua dagoenean <a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno">hidrogeno</a> asko xurgatzen du. <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metalen</a> artean pisu espezifikoa handienetakoa du (21,45 g/cm3), eta urtzeko tenperatura ere oso garaia du (1769 °C). Haren  mineralak aqua regia-n urtuz, platinoa amonio kloruroarekin bakartuz lortzen da platino aparra. Hauts, hari, kristal, eta xafla gisa saltzen da. Hauts gisa oso <a href="/wiki/Erreaktibo" title="Erreaktibo">erreaktiboa</a> da, eta <a href="/wiki/Katalizatzaile" title="Katalizatzaile">katalizatzaile</a> gisa erabiltzen da azido nitrikoa, <a href="/wiki/Azido_sulfuriko" title="Azido sulfuriko">azido sulfurikoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oktano" title="Oktano">oktano</a> indize gorako gasolinak eta beste zenbait gai egiteko. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ezaugarriak">Ezaugarriak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ezaugarriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ezaugarriak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fisikoak">Fisikoak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fisikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Fisikoak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Fisikoki, platinoa oso astuna, leuna, distiratsua, malgua eta harikorra da.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>Gainera, platinoa <a href="/wiki/Urre" title="Urre">urrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zilar" title="Zilar">zilarra</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">kobrea</a> baino harikorragoa da<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>, hau da, presio aldaketengatik bere forma aldatu edo transformatzen duela. Honegatik, metal guztietatik harikorrena da. Beste aldetik, urrea platinoa baino malguagoa da, urrea moldatzeko errazagoa bilakatuz.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Metalak <a href="/wiki/Korrosio" title="Korrosio">korrosioarekiko</a> ikaragarrizko erresistentzia du, tenperatura altuetan finko mantetzen da eta propietate elektrikoak ditu. Platinoa oxidatu egiten da, PtO2 osatuz, 500 °C-etan<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">Fluorrarekin</a> energetikoki erreakzionatzen du eta baita, <a href="/wiki/Kloro" title="Kloro">kloro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo">bromo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo">iodo</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sufre" title="Sufre">sufrearekin</a> ere. Platinoa <a href="/wiki/Azido_klorhidriko" title="Azido klorhidriko">azido klorhidrikoan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Azido_nitriko" title="Azido nitriko">azido nitrikoan</a> disolbaezina da. Baina, bi horien, azido klorhidriko eta azido nitrikoaren arteko nahastean (aqua regia),berriz, disolbatu egiten da eta <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2PtCl6}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>PtCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2PtCl6}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/033715d7e006aedcdfcd1b68bbe605e6d7cc5326" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.664ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2PtCl6}}}" />sortzen du.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Bere ezaugarri fisiko eta kimikoen balantzeak industrian oso baliagarria izatea eragiten du.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kimikoak">Kimikoak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kimikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Kimikoak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Platin_l%C3%B6st_sich_in_hei%C3%9Fem_K%C3%B6nigswasser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Platin_l%C3%B6st_sich_in_hei%C3%9Fem_K%C3%B6nigswasser.jpg/220px-Platin_l%C3%B6st_sich_in_hei%C3%9Fem_K%C3%B6nigswasser.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Platin_l%C3%B6st_sich_in_hei%C3%9Fem_K%C3%B6nigswasser.jpg/330px-Platin_l%C3%B6st_sich_in_hei%C3%9Fem_K%C3%B6nigswasser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Platin_l%C3%B6st_sich_in_hei%C3%9Fem_K%C3%B6nigswasser.jpg/440px-Platin_l%C3%B6st_sich_in_hei%C3%9Fem_K%C3%B6nigswasser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Platinoa berotan disolbatuta.</figcaption></figure> Platinoaren <a href="/wiki/Oxidazio-egoera" title="Oxidazio-egoera">oxidazio egoera</a> ohikoena +2 eta +4 dira, +1 eta +3 ez dira ohikoeneetakoak. Bestalde, platino elementala orokorrean ez da erreaktiboa eta ,lehen esan bezala, aqua regia-n berotan disolbatzen da <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2PtCl6}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>PtCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2PtCl6}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/033715d7e006aedcdfcd1b68bbe605e6d7cc5326" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.664ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2PtCl6}}}" />sortuaz. Honen erreakzio kimikoa ondorengoa da:<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Pt + 4 HNO3 + 6HCl -> H2PtCl6 + 4HNO2 + 4 H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Pt</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>HNO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>HCl</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>PtCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>HNO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Pt + 4 HNO3 + 6HCl -> H2PtCl6 + 4HNO2 + 4 H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7c433b6d086ef31cd6ba06aa2838c5bbc08cf00e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:55.178ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Pt + 4 HNO3 + 6HCl -> H2PtCl6 + 4HNO2 + 4 H2O}}}" /> Azido leun bat den heinean, platinoak afinitate bikaina du sufrearengan, hala nola, dimetil sulfoxidoan. Azken hori erreakzio batean erabiltzean kontu handia eduki behar da.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> 2007.urtean, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertil</a>-ek <a href="/wiki/Kimikako_Nobel_Saria" title="Kimikako Nobel Saria">Kimikako Nobel Saria</a> irabazi zuen, <a href="/wiki/Karbono_monoxido" title="Karbono monoxido">karbono monoxidoaren</a> oxidazio katalitikoaren mekanismoa zehazteagatik.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopoak">Isotopoak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Isotopoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Isotopoak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Platinoak sei <a href="/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo">isotopo</a> natural ditu: 190Pt, 192Pt, 194Pt, 195Pt, 196Pt, eta 198Pt. Hauetatik ugariena 195Pt da, %33,83 platinoz osatuta dagoelako. Isotopo egonkor bakarra da bere spina 1/2 delako eta ez zero. 190Pt ez da batere ugaria. %0,01 platino baitu. Isotopo naturalen artean, 190Pt da ezegonkorrena, bere <a href="/wiki/Batez_besteko_bizitza_(fisika)" title="Batez besteko bizitza (fisika)">batazbeteko bizitza</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6,25x10^{11}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>6</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>25</mn> <mi>x</mi> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>11</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6,25x10^{11}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0e54186a7ebd99e319512017e4d0029fde5e28b1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.052ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6,25x10^{11}}" />urtekoa da eta gero, deskonposatu egiten da. 198Pt-ak alfa deskonposiziopean jarri daiteke, baina bere deskonposizioa ez da inoiz begiratu (bere batazbestekoa <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3,24x10^{24}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>24</mn> <mi>x</mi> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>24</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3,24x10^{24}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fd924ef30cfac9907bb4e43cce67d615879f633" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.052ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3,24x10^{24}}" /> urtekoa da), hala ere, egonkorra kontsideratzen da. Platinoak beste 31 <a href="/wiki/Isotopo_sintetiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopo sintetiko">isotopo sintetiko</a> ditu. Hauetatik ezegonkorrena 166Pt da, bere <a href="/wiki/Batez_besteko_bizitza_(fisika)" title="Batez besteko bizitza (fisika)">batazbesteko bizitza</a> 300µs baita. Egonkorrena, aldiz, 193Pt da 50 urteko <a href="/wiki/Batez_besteko_bizitza_(fisika)" title="Batez besteko bizitza (fisika)">batazbesteko bizitzarekin</a>. Platinoaren <a href="/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo">isotopo</a> ugari, beta eta alfa deskonposizioaren konbinaketa baten ondorioz deskonposatzen dira. 188Pt, 191Pt, eta 193Pt elektroien antzemateagatik deskonposatzen dira. 190Pt eta 198Pt-ak energetikoki mesedegarria den beta deskonposizio bikoitza edukiko duela aurreikusi da.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gertakariak">Gertakariak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gertakariak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Gertakariak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Platinum-nugget.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Platinum-nugget.jpg/250px-Platinum-nugget.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Platinum-nugget.jpg/330px-Platinum-nugget.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Platinum-nugget.jpg/500px-Platinum-nugget.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5072" data-file-height="3496" /></a><figcaption>Platinoa</figcaption></figure> Platinoa oso metal arraroa da<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>eta bere kontzentrazioa <a href="/wiki/Lurrazal" title="Lurrazal">lurrazalean</a> 0,05 pm-koa da<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>. Batzuetan, zilarrarekin nahasten dute. Platinoa kimikoki jatorrizko platinoarekin bereizita aurkitzen da eta platinoaren taldeko metal eta <a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina">burdinarekin</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleazio" title="Aleazio">aleatuta</a>. Normalean, jatorrizko platinoa alubial depositoetan aurkitzen da. Alubial depositoak Ameriketako kolonizazioaren aurreko bertako jendeak erabiltzen zuten <a href="/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_(departamendua)" title="Chocó (departamendua)">Chocó departamenduan</a>. Kolonbia oraindik, platinoaren taldeko metalen iturri da. Beste alubial deposito handI bat <a href="/wiki/Uralak" title="Uralak">Uraletan</a> dago, Errusian eta oraindik meatzegietan metatuta. <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Nikel</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">Kobre</a> depositoetan, platinoaren taldeko metalak <a href="/wiki/Sulfuro" title="Sulfuro">sulfuro</a> (Adib: (Pt,Pd)S) , <a href="/wiki/Telurio" title="Telurio">telurio</a> (Adib: PtBiTe) , <a href="/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio">antimonio</a> (Adib: Pd,Sb) eta <a href="/wiki/Artseniko" title="Artseniko">arsenikoetan</a> (Adib: PtAs2) bezala agertzen dira eta bukaeran nikel eta kobrearekin. Platino arsenikoa, platinoaren iturri handienetakoa da nikelarekin elkartuta <a href="/wiki/Sudburyko_arroa" title="Sudburyko arroa">Sudburyko arroako</a> depositoetan, <a href="/wiki/Ontario_(Ohio)" title="Ontario (Ohio)">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanadan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaskan</a> 17.000kg platino metatu zen 1927 eta 1975.urtearen artean. Meatzeetako operazioek 1990an izan zuten bukaera<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>. Sulfuro mineralak (Pt,Pd,Ni)S-ek, platinoaz gain, paladio eta nikela ditu. Azken mineral hau <a href="/wiki/Hegoafrika" title="Hegoafrika">Hegoafrikan</a> agertzen da. 1865ean, <a href="/wiki/Kromita" title="Kromita">kromitak</a> identifikatuak izan ziren Bushveld aldean, <a href="/wiki/Hegoafrika" title="Hegoafrika">Hegoafrikan</a>; platinoaren aurkikuntzarekin segidan, 1906an<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>. 1924.urtean, Hans Merensky geologoak platinoaren hornidura handi bat aurkitu zuen Bushveld Igneous Counplex-ean, Hegoafrikan. Aurkitu zuen geruza espezifikoa, Merensky Reef deiturikoa, %75ko platinoz osatua dago<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>. Norilsk, <a href="/wiki/Errusia" title="Errusia">Errusian</a> dagoen <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">kobre</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a> depositoa eta <a href="/wiki/Sudburyko_arroa" title="Sudburyko arroa">Sudburyko arroan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanadan</a> dagoena, beste bi deposito handienak dira. Nikelezko mea ekoizten duten kantitate handi bat, platinoaren 0,5 ppm-ko meaz osatuta daude. Erreserba txikiago batzuk Estatu Batuetan aurki daitezke, adibidez, Absaroka mendikatean, Montanan<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>. 2010.urtean, <a href="/wiki/Hegoafrika" title="Hegoafrika">Hegoafrika</a> platinozko ekoizle nagusia izan zen, ia %77-ko banaketarekin, Errusiarekin jarraian %13-arekin. 2010ean, munduko ekoizpena 192.000kg (423.000lb) izan zen.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Platino deposito handiak <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu estatuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> daude.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Platinoa <a href="/wiki/Ilargia" title="Ilargia">Ilargian</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Meteorito" title="Meteorito">meteoritoetan</a> ugaritasun handiarekin agertzen da. Horrela, platinoa lurreko <a href="/wiki/Bolido" title="Bolido">bolido</a> inpaktuan aurkitzen delarik eta honek eragin positibo bat du, <a href="/wiki/Sumendi" title="Sumendi">bolkanismoan</a> eta ekonomikoki <a href="/wiki/Meatzaritza" title="Meatzaritza">meatzetan</a> metatu daitekeela. Honen adibidea, <a href="/wiki/Sudburyko_arroa" title="Sudburyko arroa">Sudburyko arroa</a> da.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konposatuak">Konposatuak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Konposatuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Konposatuak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halogenuroa">Halogenuroa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Halogenuroa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Halogenuroa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Goian aipatutako azido hexakloroplatinikoa ziur aski platinoaren konposatu garrantzitsuena da, beste platino konposatu askoren antzindari gisa balio baitu. Hainbat aplikazio ditu argazkigintzan, zink grabatuetan, tinta ezabaezinetan, xafla-lanean, ispiluetan, portzelanazko koloretan eta katalizatzaile gisa.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Azido hexakloroplatinikoa amoniako gatzarekin tratatzen da, esate baterako, amonio kloruroak, amoniako hexakloroplatinatoa ematen du, amoniako soluzioetan disolbaezina izanik. Hidrogenoaren presentziarekin amoniozko gatz hau berotzeak platino elementalean murriztea eragiten du. Potasio hexakloroplatinatoa ere disolbaezina da eta azido hexakloroplatinikoa potasioaren determinazioan erabili da.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Azido hexakloroplatinikoa berotzen denean, platino(IV)kloruroa eta platino(II)kloruroa, platino elementalean deskonposatzen dira, nahiz eta erreakzioak pixkana-pixkanaka gertatzen ez diren:<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {(H3O)2PtCl6.nH2O <<=> PtCl4 + 2HCl + (n+2)nH2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>PtCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>⋅</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>nH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>PtCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>HCl</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>n</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>nH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {(H3O)2PtCl6.nH2O <<=> PtCl4 + 2HCl + (n+2)nH2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d84b15a3c34d033dee01ed14a19d91478e5dac38" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:53.236ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {(H3O)2PtCl6.nH2O <<=> PtCl4 + 2HCl + (n+2)nH2O}}}" /> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {PtCl4 <<=> PtCl2 + Cl2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>PtCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>PtCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {PtCl4 <<=> PtCl2 + Cl2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e0f77154be668c21910ad179716b123c648f4250" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:22.601ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {PtCl4 <<=> PtCl2 + Cl2}}}" /> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {PtCl2 <<=> Pt + Cl2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>PtCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <mtext>Pt</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {PtCl2 <<=> Pt + Cl2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2830522b852cd5e667c753231a4e108ef76a541b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.222ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {PtCl2 <<=> Pt + Cl2}}}" /> Hiru erreakzio hauek alderantzikagarriak dira. Platino(II) eta platino(IV)bromuroa ere ezagunak dira. Platino hexafluoruroa, oxigenoa oxigenoa oxidatzeko gai den oxidatzaile sendoa da. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxidoak">Oxidoak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oxidoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Oxidoak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Platino(IV)oxidoa,PtO2 "Adams" katalizatzaile gisa ere ezaguna dena, <a href="/wiki/Potasio_hidroxido" title="Potasio hidroxido">potasio hidroxidotan</a> (KOH) eta azido kontzentratutuan disolbagarria den hauts beltz bat da. PtO2 eta gutxigo,PtO, berotan deskonposatu egiten dira<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>. Platino(II,IV)oxidoa, Pt3O4, ondorengo erreakzioan eratzen da: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Pt^2+ + Pt^4+ + 4O^2- -> Pt3O4}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msup> <mtext>Pt</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>Pt</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Pt</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2Pt^2+ + Pt^4+ + 4O^2- -> Pt3O4}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3086aba0ad993a25c48f6616f144f228c0abc72c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:34.061ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Pt^2+ + Pt^4+ + 4O^2- -> Pt3O4}}}" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beste_batzuk">Beste batzuk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Beste batzuk»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Beste batzuk">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Paladio azetatoa ez bezala, platino(II)azetatoa ez da komertzialki erabilgarria. Basea dagoen lekuan, halogenuroak sodio azetatoarekin batera erabili izan dira. Platino(II)azetilazetonatoaren erabilera ere jakinarazi da.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Hainbat bario platino sintetisatu dira, non, platinoak oxidazio-egoera negatiboak erakusten dituen, -1 eta -2 artean. Besteak beste, BaPt,Ba3Pt2 eta Ba2Pt<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>. Zesio platinuroa, Cs2Pt, konposatu kristalino garden gorri-ilunak Pt2- anioiak dituela erakutsi da<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>. Platinoak oxidazio-egoera negatiboak ere erakusten ditu elektrokimikoki murriztuak izan diren gainazaletan<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>. Platinoak erakusten dituen oxidazio-egoera negatiboak ohikoak ez diren elementu metalikotzat hartzen dira eta 6s orbitalen egonkortzea egozten zaie. Zeise gatza, etilen ligandoa duena, aurkitu zen lehenengo konposatu organometalikoetako bat izan zen. Dikloro(zikookta-1,5-dienoa)platinoa(II) komertzialki erabilgarria den olefineko konplexu bat da. Honek bakterioen ligak erraz desplazatu dezake. Bakterioen konplexua eta halogenuroak platinoaren kimikarako abiapuntuak dira. Cisplatin, platino karratuen serieko lehenengoa da, platino(II)-az gain, kimioterapiako drogak ditu<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>. Besteak beste, carboplatin eta oxaliplatin. Konposatu honek <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> berriz konektatzezko gai da eta <a href="/wiki/Kimioterapia" title="Kimioterapia">kimioterapiako</a> eragileak joaten diren antzeko bidetan zelulak hiltzeko gai dira<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>. (Cisplatin-en albo-ondorioak, besteak beste, goragalea eta oka, ile-galera, entzumen-galera dira).<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Dichloro(cycloocta-1,5-diene)platinum(II)-from-xtal-3D-balls-E.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dikloro(ziklookta-1,5-dieno)platino(II)"><img alt="Dikloro(ziklookta-1,5-dieno)platino(II)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dichloro%28cycloocta-1%2C5-diene%29platinum%28II%29-from-xtal-3D-balls-E.png/181px-Dichloro%28cycloocta-1%2C5-diene%29platinum%28II%29-from-xtal-3D-balls-E.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dichloro%28cycloocta-1%2C5-diene%29platinum%28II%29-from-xtal-3D-balls-E.png/272px-Dichloro%28cycloocta-1%2C5-diene%29platinum%28II%29-from-xtal-3D-balls-E.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dichloro%28cycloocta-1%2C5-diene%29platinum%28II%29-from-xtal-3D-balls-E.png/363px-Dichloro%28cycloocta-1%2C5-diene%29platinum%28II%29-from-xtal-3D-balls-E.png 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1100" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dikloro(ziklookta-1,5-dieno)platino(II)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204px;"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Zeise%27s-salt-anion-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Zeise gatzaren anioa."><img alt="Zeise gatzaren anioa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zeise%27s-salt-anion-3D-balls.png/306px-Zeise%27s-salt-anion-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="204" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zeise%27s-salt-anion-3D-balls.png/460px-Zeise%27s-salt-anion-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zeise%27s-salt-anion-3D-balls.png/613px-Zeise%27s-salt-anion-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="808" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zeise gatzaren anioa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Hexachloridoplatinat-Ion.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hexakloroplatinato ioia."><img alt="Hexakloroplatinato ioia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hexachloridoplatinat-Ion.svg/292px-Hexachloridoplatinat-Ion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hexachloridoplatinat-Ion.svg/438px-Hexachloridoplatinat-Ion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hexachloridoplatinat-Ion.svg/583px-Hexachloridoplatinat-Ion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="115" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hexakloroplatinato ioia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Cisplatin-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cisplatinoa."><img alt="Cisplatinoa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cisplatin-3D-balls.png/330px-Cisplatin-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="181" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cisplatin-3D-balls.png/500px-Cisplatin-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cisplatin-3D-balls.png/960px-Cisplatin-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="914" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cisplatinoa.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Historia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lehengo_erabilerak">Lehengo erabilerak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lehengo erabilerak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Lehengo erabilerak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Arkeologoek 1200 k.a. bezain goizo erabilia izan zela diote, Antzinako Egiptoko ehorzketetan aurkitu zituzten urrezko bitxietan erabili zituzten eta. Haatik, egipziarrek metal honengan zeukaten ezaguera ez dakigu nolakoa zen. Nahiko posiblea izango litzateke bertakoek ez jakitea bereizten urrea eta horren barneko platino aleak.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Metal hau Ameriketako natiboengatik erabilia izan zen urre-platinozko aleaziozko artefaktu zuriak ekoizteko, gaur egun <a href="/wiki/Esmeraldas" title="Esmeraldas">Esmeraldas (Ekuador)</a> hiria denaren inguruan. Erlatiboki sofistikatua zen hauts metalurgia sistema bat erabitzen zute. Objetu hauetako platinoa elementu purua ez izan arren, platino taldeko beste elementuekin naturalki nahastuta zegoen platinoa izan ohi zen gehien ekoizten zena, <a href="/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio">paladio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodio" title="Rodio">rodio</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio">iridio</a>arekin batera hain zuzen ere.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europarren_aurkikuntza">Europarren aurkikuntza</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Europarren aurkikuntza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Europarren aurkikuntza">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Platinoaren lehenengo aipamena 1557. urtean egindakoa da <a href="/wiki/Julio_Zesar_Eskaligero" title="Julio Zesar Eskaligero">Julio Zesar Eskaligero</a> humanista italiarraren idatzietan agertzen da. <a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n" title="Darién">Darien</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko">Mexiko</a> artean aurkitutako metal noble ezezagun bat bezala zegoen deskribatua "ez suak ezta egile Espainiarrek likidotu zezaketena". Beraien lehenengo aldietan, Espainiarrentzat urreak zuen ezpurutasun bat besterik ez zen platinoa. Orokorrean banandua izaten zen gehiago ez erabiltzeko. Hare gehiago, dekretu ofizial bat zegoen urrea platinoaren ezpurutasunekin faltsutzea debekatzen zuena. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Almirante_Antonio_de_Ulloa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Almirante_Antonio_de_Ulloa.jpg/220px-Almirante_Antonio_de_Ulloa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Almirante_Antonio_de_Ulloa.jpg/330px-Almirante_Antonio_de_Ulloa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Almirante_Antonio_de_Ulloa.jpg/440px-Almirante_Antonio_de_Ulloa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5724" /></a><figcaption>Almirante Antonio de Ulloa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Platinum_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Platinum_symbol.svg/109px-Platinum_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Platinum_symbol.svg/164px-Platinum_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Platinum_symbol.svg/218px-Platinum_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>Patinoak <a href="/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia">alkimia</a>n jaso zuen sinboloa, zilarraren sinboloa (ilargia) eta urrearena (eguzkia) nahastuta zen.</figcaption></figure> 1735ean <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a> eta Don Jorge Juan eta Santacilia Ameriketako natibo batzuk platinoa meatzatzen ari zirela konturatu ziren, beraien zortzi urteko bidaian <a href="/wiki/Kolonbia" title="Kolonbia">Kolonbia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>tik. Ulloa eta Juanek pipita zurixka batzuk zeukaten harriak ikusi zituzten eta Espainiara ekarri zituzten. Antonio de Ulloak lehenengo mineralogiako laborategia jarri zuen martxan eta lehenengoa izan zen platinoa sistematikoki aztertzen, 1748an. izandako espediziotik jasotako txostenak deskripzio bat zuen platinoa metal banaezina eta kaltzinagaitza zela esanez. 1748ko artkulua argitaratu ondoren, Ulloak ez zuen metal honen ikerkuntzarekin jarraitu; honen ordez <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huancavelica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huancavelica (sortu gabe)">Huancavelica</a>ra bidali zuten merkurioaren minak ikuskatzera.<a href="#cite_note-#1-43">[43]</a> 1741ean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Wood (sortu gabe)">Charles Wood</a> metalurgialari britaniarrak Kolonbiako platinoaren hainbat lagin topatu zituen <a href="/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika">Jamaika</a>n eta ondoren <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Brownrigg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Brownrigg (sortu gabe)">William Brownrigg</a>i bidali zizkion hauek hobeto aztertzeko<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>. Brownriggek 1750. urtean platinoari buruzko xehetasun handiko txosten bat aurkeztu zion <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>ri, garbi utzitz inoiz ez zuela metalaren inolako aipamenik ikusi.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Honez gain, garrantzia eman zion platinoaren fusio-puntu altuari eta boraxarekin zeukan elkartzeko zailtasunari. Handik gutxira europako beste kimikalariak hasi ziren platinoa ikertzen, hala nola, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (sortu gabe)">Andreas Sigismund Marggraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torbern_Bergman" title="Torbern Bergman">Torbern Bergman</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William lewis (sortu gabe)">William Lewis</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Macquer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Macquer (sortu gabe)">Pierre Macquer</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>. 1752an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Scheffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henrik Scheffer (sortu gabe)">Henrik Scheffer</a>-ek metalaren deskripzio zientifiko zehatz bat argitaratu zuen, hau "urre zuri" batez joz, eta aipatuz nola <a href="/wiki/Artseniko" title="Artseniko">artseniko</a>aren laguntzaz platino mea bat urtzea lortu zuen. Scheffer-ek, urrea platinoa baino xaflakorragoa deskribatu zuen baina biak korrosioarekiko erresistenteak ziren.<a href="#cite_note-#1-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malgutasuna">Malgutasuna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Malgutasuna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Malgutasuna">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Carl von Sickingenek platinoa aztertu zuen jarraiki 1772an. Honek platinoa malgua bilakatzea lortu zuen, metala urrearekin aleatuz, <a href="/wiki/Aleazio" title="Aleazio">aleazioa</a> <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a> berotan disolbatuz, platinoa <a href="/wiki/Amonio_kloruro" title="Amonio kloruro">amonio kloruro</a>arekin hauspeatuz, amonio kloroplatinatoa sutan jarriz, eta azkenik ongi banatutako platinoa mailukatuz, hau atxikitzeko. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Karl_Achard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Karl Achard (sortu gabe)">Franz Karl Achard</a>ek, lehen platinoa arragoa egin zuen 1784an. Platinoa artsenikoarekin fusioz elkartu zuen eta ondoren artsenikoa lurrunduz.<a href="#cite_note-#2-47">[47]</a> Platinoa bere platinoaren taldetik lehenengoa aurkitu zuten elementua izan zelako, Scheffer eta Sickingenek bere gogortasuna zela eta (urre puruarena baino zerbait gehiago), platinoa erlatiboki malguezina, batzuetan haurkorra ere izango zela pentsatu zuten baina ez zeuden zuzen. Izan ere, urrearen harikortasun eta malgutasun antzekoak zituen. Beraien suposizioa saihestea ezinezkoa izan zen, esperimentuetako platinoa oso kutsatuta baitzegoen platinoaren taldeko best elementuez, <a href="/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio">osmioa</a> edota <a href="/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio">iridioa</a> esate baterako, eta hauek platinoaren aleazioa hauskorrasgoa egiten zuten. "Plioxeno" izeneko platinozko hondakin hau urrearekin aleatzea zen konposatu malgu bat lortzeko modu bakarra garai haietan, baina agaur egun, guztiz purua den platinoa eskuragarria da.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> 1786. urtean, <a href="/wiki/Karlos_III.a_Espainiakoa" title="Karlos III.a Espainiakoa">Karlos III.a Espainiakoa</a>k liburutegi bat eta laborategi bat utzi zizkion <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabaneau" title="Pierre-François Chabaneau">Pierre-François Chabaneau</a>ri bere ikerkuntzan laguntzeko. Chabaneauk arrakasta izan zuen mineralaren hainbat ezpurutasun kentzen, <a href="/wiki/Urre" title="Urre">urrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merkurio_(elementua)" title="Merkurio (elementua)">merkurioa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berun" title="Berun">beruna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">kuprea</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina">burdina</a> haien artean. Honengatik, metal bakar batekin lanean zebilela uste zuen baina oraindik ezezagunak ziren platino taldeko metalak zituen barnean. Ondorioz, esperimentuetan lortutako emaitzak ez ziren batere trinkoak. Batzuetan, malgua ematen zuen baina iridioarekin aleatzean, hauskorragoa zen. Beste kasuetan metala guztiz erregaitza zen, baina osmioarekin aleatzean, posible izango zen hau sutzea. Hilabete batzuen ondoren, Chabaneauk 23 kilogramo platino puru lortu zituen eta Joaquin Cabezasekin negozio bat hasi zuen. Honek Espainian "platinoaren aroa" hasi zuen.<a href="#cite_note-#2-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekoizpena">Ekoizpena</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ekoizpena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Ekoizpena">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Platinum_Mining.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Platinum_Mining.jpg/220px-Platinum_Mining.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Platinum_Mining.jpg/330px-Platinum_Mining.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Platinum_Mining.jpg/440px-Platinum_Mining.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2242" /></a><figcaption>Hegoafrikako platino meatze bat goitik ikusita. Hegoafrikak munduko platinoaren %80a ekoizten du eta munduan ezagunak diren platino depositu ugari ditu.</figcaption></figure> Platinoa, platinoaren taldeko gainerako metalak bezala, <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikela</a>ren eta <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">kuprea</a>ren deribatutzat bezala lortzen da komertzialki. Kuprearen fintze elektrolitiko prozesuan zehar, <a href="/wiki/Zilar" title="Zilar">zilarra</a> bezalako metal nobleak, <a href="/wiki/Urre" title="Urre">urrea</a> eta platinoaren taldeko metalak, baita <a href="/wiki/Selenio" title="Selenio">selenioa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Telurio" title="Telurio">telurioa</a> elementuak, zelularen hondorantz joaten dira, "anodo lokatz" moduan, horrela hasiera emanez platinoaren taldeko metalen erauzketari.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Platino purua depositu plazeretan edo bestelako meatan aurkitzen bada, ezpurutasunak erauzteko hainbat metodo erabiltzen isolatzen da. Platinoa gainerako ezpurutasunak baino askoz dentsoagoa delarik, arinagoak direnak erraz banandu daitezke likido batez flotatuz eta kenduz. Platinoa metal <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetismo" title="Paramagnetismo">paramagnetikoa</a> da, nikela eta burdina ez bezala, bi hauek ferromagnetikoak izanik. Hori dela eta, bi ezpurutasun hauek elektroiman bat nahastetik pasatuz ken daitezke. Gainera, platinoaren fusio-puntua gehienena baino altuagoa delako, ezpurutasun ugari urtuak edo kiskalduak izan daitezke. Azkenik, platinoa azido sulfuriko eta klorhidrikotara erresistentea da, hala ere, beste substantzi askok momentuan erreakzionatzen dute hauekin. Ezpurutasun metalikoak beraz, bi azidoetako bat nahastea irabiatuz disolbatu daitezke eta horrela platinoa soilik lortu.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Platinum_world_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Platinum_world_production.svg/220px-Platinum_world_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Platinum_world_production.svg/330px-Platinum_world_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Platinum_world_production.svg/440px-Platinum_world_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Platinoaren ekoizpena urteetan zehar mundu mailan.</figcaption></figure> Platino puruaren purifikazio metodo egokienetako bat, urrea, platinoa eta platinoaren taldeko metalak erabiliz, aqua regiarekin prozesatzea da. Bertan, paladioa, urrea eta platinoa disolbatzen dira. Bestalde, osmioa, iridio rutenioa eta rodioa erreakzionatu gabe geratzen dira, alde batera. Urrea hauspeatzea lortzen da, Burdin (II) kloruroa gehituz. Behin hau lortu dela, platinoa hauspeatzea posible izango da amonio hexakloroplatinato moduan, amonio kloruroa gehitzen bazaio. Amonio kloroplainatoa berotuz platinoa lortzen da<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>. Hauspeatu gabeko hexanokloroplatinatoa(IV) zinka erabiliz murriztu daiteke, eta antzeko metodo bat egokia da baita ere laborategietako platino hondarrak berreskuratzeko, eskala txikian<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>. Platinoaren fintzeak eta meatzaritzak ondorioak ditu ingurumenean.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplikazioa_eta_erabilerak">Aplikazioa eta erabilerak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aplikazioa eta erabilerak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Aplikazioa eta erabilerak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Aufgeschnittener_Metall_Katalysator_f%C3%BCr_ein_Auto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aufgeschnittener_Metall_Katalysator_f%C3%BCr_ein_Auto.jpg/220px-Aufgeschnittener_Metall_Katalysator_f%C3%BCr_ein_Auto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aufgeschnittener_Metall_Katalysator_f%C3%BCr_ein_Auto.jpg/330px-Aufgeschnittener_Metall_Katalysator_f%C3%BCr_ein_Auto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aufgeschnittener_Metall_Katalysator_f%C3%BCr_ein_Auto.jpg/440px-Aufgeschnittener_Metall_Katalysator_f%C3%BCr_ein_Auto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>Metalezko bihurgailu katalitikoa.</figcaption></figure> 2014an saldu ziren 218 tona platinotatik, 98 tona ibilgailuen igortze kontroleko gailuetan erabiliak izan ziren (%45), 74,7 tona bitxigintzan (%34), 20 tona ekoizpen kimiko eta petrolioaren fintzean (%9,2) eta 5,85 tona aplikazio elektrikoetan, hala nola, disko gogorretan (%2,7). Geratzen ziren 28,9 tonak garrantzi gutxiagoko aplikaziotan erabili ziren, medikuntzan eta biomedikuntzan, elektrodotan, minbiziaren aurkako sendagaietan edota lambda (λ) zunetan, esate baterako.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Katalizatzaileak">Katalizatzaileak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Katalizatzaileak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Katalizatzaileak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Platinoaren aplikazio ohikoenetako bat, errakzio kimikoetan katalizatzaile bezala da, "platino beltza" zehazki. Katalizatzailetzat erabilia izan da XIX. mendetik. Garai haietan, platino hautsa hidrogenoaren sutzea katalizatzeko erabiltzen zen. Haatik, bere erabilera garrantzitsuena automobiletan da, bihurgailu katalitiko bezala. Honek, ihes-hodiko erregabeko hidrokarburoen errekuntza eragiten du, karbono dioxido eta ur baporetan bihurtuz. Baita ere, platinoa petrolioaren industrian asko erabiltzen da, prozesu ezberdinetan katalizatzaile bezala<a href="#cite_note-#3-55">[55]</a>, bereziki erreforma katalitikoetan. Erregai-piletan erabiltzen da honetaz gain, oxigenoaren erredukzioan katalizatzaile bezala<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estandarra">Estandarra</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Estandarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Estandarra">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg/220px-Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg/330px-Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg/440px-Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4232" data-file-height="2781" /></a><figcaption>Platinum-Iridium metro barra.</figcaption></figure> 1889tik 1960ra arte, <a href="/wiki/Metro" title="Metro">metroa</a>, iridio-platino aleazio barra baten luzera (90:10) bezala definitzen zen, Metroaren Nazioarteko Prototipo barra bezala ezagutzen zena. Horren aurreko barra platinoz osatua zegoen 1799an. Kilogramoaren Nazioarteko Prototipoa oraindik 1879. urtean egindako platino-iridio zilindro aleazioa berberaren diametroaz jarraitzen du definitua izaten gaur egun.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Hidrogenoaren elektrodo estandarrak ere platinizatutako platinozko elektrodo bat erabiltzen du, korrosio eta erresistentzia delarik beste zenbaiten artean.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inbertsiotzat">Inbertsiotzat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Inbertsiotzat»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Inbertsiotzat">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:One_litre_of_Platinum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/One_litre_of_Platinum.jpg/220px-One_litre_of_Platinum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/One_litre_of_Platinum.jpg/330px-One_litre_of_Platinum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/One_litre_of_Platinum.jpg/440px-One_litre_of_Platinum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>%99,9 puruak diren zentimetro kubiko bateko platinoa, gutxi gorabehera US$696 000-ko balioarekin 2016ko ekainean.</figcaption></figure> Platinoa metal oso preziatu bat da ekonomiaren munduan. <a href="/wiki/Txanpon" title="Txanpon">Txanponak</a>, barrak eta <a href="/wiki/Lingote" title="Lingote">lingoteak</a> negoziatuak edo kolekzionatuak izaten dira. Platinoa bitxigintzan aurki daiteke, gehienbat %90-95 aleazio bezala. Horrela erabiltzen da daukan ospeagatik eta lingotearen balioagatik.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Erlojugintzan, Vacheron Constantin, Patek Philippe, <a href="/wiki/Rolex" title="Rolex">Rolex</a> eta Breitling bezalako konpaniek platinoa erabiltzen dute edizio mugatuak diren erlojuak saltzeko. Erlojulariak platinoaren propietate paregabeak baloratzen dituzte, ez delako higatzen ezta histutzen.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Pt_price_92_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pt_price_92_12.jpg/220px-Pt_price_92_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pt_price_92_12.jpg/330px-Pt_price_92_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pt_price_92_12.jpg/440px-Pt_price_92_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Platinoaren batez-besteko prezioa 1992 eta 2012 artean.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></figcaption></figure> Platinoaren prezioa, 2008an $2252-tik $774-ra jaitsi zen ontza bakoitzeko<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>, ia 2/3-ko galera bat eraginez. Egonkortasun eta hazkuntza ekonomikoko garaietan, platinoaren prezioa urrearena baino bi aldiz altuagoa izatera iritsi daiteke. Bestalde, ekonomia kolokan egotean<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>, prezioak asko jaitsi ohi dira, urrearena baino baxuagoa izan arte, gutxiago eskatzen delako konpania edo enpresen aldetik, nahiz eta urrea industrian erabilia izan, bere eskaera ez da horrenbestekoa orokorrean. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gainerako_erabilerak">Gainerako erabilerak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gainerako erabilerak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Gainerako erabilerak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Laborategian, platinozko kableak elektrodoetan erabiltzen dira; platinozko zartaginak edo ontziak analisi termograbimetrikoan erabiliak dira. Baita ere, platinoa aleazio agente bezala erabiltzen da beste metalezko produktuetan, hala nola, kable finak, korrosiboak ez diren laborategiko edukinontzietan, tresna medikuetan, hortzetako protesietan, kontaktu elektrikoetan, eta termoparetetan. Platino-kobaltoa, bi heren platino eta bat kobaltoz osatutako aleazio bat, erlatiboki indartsuak diren imanak sortzeko erabiltzen da<a href="#cite_note-#3-55">[55]</a>. Platinoan oinarritutako anodoak itsasontzietan, oliobidetan eta altzairuzko zubietan erabiltzen dira.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ospe_sinboloak_marketinean">Ospe sinboloak marketinean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ospe sinboloak marketinean»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Ospe sinboloak marketinean">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Platinum_nuggets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Platinum_nuggets.jpg/220px-Platinum_nuggets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Platinum_nuggets.jpg/330px-Platinum_nuggets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Platinum_nuggets.jpg/440px-Platinum_nuggets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Platinozko pepitak.</figcaption></figure> Platinoaren urritasunak metal bezala, esklusibotasuna eta aberastasuna adierazten du iragazleen artean. Platinozko debitu eta kreditu txartelak, urrezkoenak baino garrantzi handiagoa lortu dute.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Platinozko sariek bigarren postua dute, diamantearen atzetik izanik baina urrea, zilarra eta brontzea gaindituz. Adibidez, Estatu Batuetan, milioi bat kopia baino gehiago saldu dituen album bat, platinozkoa izango da izendatua. Haatik, 10 milioi kopia baino gehiago saltzen dituenean, diamantezko izango da, rankinean altuagoa<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>. Platinoa metal preziatu bat kontsideratzen da, bere erabilera urrearena edo zilarrena ez bezain arrunta izan arren. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Osasun_arazoak">Osasun arazoak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Osasun arazoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Osasun arazoak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Platinoa metal gisa ez da oso arriskutsua, baina platinozko gatzek hainbat efektu eragin ditzateke, hala nola:<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> aldatzea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbizi" title="Minbizi">Minbizia</a></li> <li>Azalean eta muki-mintzetan erreakzio alergikoak</li> <li>Organo, heste, giltzurrun eta muinetan kalteak</li> <li>Entzumen arazoak</li></ul> Platinoak minbizi zelulen biderketa bizkortua gelditu egiten du. Horretarako, zelulen material genetikoaren adarrak elkartzen ditu, <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> deritzona. <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> beharrezkoa da <a href="/wiki/Zelula" title="Zelula">zelulen</a> hazkundea eta biderkaketa gertatzeko. Platinoak minbizi-zelulen barruan DNA kaltetzen du eta horrela, biderkatzea saihesten du.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>Horregatik, platinoaren antineoplastiko eragileak <a href="/wiki/Kimioterapia" title="Kimioterapia">kimioterapian</a> erabiltzen dituzte, <a href="/wiki/Tumore" title="Tumore">tumore</a> batzuen kontrako jarduera ona erakusten baitute. Gaixotasunen Kontrolerako eta Prebentziorako Zentruaren arabera, platinozko gatzetan epe laburreko esposizio batek begietako, sudurreko eta eztarriko narritadura sor dezake eta epe luzeko esposizioak, berriz, arnas aparatu eta larruazaleko alergiak. Gaur egungo OSHA estandarra 2 mikrogramo inguruko aire kubiko bakoitzeko 8 orduko laneko bataz bestekoa da<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>. Laneko Segurtasun eta Osasunerako Institutu Nazionalak gomendatutako esposizio-muga platinoari dagokionez, 1mg/m3 eguneko 8 orduko lanegunekoa da. <a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Platinoaren kapsulak osagai medikoetan (bularreko inplanteak, ordezko prosetikoetan...) silikonazko goma eta gel-aren osagaiak fabrikatzen dituen <a href="/wiki/Katalizatzaile" title="Katalizatzaile">katalizatzailea</a> da, platinoak gorputzera sartzeko eta kontrako efektuak eragin ditzakeela aztertua dago. Elikagaien eta Droga Administrazioak eta beste erakunde batzuek gaia berrikusi dute eta ez dute topatu toxikotasuna in vivo frogatu daitekeelarik.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="boilerplate" style="text-align:left; font-size: 90%"> <ul><li>Artikulu honen edukiaren zati bat Lur hiztegi entziklopedikotik edo Lur entziklopedia tematikotik txertatu zen 2011/12/27 egunean. Egile-eskubideen jabeak, <a href="/wiki/Eusko_Jaurlaritza" title="Eusko Jaurlaritza">Eusko Jaurlaritzak</a>, hiztegi horiek <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/deed.eu">CC-BY 3.0 lizentziarekin</a> argitaratu ditu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opendata.euskadi.eus/katalogoa/-/lur-entziklopedia-tematikoa/">Open Data Euskadi webgunean</a>.</li></ul></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/platinum">«Platinum | chemical element»</a> Encyclopedia Britannica (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-19). </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/platinum">«platinum | Origin and meaning of platinum by Online Etymology Dictionary»</a> www.etymonline.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-19). </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Hobson, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-platinum-price/currency-shocks-knock-platinum-to-10-year-lows-idUKKBN1L219X">«Currency shocks knock platinum to 10-year lows»</a> U.K. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-19). </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> . </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apmex.com/spotprices/platinum-price">«Platinum Prices | Platinum Price Chart History | Price of Platinum Today»</a> APMEX (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-19). </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54767189">Chemistry : foundations and applications. </a> Macmillan Reference USA 2004 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0028657217" title="Berezi:BookSources/0028657217">0028657217</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=54767189">54767189</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.explainthatstuff.com/platinum.html">«Platinum - The chemical element, its science, properties, and uses»</a> Explain that Stuff (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> Schwartz, Mel. (2002-04-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420017168">Encyclopedia and Handbook of Materials, Parts and Finishes. </a>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1201%2F9781420017168">10.1201/9781420017168</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07397-9">Energy Data Conversion Handbook. </a> 1984  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-07397-9">10.1007/978-1-349-07397-9</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> Rehren, Thilo. (2006-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1595/147106706x128890">«The Minting of Platinum Roubles»</a> Platinum Metals Review 50 (3): 120–129.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1595%2F147106706x128890">10.1595/147106706x128890</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0032-1400">0032-1400</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85691089">CRC handbook of chemistry and physics : a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data.. </a> (88th ed.. argitaraldia) CRC 2007 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780849304880" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780849304880">9780849304880</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85691089">85691089</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32661013">Handbook of corrosion data. </a> (2nd ed. argitaraldia) ASM International 1995 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0871705184" title="Berezi:BookSources/0871705184">0871705184</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32661013">32661013</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> Kauffman, George B.; Thurner, Joseph J.; Zatko, David A.. (2007-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132401.ch51">«Ammonium Hexachloroplatinate(IV)»</a> Inorganic Syntheses (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.): 182–185. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780470132401" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780470132401">9780470132401</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> Han, Yuan; Huynh, Han Vinh; Tan, Geok Kheng. (2007-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om700543p">«Mono- vs Bis(carbene) Complexes:  A Detailed Study on Platinum(II)−Benzimidazolin-2-ylidenes»</a> Organometallics 26 (18): 4612–4617.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fom700543p">10.1021/om700543p</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0276-7333">0276-7333</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> Ertl, Gerhard. (2008-04-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200800480">«Reactions at Surfaces: From Atoms to Complexity (Nobel Lecture)»</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition 47 (19): 3524–3535.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200800480">10.1002/anie.200800480</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1433-7851">1433-7851</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> Audi, G.; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A.H.. (2003-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">«The Nubase evaluation of nuclear and decay properties»</a> Nuclear Physics A 729 (1): 3–128.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0375-9474">0375-9474</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> Cohen, David. (2007-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(07)61315-3">«Earth audit»</a> New Scientist 194 (2605): 34–41.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0262-4079%2807%2961315-3">10.1016/s0262-4079(07)61315-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0262-4079">0262-4079</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35279504">Encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety.. </a> (4th ed.. argitaraldia) International Labor Office 1998 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9221092038" title="Berezi:BookSources/9221092038">9221092038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35279504">35279504</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> Murata, KJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp39566s">«Spectrochemical Analysis for Trace Elements in Geological Materials»</a> Symposium on Spectrochemical Analysis for Trace Elements (ASTM International): 67–67-13. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780803156647" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780803156647">9780803156647</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> Reed, I. M.. (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.14509/944">Report on platinum placers south of Goodnews Bay, Alaska. </a> (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> Theal, George McCall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511783227.002">«LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SIR GALBRAITH LOWRY COLE, GOVERNOR, INSTALLED 9TH SEPTEMBER 1828, RETIRED 10TH AUGUST 1833»</a> History of South Africa since September 1795 (Cambridge University Press): 1–29. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780511783227" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780511783227">9780511783227</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> Cawthorn, R.G. (2001-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-6742(00)00163-1">«A stream sediment geochemical re-investigation of the discovery of the platiniferous Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex»</a> Journal of Geochemical Exploration 72 (1): 59–69.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0375-6742%2800%2900163-1">10.1016/s0375-6742(00)00163-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0375-6742">0375-6742</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> Seymour, Richard J.; O'Farrelly, Julia I.. (2001-07-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.1612012019052513.a01.pub2">Platinum-Group Metals. </a> John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0471238961" title="Berezi:BookSources/0471238961">0471238961</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3886/icpsr04623">«New York Times New York City Poll, August 2006»</a> ICPSR Data Holdings 2008-04-11 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.256134">Bowen, Paul Edward, (born 17 July 1967), QC 2012. </a> Oxford University Press 2012-12-01 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> Mines, Mattison. (1998-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11407-998-0015-3">«Hindus at the edge: Self-awareness among adult children of interfaith marriages in Chennai, South India»</a> International Journal of Hindu Studies 2 (2): 223–248.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11407-998-0015-3">10.1007/s11407-998-0015-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1022-4556">1022-4556</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40100784">Meteorites : flux with time and impact effects. </a> Geological Society 1998 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/1862390177" title="Berezi:BookSources/1862390177">1862390177</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=40100784">40100784</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> 1922-, Krebs, Robert E.,. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35986325">The history and use of our earth's chemical elements : a reference guide. </a> Greenwood Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0313301239" title="Berezi:BookSources/0313301239">0313301239</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35986325">35986325</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> Smith, G. Frederick; Gring, J. L.. (1933-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01337a007">«The Separation and Determination of the Alkali Metals Using Perchloric Acid. V. Perchloric Acid and Chloroplatinic Acid in the Determination of Small Amounts of Potassium in the Presence of Large Amounts of Sodium»</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society 55 (10): 3957–3961.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01337a007">10.1021/ja01337a007</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863">0002-7863</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> Schweizer, A. E.; Kerr, G. T.. (1978-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic50186a067">«Thermal decomposition of hexachloroplatinic acid»</a> Inorganic Chemistry 17 (8): 2326–2327.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fic50186a067">10.1021/ic50186a067</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0020-1669">0020-1669</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> Perry, Dale. (2011-05-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10908">Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Second Edition. </a> CRC Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9781439814611" title="Berezi:BookSources/9781439814611">9781439814611</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> Ahrens, Sebastian; Strassner, Thomas. (2006-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2006.05.042">«Detour-free synthesis of platinum-bis-NHC chloride complexes, their structure and catalytic activity in the CH activation of methane»</a> Inorganica Chimica Acta 359 (15): 4789–4796.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ica.2006.05.042">10.1016/j.ica.2006.05.042</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0020-1693">0020-1693</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> Karpov, Andrey; Konuma, Mitsuharu; Jansen, Martin. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b514631c">«An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides»</a> Chemical Communications (8): 838.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039%2Fb514631c">10.1039/b514631c</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1359-7345">1359-7345</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> Karpov, Andrey; Nuss, Jürgen; Wedig, Ulrich; Jansen, Martin. (2003-10-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200352314">«Cs2Pt: A Platinide(-II) Exhibiting Complete Charge Separation»</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition 42 (39): 4818–4821.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200352314">10.1002/anie.200352314</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1433-7851">1433-7851</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> Jansen, Martin. (2005-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2005.06.015">«Effects of relativistic motion of electrons on the chemistry of gold and platinum»</a> Solid State Sciences 7 (12): 1464–1474.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2005.06.015">10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2005.06.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1293-2558">1293-2558</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> Ghilane, J.; Lagrost, C.; Guilloux-Viry, M.; Simonet, J.; Delamar, M.; Mangeney, C.; Hapiot, P.. (2007-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp068879d">«Spectroscopic Evidence of Platinum Negative Oxidation States at Electrochemically Reduced Surfaces»</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 111 (15): 5701–5707.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp068879d">10.1021/jp068879d</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1932-7447">1932-7447</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> Riddell, Imogen A.; Lippard, Stephen J.. (2018-02-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110470734-007">«1. Cisplatin and Oxaliplatin: Our Current Understanding of Their Actions»</a> Metallo-Drugs: Development and Action of Anticancer Agents (De Gruyter): 1–42. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9783110470734" title="Berezi:BookSources/9783110470734">9783110470734</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> Richards, Adair D.; Rodger, Alison. (2007-06-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200725222">«Synthetic Metallomolecules as Agents for the Control of DNA Structure»</a> ChemInform 38 (25)  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fchin.200725222">10.1002/chin.200725222</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0931-7597">0931-7597</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u26596">Margadale, 2nd Baron, (James Ian Morrison) (17 July 1930–6 April 2003). </a> Oxford University Press 2007-12-01 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> Taguchi, Takashi; Nazneen, Arifa; Abid, M. Ruhul; Razzaque, Mohammed S.. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000086055">«Cisplatin-Associated Nephrotoxicity and Pathological Events»</a> Contributions to Nephrology (KARGER): 107–121. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/380557858X" title="Berezi:BookSources/380557858X">380557858X</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> W., Hesse, Rayner. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/81252719">Jewelrymaking through history : an encyclopedia. </a> Greenwood Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780313335075" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780313335075">9780313335075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=81252719">81252719</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> 1889-1982., McDonald, Donald,. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9465580">A history of platinum and its allied metals. </a> Johnson Matthey <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0905118839" title="Berezi:BookSources/0905118839">0905118839</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=9465580">9465580</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-43">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_43-1">b</a> 1892-, Weeks, Mary Elvira,. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23991202">The discovery of the elements .... </a> (3d ed. rev. argitaraldia) [publisher not identified] <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0848685792" title="Berezi:BookSources/0848685792">0848685792</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23991202">23991202</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.3719">Brownrigg, William (1711–1800). </a> Oxford University Press 2018-02-06 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> Watson, Wm.; Brownrigg, W.. (1749-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1749.0110">«Several Papers concerning a New Semi-Metal, Called Platina; Communicated to the Royal Society by Mr. Wm. Watson F. R. S.»</a> Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 46 (491-496): 584–596.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1749.0110">10.1098/rstl.1749.0110</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0261-0523">0261-0523</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783111691176-006">«Allgemeine Tabelle der Berfuche»</a> Versuche mit dem Balistischen Pendel die Geschwindigkeiten geschossener Körper zu bestimmen (De Gruyter): 14–24. 1830-12-31 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9783111691176" title="Berezi:BookSources/9783111691176">9783111691176</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-#2-47">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-#2_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-#2_47-1">b</a> 1892-, Weeks, Mary Elvira,. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23991202">The discovery of the elements .... </a> (3d ed. rev. argitaraldia) [publisher not identified] <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0848685792" title="Berezi:BookSources/0848685792">0848685792</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23991202">23991202</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-06). </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.48-6007">«Internet Archive Wayback Machine»</a> Choice Reviews Online 48 (11): 48–6007-48-6007. 2011-07-01  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5860%2Fchoice.48-6007">10.5860/choice.48-6007</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0009-4978">0009-4978</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-06). </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.15438/rr.5.1.7">Original PDF. </a> (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> 1940-, Heiserman, David L.,. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23690209">Exploring chemical elements and their compounds. </a> (1st ed. argitaraldia) Tab Books <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/083063018X" title="Berezi:BookSources/083063018X">083063018X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23690209">23690209</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1595/147106704x1937">«Production of Fine Iridium Fibre»</a> Platinum Metals Review 48 (3): 138–138. 2004-07-01  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1595%2F147106704x1937">10.1595/147106704x1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0032-1400">0032-1400</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> Kauffman, George B.; Teter, Larry A.; Rhoda, Richard N.. (2007-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132388.ch61">«Recovery of Platinum from Laboratory Residues»</a> Inorganic Syntheses (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.): 232–236. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780470132388" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780470132388">9780470132388</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-5540-2014005">«FPP Newsletter October 2014 (PDF)»</a> Human Rights Documents online (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.18356/4f9f6947-en">Checklist of resolutions adopted by the Security Council from 1 August 2013 to 31 July 2014. </a> 2016-04-21 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-#3-55">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-#3_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-#3_55-1">b</a> 1922-, Krebs, Robert E.,. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35986325">The history and use of our earth's chemical elements : a reference guide. </a> Greenwood Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0313301239" title="Berezi:BookSources/0313301239">0313301239</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35986325">35986325</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Wang, Chao; Daimon, Hideo; Onodera, Taigo; Koda, Tetsunori; Sun, Shouheng. (2008-04-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/anie.200800073">«A General Approach to the Size- and Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Reduction of Oxygen»</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition 47 (19): 3588–3591.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200800073">10.1002/anie.200800073</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1433-7851">1433-7851</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> Gupta, S. V.. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00738-5_4">«Metre Convention and Evolution of Base Units»</a> Units of Measurement (Springer Berlin Heidelberg): 47–65. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9783642007774" title="Berezi:BookSources/9783642007774">9783642007774</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Feltham, A. M.; Spiro, Michael. (1971-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr60270a002">«Platinized platinum electrodes»</a> Chemical Reviews 71 (2): 177–193.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr60270a002">10.1021/cr60270a002</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0009-2665">0009-2665</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.18356/5049feea-en">Original treaties and international agreements filed and recorded during the month of June 2011: No. 1357. </a> 2011-12-14 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> Gabanyi, Margaret. (2008-09-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nw_psisgkb.2008.7">«PSI in the Spotlight: September 2008»</a> PSI Structural Genomics Knowledgebase  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnw_psisgkb.2008.7">10.1038/nw_psisgkb.2008.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2041-8442">2041-8442</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> Newman, John Henry. (1963-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00142403">«To F. W. Faber. II»</a> The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman, Vol. 13: Birmingham and London: January 1849 to June 1850 (Oxford University Press): 25–26. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780199683376" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780199683376">9780199683376</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u6684">Barstow, Stan, (28 June 1928–1 Aug. 2011), writer. </a> Oxford University Press 2007-12-01 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> Loftin, Craig M.. (2015-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1501387">Hay, Harry (07 April 1912–24 October 2002). </a> Oxford University Press (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85691089">CRC handbook of chemistry and physics : a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data.. </a> (88th ed.. argitaraldia) CRC 2007 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780849304880" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780849304880">9780849304880</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85691089">85691089</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Gwin, John M. (1986-07-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/action/captchaChallenge?redirectUri=%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1300%2FJ090v01n03_07">«Pricing Financial Institution Products»</a> Journal of Professional Services Marketing 1 (3): 91–99.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1300%2Fj090v01n03_07">10.1300/j090v01n03_07</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0748-4623">0748-4623</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> 1963-, Crouse, Richard,. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43276698">Big bang, baby : rock trivia. </a> Hounslow Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0888822197" title="Berezi:BookSources/0888822197">0888822197</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=43276698">43276698</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lenntech.es/periodica/elementos/pt.htm">«Platino (Pt) Propiedades químicas y efectos sobre la salud y el medio ambiente»</a> www.lenntech.es (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-07). </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a> (Gaztelaniaz) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allaboutcancerco.wordpress.com/2017/04/06/agentes-alquilantes-sales-de-platino-historia-accion-y-eventos-adversos/">«Agentes alquilantes: Sales de platino. Historia, acción y eventos adversos.»</a> allaboutcancerco 2017-04-07 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-07). </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.15438/rr.5.1.7">Original PDF. </a> (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-06). </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1349/ddlp.1132">Samson Occom, journal, 1765 November 21. </a> 2015  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1349%2Fddlp.1132">10.1349/ddlp.1132</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-06). </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> Maharaj, S. V. M.. (2008-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.38.1.e">«Assessment of the FDA Backgrounder on Platinum in Silicone Breast Implants: Implications for Public Health Policy»</a> International Journal of Health Services 38 (1): 95–102.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2190%2Fhs.38.1.e">10.2190/hs.38.1.e</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0020-7314">0020-7314</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-06). </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a> BROOK, M. (2006-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.027">«Platinum in silicone breast implants☆»</a> Biomaterials 27 (17): 3274–3286.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biomaterials.2006.01.027">10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.027</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0142-9612">0142-9612</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-11-06). </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera">Ikus, gainera</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urre" title="Urre">Urre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilar" title="Zilar">Zilar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platino&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style 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