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href="#Victorian_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Victorian era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victorian_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anglo-Indian_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Indian_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Anglo-Indian cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Indian_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Chinese_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Chinese_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 British Chinese cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Chinese_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_influence_and_modern_British_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_influence_and_modern_British_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.3 Foreign influence and modern British cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_influence_and_modern_British_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrity_chefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrity_chefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.4 Celebrity chefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrity_chefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Popular dishes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_cuisines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_cuisines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 National cuisines </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_cuisines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle National cuisines subsection </button> <ul id="toc-National_cuisines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Irish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Irish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Northern Irish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Irish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scottish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Scottish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scottish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welsh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welsh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Welsh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welsh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">British cuisine</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" > 35 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مطبخ بريطاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطبخ بريطاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britaniya_m%C9%99tb%C9%99xi" title="Britaniya mətbəxi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Britaniya mətbəxi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomia_del_Regne_Unit" title="Gastronomia del Regne Unit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gastronomia del Regne Unit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britsk%C3%A1_kuchyn%C4%9B" title="Britská kuchyně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Britská kuchyně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britische_K%C3%BCche" title="Britische Küche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Britische Küche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronom%C3%ADa_del_Reino_Unido" title="Gastronomía del Reino Unido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gastronomía del Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuirarto_de_Britio" title="Kuirarto de Britio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kuirarto de Britio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erresuma_Batuko_gastronomia" title="Erresuma Batuko gastronomia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erresuma Batuko gastronomia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="آشپزی بریتانیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آشپزی بریتانیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_britannique" title="Cuisine britannique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuisine britannique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD_%EC%9A%94%EB%A6%AC" title="영국 요리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국 요리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Բրիտանական խոհանոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրիտանական խոհանոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidangan_Britania_Raya" title="Hidangan Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidangan Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucina_britannica" title="Cucina britannica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cucina britannica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99" title="המטבח הבריטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המטבח הבריטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olah-olahan_Inggris" title="Olah-olahan Inggris – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Olah-olahan Inggris" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="ბრიტანული სამზარეულო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრიტანული სამზარეულო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_coquinaria_Britannica" title="Ars coquinaria Britannica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ars coquinaria Britannica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit%C5%B3_virtuv%C4%97" title="Britų virtuvė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Britų virtuvė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Британска кујна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Британска кујна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakan_British" title="Masakan British – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Masakan British" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britse_keuken" title="Britse keuken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Britse keuken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E6%96%99%E7%90%86" title="イギリス料理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリス料理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchnia_brytyjska" title="Kuchnia brytyjska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kuchnia brytyjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culin%C3%A1ria_do_Reino_Unido" title="Culinária do Reino Unido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Culinária do Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Британская кухня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британская кухня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_food" title="British food – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="British food" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Британска кухиња – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Британска кухиња" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittil%C3%A4inen_keitti%C3%B6" title="Brittiläinen keittiö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brittiläinen keittiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittiska_k%C3%B6ket" title="Brittiska köket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brittiska köket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="อาหารสหราชอาณาจักร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาหารสหราชอาณาจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanya_mutfa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Britanya mutfağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Britanya mutfağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Британська кухня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Британська кухня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E8%8F%9C" title="英國菜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="英國菜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F" title="英國飲食 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英國飲食" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:A_roast_lamb_dinner_at_Black_Horse_Inn,_Nuthurst_West_Sussex_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/A_roast_lamb_dinner_at_Black_Horse_Inn%2C_Nuthurst_West_Sussex_England.jpg/330px-A_roast_lamb_dinner_at_Black_Horse_Inn%2C_Nuthurst_West_Sussex_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/A_roast_lamb_dinner_at_Black_Horse_Inn%2C_Nuthurst_West_Sussex_England.jpg/500px-A_roast_lamb_dinner_at_Black_Horse_Inn%2C_Nuthurst_West_Sussex_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/A_roast_lamb_dinner_at_Black_Horse_Inn%2C_Nuthurst_West_Sussex_England.jpg/960px-A_roast_lamb_dinner_at_Black_Horse_Inn%2C_Nuthurst_West_Sussex_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5059" data-file-height="2846" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> National cuisines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Regional cuisines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Carmarthenshire" title="Cuisine of Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Monmouthshire" title="Cuisine of Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Gower" title="Cuisine of Gower">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Pembrokeshire" title="Cuisine of Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Ceredigion" title="Cuisine of Ceredigion">Ceredigion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_cuisine" title="Cornish cuisine">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Overseas/Fusion cuisine</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_(food)" title="Balti (food)">Balti curries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_cuisine" title="Bermudian cuisine">Bermudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British Chinese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Virgin_Islands#Cuisine" title="Culture of the Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Cayman_Islands#Cuisine" title="Culture of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Falkland_Islands#Cuisine" title="Culture of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Montserrat" title="Cuisine of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands#Culture" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_chefs" title="Category:British chefs">British chefs</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/17px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/20px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/40px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_cuisine" title="Template:British cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_cuisine" title="Template talk:British cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom" title="Category:United Kingdom">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#eee;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="United Kingdom in the Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Second_World_War_1939-1945" title="History of the United Kingdom">Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1945%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)">Post-war period (social history)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Historic peoples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li></ul> Modern ethnicities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">British identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian British">Asian British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Jews" title="British Jews">British Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arabs" title="British Arabs">British Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Mixed" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mixed">British Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people (Gypsies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other White</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_English" class="mw-redirect" title="English English">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of the United Kingdom">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of the United Kingdom">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Ireland & Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_cuisine" title="Cornish cuisine">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">Anglo-Indian and South Asian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Day_(Scotland)" title="Victoria Day (Scotland)">Victoria Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Bank_Holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring Bank Holiday">Spring Bank Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Summer_Bank_Holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Summer Bank Holiday">Late Summer Bank Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day" title="Saint George's Day">Saint George's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew%27s_Day" title="Saint Andrew's Day">Saint Andrew's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David%27s_Day" title="Saint David's Day">Saint David's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">VE Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the United Kingdom">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">No religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in the United Kingdom">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism in the United Kingdom">Modern Paganism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_art" title="English art">English art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_art" title="Scottish art">Scottish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_art" title="Welsh art">Welsh art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_art" title="Irish art">Irish art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of the United Kingdom">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Literature of Northern Ireland">Literature of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_in_the_other_languages_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature in the other languages of Britain">Literature in the other languages of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comics" title="British comics">British comics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_popular_music" title="British popular music">British popular music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_music" title="British rock music">British rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_pop_music" title="British pop music">British pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Early music of the British Isles">Early music of the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Baroque music of the British Isles">Baroque music of the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_British_popular_music" title="Early British popular music">Early British popular music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music" title="English folk music">English folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Medieval_England" title="Music in Medieval England">Music in Medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_art_song" title="English art song">English art song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Music of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Northern Ireland">Music of Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in the United Kingdom">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Radio in the United Kingdom">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Television in the United Kingdom">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_England" title="Football in England">Football in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Scotland" title="Football in Scotland">Football in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Wales" title="Football in Wales">Football in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_England" title="Cricket in England">Cricket in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Ireland" title="Cricket in Ireland">Cricket in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Scotland" title="Cricket in Scotland">Cricket in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Wales" title="Cricket in Wales">Cricket in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union" title="History of rugby union">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league" title="History of rugby league">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ice hockey in the United Kingdom">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_North" title="Angel of the North">Angel of the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the United Kingdom">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Flag of the United Kingdom">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coat of arms of the United Kingdom">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of the United Kingdom">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch of the United Kingdom">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieu_et_mon_droit" title="Dieu et mon droit">Dieu et mon droit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Defens" class="mw-redirect" title="In Defens">In Defens</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistle#Scottish_thistle" title="Thistle">Thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/17px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Culture of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Culture of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> British cuisine consists of the cooking traditions and practices associated with the United Kingdom, including the regional cuisines of <a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Ireland</a>. British cuisine has its roots in the cooking traditions of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, however it has been significantly influenced and shaped by subsequent waves of conquest, notably that of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">Vikings</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Normans</a>; waves of migration, notably immigrants from <a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshis" title="British Bangladeshis">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Jamaicans" title="British Jamaicans">Jamaica</a> and the wider <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Italians in the United Kingdom">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="South Africans in the United Kingdom">South Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poles in the United Kingdom">Poland</a>; and exposure to increasingly globalised trade and connections to the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. Traditional British cuisine has been characterised as coarse, hearty dishes relying on high quality seasonal local ingredients, paired with simple sauces to accentuate their flavour.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Highlights and staples of British cuisine include the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_roast" title="Sunday roast">roast dinner</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast" title="Full breakfast">full breakfast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_pie" title="Shepherd's pie">Shepherd's pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole" title="Toad in the hole">Toad in the hole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a>; a highly diverse variety of both savoury and sweet <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">pies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cake" title="Cake">cakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tart" title="Tart">tarts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">pastries</a>; foods influenced by immigrant populations such as <a href="/wiki/Curry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Curry in the United Kingdom">curry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolognese_sauce#Spaghetti_bolognese" title="Bolognese sauce">spaghetti bolognese</a>; traditional desserts such as <a href="/wiki/Trifle" title="Trifle">trifle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scone" title="Scone">scones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_pie" title="Apple pie">apple pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sticky_toffee_pudding" title="Sticky toffee pudding">sticky toffee pudding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_sponge_cake" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria sponge cake">Victoria sponge cake</a>; and a large variety of <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_cheeses" title="List of British cheeses">cheese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Beer in the United Kingdom">beer, ale, and stout</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cider_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cider in the United Kingdom">cider</a>. British cuisine in the larger cities with multicultural populations,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] a vibrant culinary scene exists influenced by <a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">global cuisine</a>. The modern phenomenon of television <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_chef" title="Celebrity chef">celebrity chefs</a> began in the United Kingdom with <a href="/wiki/Philip_Harben" title="Philip Harben">Philip Harben</a>. Since then, the celebrity chef scene has produced an array of well-known British chefs who have wielded considerable influence on modern British and global cuisine, such as <a href="/wiki/Marco_Pierre_White" title="Marco Pierre White">Marco Pierre White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Ramsay" title="Gordon Ramsay">Gordon Ramsay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Oliver" title="Jamie Oliver">Jamie Oliver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heston_Blumenthal" title="Heston Blumenthal">Heston Blumenthal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_Stein" title="Rick Stein">Rick Stein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigella_Lawson" title="Nigella Lawson">Nigella Lawson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Fearnley-Whittingstall" title="Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall">Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Cradock" title="Fanny Cradock">Fanny Cradock</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_origins_and_Roman_conquest">Celtic origins and Roman conquest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Celtic origins and Roman conquest">edit</a>]</div> British cuisine has its roots in the cooking practices of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Celtic_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic fields">Celtic agriculture</a> and animal breeding practices produced a wide variety of foodstuffs, such as <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>. Archaeological evidence of <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a> production can be seen as early as 3,800 BC,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a> from cereal grains was being produced as early as 3,700 BC.<a href="#cite_note-bfed-3">[3]</a> Ancient Celts fermented apples to produce <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a>, as recorded by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> during his <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">attempted invasions of Britain</a> in 55-54 BC.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> records that <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a> cultivated <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbs">herbs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Root_vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Root vegetables">root vegetables</a>, and practised <a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">apiculture</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>. Trade with Celtic <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> in what is now modern-day <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, as well as with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> following its <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">conquest of Gaul</a>, introduced grains such as <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a> was grown to produce <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a> and malt for <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> was grown for its <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">oil</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">Broad beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_album" title="Chenopodium album">wild spinach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbs">herbs</a>, and primitive <a href="/wiki/Parsnip" title="Parsnip">parsnips</a> were the primary sources of vegetables and <a href="/wiki/Greens_(vegetable)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greens (vegetable)">greens</a> in Celtic Britain. According to <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, Celtic Britons domesticated <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, which were symbols of status and wealth, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goats" class="mw-redirect" title="Goats">goats</a> for their meat and milk; and, to a lesser extent, pigs for <a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">ham</a>. Caesar notes that Celts also domesticated <a href="/wiki/Greylag_goose" title="Greylag goose">geese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickens" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickens">chickens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hares" class="mw-redirect" title="Hares">hares</a>, but it is unclear whether they were kept for food or for religious rituals due to the association with Celtic deities. Trade with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> also led to the import of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">wine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In 43 AD, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> invaded and began its <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">conquest of Britain</a>, eventually encompassing all of modern-day <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, and parts of southern <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. The Roman conquest brought a culinary renaissance to the island, importing many foodstuffs which were hitherto unknown to Celtic Britons, including fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Figs" class="mw-redirect" title="Figs">figs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mespilus_germanica" title="Mespilus germanica">medlars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapes">grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pears" class="mw-redirect" title="Pears">pears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherries">cherries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plums" class="mw-redirect" title="Plums">plums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damsons" class="mw-redirect" title="Damsons">damsons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberries">mulberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">dates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olives" class="mw-redirect" title="Olives">olives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_marrows" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable marrows">vegetable marrows</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cucumbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucumbers">cucumbers</a>; vegetables such as <a href="/wiki/Carrots" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrots">carrots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endives" class="mw-redirect" title="Endives">endives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turnips" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnips">turnips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabbages" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabbages">cabbages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeks">leeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Radishes">radishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onions" class="mw-redirect" title="Onions">onions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shallots" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallots">shallots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artichokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Artichokes">artichokes</a>; nuts, seeds, and pulses such as <a href="/wiki/Sweet_chestnut" title="Sweet chestnut">sweet chestnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentils" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentils">lentils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peas" class="mw-redirect" title="Peas">peas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine_nuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine nuts">pine nuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Almonds">almonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walnuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Walnuts">walnuts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">sesame</a>; and herbs and spices such as <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borage" title="Borage">borage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chervil" title="Chervil">chervil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_sage" class="mw-redirect" title="Common sage">common sage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_marjoram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet marjoram">sweet marjoram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summer_savory" title="Summer savory">summer savory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">chives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">dill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">fennel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Produced foods such as <a href="/wiki/Sausages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sausages">sausages</a> were also imported,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014717-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-HickmanSausage-10">[10]</a> along with new animals, including <a href="/wiki/Rabbits" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbits">rabbits</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pheasants" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheasants">pheasants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peacocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacocks">peacocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea_fowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea fowl">guinea fowl</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Fallow_deer" title="Fallow deer">fallow deer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Roman colonists were able to <a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">grow wine</a> in vineyards as far north as <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>, and the longevity of Roman occupation is credited as creating the wine industry in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Keys_1999-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The importance of <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a> to the Roman diet led to its increasing popularity in Britain, particularly <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Oysters" class="mw-redirect" title="Oysters">oysters</a>. The quality of oysters from <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a> in particular became prized in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> as a delicacy.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">end of Roman rule in Britain</a> and the subsequent collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, many of the more exotic food items, such as spices, disappeared from British cuisine until its reintroduction centuries later. After the Roman period, British cuisine predominately consisted of vegetables, cereals, and meats such as mutton.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Middle_Ages">The Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> Shortly after the end of Roman rule in Britain, the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> began conquering and colonising the island. The Anglo-Saxons introduced <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">bacon</a> to Britain during this period; rural families had their own recipes for curing and smoking bacon, while urban residents would purchase bacon from <a href="/wiki/Butchers" class="mw-redirect" title="Butchers">butchers</a> who developed their own curing methods. Residents in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> had access to a particularly diverse range of bacon products from across Britain.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Anglo-Saxons helped to entrench <a href="/wiki/Stews" class="mw-redirect" title="Stews">stews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broth" title="Broth">broths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soups" class="mw-redirect" title="Soups">soups</a> into British cuisine, along with an early form of the <a href="/wiki/Crumpet" title="Crumpet">crumpet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Bread and butter became common fare, and the English in particular gained a reputation for their liberal use of melted butter as a sauce with meat and vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a> was a popular drink of choice among the nobility and peasantry alike,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a> production increased around Christian monasteries. <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danish</a> and other <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Scandinavian</a> invaders during the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> introduced techniques for smoking and drying <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> in 1066, the Normans reintroduced many spices and continental influences that had been lost after the departure of the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-22">[22]</a> Many of the modern English words for foodstuffs, such as beef, pork, mutton, gravy, jelly, mustard, onion, herb, and spice are derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> words introduced by the Normans.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Though eating habits and cooking methods remained largely unchanged, pig farming intensified under the Norman dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> and trade with <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> empires introduced foods such as <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-everwon3-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> It was during the late 14th century that the first <a href="/wiki/Cookery_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Cookery book">cookery books</a> began to emerge, notably the English book the <a href="/wiki/Forme_of_Cury" class="mw-redirect" title="Forme of Cury">Forme of Cury</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[a]</a> containing recipes from the court of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201146-28">[27]</a> The recipes it describes are diverse and sophisticated, with a wide variety of ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/Capon" title="Capon">capon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Almonds">almonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloves">cloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">dates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine_nuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine nuts">pine nuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>. It also describes foods such as <a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">gingerbread</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweet_and_sour" title="Sweet and sour">sweet and sour</a> sauces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright201152–53-29">[28]</a> Elaborate stews such as <a href="/wiki/Dillegrout" title="Dillegrout">dillegrout</a> became commonly served at the coronations of English monarchs.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> It was during the middle ages that many staples of British cuisine began to develop, such as the <a href="/wiki/Apple_pie" title="Apple pie">apple pie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> an early <a href="/wiki/Cheesecake" title="Cheesecake">cheesecake</a> (called sambocade),<a href="#cite_note-j1-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Forme_of_Curry-33">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">custard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-AustinT-35">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mince_pies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mince pies">mince pies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Timbsp149-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johnp78-37">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pasty" title="Pasty">pasties</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> and various forms of meat <a href="/wiki/Pies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pies">pies</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tudor_&_Stuart_era">Tudor & Stuart era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tudor & Stuart era">edit</a>]</div> The dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudor dynasty</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> coincided with the European discovery of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, the initiation of the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a>, and globalisation of trade, which opened up Britain to a range of new foodstuffs not seen since the Roman conquest. Foods from the New World included grains such as <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>;<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> fruits such as avocados,<a href="#cite_note-Crosby_2001-40">[39]</a> chili peppers<a href="#cite_note-Collingham_2006-41">[40]</a> chocolate,<a href="#cite_note-Mintz_McNeil_2018_plants-42">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cranberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranberries">cranberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Guavas">guavas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mintz_McNeil_2018_plants-42">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Papayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Papayas">papayas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Crosby_2001-40">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pineapples" class="mw-redirect" title="Pineapples">pineapples</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Crosby_2001-40">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">squashes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Crosby_2001-40">[39]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomatoes">tomatoes</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Crosby_2001-40">[39]</a> vegetables such as potatoes,<a href="#cite_note-Crosby_2001-40">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassavas">cassavas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Crosby_2001-40">[39]</a> and sweet potatoes;<a href="#cite_note-Crosby_2001-40">[39]</a> legumes such as <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a><a href="#cite_note-Mintz_McNeil_2018_plants-42">[41]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navy_bean" title="Navy bean">haricot beans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> spices such as vanilla;<a href="#cite_note-nashville-44">[43]</a> and animals, most notably turkeys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014836-45">[44]</a> The growth of the global <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade#Age_of_Discovery:_a_new_route_and_a_New_World" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>, now dominated by rapidly expanding European empires, led to the re-proliferation of black pepper, nutmeg, <a href="/wiki/Cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloves">cloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mace_(spice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mace (spice)">mace</a>, and cinnamon in British cookery. The late 15th century saw the development of well-known alcoholic beverage <a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ERoS-46">[45]</a> It was during the early 16th century that cookery books printed using the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> became more widely available, notably <a href="/wiki/The_Boke_of_Cokery" title="The Boke of Cokery">The Boke of Cokery</a> printed at the turn of the century in 1500 by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pynson" title="Richard Pynson">Richard Pynson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Good_Huswifes_Jewell" title="The Good Huswifes Jewell">The Good Huswifes Jewell</a> towards the end of the century in 1585 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dawson_(cook)" title="Thomas Dawson (cook)">Thomas Dawson</a>. Under the Tudor dynasty in England and Wales, and the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart dynasty">Stuart dynasty</a> in Scotland, British cuisine became more refined and grew more sophisticated. Recipes began to emphasise a balance of sweet and sour flavours,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35-47">[46]</a> butter became a key ingredient in sauces, reflecting a trend seen in France that continued in subsequent centuries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35-47">[46]</a> and herbs such as thyme, used only sparingly in the medieval period, began to replace spices as flavourings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann200330–35-47">[46]</a> Throughout the Tudor period, fruits such as apples, <a href="/wiki/Gooseberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Gooseberries">gooseberries</a>, grapes, oranges, and plums were commonly eaten.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> The main source of carbohydrates in British diets remained <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a>, and its composition reflected one's socio-economic class: the peasantry ate bread made from <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> or coarse <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, the emerging middle class of prosperous tenants ate a yeoman's bread made of <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">wholemeal</a>, while the most expensive bread was made of white <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> flour.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Meat consumption grew rapidly throughout the 16th century as the price of meat fell, and poorer families who would have rarely enjoyed meat a century before now had wider access to it. Commoners living by rivers or along the coast ate seafood that was plentiful to the waters surrounding Britain, such as <a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a>, cod, oysters, <a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">whitebait</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">cockles</a>, while the wealthier classes ate <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a>, seals, crab, lobster, salmon, trout, and shrimp. Commoners ate whatever meat they could hunt, such as rabbit, blackbirds, chicken, ducks, and pigeons.<a href="#cite_note-Primary_Facts_2013-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> The nobility consumed fresh meat in such vast quantities that it constituted approximately 75% of their diet. For example, the quantities of meat procured for the court of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> in just one year included 8,200 sheep, 2,330 deer, 1,870 pigs, 1,240 oxen, 760 calves, and 53 wild boar.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pies">Pies</a> became an important staple as both food and for court theatrics; the <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">nursery rhyme</a> "<a href="/wiki/Sing_a_Song_of_Sixpence" title="Sing a Song of Sixpence">Sing a Song of Sixpence</a>", with its lyrics "Four and Twenty blackbirds / Baked in a pie. // When the pie is opened, the birds began to sing", refers to the conceit of placing live birds under a pie crust just before serving at a banquet.<a href="#cite_note-Cocker-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011105-55">[54]</a> Nobles ate costlier or more unusual varieties of meat, such as swans, lamb and mutton, veal, beef, heron, <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partridge" title="Partridge">partridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quail" title="Quail">quail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peafowl" title="Peafowl">peafowl</a>, geese, boar, and <a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">venison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Primary_Facts_2013-51">[50]</a> Royal banquets during the court of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> included unusual meats such as <a href="/wiki/Conger_eel" class="mw-redirect" title="Conger eel">conger eel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Desserts and sweet foods grew rapidly as European demand for sugar ballooned during the 16th century. Sweets in British cuisine at this time included pastry-based foods such as <a href="/wiki/Tarts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarts">tarts</a>, sweet <a href="/wiki/Flan_(pie)" title="Flan (pie)">flans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Custards" class="mw-redirect" title="Custards">custards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The 16th century saw the emergence of sweet foods such as the <a href="/wiki/Fruit_fool" title="Fruit fool">fruit fool</a>, most commonly made with gooseberries, sugar, and <a href="/wiki/Clotted_cream" title="Clotted cream">clotted cream</a>;<a href="#cite_note-OED-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllabubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabubs">syllabubs</a>, a dessert made with milk or cream, sugar, and wine,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014800-61">[60]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trifle" title="Trifle">trifle</a>, at the time a thick <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">cream</a> flavoured with <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rosewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosewater">rosewater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Trifle has remained a staple of British cuisine and is a popular sweet dish today. <a href="/wiki/Scones" class="mw-redirect" title="Scones">Scones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shortbread" title="Shortbread">shortbread</a> developed in Scotland at this time; though shortbread had been known since the 12th century, it was refined into its modern form during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> As trade with <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> increased, widespread eating of rice became more common, though it was usually in the form of a dessert, giving rise to <a href="/wiki/Rice_pudding" title="Rice pudding">rice pudding</a> in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> During the Stuart dynasty into the 17th century, trade with Africa, India, and China increased, largely through private interests, namely the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. Fruits such as bananas became more commonplace,<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> however it was the introduction of tea that would have a much more profound effect on British culinary habits. Tea remained quite expensive until the 18th century, and it was only consumed by wealthier middle class individuals and those in the nobility before that time.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Coffee, a drink derived from the beans of a plant native to <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, was introduced to Europe through Italy, and became highly successful in the mid-to-late 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Coffee houses sprang up across Britain; one, Oxford's <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Lane_Coffee_House" title="Queen's Lane Coffee House">Queen's Lane Coffee House</a>, established in 1654, is still open today as the oldest continually-serving coffee house in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast20019-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Owing to the growing appreciation of sweet foods in Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Sponge_cake" title="Sponge cake">sponge cake</a>, which would later become a defining food of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afternoon_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Afternoon tea">afternoon tea</a>, had its start in the early 17th century, which mixed flour, sugar, and eggs, seasoned with <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">anise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a> seeds.<a href="#cite_note-cake-71">[70]</a> The alcoholic beverage <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>, produced from <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a> throughout the Caribbean and North America, came to be associated with the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> at this time, when they captured the valuable sugar-producing island of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> in 1655.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue200477-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgian_era">Georgian era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Georgian era">edit</a>]</div> In 1707, the kingdoms of England (which included Wales) and Scotland united to form a new country, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>. For the vast majority of the 18th century, the new British nation was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian dynasty</a>. During this time, the British deepened their influence in India, displacing the Dutch and French as the preeminent European power in southeast Asia. Increasing British domination of global trade, cheapening of ingredients hitherto affordable only to wealthier individuals, and a burgeoning middle class led to many innovations in British cuisine, influenced by foods the British encountered in India. The 18th century saw a revolution in English cookery books, notably <a href="/wiki/The_Compleat_Housewife" title="The Compleat Housewife">The Compleat Housewife</a> in 1727 by <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Smith_(writer)" title="Eliza Smith (writer)">Eliza Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Cookery_Made_Plain_and_Easy" title="The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy">The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy</a> twenty years later by writer <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a>, which became a best seller for a century. Glasse's book not only heavily influenced British cuisine, but also early <a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American cuisine</a>, with copies owned by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rountree2003-73">[72]</a> The book contains the first known recipe in English for <a href="/wiki/Curry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Curry in the United Kingdom">curry</a>, which called for chicken to be fried in butter, ground <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a>, then stewed with cream and lemon juice added before serving, resembling the modern dish <a href="/wiki/Butter_chicken" title="Butter chicken">butter chicken</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Dishes that would become staples of British cuisine well into the 21st century were first mentioned in Glasse's book, such as <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_pudding" title="Yorkshire pudding">Yorkshire pudding</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">burgers</a> (called "Hamburgh sausage"),<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> the addition of <a href="/wiki/Gelatin_dessert" title="Gelatin dessert">jelly</a> into <a href="/wiki/Trifle" title="Trifle">trifle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Phipps-77">[76]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piccalilli" title="Piccalilli">piccalilli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Pies and other hearty snack-type foods continued to develop in variety and popularity, favoured by hunters as an easy, portable lunch. Glasse describes a "<a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> <a href="/wiki/Pork_pie" title="Pork pie">pork pie</a>", a pie filled with layers of <a href="/wiki/Pork_loin" title="Pork loin">pork loin</a> and apples, sweetened with sugar and filled with <a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">white wine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sandwich" title="Sandwich">sandwich</a>, now a global staple with countless varieties though originally referring to <a href="/wiki/Roast_beef" title="Roast beef">roast beef</a> between two slices of toasted bread, and named for <a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich</a>, gained widespread popularity in the 18th century. Montagu reputedly ordered the food during late-night sessions in <a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">gambling houses</a>, as it could be eaten without the need for cutlery, allowing him to continue his gambling uninterrupted.<a href="#cite_note-What's_Cooking_America-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_Online-81">[80]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> rapidly developing during the 18th century in Britain and the growth of a new, industrial urban-based <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>, the demand for fast, portable, and inexpensive meals grew considerably, leading to the ubiquitous adoption of the sandwich.<a href="#cite_note-encyc-82">[81]</a> Similar foods previously reserved for the upper class also started gaining popularity with the working class in other parts of the country, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_pasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish pasty">Cornish pasty</a>, favoured by miners in Cornish tin mines, working to fuel Britain's growing industry.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-grigson-85">[84]</a> Tavern-style foods which became culinary classics developed during this time, notably <a href="/wiki/Welsh_rarebit" title="Welsh rarebit">Welsh rarebit</a>, consisting of toasted bread topped with a sauce made of cheese, ale, and mustard.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roast_beef" title="Roast beef">Roast beef</a> became an entrenched staple of British culinary identity in the 18th century, so much so that a French nickname for the British (more specifically the English) is "les Rosbifs" (the roast beefs).<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> It was during the late 18th century that roast beef gained its association with the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_roast" title="Sunday roast">Sunday roast</a> dinner, a cornerstone of British cuisine. Families would place a cut of meat into the oven with root vegetables such as potatoes, turnips, and parsnips before attending the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Sunday church service</a>. Upon their return, the meal would be cooked, and the juices from the roast was then used to make a <a href="/wiki/Gravy" title="Gravy">gravy</a> to pour on top of the dinner.<a href="#cite_note-Hill2007-88">[87]</a> Though roast beef is most strongly associated with the traditional Sunday roast dinner, other meats are more commonly used today, such as chicken, lamb, pork, and sometimes duck, goose, <a href="/wiki/Gammon_(meat)" title="Gammon (meat)">gammon</a>, turkey, or other game birds.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> With the Industrial Revolution increasingly mechanising food production and advancing food science, the world's first commercial bacon processing plant was opened in Wiltshire by John Harris in the 1770s. Today, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_cure" title="Wiltshire cure">Wiltshire cured</a> bacon is prized in Britain for its quality.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Amateur plant breeder Thomas Edward Knight of Downton, near Salisbury, England, developed the world's first sweet-tasting pea.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Poorer households attempting to extend the longevity of their meat stores made them into savoury batter puddings, giving rise to the classic dish <a href="/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole" title="Toad in the hole">Toad in the hole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-92">[91]</a> Originally the dish used beef and pigeon, however it is most commonly associated today with sausages, served with vegetables and <a href="/wiki/Onion_gravy" title="Onion gravy">onion gravy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baines2014-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scouse_(food)" title="Scouse (food)">Scouse</a>, essentially a beef and root vegetable stew, developed along similar lines of thrift. The name, derived from <a href="/wiki/Lobscouse" title="Lobscouse">lobscouse</a>, is the origin of the term "Scouser", a nickname for people from <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, due to the association of the dish with that city, particularly sailors.<a href="#cite_note-FC-96">[95]</a> Sailors engaged in trade in Asia returned with knowledge of savoury sauces used as condiments. Eliza Smith subsequently published the first recipe for <a href="/wiki/Ketchup" title="Ketchup">ketchup</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_ketchup" title="Mushroom ketchup">mushroom</a> variety which used anchovies and horseradish.<a href="#cite_note-JASNA-97">[96]</a> British ketchup consequently used mushrooms rather than tomatoes as the primary ingredient, and was prepared extensively by British colonists in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cooke-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bell-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Branston-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">Chutney</a>, a type of preserved <a href="/wiki/Relish" title="Relish">relish</a> developed in India, gained huge popularity in Britain, particularly with the working class who desired ever more exotic flavours in their diet.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> The British penchant for sweet foods continued throughout the Georgian era. The staple of <a href="/wiki/Bread_and_butter_pudding" title="Bread and butter pudding">bread and butter pudding</a>, a baked custard-based dish made with bread, butter, currants, cream, eggs, and nutmeg, was first described in 1728 by Eliza Smith.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Adapting earlier recipes of Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Quince_cheese" title="Quince cheese">quince paste</a>, the Scots invented the modern form of <a href="/wiki/Marmalade" title="Marmalade">marmalade</a>; an easily spreadable fruit preserve made from <a href="/wiki/Bitter_orange" title="Bitter orange">bitter orange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Henry-104">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eccles_cake" title="Eccles cake">Eccles cakes</a>, a small flaky pastry filled with currants, emerged in the late 18th century, which still retains some popularity today particularly in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suet_pudding" title="Suet pudding">Suet pudding</a>, a boiled, steamed, or baked pudding of wheat flour, <a href="/wiki/Suet" title="Suet">suet</a>, dried fruits, and spices developed during this time, and become popular fare.<a href="#cite_note-Lehmann-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">British conquest of India</a> led to the acquisition of the large <a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_India" title="History of tea in India">Indian tea industry</a>, resulting in tea becoming cheaper to import than coffee. The ease of tea production compared to coffee<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast200113-108">[107]</a> led to tea becoming a <a href="/wiki/Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tea in the United Kingdom">British staple</a>, spreading through all classes, becoming a prominent feature of modern <a href="/wiki/British_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="British culture">British culture</a> and identity.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a>, an alcoholic beverage introduced into Britain in the latter half of the 17th century, exploded in popularity throughout the first half of the 18th century, and became extremely popular with the lower classes. Its popularity and heavy consumption was such that the British Parliament passed five major Acts to control the consumption of the drink.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victorian_era">Victorian era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Victorian era">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a> ascended the throne in 1837 and ruled until 1901.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlunkett20122-114">[113]</a> The longevity of her reign helped entrench many culinary traditions and trends. For example, she developed a love of Indian chutneys and curry, and ordered curry twice a week on average. The trend became popular among the aristocracy and, in turn, spread throughout society.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Emerging social changes also influenced the growth and development of British cuisine. Writers such as American-born <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Robins_Pennell" title="Elizabeth Robins Pennell">Elizabeth Robins Pennell</a> helped to re-cast cooking not as a duty, but as a valuable creative pursuit by framing cooking as a "high art practised by geniuses", encouraging upper and middle class Victorian women to express their own culinary creativity for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> This tied into the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> in Victorian Britain as wealth poured in from all over the Empire, and industrialisation spread into food production which cheapened ingredients, allowing more people to purchase goods previously reserved only for the very wealthy. Middle class women, in lieu of being able to afford servants and private cooks, began to make more elaborate dishes to impress guests at dinner parties.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Britain's rapid industrialisation and urbanisation in the 19th century impacted people of all socio-economic classes. Wealthy aristocrats began to have their evening meal later in the day, but still took lunch at midday. Consequently, shortly after Victoria's ascension to the throne, one of her <a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Bedchamber" title="Lady of the Bedchamber">ladies-in-waiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Russell,_Duchess_of_Bedford" title="Anna Russell, Duchess of Bedford">Anna Maria Russell</a>, began to ask for tea, bread, and cake to be delivered to her room. The habit soon spread among the aristocracy, birthing a new tradition of <a href="/wiki/Afternoon_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Afternoon tea">afternoon tea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Industrialisation helped reduce costs of ingredients thanks to mass-production, and pared-down versions of lavish meals characteristic of the upper class began to reach the middle and working class, such as the <a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast" title="Full breakfast">cooked full breakfast</a>, usually composed of fried sausage or bacon, cooked eggs, assorted sides and toast, which grew in popularity during the Victorian era.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Throughout the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jew">Iberian Jewish immigrants</a> in London introduced their method of coating fish in flour, and later <a href="/wiki/Batter_(cooking)" title="Batter (cooking)">a mix of flour and water</a>, before frying in oil.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Fish, which was plentiful, affordable, and <a href="/wiki/Friday_fast" title="Friday fast">widely eaten on Fridays</a>, led to the opening of the first <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chip_shop" title="Fish and chip shop">fish and chip shop</a> by Eastern European Jewish immigrant Joseph Malin.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Combining fried fish with <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">chips</a>, often served with <a href="/wiki/Mushy_peas" title="Mushy peas">mushy peas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tartare_sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartare sauce">tartare sauce</a> as <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a>, proved to be an incredibly popular and affordable <a href="/wiki/Takeaway_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Takeaway food">takeaway food</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The popularity of the dish has led to it being termed one of Britain's <a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">national dishes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The British staple of stewed meats further developed into more distinct dishes in the Victorian era. <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_hotpot" title="Lancashire hotpot">Lancashire hotpot</a>, a dish served in the north-west of England around Liverpool and Manchester, consisting of a mutton or lamb stew topped with sliced potatoes and baked in a heavy pot, developed as a distinct regional dish.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Like the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_roast" title="Sunday roast">Sunday roast</a>, Lancashire hotpot could be left to cook slowly while the family worked, making it a popular choice for the growing working class.<a href="#cite_note-rs-127">[126]</a> While a slowly steamed suet pudding of stewed beef had been common in British cuisine since the 18th century,<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> it was not until the mid-19th century that cooks began to add <a href="/wiki/Kidney_(food)" title="Kidney (food)">kidneys</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Steak_and_kidney_pudding" title="Steak and kidney pudding">steak and kidney pudding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Initially more of a regional dish, its ease of preparation and popularity led to it becoming recognised as a traditional British dish.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> The continuing need for inexpensive and portable foods for the predominately industrial and urban working class, which had boosted the popularity of foods such as the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_pasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish pasty">Cornish pasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sandwich" title="Sandwich">sandwich</a>, led to the popularising of the <a href="/wiki/Sausage_roll" title="Sausage roll">sausage roll</a>, consisting of seasoned sausage meat wrapped in puff pastry and baked golden-brown. While meats wrapped in dough have their origin in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, it was not until the 19th century that the sausage roll became widely available.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Sausage rolls remain an indelible aspect of British culture and a widely popular snack food; the British bakery chain <a href="/wiki/Greggs" title="Greggs">Greggs</a> sells approximately 140 million of them every year.<a href="#cite_note-telegraphgreggsvat-133">[132]</a> It was during this time that mass-produced <a href="/wiki/Condiments" class="mw-redirect" title="Condiments">condiments</a> became available thanks to industrialised food production. <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire_sauce" title="Worcestershire sauce">Worcestershire sauce</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">fermented</a> sauce made primarily of <a href="/wiki/Anchovies" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchovies">anchovies</a>, vinegar, <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a>, and spices which had its roots in Ancient Roman <a href="/wiki/Garum" title="Garum">garum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_ketchup" title="Mushroom ketchup">mushroom ketchup</a>, was developed by chemists <a href="/wiki/Lea_%26_Perrins" title="Lea & Perrins">John Wheeley Lea and William Henry Perrins</a> in the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Today, Lea & Perrins remains the world's largest brand of Worcestershire sauce.<a href="#cite_note-Heinz_Acq-136">[135]</a> In the early 19th century, Royal chefs produced <a href="/wiki/Brown_sauce" title="Brown sauce">brown sauce</a>, typically made of tomatoes and molasses. <a href="/wiki/A.1._Sauce" title="A.1. Sauce">A.1. Sauce</a> was first developed in Royal kitchens,<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> however it fell out of favour in the British domestic market, though it has enjoyed enduring popularity in American cuisine as a steak sauce.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/HP_Sauce" title="HP Sauce">HP Sauce</a>, named after the Houses of Parliament, made from tomatoes, <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>, vinegar, and spices was introduced in the late 19th century and became so popular it is now regarded as an iconic sauce of British cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> The British love of sweet foods spurred increasing innovation in the field of desserts. The world's first documented recipe for the <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_cone" title="Ice cream cone">ice cream cone</a> was published by English writer <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Marshall" title="Agnes Marshall">Agnes Marshall</a>, consisting of baked almonds.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Marshall is consequently considered the inventor of the ice cream cone.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Battenberg_cake" title="Battenberg cake">Battenberg cake</a>, made by baking yellow and pink almond sponge cakes before being cut and arranged into a chequered pattern, held together by jam and covered with <a href="/wiki/Marzipan" title="Marzipan">marzipan</a>, originated in the late 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> purpotedly named for the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine" title="Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine">Princess Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria's</a> granddaughter, to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Battenberg" title="Prince Louis of Battenberg">Prince Louis of Battenberg</a> in 1884.<a href="#cite_note-Nevin-143">[142]</a> The first printed recipe for <a href="/wiki/Eton_mess" title="Eton mess">Eton mess</a> was published in 1893, a traditional dessert consisting of a mixture of strawberries, sweet <a href="/wiki/Meringue" title="Meringue">meringue</a>, and whipped cream.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a>, popular in England in the mid-19th century, directly influenced the development of <a href="/wiki/Madeira_cake" title="Madeira cake">Madeira cake</a>, a light sponge or butter cake traditionally flavoured with lemon,<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> as an accompaniment to eat with the wine.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jam_roly-poly" title="Jam roly-poly">Jam roly-poly</a>, a simple dessert made of flat-rolled <a href="/wiki/Suet_pudding" title="Suet pudding">suet pudding</a> spread with <a href="/wiki/Jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam">jam</a> and rolled-up, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Swiss_roll" title="Swiss roll">Swiss roll</a>, then steamed or baked and served with custard first emerged in the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Its affordability, ease of production, and popularity led to it becoming a modern British classic.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Throughout the mid 19th century, innovations in food preservation and production allowed the mass-production of <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a> as a food, as opposed to primarily a drink.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010213-150">[149]</a> British <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, who were opposed to alcohol as a cause of moral sin, began to champion chocolate as an ethical alternative.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Quakers came to establish three household chocolate brands which became worldwide names: <a href="/wiki/J._S._Fry_%26_Sons" title="J. S. Fry & Sons">Fry's</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s" title="Rowntree's">Rowntree's</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> and notably, <a href="/wiki/Cadbury" title="Cadbury">Cadbury's</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> the latter of which would become the world's second-largest confectionary brand.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a> regained popularity fears of a return to the <a href="/wiki/Gin_Craze" title="Gin Craze">Gin Craze</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Beerhouse_Act_1830" title="Beerhouse Act 1830">Beerhouse Act</a>, which aimed to promote beer as a safer alternative and encourage the creation of controlled venues for workers in rapidly expanding industrial centres.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> The Act spurred a proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Public_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Public houses">public houses</a> and increased beer consumption. As the 19th century progressed, many establishments underwent lavish refurbishment to compete with <a href="/wiki/Gin_palaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Gin palaces">gin palaces</a>, and to distinguish themselves from one another, further solidifying alcohol consumption as an integral part of British culture.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/English_cuisine#Twentieth_century" title="English cuisine">English cuisine § Twentieth century</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">haute cuisine</a> of the late Victorian era and early 20th century was heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a>, with groundbreaking chefs such as <a href="/wiki/Escoffier" class="mw-redirect" title="Escoffier">Escoffier</a> recruited by the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel" title="Savoy Hotel">Savoy Hotel</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-dnb-158">[157]</a> However, British cuisine for much of the 20th century was severely impacted by the effects of <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">rationing</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World Wars</a>. The latter half of the First World War saw voluntary rationing, which limited the average citizen to a daily 1,680 calorie-ration of butter or margarine, sugar, tea, jam, bacon, and meat. Unlike elsewhere in Europe, bread was not rationed.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> During the war, average energy intake decreased by only 3%, but protein intake by 6%.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Rationing after the First World War was not lifted in full until 1921, over three years after the war's end. Rationing during the Second World War was much more significant, widespread, and tightly controlled. Rationing continued for nearly a full decade after the war, and in many aspects was even stricter than during wartime. As a result, many children of the <a href="/wiki/Silent_Generation" title="Silent Generation">Silent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baby_Boomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Boomers">Boomer</a> generations were raised without access to many previously common ingredients. For example, in 1942, many young children when questioned about bananas did not believe they were a real fruit.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Bread was not rationed until after the war ended but was replaced by a "national loaf" of wholemeal which was found to be mushy and grey.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Fish was not rationed, but <a href="/wiki/List_of_requisitioned_trawlers_of_the_Royal_Navy_(WWII)" title="List of requisitioned trawlers of the Royal Navy (WWII)">hundreds of fishing trawlers</a> were requisitioned for military use by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and fish supplies dropped by nearly a third compared to pre-war levels, resulting in prices rising.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Owing to its popularity and morale-boosting <a href="/wiki/Comfort_food" title="Comfort food">comfort food</a> qualities, <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a> was one of the few dishes not subject to rationing.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Most alcoholic drinks except beer were scarce, and there was a ban on importing sugar for brewing.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Restaurants were initially exempt from rationing, but this policy was subsequently reversed after public outrage that "luxury" foods were being enjoyed by wealthier classes while the rest of the population were subject to tightly-controlled rationing. The government subsequently introduced new restrictions on restaurants; capping prices, limiting the serving time of meals, and limiting the ingredients that could be used.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> A standard weekly ration by the war's end consisted of 4oz (113g) of bacon, 8oz of sugar, 2oz of loose tea, 2oz of cheese, 2lb of marmalade (or 1lb of either preserves or sugar), 2oz of butter, 4oz of margarine, and 2oz of lard. Additionally, 12oz of <a href="/wiki/Confectionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Confectionary">sweets</a> were allowed on a monthly basis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHome_Front_Handbook46–47-168">[167]</a> After the war ended, rationing was kept in place, partially to help feed people in European areas whose economies had been virtually destroyed by the fighting, but also because resources were unavailable to expand food production and imports. Frequent strikes, critically by dock workers, only made the situation worse.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Some people began using ration books of those who had died as a means to acquire extra food.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> In the years following the war, the bacon ration was cut by a quarter,<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> and poor harvests resulted in the introduction of potato rationing,<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> measures that were kept in place or expanded (with the exception of the new <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>) by the new <a href="/wiki/Attlee_ministry" title="Attlee ministry">Labour government</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> encouraged public anger at rationing to rally support that won them the <a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">1951 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> The Conservatives formally ended all food rationing in 1954,<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> although rationing had severely impacted the food production industry. For example, cheese production virtually ground to a halt, and some varieties of British cheese came close to disappearing altogether.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Wartime rationing and subsequent food scarcity at a time when British culinary traditions were strong likely contributed to a sharp decline of the international reputation of British cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011417–424-176">[175]</a> The Good Food Guide in the 1960s described the food of the previous decade as "intolerable" due to food shortages of even simple ingredients such as butter, cream, and meat.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> British food as a result of sexual repression gained an international reputation as bland, soggy, overcooked, and visually unappealing[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ">opinion</a>].<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Rationing helped to spur innovation in recipes as food shortages compelled creativity. The natural sweetness of carrots, a vegetable whose consumption was promoted by the government, were favoured as an alternative to sugar. <a href="/wiki/Carrot_cake" title="Carrot cake">Carrot cake</a>, though it had its origins in a late 16th-century recipe,<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> exploded in popularity across Britain.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crumble" title="Crumble">Crumble</a>, a sweet dish of baked fruit filling topped with a <a href="/wiki/Streusel" title="Streusel">streusel</a> grew in popularity during and after the war, due to the topping being easier and less expensive to produce compared to pastry.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ploughman%27s_lunch" title="Ploughman's lunch">Ploughman's lunch</a>, initially a simple rustic meal of bread, cheese, beer, and pickled onions emerged in the 1950s,<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> though it didn't achieve widespread popularity until the 1970s where it was favoured due to its simplicity, ease of preparation, and high profit margin due to it including no meat, though modern versions of the meal include <a href="/wiki/Pork_pies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork pies">pork pies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-handc71-184">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bakewell_tart" title="Bakewell tart">Bakewell tart</a>, a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Bakewell_pudding" title="Bakewell pudding">Bakewell pudding</a>, made of a shortcrust pastry shell beneath layers of jam, <a href="/wiki/Frangipane" title="Frangipane">frangipane</a>, and topped with flaked almonds developed in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-bakewellonline-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson201454-186">[185]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sticky_toffee_pudding" title="Sticky toffee pudding">sticky toffee pudding</a>, now a widely-popular dessert of a <a href="/wiki/Muffin" title="Muffin">muffin</a>-like sponge cake covered in a <a href="/wiki/Toffee" title="Toffee">toffee</a> <a href="/wiki/Sauce" title="Sauce">sauce</a> made from cream and dark sugars, served with custard or vanilla ice cream, developed in the north-west of England, where it is seem as a regional culinary symbol.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglo-Indian_cuisine">Anglo-Indian cuisine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anglo-Indian cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">Anglo-Indian cuisine</a></div> Throughout the 1970s onwards, huge waves of migration to Britain came from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. Many of these immigrants were recruited to fulfill the labour shortages that resulted from the Second World War. <a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">British Indians</a> became a distinct ethnic identity in Britain who began to incorporate their own culinary traditions to a new market. In 1951, there were only 30,000 persons of Indian descent and 10,000 of Pakistani descent living in Britain. By the turn of the millennium in 2001, there were 1,053,411 persons of Indian descent, 747,000 of Pakistani descent, and 283,063 of Bangladeshi descent living in Britain, representing a significant portion of Britain's foreign-born or foreign descent population.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Hungry for more exotic flavours that had disappeared during wartime rationing and keen to feed a diversifying clientele, Indian restaurants that had previously only catered to Indians began adapting classic Indian recipes for the British palette, and "going for an Indian" became a popular dining and takeaway option for a population recovering from the impact of war.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coronation_chicken" title="Coronation chicken">Coronation chicken</a>, a dish created for the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> in 1953, drew on Britain's historic Indian influence, by preparing boneless chicken mixed in a curry of <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>, ginger, cream, and dried apricots or <a href="/wiki/Sultana_(grape)" title="Sultana (grape)">sultanas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> The dish remains a popular sandwich filling.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">Chicken tikka masala</a>, likely created by Bangladeshi chefs in the early 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> a dish of <a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka" title="Chicken tikka">chicken tikka</a> marinated in spiced yoghurt then roasted, served in a sauce typically made of pureed tomatoes, cream, <a href="/wiki/Coconut_cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut cream">coconut cream</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Spice_mix#Masala" title="Spice mix">masala</a> spice mix, similar to <a href="/wiki/Butter_chicken" title="Butter chicken">butter chicken</a>, developed as a distinctly unique Anglo-Indian dish.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> Its popularity has led it to being termed a "true British national dish".<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> A British version of <a href="/wiki/Balti_(food)" title="Balti (food)">balti cuisine</a>, a type of curry popular in Northern India and Pakistan based on garlic, onions, turmeric, and <a href="/wiki/Garam_masala" title="Garam masala">garam masala</a> stir-fried in vegetable oil (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a> and simmered as in Indian cuisine)<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> was developed in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> British Indian dishes are largely based on the <a href="/wiki/Madras_curry" title="Madras curry">Madras curry</a> sauce, the name referring to the region of India where spices were obtained as opposed to an actual dish, and dishes are varied by modifying the base sauce.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vindaloo" title="Vindaloo">Vindaloo</a>, for example, was adapted in British cuisine from a Portuguese dish as a spicier version of the standard "medium" restaurant curry sauce, with the addition of vinegar, potatoes, and chilli peppers, and is often the spiciest dish on British Indian menus.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> A poll by <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> in 2016 found that the most popular Indian dish in Britain was the <a href="/wiki/Korma" title="Korma">korma</a> (selected by 18% of respondents), followed by <a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">chicken tikka masala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalfrezi" title="Jalfrezi">jalfrezi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_curry" title="Madras curry">madras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rogan_josh" title="Rogan josh">rogan josh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">biryani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balti_(food)" title="Balti (food)">balti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhuna">bhuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dupiaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Dupiaza">dupiaza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vindaloo" title="Vindaloo">vindaloo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a> is now the most popular foreign cuisine in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Chinese_cuisine">British Chinese cuisine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: British Chinese cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British Chinese cuisine</a></div> Like Indian food, hunger for more exotic flavours spurred the development of a distinct version of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a> that had been adapted for British tastes.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> British rule over <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a> became an integral part of international shipping routes, and many European companies enlisted Southern Chinese men as sailors, who in turn resettled in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> As with Indian immigrants, Britain recruited large numbers of Chinese peoples in the 1950s and 1960s to fill the labour void that had been created as a result of the war. Consequently the number of Chinese food establishments doubled, with a large portion of these catering to non-Chinese clientele.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> These restaurants were largely operated by Hong Kongers who had resettled in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chip_shops" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish and chip shops">fish and chip shops</a>, particularly in Liverpool, were operated by Chinese immigrants,<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> which resulted in <a href="/wiki/Curry_sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Curry sauce">curry sauce</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">chips</a>, staple foods in British chip shops, being incorporated into Anglicised Chinese food in a departure from authentic Chinese cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> British Chinese restaurants have developed original recipes, such as <a href="/wiki/Crispy_duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Crispy duck">crispy duck pancakes</a> as a variation on peking duck;<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> jar jow, a stir-fried dish of sliced <a href="/wiki/Char_siu" title="Char siu">char siu</a>, bamboo shoots, onions, and green peppers seasoned with chilli powder and tomato paste;<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt_and_pepper_chips" title="Salt and pepper chips">salt and pepper chips</a>, made of chips stir-fried with <a href="/wiki/Five-spice_powder" title="Five-spice powder">five-spice powder</a>, peppers, and onions.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> However, American-style Chinese dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Chop_suey" title="Chop suey">chop suey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chow_mein#American_Chinese_cuisine" title="Chow mein">Americanised chow mein</a> have become more popular, as well as increasingly authentic Chinese dishes.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> British Chinese cuisine is considered a major component of British cuisine owing to its widespread popularity;<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> in 2017, over 80% of Londoners reported having been to a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_takeaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese takeaway">Chinese takeaway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> By the end of the century, virtually every city, town, and village in Britain had at least one Chinese takeaway or restaurant.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_influence_and_modern_British_cuisine">Foreign influence and modern British cuisine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign influence and modern British cuisine">edit</a>]</div> Writers such as <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_David" title="Elizabeth David">Elizabeth David</a>, who from 1950 produced evocative books beginning with <a href="/wiki/A_Book_of_Mediterranean_Food" title="A Book of Mediterranean Food">A Book of Mediterranean Food</a> featuring ingredients which were then virtually impossible to find in Britain, helped increase Britain's appetite for foreign cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010191–195-216">[215]</a> David helped to inspire <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a> to become the most popular <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisine</a> in Britain. While Italian restaurants had operated in Britain before the Second World War, they served generalised <a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">haute cuisine</a>. It was only after the war that cheaper Italian coffee bars appeared, trading on their Italian identity and selling cheap and rustic Italian dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Minestrone" title="Minestrone">minestrone</a> soup, <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti" title="Spaghetti">spaghetti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a>. From the early 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Trattoria" title="Trattoria">trattoria</a> restaurants offered more elaborate dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Lasagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasagne">lasagne</a> verdi al forno, which is baked lasagne coloured with spinach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010117–118,_166–167-217">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/PizzaExpress" title="PizzaExpress">PizzaExpress</a>, now a multinational pizza restaurant chain, was founded in 1965 in London by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Boizot" title="Peter Boizot">Peter Boizot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> The popularity of Italian food in Britain has led to an increasing demand for more authentic Italian cuisine, as with Indian and Chinese food.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Other Mediterranean influences include <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Moussaka" title="Moussaka">moussaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">feta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taramasalata" title="Taramasalata">taramasalata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a> <a href="/wiki/Doner_kebab" title="Doner kebab">doner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shish_kebab" title="Shish kebab">shish</a> kebabs, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Levantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a> in Britain is predominately expressed as a haute cuisine restricted to expensive restaurants, although some inexpensive French <a href="/wiki/Bistros" class="mw-redirect" title="Bistros">bistros</a> operate in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> From the 1980s onwards, <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a> cuisine began to gain popularity in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010170–172,_201–203-222">[221]</a> From the 1970s, as foreign holidays, increasing numbers of foreign-style restaurants, and increasing accessibility to a wider range of fresh ingredients widened the popularity of foreign cuisine, there was an increased push to recognise a distinctly unique British cuisine. The <a href="/wiki/English_Tourist_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="English Tourist Board">English Tourist Board</a> campaigned for restaurants to include more traditional and regional British dishes on their menus. In the 1980s and particularly the 1990s, this developed into a style of cooking known as "Modern British" as an effort to construct a national cuisine for the tourist industry, reinterpreting classic British dishes and fusing them with foreign influence.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> Some British dishes became more associated with a distinctly British haute cuisine such as <a href="/wiki/Beef_Wellington" title="Beef Wellington">Beef Wellington</a>, a dish of flash-seared <a href="/wiki/Beef_tenderloin" title="Beef tenderloin">beef tenderloin</a> coated in <a href="/wiki/English_mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="English mustard">English mustard</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Duxelles" title="Duxelles">duxelles</a> of mushrooms, onions, herbs, and black pepper, sometimes bound with <a href="/wiki/Prosciutto" title="Prosciutto">prosciutto</a> or <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">pâté</a>, and wrapped in either shortcrust or puff pastry, brushed with egg-wash and baked.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Celebrity_chefs">Celebrity chefs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Celebrity chefs">edit</a>]</div> The modern phenomenon of television "celebrity chefs" began in Britain with <a href="/wiki/Philip_Harben" title="Philip Harben">Philip Harben</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Cradock" title="Fanny Cradock">Fanny Cradock</a>, who appeared on television shows throughout the 1950s to the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Toward the end of the century in the 1980s and 1990s, with greater public access to radio and television, the phenomenon reached new heights when gaining a <a href="/wiki/Michelin_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelin star">Michelin star</a> increased the profile and reputation of chefs. <a href="/wiki/Marco_Pierre_White" title="Marco Pierre White">Marco Pierre White</a> became the youngest chef in the world, as well as the first British chef, to achieve three Michelin stars,<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> a record he held for 8 years,<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> and has been dubbed as the first true celebrity chef.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> White's popularity made him a household name, and one of his cookbooks, <a href="/wiki/White_Heat_(book)" title="White Heat (book)">White Heat</a>, has been described as "possibly the most influential recipe book of the last 20 years".<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> One of White's protégés, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Ramsay" title="Gordon Ramsay">Gordon Ramsay</a>, achieved considerable success in London which led to the commissioning of <a href="/wiki/Boiling_Point_(miniseries)" title="Boiling Point (miniseries)">Boiling Point</a>, following Ramsay's <a href="/wiki/Restaurant_Gordon_Ramsay" title="Restaurant Gordon Ramsay">eponymous solo restaurant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> Ramsay's aggressive and fiery persona contributed to his success with a wide variety of other television shows, and he consequently became one of the most influential chefs in the world.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> Ramsay's restaurants have earned a total of 17 Michelin stars, the third highest for a single chef in the world.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> Dedicated food-related television channels and programming such as the <a href="/wiki/Good_Food_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Food Channel">Good Food Channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ready_Steady_Cook" title="Ready Steady Cook">Ready Steady Cook</a> led to chefs such as <a href="/wiki/Rick_Stein" title="Rick Stein">Rick Stein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Oliver" title="Jamie Oliver">Jamie Oliver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ainsley_Harriott" title="Ainsley Harriott">Ainsley Harriott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Rhodes" title="Gary Rhodes">Gary Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delia_Smith" title="Delia Smith">Delia Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigella_Lawson" title="Nigella Lawson">Nigella Lawson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Slater" title="Nigel Slater">Nigel Slater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Floyd" title="Keith Floyd">Keith Floyd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Hopkinson" title="Simon Hopkinson">Simon Hopkinson</a> becoming household names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2010191–195-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> British cuisine has continued to evolve throughout the 21st century. Some of Britain's more classic dishes have fallen out of favour with the modern British public. A 2021 survey by Mortar Research found more than 28% of Britons had never eaten <a href="/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole" title="Toad in the hole">toad in the hole</a>, and many traditional dishes and ingredients were believed to be imaginary by the following margins: 20% for toad in the hole, 18% for <a href="/wiki/Spotted_dick" title="Spotted dick">spotted dick</a>, 13% for <a href="/wiki/Eton_mess" title="Eton mess">Eton mess</a>, 11% for <a href="/wiki/Bangers_and_mash" title="Bangers and mash">bangers and mash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotch_egg" title="Scotch egg">Scotch eggs</a>, and 10% for <a href="/wiki/Black_pudding" title="Black pudding">black pudding</a>. However, other classic foods remained popular, with 90% having eaten a <a href="/wiki/Cornish_pasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish pasty">Cornish pasty</a> at some point in their lives.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> Snack foods such as sausage rolls also remain popular, with the bakery chain <a href="/wiki/Greggs" title="Greggs">Greggs</a> selling 140 million per year.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> Eating habits and recipes have been affected by rising <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a>; a 2021 <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> survey found 8% of Britons were now eating a plant-based diet, and more than a third said they were interested in becoming vegan.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> In 2023, government reports found that meat and fish consumption were at their lowest levels since record-keeping began in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> Debora Robertson, writing in <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, argues that all aspects of British cuisine has undergone a culinary revolution, shedding the spectres of wartime rationing and post-war food scarcity, and its standards now rivals that of France.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> This has been reflected in the number of <a href="/wiki/Michelin_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelin star">Michelin starred</a> restaurants in Britain: the 2024 Michelin Guide awarded 9 restaurants in Britain with the coveted three stars, with six of them in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> alone,<a href="#cite_note-244">[b]</a> more than any other city in the world except for <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/The_Waterside_Inn" title="The Waterside Inn">The Waterside Inn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bray,_Berkshire" title="Bray, Berkshire">Bray</a> became the first restaurant outside of France to retain three Michelin stars for a quarter of a century.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Fat_Duck" title="The Fat Duck">The Fat Duck</a>, a three-Michelin-star restaurant, also in Bray, was named the world's best restaurant in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> As of the 2024 guide, there are 185 restaurants in Britain with at least one Michelin star; 165 in England, 11 in Scotland, 6 in Wales, and 3 in Northern Ireland, only 75 fewer than the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> The late 1990s and particularly the early 21st century saw a major shift in British <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pubs</a>. While many pubs had a long tradition of serving food, owing to their historic heritage as traveller's inns, most pubs were solely drinking establishments and little emphasis was placed on food, other than simple meals such as sandwiches, and bar snacks, usually <a href="/wiki/Pork_rind" title="Pork rind">pork scratchings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickled_eggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickled eggs">pickled eggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato_chip" title="Potato chip">crisps</a>, and peanuts. These foods with their strong emphasis on salt, which dries out the mouth, were specifically intended to increase beer sales.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> By the turn of the century with the widespread introduction of <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave ovens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">frozen food</a>, the quality of food pubs served declined but variety increased, with most pubs serving <a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">steak and ale pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_pie" title="Shepherd's pie">shepherd's pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangers_and_mash" title="Bangers and mash">bangers and mash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunday_roast" title="Sunday roast">Sunday roast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ploughman%27s_lunch" title="Ploughman's lunch">ploughman's lunch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">chicken tikka masala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pasty" title="Pasty">pasties</a>, as well as foods typically indicative of other cultures, such as <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">burgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_wing" title="Buffalo wing">chicken wings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasagne">lasagne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chilli_con_carne" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilli con carne">chilli con carne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> In 1991 the term gastropub, a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Gastronomy" title="Gastronomy">gastronomy</a>" and "pub", was coined when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over The Eagle pub in London.<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gastropub" title="Gastropub">Gastropubs</a> are defined as pubs that serve high-quality food comparable with a restaurant, with a near equal emphasis on eating and drinking.<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> Gastropubs caused a significant shift in British dining and pub culture,<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> with the term being added to Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary in 2012,<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a> and the gastropub concept being exported overseas where it found significant popularity in the United States<a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a> and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a> The renewed emphasis on food quality in gastropubs has led many to be awarded <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin stars</a>: the gastropub <a href="/wiki/The_Hand_%26_Flowers" title="The Hand & Flowers">The Hand & Flowers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marlow,_Buckinghamshire" title="Marlow, Buckinghamshire">Marlow</a> became the first pub to ever be awarded two Michelin stars.<a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> The popularity and growth of gastropubs has been such that, in 2011, <a href="/wiki/The_Good_Food_Guide" title="The Good Food Guide">The Good Food Guide</a> suggested that there was no longer any need to distinguish traditional pubs from gastropubs in any meaningful way, and the term had become irrelevant.<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> Gastropubs have attracted criticism, however, from those arguing that they have <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrified</a> traditional pubs, causing them to lose their quaint character.<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> In recent years, there has been a growing movement to revive traditional British bread-making. Chef <a href="/wiki/Michel_Albert_Roux" title="Michel Albert Roux">Michel Roux Jr</a> highlighted the decline of artisanal baking in Britain, and the need to return to traditional methods. Roux has emphasised the importance of making bread with simple, natural ingredients and the benefits of supporting local, independent bakeries. He hopes that public awareness and consumer choices will help preserve this aspect of Britain's culinary heritage.<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_dishes">Popular dishes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Popular dishes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunday_roast_-_roast_beef_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sunday_roast_-_roast_beef_1.jpg/250px-Sunday_roast_-_roast_beef_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sunday_roast_-_roast_beef_1.jpg/330px-Sunday_roast_-_roast_beef_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sunday_roast_-_roast_beef_1.jpg/500px-Sunday_roast_-_roast_beef_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sunday_roast" title="Sunday roast">Sunday roast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roast_beef" title="Roast beef">roast beef</a>, roast potatoes, vegetables and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_pudding" title="Yorkshire pudding">Yorkshire pudding</a></figcaption></figure> According to a 2019 survey by YouGov, the most popular British food is the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_pudding" title="Yorkshire pudding">Yorkshire pudding</a>, which over 85% of Brits say they like, closely followed by Sunday roasts and fish and chips. The least popular was jellied eels, which only 6% of those who had tried it liked. Scones and <a href="/wiki/Sponge_cake" title="Sponge cake">Victoria sponge</a> are the most popular sweet foods, while the <a href="/wiki/Deep-fried_Mars_bar" title="Deep-fried Mars bar">Deep-fried Mars bar</a> is the least popular.<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> Curries are a large part of British cuisine, with cooks in the United Kingdom creating curries distinct to the country. <a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">Chicken tikka masala</a>, which comprises 15 per cent of orders in British Indian restaurants, was called "a true British national dish" by the Foreign Secretary Robin Cook in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> Generally, <a href="/wiki/Curry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Curry in the United Kingdom">British curries</a> are thicker and sweeter than their Indian counterparts. Furthermore, curry sauces in Britain are interchangeable between meats, while in India different meats have non-interchangeable sauces.<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a> A key ingredient to a British curry is <a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">curry powder</a>, a "British concoction" of spices.<a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_cuisines">National cuisines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: National cuisines">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: English">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English cuisine</a></div> <a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English cuisine</a> has distinctive attributes of its own, but also shares much with wider British cuisine, partly through the importation of ingredients and ideas from <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> during the time of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and as a result of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">post-war</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom_since_1922" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922">immigration</a>. Some traditional meals, such as <a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausages</a>, bread and <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>, roasted and stewed meats, <a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">meat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_pie" title="Game pie">game pies</a>, boiled vegetables and broths, and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_fish" title="Saltwater fish">saltwater fish</a> have ancient origins. The 14th-century English cookery book, the <a href="/wiki/Forme_of_Cury" class="mw-redirect" title="Forme of Cury">Forme of Cury</a>, contains recipes for these, and dates from the royal court of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Irish">Northern Irish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Northern Irish">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish cuisine</a></div> Northern Ireland's culinary heritage has its roots in the staple diet of generations of farming families—bread and potatoes.<a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> Historically, limited availability of ingredients and low levels of immigration resulted in restricted variety and relative isolation from wider international culinary influences. The 21st century has seen significant changes in local cuisine, characterised by an increase in the variety, quantity and quality of <a href="/wiki/Gastropubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropubs">gastropubs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Restaurants" class="mw-redirect" title="Restaurants">restaurants</a>. There are currently three <a href="/wiki/Michelin_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelin star">Michelin star</a> restaurants in Northern Ireland, all of which specialise in traditional dishes made using local ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scottish">Scottish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Scottish">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish cuisine</a></div> Scottish cuisine has closer links to Scandinavia and France than English cuisine has.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014724–725-271">[267]</a> Traditional Scottish dishes include <a href="/wiki/Bannock_(British_food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannock (British food)">bannocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brose" title="Brose">brose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cullen_skink" title="Cullen skink">cullen skink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dundee_cake" title="Dundee cake">Dundee cake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haggis" title="Haggis">haggis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marmalade" title="Marmalade">marmalade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scotch_broth" title="Scotch broth">Scotch broth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014724–725-271">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> The cuisines of the northern islands of <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> are distinctively different from that of mainland Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014724–725-271">[267]</a> The nation is known for <a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">its whiskies</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welsh">Welsh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Welsh">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh cuisine</a></div> Welsh cuisine in the Middle Ages was limited in range; <a href="/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales" title="Gerald of Wales">Gerald of Wales</a>, chaplain to <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>, wrote after an 1188 tour that "The whole population lives almost entirely on oats and the produce of their herds, milk, cheese and butter. You must not expect a variety of dishes from a Welsh kitchen, and there are no highly-seasoned titbits to whet your appetite."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014858–859-273">[269]</a> In modern times, the cuisine includes recipes for Welsh <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a>, and dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Cawl" title="Cawl">cawl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_rarebit" title="Welsh rarebit">Welsh rarebit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laverbread" title="Laverbread">laverbread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_cake" title="Welsh cake">Welsh cakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bara_brith" title="Bara brith">bara brith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_sausage" title="Glamorgan sausage">Glamorgan sausage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014858–859-273">[269]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Example dishes of the four nations</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tea_and_scones_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="English tea with scones"><img alt="English tea with scones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tea_and_scones_2.jpg/330px-Tea_and_scones_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tea_and_scones_2.jpg/500px-Tea_and_scones_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tea_and_scones_2.jpg/960px-Tea_and_scones_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">English <a href="/wiki/Tea_(meal)#Afternoon_tea" title="Tea (meal)">tea</a> with <a href="/wiki/Scones" class="mw-redirect" title="Scones">scones</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 228.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_W_Bell_Soda_Bread_Farl_05_June_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern Irish soda bread farl"><img alt="Northern Irish soda bread farl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ben_W_Bell_Soda_Bread_Farl_05_June_2007.jpg/500px-Ben_W_Bell_Soda_Bread_Farl_05_June_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ben_W_Bell_Soda_Bread_Farl_05_June_2007.jpg/515px-Ben_W_Bell_Soda_Bread_Farl_05_June_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ben_W_Bell_Soda_Bread_Farl_05_June_2007.jpg/686px-Ben_W_Bell_Soda_Bread_Farl_05_June_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="481" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Northern Irish <a href="/wiki/Soda_bread#Ireland" title="Soda bread">soda bread farl</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Haggis_neeps_and_tatties.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scottish haggis, neeps and tatties"><img alt="Scottish haggis, neeps and tatties" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Haggis_neeps_and_tatties.jpg/300px-Haggis_neeps_and_tatties.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Haggis_neeps_and_tatties.jpg/451px-Haggis_neeps_and_tatties.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Haggis_neeps_and_tatties.jpg/600px-Haggis_neeps_and_tatties.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scottish <a href="/wiki/Haggis" title="Haggis">haggis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neeps" class="mw-redirect" title="Neeps">neeps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tatties" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatties">tatties</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cawl_Cymreig.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Welsh cawl"><img alt="Welsh cawl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cawl_Cymreig.jpg/328px-Cawl_Cymreig.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Cawl_Cymreig.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="315" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Welsh <a href="/wiki/Cawl" title="Cawl">cawl</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/40px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/60px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/120px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_breads" title="List of British breads">List of British breads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_desserts" title="List of British desserts">List of British desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_food_and_drink_products_with_protected_status" title="List of United Kingdom food and drink products with protected status">List of United Kingdom food and drink products with protected status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_dishes" title="List of English dishes">List of English dishes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Cury here means cooking, related to French cuire, to cook. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> These include: <a href="/wiki/Restaurant_Gordon_Ramsay" title="Restaurant Gordon Ramsay">Restaurant Gordon Ramsay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Ducasse_at_The_Dorchester" title="Alain Ducasse at The Dorchester">Alain Ducasse at The Dorchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sketch_(restaurant)" title="Sketch (restaurant)">Sketch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clare_Smyth" title="Clare Smyth">Core by Clare Smyth</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Darroze" title="Hélène Darroze">Hélène Darroze at The Connaught</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Ledbury" title="The Ledbury">The Ledbury</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Paris has 10, and Tokyo 12. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> has 7 three-starred restaurants, but is a special administrative region of China, and not a city. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> The Michelin Guide does not distinguish <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> as separate from <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, and treats the entire island as one entity for Guide purposes. There are 3 restaurants in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> with Michelin stars. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2003" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, Colin (2003). 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The Herb Society of Nashville. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herbsocietynashville.org/gardening.htm">the original</a> on 20 September 2011. <q>Following Montezuma's capture, one of Cortés' officers saw him drinking "chocolatl" (made of powdered cocoa beans and ground corn flavored with ground vanilla pods and honey). The Spanish tried this drink themselves and were so impressed by this new taste sensation that they took samples back to Spain.' and 'Actually it was vanilla rather than the chocolate that made a bigger hit and by 1700 the use of vanilla was spread over all of Europe. Mexico became the leading producer of vanilla for three centuries. – Excerpted from 'Spices of the World Cookbook' by McCormick and 'The Book of Spices' by Frederic Rosengarten, Jr</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Spice&rft.pub=The+Herb+Society+of+Nashville&rft.au=The+Herb+Society+of+Nashville&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herbsocietynashville.org%2Fgardening.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014836-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014836_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidson2014">Davidson 2014</a>, p. 836. </li> <li id="cite_note-ERoS-46"><a href="#cite_ref-ERoS_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Exchequer Rolls of Scotland 1494–95. 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Retrieved 16 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=primaryfacts.com&rft.atitle=Tudor+Food+and+Drink%3A+Facts+and+Information+%7C+Primary+Facts&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimaryfacts.com%2F476%2Ftudor-food-and-drink-facts-and-information%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tudorhistory.org/topics/food/menu.html">"The Medieval Menu"</a>. tudorhistory.org. 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Retrieved 1 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Epicurious&rft.atitle=The+Murky%2C+Salty+Mystery+of+Worcestershire+Sauce&rft.date=2023-01-11&rft.aulast=Zuras&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epicurious.com%2Fingredients%2Fhistory-of-worcestershire-sauce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Keogh, Brian (1997) The Secret Sauce: a History of Lea & Perrins <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9532169-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9532169-1-8">978-0-9532169-1-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heinz_Acq-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Heinz_Acq_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050816005517/en/Heinz-Acquires-Leading-Sauce-Brands-Including-Lea">"Heinz Acquires Leading Sauce Brands, Including Lea & Perrins(R), From Groupe Danone for US$820 Million; Transaction Accelerates Growth in Global Condiments and Sauces"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225065027/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050816005517/en/Heinz-Acquires-Leading-Sauce-Brands-Including-Lea">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Heinz+Acquires+Leading+Sauce+Brands%2C+Including+Lea+%26+Perrins%28R%29%2C+From+Groupe+Danone+for+US%24820+Million%3B+Transaction+Accelerates+Growth+in+Global+Condiments+and+Sauces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20050816005517%2Fen%2FHeinz-Acquires-Leading-Sauce-Brands-Including-Lea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris2004" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Evan (2004). From Altoids to Zima: the surprising stories behind 125 brand names. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5797-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5797-8"><bdi>978-0-7432-5797-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Altoids+to+Zima%3A+the+surprising+stories+behind+125+brand+names&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-5797-8&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110203259/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/after-50-years-a1-steak-sauce-ends-exclusive-relationship-with-beef-drops-steak-from-name-and-friends-other-foods-2014-05-15">"After 50 Years, A.1. Steak Sauce Ends Exclusive Relationship With Beef, Drops 'Steak' From Name And Friends Other Foods"</a>. MarketWatch.com. 15 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/after-50-years-a1-steak-sauce-ends-exclusive-relationship-with-beef-drops-steak-from-name-and-friends-other-foods-2014-05-15">the original</a> on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MarketWatch.com&rft.atitle=After+50+Years%2C+A.1.+Steak+Sauce+Ends+Exclusive+Relationship+With+Beef%2C+Drops+%27Steak%27+From+Name+And+Friends+Other+Foods&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Fafter-50-years-a1-steak-sauce-ends-exclusive-relationship-with-beef-drops-steak-from-name-and-friends-other-foods-2014-05-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139">'<a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> 9 May 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_midlands/4754351.stm"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_midlands/4754351.stm">Great British' sauce heads abroad</a>. 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London: Reaktion Books. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-992-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-992-7"><bdi>978-1-86189-992-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ice+Cream%3A+A+Global+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-992-7&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Laura+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfjxfkqnSFiQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCook2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, Sarah (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/1120657/battenberg-cake">"Battenberg Cake"</a>. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 243–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931339-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931339-6"><bdi>978-0-19-931339-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Sugar+and+Sweets&rft.pages=243-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-931339-6&rft.au=Darra+Goldstein&rft.au=Sidney+Mintz&rft.au=Michael+Krondl&rft.au=Laura+Mason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djbi6BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cookitsimply.com/recipe-0010-0o12363.html">"English Madeira Cake"</a>. cookitsimply. 2010. 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Retrieved 31 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Petit+C%C3%B4t%C3%A9&rft.atitle=%23Toutsavoir+%3A+la+fabuleuse+histoire+du+Carrot+Cake&rft.date=2019-09-11&rft.au=Capucine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.petitcote.fr%2Fpost%2Fla-fabuleuse-histoire-du-carrot-cake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFearnley-Whittingstall2008" class="citation news cs1">Fearnley-Whittingstall, Hugh (18 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/oct/18/crumble-cobbler-recipes">"Simply the best"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001004527/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/oct/18/crumble-cobbler-recipes">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Simply+the+best&rft.date=2008-10-18&rft.aulast=Fearnley-Whittingstall&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2008%2Foct%2F18%2Fcrumble-cobbler-recipes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070708181211/http://oed.com/bbcwords/ploughman-new.html">"ploughman (draft revision)"</a>. OED Online. Oxford OX2 6DP, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. January 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/bbcwords/ploughman-new.html">the original</a> on 8 July 2007. Retrieved 29 April 2009. <q>[1958 Times 29 Apr. (Beer in Britain Suppl.) p. xiv/2 In a certain inn to-day you have only to say, 'Ploughboy's Lunch, please,' and for a shilling there is bread and cheese and pickled onions to go with your pint, and make a meal seasoned with gossip, and not solitary amid a multitude.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OED+Online&rft.atitle=ploughman+%28draft+revision%29&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fbbcwords%2Fploughman-new.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-handc71-184"><a href="#cite_ref-handc71_184-0">^</a> Lippert, "The choice is cheese", Hotelier and Caterer, v.22 (1989), 71 </li> <li id="cite_note-bakewellonline-185"><a href="#cite_ref-bakewellonline_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bakewellonline.co.uk/documents/the_history_of_the_bakewell_pudding/">"The Bakewell Pudding"</a>. Bakewell Online. Retrieved 5 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bakewell+Online&rft.atitle=The+Bakewell+Pudding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbakewellonline.co.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fthe_history_of_the_bakewell_pudding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson201454-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson201454_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidson2014">Davidson 2014</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacEacheran2021" class="citation web cs1">MacEacheran, Mike (16 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210715-the-contentious-origins-of-englands-famous-pudding">"The contentious origins of England's famous pudding"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 24 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+contentious+origins+of+England%27s+famous+pudding&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2021-07-16&rft.aulast=MacEacheran&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20210715-the-contentious-origins-of-englands-famous-pudding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeach2005" class="citation book cs1">Peach, Ceri (2005). "Britain's Muslim population: An overview". In Abbas, Tahir (ed.). Muslim Britain: Communities under Pressure. London: <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. pp. 18–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84277-449-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84277-449-2"><bdi>1-84277-449-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+Muslim+population%3A+An+overview&rft.btitle=Muslim+Britain%3A+Communities+under+Pressure&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84277-449-2&rft.aulast=Peach&rft.aufirst=Ceri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2005" class="citation book cs1">Abbas, Tahir (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GDMTeC_WB0oC&pg=PA23">Muslim Britain: Communities under pressure</a>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-449-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-449-6"><bdi>978-1-84277-449-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Britain%3A+Communities+under+pressure&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-449-6&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Tahir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGDMTeC_WB0oC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuettner" class="citation web cs1">Buettner, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southalabama.edu/history/faculty/rogers/357/articles/Going%20for%20an%20Indian.pdf">""Going for an Indian": South Asian Restaurants and the Limits of Multiculturalism in Britain"</a> (PDF). southalabama.edu. Retrieved 11 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Going+for+an+Indian%22%3A+South+Asian+Restaurants+and+the+Limits+of+Multiculturalism+in+Britain&rft.pub=southalabama.edu&rft.aulast=Buettner&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southalabama.edu%2Fhistory%2Ffaculty%2Frogers%2F357%2Farticles%2FGoing%2520for%2520an%2520Indian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/recipes/5428598/The-real...-Coronation-Chicken.html">"The real... Coronation Chicken"</a>. www.telegraph.co.uk. 4 June 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+real...+Coronation+Chicken&rft.date=2009-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffoodanddrink%2Frecipes%2F5428598%2FThe-real...-Coronation-Chicken.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Sunday_Times2007" class="citation news cs1">The Sunday Times (1 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204083947/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/recipes/article1980009.ece">"Coronation Chicken"</a>. Times Online. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/recipes/article1980009.ece">the original</a> on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Online&rft.atitle=Coronation+Chicken&rft.date=2007-07-01&rft.au=The+Sunday+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Flife_and_style%2Ffood_and_drink%2Frecipes%2Farticle1980009.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThakerBarton2012" class="citation book cs1">Thaker, Aruna; Barton, Arlene (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YF1YCg5Ig-EC&pg=PA74">Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405173582" title="Special:BookSources/9781405173582"><bdi>9781405173582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicultural+Handbook+of+Food%2C+Nutrition+and+Dietetics&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781405173582&rft.aulast=Thaker&rft.aufirst=Aruna&rft.au=Barton%2C+Arlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYF1YCg5Ig-EC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2019" class="citation web cs1">Irwin, Heather (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sonomamag.com/a-butter-chicken-vs-tikka-masala-showdown-at-cumin-in-santa-rosa/">"A Butter Chicken Vs. Tikka Masala Showdown at Cumin in Santa Rosa"</a>. Sonoma Magazine. Retrieved 11 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sonoma+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Butter+Chicken+Vs.+Tikka+Masala+Showdown+at+Cumin+in+Santa+Rosa&rft.date=2019-09&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonomamag.com%2Fa-butter-chicken-vs-tikka-masala-showdown-at-cumin-in-santa-rosa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity">"Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech"</a>. The Guardian. London. 25 February 2002. Retrieved 19 April 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Robin+Cook%27s+chicken+tikka+masala+speech&rft.date=2002-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2001%2Fapr%2F19%2Frace.britishidentity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarwicker2012" class="citation web cs1">Warwicker, Michelle (19 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-18494918">"What makes the Birmingham Balti unique?"</a>. BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 15 November 2015. <q>"People like (it)... sizzling and hot and with the naan bread," said Mohammed Arif, owner of Adil Balti and Tandoori Restaurant, in the Balti Triangle in Birmingham. Mr Arif claims to be first man to introduce the balti to Britain—after bringing the idea from Kashmir—when he opened his restaurant in 1977. He said that before he "recommended the balti in the UK" in the late '70s, "there was different curry" in Britain, "not like this fresh cooking one".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=What+makes+the+Birmingham+Balti+unique%3F&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft.aulast=Warwicker&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-birmingham-18494918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041226192245/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/17/stories/2003071700130200.htm">"Baltistan's mystery food"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 17 July 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/17/stories/2003071700130200.htm">the original</a> on 26 December 2004. Retrieved 18 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Baltistan%27s+mystery+food&rft.date=2003-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fthehindu%2Fmp%2F2003%2F07%2F17%2Fstories%2F2003071700130200.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> "Every restaurant has a large pan of this sauce always at hand, with the recipe varying only slightly from Chef to Chef. It forms the base of all Restaurant curries from the very mild to the very hot and spicy." Khris Dillon The Curry Secret <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7160-0809-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7160-0809-2">0-7160-0809-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPat_Chapman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Chapman" title="Pat Chapman">Pat Chapman</a> (2004). The New Curry Bible. 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Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yougov.co.uk&rft.atitle=Classic+British+cuisine+ranked+by+Britons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyougov.co.uk%2Ftopics%2Fconsumer%2Farticles-reports%2F2019%2F06%2F12%2Fclassic-british-cuisine-ranked-britons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://britishheritage.com/lets-go-for-a-curry/">"Britain's favourite dish - let's go for a curry"</a>. British Heritage. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Heritage&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+favourite+dish+-+let%27s+go+for+a+curry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbritishheritage.com%2Flets-go-for-a-curry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnand2010" class="citation web cs1">Anand, Anjum (21 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/apr/21/british-curry-india-tikka-masala">"Sweet and murky: the British curry"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sweet+and+murky%3A+the+British+curry&rft.date=2010-04-21&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=Anjum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2010%2Fapr%2F21%2Fbritish-curry-india-tikka-masala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/india/639435/the-indian-curry-is-merely-a-figment-of-the-british-colonial-imagination/">"The Indian curry is merely a figment of the British colonial imagination"</a>. Quartz. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=The+Indian+curry+is+merely+a+figment+of+the+British+colonial+imagination&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2Findia%2F639435%2Fthe-indian-curry-is-merely-a-figment-of-the-british-colonial-imagination%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dickson_Wright" title="Clarissa Dickson Wright">Dickson Wright, Clarissa</a> (2011) A History of English Food. London: Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905-21185-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905-21185-2">978-1-905-21185-2</a>. Pages 46, 52-53, 363-365 </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetradio.co.uk/downtown/local/news/15-amazing-traditional-ni-food-drink-love">"Downtown Radio website"</a>. Downtown Radio. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Downtown+Radio&rft.atitle=Downtown+Radio+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanetradio.co.uk%2Fdowntown%2Flocal%2Fnews%2F15-amazing-traditional-ni-food-drink-love&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovernorthernireland.com/things-to-do/food-and-drink/michelin-rated-restaurants/">"Michelin-rated restaurants"</a>. discovernorthernireland.com. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michelin-rated+restaurants&rft.pub=discovernorthernireland.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovernorthernireland.com%2Fthings-to-do%2Ffood-and-drink%2Fmichelin-rated-restaurants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014724–725-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014724–725_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014724–725_271-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014724–725_271-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidson2014">Davidson 2014</a>, pp. 724–725. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Davidson comments that the best starting point is the classic book: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill1929" class="citation book cs1">McNeill, F. Marian (1929). The Scots Kitchen. Blackie & Son. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/892036202">892036202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scots+Kitchen&rft.pub=Blackie+%26+Son&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F892036202&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=F.+Marian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988">.<a href="#CITEREFDavidson2014">Davidson 2014</a>, pp. 724–725 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014858–859-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014858–859_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014858–859_273-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidson2014">Davidson 2014</a>, pp. 858–859. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlue2004" class="citation book cs1">Blue, Anthony Dias (2004). The Complete Book of Spirits: A Guide to Their History, Production, and Enjoyment. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-054218-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-054218-4"><bdi>978-0-06-054218-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+Spirits%3A+A+Guide+to+Their+History%2C+Production%2C+and+Enjoyment&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-06-054218-4&rft.aulast=Blue&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Dias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrosby2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Crosby, Alfred W.</a> (December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nattrans/ntecoindian/essays/columbianb.htm">"The Columbian Exchange: Plants, Animals, and Disease between the Old and New Worlds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Center" title="National Humanities Center">National Humanities Center</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Columbian+Exchange%3A+Plants%2C+Animals%2C+and+Disease+between+the+Old+and+New+Worlds&rft.pub=National+Humanities+Center&rft.date=2001-12&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=Alfred+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalhumanitiescenter.org%2Ftserve%2Fnattrans%2Fntecoindian%2Fessays%2Fcolumbianb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Davidson_(food_writer)" title="Alan Davidson (food writer)">Davidson, Alan</a> (2014) [1999]. <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Food" title="The Oxford Companion to Food">The Oxford Companion to Food</a> (Third ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19967-733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19967-733-7"><bdi>978-0-19967-733-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19967-733-7&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDickson_Wright2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dickson_Wright" title="Clarissa Dickson Wright">Dickson Wright, Clarissa</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_English_Food" title="A History of English Food">A History of English Food</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905-21185-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905-21185-2"><bdi>978-1-905-21185-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+English+Food&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-905-21185-2&rft.aulast=Dickson+Wright&rft.aufirst=Clarissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHome_Front_Handbook" class="citation book cs1">Home Front Handbook. <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Information</a>). 2005 [1945]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904897-11-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-904897-11-8"><bdi>1-904897-11-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Front+Handbook&rft.pub=Imperial+War+Museum+%28Ministry+of+Information%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-904897-11-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn2005" class="citation cs2">John, J (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yBP8a2jJ9A4C">A Christmas Compendium</a>, Continuum International Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-8749-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-8749-1"><bdi>0-8264-8749-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Christmas+Compendium&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8264-8749-1&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyBP8a2jJ9A4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLehmann2003" class="citation book cs1">Lehmann, Gilly (2003). The British Housewife. Prospect Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Housewife&rft.pub=Prospect+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Gilly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanayi2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Panikos_Panayi" title="Panikos Panayi">Panayi, Panikos</a> (2010) [2008]. Spicing Up Britain. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-658-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-658-2"><bdi>978-1-86189-658-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spicing+Up+Britain&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-658-2&rft.aulast=Panayi&rft.aufirst=Panikos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPendergrast2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pendergrast" title="Mark Pendergrast">Pendergrast, Mark</a> (2001). Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World. London: Texere. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58799-088-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58799-088-5"><bdi>978-1-58799-088-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48931999">48931999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncommon+Grounds%3A+The+History+of+Coffee+and+How+It+Transformed+Our+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Texere&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48931999&rft.isbn=978-1-58799-088-5&rft.aulast=Pendergrast&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlunkett2012" class="citation book cs1">Plunkett, John, ed. (2012). Victorian Literature: A Sourcebook. Houndmills, Basingstoke: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230551756" title="Special:BookSources/9780230551756"><bdi>9780230551756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Literature%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780230551756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTimbs1866" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Timbs" title="John Timbs">Timbs, John</a> (1866), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qk0BAAAAQAAJ">Something for Everybody (and a Garland for the Year)</a>, London: Lockwood and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Something+for+Everybody+%28and+a+Garland+for+the+Year%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Lockwood+and+Co.&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Timbs&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQk0BAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Addyman, Mary; Wood, Laura; Yiannitsaros, Christopher (eds). (2017) Food, Drink, and the Written Word in Britain, 1820–1945, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>.</li> <li>Brears, P. (2008) Cooking and Dining in Medieval England</li> <li>Burnett, John. "Plenty and Want: The Social History of English Diet", <a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a> (April 1964) 14.3 pp. 223–233.</li> <li>Burnett, John. (1979) Plenty and want: a social history of diet in England from 1815 to the present day, 2nd ed.</li> <li>Burnett, John. (2016) England eats out: a social history of eating out in England from 1830 to the present, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollingham2018" class="citation book cs1">Collingham, Lizzy (2018). The Hungry Empire: How Britain's Quest for Food Shaped the Modern World. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0099586951" title="Special:BookSources/978-0099586951"><bdi>978-0099586951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hungry+Empire%3A+How+Britain%27s+Quest+for+Food+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0099586951&rft.aulast=Collingham&rft.aufirst=Lizzy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Collins, E. J. T. (1975) "Dietary change and cereal consumption in Britain in the nineteenth century." <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a> 23.2, pp. 97–115.</li> <li>Green, Kate & Bryan, Melanie (2020) "Around Britain in 50 Foods"; in: <a href="/wiki/Country_Life_(magazine)" title="Country Life (magazine)">Country Life</a>; 12 February 2020, pp. 36–41.</li> <li>Harris, Bernard; Floud, Roderick; Hong, Sok Chul. (2015) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/50435/1/Harris_etal_REH2015_food_availability_in_england_and_wales.pdf">How many calories? Food availability in England and Wales in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries</a>". Research in Economic History.. pp. 111–191.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartley2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hartley" title="Dorothy Hartley">Hartley, Dorothy</a> (2009) [1954 (Macdonald)]. <a href="/wiki/Food_in_England" title="Food in England">Food in England: A complete guide to the food that makes us who we are</a>. Piatkus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74994-215-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74994-215-1"><bdi>978-0-74994-215-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+England%3A+A+complete+guide+to+the+food+that+makes+us+who+we+are&rft.pub=Piatkus&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-74994-215-1&rft.aulast=Hartley&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Woolgar. C. N. (2016) The Culture of Food in England, 1200–1500 Yale University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Otter, Chris. "The British Nutrition Transition and its Histories", History Compass 10#11 (2012): pp. 812–825, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhic3.12001">10.1111/hic3.12001</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_cuisine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cuisine_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cuisine of the United Kingdom">Cuisine of the United Kingdom</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/British_cuisine" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/British cuisine">British cuisine</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/20px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Cuisine_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Cuisine of the United Kingdom">Cookbook:Cuisine of the United Kingdom</a> at Wikibooks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Britain_and_Ireland#Q918277" class="extiw" title="voy:Cuisine of Britain and Ireland">Cuisine of Britain and Ireland</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/foodstories/index.html">Food Stories</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410231056/http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/foodstories/index.html">Archived</a> 10 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Explore a century of revolutionary change in UK food culture on the British Library's Food Stories website</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s essay <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theorwellprize.co.uk/george-orwell/by-orwell/essays-and-other-works/in-defence-of-english-cooking/">"In Defence of English Cooking"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701102551/http://theorwellprize.co.uk/george-orwell/by-orwell/essays-and-other-works/in-defence-of-english-cooking/">Archived</a> 1 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg cuisine">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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cuisine">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Cypriot cuisine">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ossetian cuisine">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transnistrian_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transnistrian cuisine (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey cuisine">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx cuisine">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey cuisine">Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisines378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_cuisine" title="Emilian cuisine">Emilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_cuisine" title="Tuscan cuisine">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_cuisine" title="Hausa cuisine">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_history" title="Food history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine" title="Category:Cuisine">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines" title="Outline of cuisines">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom384" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Agriculture in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Agriculture in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom384" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the United Kingdom">Cuisine of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADAS_(company)" title="ADAS (company)">ADAS (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arla_Foods_UK" title="Arla Foods UK">Arla Foods UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Matthews_Foods" title="Bernard Matthews Foods">Bernard Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faccenda_Foods" title="Faccenda Foods">Faccenda Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmcare" title="Farmcare">Farmcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Agriculture" title="Frontier Agriculture">Frontier Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genus_plc" title="Genus plc">Genus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller_Milk_%26_Ingredients" title="Müller Milk & Ingredients">Müller Milk & Ingredients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFU_Mutual" title="NFU Mutual">NFU Mutual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbrook_Group" title="Norbrook Group">Norbrook Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openfield" title="Openfield">Openfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saputo_Dairy_UK" title="Saputo Dairy UK">Saputo Dairy UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestey_Holdings" title="Vestey Holdings">Vestey Holdings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grazing_marsh" title="Grazing marsh">Grazing marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedgerow_removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedgerow removal">Hedgerow removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_Breeds_Survival_Trust" title="Rare Breeds Survival Trust">Rare Breeds Survival Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Government and regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Land_Classification" title="Agricultural Land Classification">Agricultural Land Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Horticulture_Development_Board" title="Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board">Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potato_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato Council">Potato Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_and_Livestock_Commission" title="Meat and Livestock Commission">Meat and Livestock Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_and_Plant_Health_Agency" title="Animal and Plant Health Agency">Animal and Plant Health Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cattle_Movement_Service" title="British Cattle Movement Service">British Cattle Movement Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="The Country Code">The Country Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate" title="Crown Estate">Crown Estate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate_Scotland" title="Crown Estate Scotland">Scotland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture,_Environment_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs">Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Animal_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Animal Health">Institute for Animal Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_legislation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Agriculture legislation in the United Kingdom">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Meat_Scotland" title="Quality Meat Scotland">Quality Meat Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_England" title="Natural England">Natural England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_way_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of way in Scotland">Rights of way in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Payments_Agency" title="Rural Payments Agency">Rural Payments Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_Zero_Directorates" title="Net Zero Directorates">Scottish Government Net Zero Directorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Outdoor_Access_Code" title="Scottish Outdoor Access Code">Scottish Outdoor Access Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Payment_Scheme" title="Single Payment Scheme">Single Payment Scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_timber_trade" title="British timber trade">British timber trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_field" title="Celtic field">Celtic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diggers" title="Diggers">Diggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_barn" title="Dutch barn">Dutch barn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">Enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haughley_Experiment" title="Haughley Experiment">Haughley Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Potato_Famine" title="Highland Potato Famine">Highland Potato Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2024%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_farmers%27_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="November 2024–present United Kingdom farmers' protests">Inheritance tax protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_Clearances" title="Lowland Clearances">Lowland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Commission" title="Napier Commission">Napier Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">Rationing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_rig" title="Run rig">Run rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Reconstruction_Association" title="Rural Reconstruction Association">Rural Reconstruction Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Scottish Agricultural Revolution">Scottish Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Riots" title="Swing Riots">Swing Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory garden</a></li> <li>Women's Land Army - <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Land_Army_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Land Army (World War I)">WWI</a> / <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Land_Army_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Land Army (World War II)">WWII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease" title="Foot-and-mouth disease">Foot-and-mouth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_United_Kingdom_foot-and-mouth_outbreak" title="1967 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_foot-and-mouth_outbreak" title="2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_foot-and-mouth_outbreak" title="2007 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak">2007</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Nations and regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="England116" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_England" title="Agriculture in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Agriculture in Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_London" title="Agriculture in London">Agriculture in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_cuisine" title="Cornish cuisine">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Devon" title="Cuisine of Devon">Devon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">Fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_breeds" title="List of Scottish breeds">Animal breeds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_animal_breeds" title="Shetland animal breeds">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crofting" title="Crofting">Crofting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Crofting_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Crofting Foundation">Scottish Crofting Foundation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factor_(Scotland)" title="Factor (Scotland)">Factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highland_Show" title="Royal Highland Show">Royal Highland Show</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_breeds" title="List of Welsh breeds">Animal breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Welsh_Show" title="Royal Welsh Show">Royal Welsh Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%B7_unnos" title="Tŷ unnos">Tŷ unnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Non-governmental organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employers' associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Union_of_Wales" title="Farmers' Union of Wales">Farmers' Union of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_England_and_Wales" title="National Farmers' Union of England and Wales">National Farmers' Union of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_Scotland" title="National Farmers' Union of Scotland">National Farmers' Union of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Farmers%27_Union" title="Ulster Farmers' Union">Ulster Farmers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Farmers%27_Clubs_of_Ulster" title="Young Farmers' Clubs of Ulster">Young Farmers' Clubs of Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Union" title="Unite the Union">Unite the Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Agricultural_and_Allied_Workers" title="National Union of Agricultural and Allied Workers">National Union of Agricultural and Allied Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_%26_General_Workers%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport & General Workers' Union">Transport & General Workers' Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landowners' organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Country_Land_and_Business_Association" title="Country Land and Business Association">Country Land and Business Association</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Educational and research institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Biological,_Environmental_and_Rural_Sciences" title="Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences">Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton_Institute" title="James Hutton Institute">James Hutton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Arabidopsis_Stock_Centre" title="Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre">Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothamsted_Research" title="Rothamsted Research">Rothamsted Research</a></li> <li>Museums <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_English_Rural_Life" title="Museum of English Rural Life">Museum of English Rural Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Rural_Life" title="National Museum of Rural Life">National Museum of Rural Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Non-Food_Crops_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="National Non-Food Crops Centre">National Non-Food Crops Centre</a></li> <li>Universities and colleges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Agriculture,_Food_and_Rural_Enterprise" title="College of Agriculture, Food and Rural Enterprise">CAFRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_University" title="Royal Agricultural University">Royal Agricultural University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland%27s_Rural_College" title="Scotland's Rural College">Scotland's Rural College</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Egg_Industry_Council" title="British Egg Industry Council">British Egg Industry Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Poultry_Council" title="British Poultry Council">British Poultry Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_Start_Initiative" title="Fresh Start Initiative">Fresh Start Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highland_and_Agricultural_Society_of_Scotland" title="Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland">Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Food_%26_Drink" title="Scotland Food & Drink">Scotland Food & Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Association" title="Soil Association">Soil Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenant_Farmers_Association" title="Tenant Farmers Association">Tenant Farmers Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Beekeeping in the United Kingdom">Beekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="June Gap">June Gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fell_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Fell farming">Fell farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">Forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Archers" title="The Archers">The Archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarkson%27s_Farm" title="Clarkson's Farm">Clarkson's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryfile" title="Countryfile">Countryfile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eglu" title="Eglu">Eglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers_Weekly" title="Farmers Weekly">Farmers Weekly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farming_Today" title="Farming Today">Farming Today</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdles_(agricultural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurdles (agricultural)">Hurdles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Kingdom_articles631" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template talk:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Kingdom_articles631" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history" title="Timeline of British history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_England_and_Scotland_Act_1603" title="Union of England and Scotland Act 1603">Union of England and Scotland Act 1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Scotland_(Amendment)_Act_1707" title="Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707">Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar</a></li> <li>Second World War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">military</a></li></ul></li> <li>Postwar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">social</a></li></ul></li> <li>Since 1979 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Maritime history of the United Kingdom">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">Counties of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of towns in the United Kingdom">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">Former colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate of the United Kingdom">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coastline of the United Kingdom">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain" title="Geology of Great Britain">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_and_lochs_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of lakes and lochs of the United Kingdom">Lakes and lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of rivers of the United Kingdom">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">hydraulic frac.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">wind</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wildlife <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Great_Britain" title="Fauna of Great Britain">fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Flora of Great Britain and Ireland">flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_parliamentary_by-elections" title="UK parliamentary by-elections">By-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Human rights in the United Kingdom">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_leaders_of_British_political_parties" title="List of female leaders of British political parties">Female party leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political scandals in the United Kingdom">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunak_ministry" title="Sunak ministry">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_United_Kingdom,_the_British_Crown_Dependencies_and_United_Kingdom_Overseas_Territories" title="List of stock exchanges in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and United Kingdom Overseas Territories">Stock exchanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Exchange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus transport">Bus transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Driving in the United Kingdom">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United Kingdom">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Society of the United Kingdom">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cannabis in the United Kingdom">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime in the United Kingdom">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom">Environmental inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental issues in the United Kingdom">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Homelessness in the United Kingdom">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunger in the United Kingdom">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mental health in the United Kingdom">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prostitution in the United Kingdom">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">Social care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universal basic income in the United Kingdom">Universal basic income (UBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of national symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_the_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of the British">Stereotypes of the British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Symbols" title="Northern Ireland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td 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