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<span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shull's_Personal_Awards,_Honors_and_Prizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shull's_Personal_Awards,_Honors_and_Prizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Shull's Personal Awards, Honors and Prizes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shull's_Personal_Awards,_Honors_and_Prizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Press_Releases_Honoring_Shull" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Press_Releases_Honoring_Shull"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Press Releases Honoring Shull</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Press_Releases_Honoring_Shull-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prizes_in_Honor_of_Shull" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prizes_in_Honor_of_Shull"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Prizes in Honor of Shull</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prizes_in_Honor_of_Shull-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Clifford Shull</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="كليفورد شال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كليفورد شال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="کلیفورد گلنوود شال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلیفورد گلنوود شال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="ক্লিফোর্ড গ্লেনউড শাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্লিফোর্ড গ্লেনউড শাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кліфард Шал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кліфард Шал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Клифърд Шул – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клифърд Шул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_G._Shull" title="Clifford G. Shull – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Clifford G. Shull" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Glenwood_Shull" title="Clifford Glenwood Shull – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clifford Glenwood Shull" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="کلیفورد گلنوود شال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیفورد گلنوود شال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%AC%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EC%8A%90" title="클리퍼드 슐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클리퍼드 슐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AC" title="Կլիֆորդ Շալլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլիֆորդ Շալլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Glenwood_Shull" title="Clifford Glenwood Shull – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Clifford Glenwood Shull" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Клиффорд Шалл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Клиффорд Шалл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Клифорд Шал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клифорд Шал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="क्लिफर्ड शुल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्लिफर्ड शुल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="كليفورد شال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كليفورد شال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="کلیفورد گلنوود شال – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کلیفورد گلنوود شال" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D" title="क्लिफर्ड जी शल्ल् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्लिफर्ड जी शल्ल्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB" title="クリフォード・シャル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリフォード・シャル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Glenwood_Shull" title="Clifford Glenwood Shull – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Clifford Glenwood Shull" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%B4%D9%84" title="کلفورڈ شل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلفورڈ شل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Glenwood_Shull" title="Clifford Glenwood Shull – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Clifford Glenwood Shull" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Glenwood_Shull" title="Clifford Glenwood Shull – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clifford Glenwood Shull" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Glenwood_Shull" title="Clifford Glenwood Shull – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Clifford Glenwood Shull" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Шалл, Клиффорд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шалл, Клиффорд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Glenwood_Shull" title="Clifford Glenwood Shull – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Clifford Glenwood Shull" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Клифорд Шул – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клифорд Шул" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Glenwood_Shull" title="Clifford Glenwood Shull – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Clifford Glenwood Shull" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_G._Shull" title="Clifford G. Shull – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Clifford G. Shull" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Клиффорд Шалл – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Клиффорд Шалл" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Кліффорд Шалл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кліффорд Шалл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%B4%D9%84" title="کلفورڈ شل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلفورڈ شل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Clifford Shull" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94" title="克利福德·沙尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克利福德·沙尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q201506#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">American physicist (1915–2001)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Clifford+Shull%22">"Clifford Shull"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Clifford+Shull%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Clifford+Shull%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Clifford+Shull%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Clifford+Shull%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Clifford+Shull%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Clifford Shull</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Clifford_Shull_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Clifford_Shull_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Clifford_Shull_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Clifford_Shull_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Clifford_Shull_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Clifford_Shull_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Clifford_Shull_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="1382" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Shull in 1994</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1915-09-23</span>)</span>September 23, 1915<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 31, 2001<span style="display:none">(2001-03-31)</span> (aged 85)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Medford,_Massachusetts" title="Medford, Massachusetts">Medford, Massachusetts</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data">Carnegie Institute of Technology<br />New York University</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neutron_scattering" title="Neutron scattering">Neutron scattering</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Buckley_Condensed_Matter_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize">Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregori_Aminoff_Prize" title="Gregori Aminoff Prize">Gregori Aminoff Prize</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Cox" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard T. Cox">Richard T. Cox</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Clifford Glenwood Shull</b> (September 23, 1915 in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a> – March 31, 2001) was an American <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Shull&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shull attended <a href="/wiki/Schenley_High_School" title="Schenley High School">Schenley High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, received his BS from <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Institute of Technology">Carnegie Institute of Technology</a> and PhD from <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>. He worked for <a href="/wiki/The_Texas_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Texas Company">The Texas Company</a> at <a href="/wiki/Beacon,_New_York" title="Beacon, New York">Beacon, New York</a> during the wartime, followed by a position in the Clinton Laboratory (<a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a>), and finally joined <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> in 1955, and retired in 1986. </p><p>He died on March 31, 2001, at the age 85. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Shull&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clifford G. Shull was awarded the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> with Canadian <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Bertram Brockhouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two won the prize for the development of the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_scattering" title="Neutron scattering">neutron scattering</a> technique. He also conducted research on <a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Condensed matter">condensed matter</a>. Professor Shull's prize was awarded for his pioneering work in <a href="/wiki/Neutron_scattering" title="Neutron scattering">neutron scattering</a>, a technique that reveals where atoms are within a material like ricocheting bullets reveal where obstacles are in the dark. </p><p>When a beam of neutrons is directed at a given material, the neutrons bounce off, or are scattered by, atoms in the sample being investigated. The neutrons' directions change, depending on the location of the atoms they hit, and a diffraction pattern of the atoms' positions can then be obtained. Understanding where atoms are in a material and how they interact with one another is the key to understanding a material's properties. </p><p>"Then we can think of how we can make better window glass, better semiconductors, better microphones. All of these things go back to understanding the basic science behind their operation," Professor Shull, then 79, said on the day of the Nobel announcement. ... </p><p>He started [his pioneering work] in 1946 at what is now <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a>. At that time, he said, "Scientists at Oak Ridge were very anxious to find real honest-to-goodness scientific uses for the information and technology that had been developed during the war at Oak Ridge and at other places associated with the wartime Manhattan Project." </p><p>Professor Shull teamed up with <a href="/wiki/Ernest_O._Wollan" title="Ernest O. Wollan">Ernest Wollan</a>, and for the next nine years they explored ways of using the neutrons produced by nuclear reactors to probe the atomic structure of materials. </p><p>In Professor Shull's opinion the most important problem he worked on at the time dealt with determining the positions of hydrogen atoms in materials. </p><p>"Hydrogen atoms are ubiquitous in all biological materials and in many other inorganic materials," he once <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2011)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> said, "but you couldn't see them with other techniques. With neutrons it turned out that that was completely different, and we were very pleased and happy to find that we could learn things about hydrogen-containing structures." </p><p>As he refined the scattering technique, Professor Shull studied the fundamental properties of the neutron itself. He also initiated the first neutron diffraction investigations of magnetic materials. ... "If there is a ... 'Father of Neutron Scattering' in the United States, it is Professor Shull," wrote Anthony Nunes ..., professor of physics at the University of Rhode Island. ... </p><p>Professor Shull came to MIT as a full professor in 1955 and retired in 1986, though he continued to visit and to "look over the shoulders" of students doing experiments in the "remnants of my old research laboratory." </p><p>Professor Shull's awards include the <a href="/wiki/Buckley_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckley Prize">Buckley Prize</a>, which he received from the <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a> in 1956, and election to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1956) and to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1975). In 1993 he received the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>' <a href="/wiki/Gregori_Aminoff_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregori Aminoff prize">Gregori Aminoff prize</a> for his "development and application of neutron diffraction methods for studies of atomic and magnetic structures of solids."' <sup>[1]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Shull&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shull's_Personal_Awards,_Honors_and_Prizes"><span id="Shull.27s_Personal_Awards.2C_Honors_and_Prizes"></span>Shull's Personal Awards, Honors and Prizes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Shull&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shull's Personal Awards, Honors and Prizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Awarded the <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Buckley_Prize" title="Oliver E. Buckley Prize">Oliver E. Buckley Prize</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a>, 1956</li> <li>Elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, 1956</li> <li>Elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, 1975</li> <li>Awarded the <a href="/wiki/Gregori_Aminoff_Prize" title="Gregori Aminoff Prize">Gregori Aminoff Prize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>, 1993</li> <li>Awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>, 1994, which he shared with Canadian physicist Bertram Brockhouse.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shull_Rocks" title="Shull Rocks">Shull Rocks</a>, in Antarctica named in his honor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Press_Releases_Honoring_Shull">Press Releases Honoring Shull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Shull&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Press Releases Honoring Shull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carroll, Cindy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723221546/http://www.cmu.edu/PR/releases04/040312_papersgrant.html">"Carnegie Mellon University Receives Nobel Laureate Clifford Shull Papers Grant and Additional Gift Will Make the Collection Available to Researchers"</a>, (Mar. 12, 2004): Carnegie Mellon University.</li> <li>Stevenson, Daniel C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V114/N68/shull.00n.html">"Shull wins Physics Nobel for work done 40 years ago"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527125044/http://tech.mit.edu/V114/N68/shull.00n.html">Archived</a> 2012-05-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Tech-Online Edition. Vol. 114, no. 68, Feb. 7, 1995: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121214174012/http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev28-1/text/tri.htm">"Oak Ridge Pays Tribute to its Nobel Prize Winner"</a>, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prizes_in_Honor_of_Shull">Prizes in Honor of Shull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Shull&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prizes in Honor of Shull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509143517/http://www.neutronscattering.org/NSSAPrizes/Shull_Prizes/ShullPrize.htm">The Clifford G. Shull Prize in Neutron Physics</a>, The Neutron Scattering Society of America.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308061602/http://neutrons.ornl.gov/shullfellowship/">Clifford G. Shull Fellowship</a>, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Shull&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Shull, C.G., Wollan, E.O. & M.C. Marney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4420651-neutron-diffraction-studies">"Neutron Diffraction Studies"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> (ORNL), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> (through predecessor agency the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a>), (Oct. 22, 1948).</li> <li>Rundle, R.E., Shull, C.G. & E.O. Wollan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4407800-crystal-structure-thorium-zirconium-dihydrides-ray-neutron-diffraction">"The Crystal Structure of Thorium and Zirconium Dihydrides by X-ray and Neutron Diffraction"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ames_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Ames Laboratory">Ames Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> (ORNL), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> (through predecessor agency the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a>), (Apr. 20, 1951).</li> <li>Nathans, R., Riste, T., Shirane, G. & C.G. Shull. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4291138-polarized-neutron-studies-antiferromagnetic-single-crystals-technical-report">"Polarized Neutron Studies on Antiferromagnetic Single Crystals: Technical Report No. 4"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT), <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> (through predecessor agency the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a>), <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA), <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Office_of_Scientific_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Office of Scientific Research">Air Force Office of Scientific Research</a> (AFOSR), (Nov. 26, 1958).</li> <li>Shull, C.G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5888142-low-temperature-neutron-physics-studies-final-progress-report-march-may">"Low Temperature and Neutron Physics Studies: Final Progress Report, March 1, 1986--May 31, 1987"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>, (July 27, 1989).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Shull&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MIT-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MIT_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120522165928/http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2001/shull.html">"Clifford G. Shull, co-winner of 1994 Nobel Prize in physics, is dead at 85"</a>. <i>MIT-News</i>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2001-04-02. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2001/shull.html">the original</a> on 2012-05-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-27</span></span>. <q>Professor Shull shared the 1994 Nobel Prize with Professor Bertram S. Brockhouse of McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT-News&rft.atitle=Clifford+G.+Shull%2C+co-winner+of+1994+Nobel+Prize+in+physics%2C+is+dead+at+85&rft.date=2001-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2F2001%2Fshull.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClifford+Shull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Shull&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/146">Clifford Shull</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201506#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1994 <i>Early Development of Neutron Scattering</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diva.library.cmu.edu/Shull/index.html">Full-text digital archive of Clifford G. Shull papers</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1994_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1994_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1994 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1994_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1994 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1994_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1994 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1994_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1994 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">George Andrew Olah</a> (United States/Hungary)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1994_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1994 Nobel Prize in Literature">1994</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a> (Japan)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> (Palestine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> (Israel/Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (Israel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Bertram Brockhouse</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clifford Glenwood Shull</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">John Harsanyi</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John Forbes Nash</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1989_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1989 Nobel Prize winners">1989</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1990_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1990 Nobel Prize winners">1990</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1991_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1991 Nobel Prize winners">1991</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1992_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1992 Nobel Prize winners">1992</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1993_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1993 Nobel Prize winners">1993</a></dd> <dd><b>1994 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1995_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1995 Nobel Prize winners">1995</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1996_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1996 Nobel Prize winners">1996</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1997_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1997 Nobel Prize winners">1997</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1998_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1998 Nobel Prize winners">1998</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1999_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1999 Nobel Prize winners">1999</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crystallography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crystallography" title="Template:Crystallography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crystallography" title="Template talk:Crystallography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crystallography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crystallography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crystallography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_crystallography" title="Timeline of crystallography">Timeline of crystallography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crystallographers" title="Category:Crystallographers">Crystallographers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocrystallography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biocrystallography (page does not exist)">Biocrystallography</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_cell" title="Unit cell">Unit cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bravais_lattice" title="Bravais lattice">Bravais lattice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_index" title="Miller index">Miller index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_point_group" title="Crystallographic point group">Point group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_lattice" title="Reciprocal lattice">Reciprocal lattice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_restriction_theorem" title="Crystallographic restriction theorem">Restriction theorem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Periodic table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure_prediction" title="Crystal structure prediction">Structure prediction</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Systems" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">Cubic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">Hexagonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">Monoclinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">Orthorhombic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">Tetragonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triclinic_crystal_system" title="Triclinic crystal system">Triclinic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_growth" title="Crystal growth">Growth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystallite" title="Crystallite">Crystallite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equiaxed_crystal" title="Equiaxed crystal">Equiaxed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">Twinning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiveling" title="Fiveling">Fiveling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperiodic_crystal" title="Aperiodic crystal">Aperiodic crystal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quasicrystal" title="Quasicrystal">Quasicrystal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">Phase<br />transition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">Phase diagram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eutectic_system" title="Eutectic system">Eutectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscibility_gap" title="Miscibility gap">Miscibility gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_polymorphism" title="Crystal polymorphism">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">Liquid crystal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_transformation_crystallography" title="Phase transformation crystallography">Phase transformation crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_hardening" title="Precipitation hardening">Precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_(materials_science)" title="Segregation (materials science)">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinodal_decomposition" title="Spinodal decomposition">Spinodal decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersaturation" title="Supersaturation">Supersaturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinier%E2%80%93Preston_zone" title="Guinier–Preston zone">GP-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostwald_ripening" title="Ostwald ripening">Ostwald ripening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_defect" title="Crystallographic defect">Defects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grain_boundary" title="Grain boundary">Grain boundary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disclination" title="Disclination">Disclination</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coincidence_site_lattice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coincidence site lattice (page does not exist)">CSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_growth" title="Grain growth">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_grain_growth" title="Abnormal grain growth">Abnormal growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_crystal" title="Perfect crystal">Perfect crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacking_fault" title="Stacking fault">Stacking fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dislocation" title="Dislocation">Dislocation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgers_vector" title="Burgers vector">Burgers vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_dislocation" title="Partial dislocation">Partial dislocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kink_(materials_science)" title="Kink (materials science)">Kink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_slip" title="Cross slip">Cross slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Read_source" title="Frank–Read source">Frank–Read source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottrell_atmosphere" title="Cottrell atmosphere">Cottrell atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peierls_stress" title="Peierls stress">Peierls stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometrically_necessary_dislocations" title="Geometrically necessary dislocations">GND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomer%E2%80%93Cottrell_junction" title="Lomer–Cottrell junction">Lomer–Cottrell junction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_(materials_science)" title="Slip (materials science)">Slip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slip_bands_in_metals" title="Slip bands in metals">Slip bands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_defect" title="Interstitial defect">Interstitials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bjerrum_defect" title="Bjerrum defect">Bjerrum defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenkel_defect" title="Frenkel defect">Frenkel defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigner_effect" title="Wigner effect">Wigner effect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacancy_defect" title="Vacancy defect">Vacancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schottky_defect" title="Schottky defect">Schottky defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-center" title="F-center">F-center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone%E2%80%93Wales_defect" title="Stone–Wales defect">Stone–Wales defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_defects_in_diamond" title="Crystallographic defects in diamond">Defects in diamond</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bragg%27s_law" title="Bragg's law">Bragg's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragg_plane" title="Bragg plane">Bragg plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewald%27s_sphere" title="Ewald's sphere">Ewald's sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedel%27s_law" title="Friedel's law">Friedel's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann%E2%80%93Mauguin_notation" title="Hermann–Mauguin notation">Hermann–Mauguin notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_factor" title="Structure factor">Structure factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_ellipsoid" title="Thermal ellipsoid">Thermal ellipsoid</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg/50px-Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg/75px-Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg/100px-Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="125" /></a></span><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystallographic_characterization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crystallographic characterization (page does not exist)">Characterisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_crystallography" title="Electron crystallography">Electron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">Diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_scattering" title="Electron scattering">Scattering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_crystallography" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron crystallography">Neutron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">Diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_scattering" title="Neutron scattering">Scattering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_crystallography" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography">Nuclear magnetic resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">Diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray scattering">Scattering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_methods_(crystallography)" title="Direct methods (crystallography)">Direct methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomorphous_replacement" title="Isomorphous replacement">Isomorphous replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_replacement" title="Molecular replacement">Molecular replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterson_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Patterson map">Patterson map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_retrieval" title="Phase retrieval">Phase retrieval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerchberg%E2%80%93Saxton_algorithm" title="Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm">Gerchberg–Saxton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_particle_analysis" title="Single particle analysis">Single particle analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Crystallography_software" title="Category:Crystallography software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_Computational_Project_Number_4" title="Collaborative Computational Project Number 4">CCP4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coot_(software)" title="Coot (software)">Coot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrystalExplorer" title="CrystalExplorer">CrystalExplorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disordered_Structure_Refinement" title="Disordered Structure Refinement">DSR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jana.fzu.cz/">JANA2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTEX" title="MTEX">MTEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OctaDist" title="OctaDist">OctaDist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olex2" title="Olex2">Olex2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShelXle" title="ShelXle">SHELX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_database" title="Crystallographic database">Databases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilbao_Crystallographic_Server" title="Bilbao Crystallographic Server">Bilbao Crystallographic Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Structural_Database" title="Cambridge Structural Database">CCDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_Information_File" title="Crystallographic Information File">CIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography_Open_Database" title="Crystallography Open Database">COD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_Crystal_Structure_Database" title="Inorganic Crystal Structure Database">ICSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Diffraction_Data" title="International Centre for Diffraction Data">ICDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Crystallography_journals" title="Category:Crystallography journals">Journals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Growth_%26_Design" title="Crystal Growth & Design">Crystal Growth & Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography_Reviews" title="Crystallography Reviews">Crystallography Reviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chemical_Crystallography" title="Journal of Chemical Crystallography">Journal of Chemical Crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Crystal_Growth" title="Journal of Crystal Growth">Journal of Crystal Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallografija" title="Kristallografija">Kristallografija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Kristallographie_%E2%80%93_Crystalline_Materials" title="Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials">Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Kristallographie_%E2%80%93_New_Crystal_Structures" title="Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – New Crystal Structures">Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – New Crystal Structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Crystallography_awards" title="Category:Crystallography awards">Awards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hermann_Medal" title="Carl Hermann Medal">Carl Hermann Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Prize" title="Ewald Prize">Ewald Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregori_Aminoff_Prize" title="Gregori Aminoff Prize">Gregori Aminoff Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Crystallography_organizations" title="Category:Crystallography organizations">Organisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Crystallography" title="International Union of Crystallography">IUCr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Biological_Crystallization" title="International Organization for Biological Crystallization">IOBCr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shubnikov_Institute_of_Crystallography_RAS" title="Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography RAS">RAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Mineralogical_Society" title="German Mineralogical Society">DMG</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Associations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Crystallographic_Association" title="European Crystallographic Association">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Crystallographic_Association" title="French Crystallographic Association">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Crystallographic_Society" title="German Crystallographic Society">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Crystallographic_Association" title="British Crystallographic Association">UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Crystallographic_Association" title="American Crystallographic Association">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_Society_of_Japan" title="Crystallographic Society of Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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