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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Setup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Check_and_checkmate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Check_and_checkmate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Check and checkmate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Check_and_checkmate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Castling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Castling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-En_passant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#En_passant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span><i>En passant</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-En_passant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Promotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>End of the game</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Win" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Win"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Win</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Win-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Draw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Draw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Draw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Draw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Time control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chess_in_public_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chess_in_public_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chess in public spaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chess_in_public_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organized_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organized_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Organized competition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organized_competition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organized competition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organized_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tournaments_and_matches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tournaments_and_matches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tournaments and matches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tournaments_and_matches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_and_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Titles and rankings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Theory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Opening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middlegame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middlegame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Middlegame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middlegame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endgame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endgame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Endgame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endgame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1200–1700:_Origins_of_the_modern_game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1200–1700:_Origins_of_the_modern_game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>1200–1700: Origins of the modern game</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1200–1700:_Origins_of_the_modern_game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1700–1873:_Romantic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1700–1873:_Romantic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>1700–1873: Romantic era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1700–1873:_Romantic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1873–1945:_Birth_of_a_sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1873–1945:_Birth_of_a_sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>1873–1945: Birth of a sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1873–1945:_Birth_of_a_sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945–1990:_Post-World_War_II_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–1990:_Post-World_War_II_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>1945–1990: Post-World War II era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945–1990:_Post-World_War_II_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginnings_of_chess_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings_of_chess_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Beginnings of chess technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings_of_chess_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990–present:_Rise_of_computers_and_online_chess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990–present:_Rise_of_computers_and_online_chess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>1990–present: Rise of computers and online chess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990–present:_Rise_of_computers_and_online_chess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.1</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.2</span> <span>Growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_chess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_chess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.3</span> <span>Professional chess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_chess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Connections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Connections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Connections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts_and_humanities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_humanities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Arts and humanities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_humanities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_chess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_chess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Online chess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_chess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_chess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_chess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Computer chess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_chess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chess: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 190 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-190" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">190 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaak" title="Skaak – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skaak" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schach" title="Schach – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schach" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%8B%A5" title="ሰንጠረዥ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሰንጠረዥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C" title="शतरंज – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="शतरंज" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C4%93obord" title="Blēobord – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Blēobord" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="شطرنج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شطرنج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escaques" title="Escaques – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Escaques" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%A0%DC%A6%DC%A3%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܛܠܦܣܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܛܠܦܣܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ճատրակ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ճատրակ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="দবা খেল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দবা খেল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axedrez" title="Axedrez – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Axedrez" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="चेस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="चेस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irundykejojaty" title="Irundykejojaty – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Irundykejojaty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eahmat" title="Şahmat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şahmat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="شطرنج – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شطرنج" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE" title="দাবা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দাবা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catur" title="Catur – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Catur" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kok-ch%C3%A8_chhi%C5%AB%E2%81%BF-k%C3%AE" title="Kok-chè chhiūⁿ-kî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kok-chè chhiūⁿ-kî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шахмат – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шахмат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Шахматы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шахматы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Шахматы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шахматы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C" title="शतरंज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शतरंज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шахмат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шахмат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schach" title="Schach – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schach" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="རྒྱལ་སྤྱིའི་མིག་མངས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱལ་སྤྱིའི་མིག་མངས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ah" title="Šah – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šah" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echedo%C3%B9" title="Echedoù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Echedoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шатар – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шатар" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escacs" title="Escacs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escacs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шахмат – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шахмат" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0achy" title="Šachy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šachy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyddbwyll" title="Gwyddbwyll – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyddbwyll" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skak" title="Skak – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="شطرنج – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شطرنج" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C3%A1hkka" title="Šáhkka – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Šáhkka" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schach" title="Schach – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schach" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%92%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%A7" title="ރާޒުވާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރާޒުވާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ach" title="Šach – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Šach" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male" title="Male – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Male" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Σκάκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκάκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scac" title="Scac – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Scac" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajedrez" title="Ajedrez – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ajedrez" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cako" title="Ŝako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axedr%C3%A9s" title="Axedrés – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Axedrés" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xake" title="Xake – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xake" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="شطرنج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شطرنج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satranj" title="Satranj – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Satranj" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talv" title="Talv – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Talv" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89checs" title="Échecs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Échecs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaken" title="Skaken – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skaken" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheall" title="Ficheall – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ficheall" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0ileasg" title="Tàileasg – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tàileasg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xadrez" title="Xadrez – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xadrez" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B1%A1%E6%A3%8B" title="國際象棋 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="國際象棋" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B8" title="ચેસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચેસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AE-y%C3%B2ng-kh%C3%AE" title="Sî-yòng-khî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sî-yòng-khî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80" title="Шатр – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Шатр" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="체스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_(Chess)" title="Dara (Chess) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dara (Chess)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Շախմատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շախմատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C" title="शतरंज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शतरंज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ach" title="Šach – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Šach" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ah" title="Šah – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šah" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakoludo" title="Shakoludo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Shakoludo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahedres" title="Ahedres – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ahedres" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catur" title="Catur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Catur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacos" title="Chacos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chacos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chac" title="Chac – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Chac" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%C3%A6%D1%82%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Шахмæттæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Шахмæттæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itshesi" title="Itshesi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Itshesi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthimba" title="Uthimba – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Uthimba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A1k" title="Skák – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skák" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scacchi" title="Scacchi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scacchi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%98" title="שחמט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שחמט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekak" title="Sekak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sekak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97_(%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%9F)" title="ಚದುರಂಗ (ಆಟ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚದುರಂಗ (ಆಟ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჭადრაკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჭადრაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%84%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%95_%D9%BE%D9%94%D9%B9_%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84" title="مۄہرٕ پٔٹ کھیل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مۄہرٕ پٔٹ کھیل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шахмат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шахмат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goedhboell" title="Goedhboell – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Goedhboell" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sataranji" title="Sataranji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sataranji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guya" title="Guya – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Guya" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ech%C3%A8k_(jw%C3%A8t)" title="Echèk (jwèt) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Echèk (jwèt)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9ch%C3%A8k" title="Zéchèk – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zéchèk" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedrenc" title="Sedrenc – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sedrenc" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шахмат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шахмат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scioh" title="Scioh – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Scioh" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scacci" title="Scacci – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scacci" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ahs" title="Šahs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šahs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schach" title="Schach – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schach" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шахматар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Шахматар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0achmatai" title="Šachmatai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šachmatai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjaaksjp%C3%A8l" title="Sjaaksjpèl – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjaaksjpèl" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xace" title="Xace – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Xace" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ahmuattuki%C5%BEa" title="Šahmuattukiža – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Šahmuattukiža" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/caxmati" title="caxmati – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="caxmati" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scach" title="Scach – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Scach" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakk" title="Sakk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sakk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="शतरञ्ज – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="शतरञ्ज" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Шах – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шах" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eseky" title="Eseky – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eseky" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ചെസ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെസ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Aess" title="Ċess – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ċess" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B3" title="बुद्धिबळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बुद्धिबळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჭარდაკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭარდაკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="شطرنج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شطرنج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catur" title="Catur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Catur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catur" title="Catur – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Catur" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%B3k-ci%C3%A9_chi%C3%B4ng-g%C3%AC" title="Guók-cié chiông-gì – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Guók-cié chiông-gì" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xadre%C3%A7" title="Xadreç – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Xadreç" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Шахматтне – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шахматтне" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шатар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шатар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စစ်တုရင်ကစားခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စစ်တုရင်ကစားခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuappat%C5%8Dlli" title="Cuappatōlli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cuappatōlli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesi" title="Jesi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Jesi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaken" title="Schaken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schaken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaakn" title="Skaakn – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Skaakn" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="बुद्धिचाल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बुद्धिचाल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="चेस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चेस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9" title="チェス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scacche" title="Scacche – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Scacche" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Шахматаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шахматаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schach" title="Schach – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Schach" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ches" title="Ches – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Ches" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjakk" title="Sjakk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjakk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjakk" title="Sjakk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjakk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shake" title="Shake – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Shake" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escacs" title="Escacs – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escacs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8" title="ଚେସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚେସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaxmat" title="Shaxmat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shaxmat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C" title="ਸ਼ਤਰੰਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਤਰੰਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="شطرنج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شطرنج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="شطرنج – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شطرنج" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ches" title="Ches – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ches" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schachspeel" title="Schachspeel – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schachspeel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szachy" title="Szachy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szachy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xadrez" title="Xadrez – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xadrez" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98ah_(joc)" title="Șah (joc) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șah (joc)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schah" title="Schah – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Schah" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastilla_t%27aphtana" title="Kastilla t'aphtana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kastilla t'aphtana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Шахы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Шахы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Шахматы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шахматы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Саахымат – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Саахымат" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="चतुरङ्गक्रीडा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चतुरङ्गक्रीडा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱪᱮᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iscacos" title="Iscacos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iscacos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess" title="Chess – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chess" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moruba_wa_sekgowa" title="Moruba wa sekgowa – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Moruba wa sekgowa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahu" title="Shahu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shahu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scacchi" title="Scacchi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Scacchi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="චෙස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චෙස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess" title="Chess – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chess" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="شطرنج – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شطرنج" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ach_(hra)" title="Šach (hra) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šach (hra)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ah" title="Šah – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šah" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%97%D1%A5_%C2%B7_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Тавлїѥ · игрь – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Тавлїѥ · игрь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szachmaty" title="Szachmaty – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szachmaty" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%AA%DA%95%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC" title="شەتڕەنج – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەتڕەنج" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Шах – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шах" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ah" title="Šah – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šah" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catur" title="Catur – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Catur" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakki" title="Shakki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shakki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schack" title="Schack – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Schack" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahedres" title="Ahedres – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ahedres" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சதுரங்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சதுரங்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%AC%E1%B9%ADren%C7%A7" title="Ṭṭrenǧ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ṭṭrenǧ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шахмат – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шахмат" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%9F)" title="చదరంగం (ఆట) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చదరంగం (ఆట)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5" title="หมากรุกสากล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมากรุกสากล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B8%E1%88%B5" title="ቸስ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቸስ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%B7" title="Шатранҷ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шатранҷ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satran%C3%A7" title="Satranç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Satranç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BC%C5%9Ft" title="Küşt – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Küşt" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Шахи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шахи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="شطرنج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شطرنج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geizciengh_Lajbiengz" title="Geizciengh Lajbiengz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Geizciengh Lajbiengz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scachi" title="Scachi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Scachi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ahmatad" title="Šahmatad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Šahmatad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%9D_vua" title="Cờ vua – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cờ vua" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B6g" title="Cög – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Cög" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%B5" title="Malõ – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Malõ" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess" title="Chess – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chess" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B1%A1%E6%A3%8B" title="国际象棋 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国际象棋" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9A_(%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C)" title="שאך (שפיל) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שאך (שפיל)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess" title="Chess – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Chess" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B1%A1%E6%A3%8B" title="國際象棋 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國際象棋" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_filter_manager" title="Wikipedia:Edit filter manager">Edit filter managers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reviewing_pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes">Pending changes reviewers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rollback" title="Wikipedia:Rollback">Rollbackers</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>53,601</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">reword, because pre-arranged draws can sometimes serve an "ultimate goal" in team vs team play</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tags</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_edit">Mobile edit</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_web_edit">Mobile web edit</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-advanced_mobile_edit">Advanced mobile edit</span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(31 intermediate revisions by 11 users not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 20:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 20:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>'''Chess''' is a [[board game]] for two players. It is sometimes called '''international chess''' or '''Western chess''' to distinguish it from [[chess variant|related games]] such as {{transliteration|zh|[[xiangqi]]}} (Chinese chess) and {{transliteration|ja|[[shogi]]}} (Japanese chess).</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>'''Chess''' is a [[board game]] for two players. It is sometimes called '''international chess''' or '''Western chess''' to distinguish it from [[chess variant|related games]] such as {{transliteration|zh|[[xiangqi]]}} (Chinese chess) and {{transliteration|ja|[[shogi]]}} (Japanese chess).</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Chess is an [[abstract strategy game]] that involves [[Perfect information|no hidden information]] and no elements of [[game of chance|chance]]. It is played on a [[chessboard]] with 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid. The players, referred to as [[White and Black in chess|"White" and "Black"]], each control sixteen [[Chess piece|pieces]]: one [[king (chess)|king]], one [[queen (chess)|queen]], two [[rook (chess)|rooks]], two [[bishop (chess)|bishops]], two [[knight (chess)|knights]], and eight [[pawn (chess)|pawns]]. White moves first, followed by Black. The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">game</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">typically</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">won</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">by</del> [[checkmate<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|checkmating</del>]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">opponent's</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">king,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">i.e.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">threatening</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">it</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with inescapable capture</del>. There are several ways a game can end in a [[draw (chess)|draw]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Chess is an [[abstract strategy game]] that involves [[Perfect information|no hidden information]] and no elements of [[game of chance|chance]]. It is played on a [[chessboard]] with 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid. The players, referred to<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> generically</ins> as [[White and Black in chess|"White" and "Black"]], each control sixteen [[Chess piece|pieces]]: one [[king (chess)|king]], one [[queen (chess)|queen]], two [[rook (chess)|rooks]], two [[bishop (chess)|bishops]], two [[knight (chess)|knights]], and eight [[pawn (chess)|pawns]]. White moves first, followed by Black<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; then moves alternate</ins>. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">object</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">game</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is to</ins> [[checkmate]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(threaten</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">inescapable</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">capture)</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">enemy</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">king</ins>. There are<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> also</ins> several ways a game can end in a [[draw (chess)|draw]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The recorded history of chess goes back at least to the emergence of a similar game, [[chaturanga]], in seventh-century [[History of India|India]]. After its introduction in [[Persia]], it spread to the Arab world and then to Europe. The rules of chess as they are known today emerged in Europe at the end of the 15th century, with standardization and universal acceptance by the end of the 19th century. Today, chess is one of the world's most popular games <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and is played by</del> millions of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">people</del> worldwide.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The recorded history of chess goes back at least to the emergence of a similar game, [[chaturanga]], in seventh-century [[History of India|India]]. After its introduction in [[Persia]], it spread to the Arab world and then to Europe. The rules of chess as they are known today emerged in Europe at the end of the 15th century, with standardization and universal acceptance by the end of the 19th century. Today, chess is one of the world's most popular games<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with</ins> millions of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">players</ins> worldwide.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Organized chess arose in the 19th century. Chess competition today is governed internationally by [[FIDE]] (''Fédération Internationale des Échecs''; the International Chess Federation). The first universally recognized [[World Chess Champion]], [[Wilhelm Steinitz]], claimed his title in 1886; [[Ding Liren]] is the current World Champion.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Organized chess arose in the 19th century. Chess competition today is governed internationally by [[FIDE]] (''Fédération Internationale des Échecs''; the International Chess Federation). The first universally recognized [[World Chess Champion]], [[Wilhelm Steinitz]], claimed his title in 1886; [[Ding Liren]] is the current World Champion.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>A huge body of [[chess theory]] has developed since the game's inception. Aspects of art are found in [[chess composition]], and chess in its turn influenced [[Western culture]] and [[Chess in the arts|the arts]], and has connections with other fields such as [[mathematics]], [[computer science]], and [[psychology]]. One of the goals of early [[computer scientists]] was to create a [[chess-playing machine]]. In 1997, [[Deep Blue (chess computer)|Deep Blue]] became the first computer to beat <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> reigning World Champion in [[Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov|a match]] when it defeated [[Garry Kasparov]]. Today's [[chess engine]]s are significantly stronger than the best human players and have deeply influenced the development of chess theory; however, chess is [[solving chess|not a solved game]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>A huge body of [[chess theory]] has developed since the game's inception. Aspects of art are found in [[chess composition]], and chess in its turn influenced [[Western culture]] and [[Chess in the arts|the arts]], and has connections with other fields such as [[mathematics]], [[computer science]], and [[psychology]]. One of the goals of early [[computer scientists]] was to create a [[chess-playing machine]]. In 1997, [[Deep Blue (chess computer)|Deep Blue]] became the first computer to beat <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a</ins> reigning World Champion in [[Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov|a match]] when it defeated [[Garry Kasparov]]. Today's [[chess engine]]s are significantly stronger than the best human players and have deeply influenced the development of chess theory; however, chess is [[solving chess|not a solved game]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{AN chess|pos=toc}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{AN chess|pos=toc}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 37:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 37:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Chess set]]s come in a wide variety of styles. The [[Staunton chess set|Staunton pattern]] is the most common, and is usually required for competition. [[Chess piece]]s are divided into two sets, usually light and dark colored, referred to as [[White and Black in chess|''white'' and ''black'']], regardless of the actual color or design. The players of the sets are referred to as ''White'' and ''Black'', respectively. Each set consists of sixteen pieces: one [[King (chess)|king]], one [[Queen (chess)|queen]], two [[Rook (chess)|rooks]], two [[Bishop (chess)|bishops]], two [[Knight (chess)|knights]], and eight [[Pawn (chess)|pawns]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Chess set]]s come in a wide variety of styles. The [[Staunton chess set|Staunton pattern]] is the most common, and is usually required for competition. [[Chess piece]]s are divided into two sets, usually light and dark colored, referred to as [[White and Black in chess|''white'' and ''black'']], regardless of the actual color or design. The players of the sets are referred to as ''White'' and ''Black'', respectively. Each set consists of sixteen pieces: one [[King (chess)|king]], one [[Queen (chess)|queen]], two [[Rook (chess)|rooks]], two [[Bishop (chess)|bishops]], two [[Knight (chess)|knights]], and eight [[Pawn (chess)|pawns]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The game is played on a square [[Chessboard|board]] of eight rows (called {{em|{{chessgloss|ranks}}}}) and eight columns (called {{em|{{chessgloss|files}}}}). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">By</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">convention</del>, the 64 squares alternate in color and are referred to as {{em|light}} and {{em|dark}} squares<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">common</del> colors for chessboards are <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">white</del> and brown, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">white</del> and green.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The game is played on a square [[Chessboard|board]] of eight rows (called {{em|{{chessgloss|ranks}}}}) and eight columns (called {{em|{{chessgloss|files}}}}). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Although</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">it does not affect game play</ins>,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> by convention</ins> the 64 squares alternate in color and are referred to as {{em|light}} and {{em|dark}} squares<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Common</ins> colors for<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> wooden</ins> chessboards are <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">light</ins> and<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> dark</ins> brown, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">while vinyl chessboards are commonly</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">buff</ins> and green.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{clear left}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{clear left}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 53:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 53:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| {{em|First row:}} rook, knight, bishop, queen, king, bishop, knight, rook. {{em|Second row:}} pawns.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| {{em|First row:}} rook, knight, bishop, queen, king, bishop, knight, rook. {{em|Second row:}} pawns.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pieces</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">set</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">out</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">shown</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</del> the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Chess</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">diagram|diagram]]</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">photo.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Thus,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on White's first rank</del>, from left to right<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, the pieces are placed as follows</del>: rook, knight, bishop, queen, king, bishop, knight, rook. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Eight pawns</del> are placed on the second rank. Black's position mirrors White's, with<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> an</del> equivalent <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">piece</del> on <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the same</del> file. The board is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">placed</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a light square at</del> the right-hand corner nearest<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> to</del> each player<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">correct</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">position</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">light</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">square</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">may</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">be</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">remembered</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">by</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">phrase</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>light <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on right"</del>, while the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">correct</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">positions</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">king</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">queen</del> may be remembered by the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">phrase</del> "<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">queen</del> on <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">her</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">own color</del>"<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (i.e. the white queen begins on a light square,</del> and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the black </del>queen on <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dark</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">square)</del>.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">To</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">start</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">game,</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">White's</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pieces</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">placed on</ins> the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rank</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">following</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">order</ins>, from left to right: rook, knight, bishop, queen, king, bishop, knight, rook. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pawns</ins> are placed on<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> each square of</ins> the second rank. Black's position mirrors White's, with equivalent <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pieces</ins> on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">every</ins> file. The board is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">oriented</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">so</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that</ins> the right-hand corner nearest each player <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">light</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">square;</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">result</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">white</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">queen</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">always</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">starts</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on a</ins> light <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">square</ins>, while the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">black</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">queen</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">starts</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dark</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">square. This</ins> may be remembered by the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">phrases</ins> "<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">light</ins> on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">right</ins>" and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</ins>queen on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">her</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">own</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">color"</ins>.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">competitive</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">games</del>, the piece colors are allocated to players by the organizers<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</del> informal games,<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> the</del> colors are<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> usually</del> decided randomly, for example by a coin toss, or by one player concealing a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> and having the opponent choose.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">formal</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">competition</ins>, the piece colors<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> for every matchup</ins> are allocated to players by the organizers<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In</ins> informal games, colors are decided<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> either by mutual agreement, or</ins> randomly, for example by a coin toss, or by one player concealing a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other and having the opponent choose.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Movement===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Movement===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 305:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 305:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>If the piece makes a capture, "x" is usually inserted before the destination square. Thus '''Bxf3''' means "bishop captures on f3". When a pawn makes a capture, the file from which the pawn departed is used to identify the pawn making the capture, for example, '''exd5''' (pawn on the e-file captures the piece on d5). Ranks may be omitted if unambiguous, for example, '''exd''' (pawn on the e-file captures a piece somewhere on the d-file). A minority of publications use "''':'''" to indicate a capture, and some omit the capture symbol altogether. In its most abbreviated form, '''exd5''' may be rendered simply as '''ed'''. An ''en passant'' capture may optionally be marked with the notation "'''e.p.'''"</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>If the piece makes a capture, "x" is usually inserted before the destination square. Thus '''Bxf3''' means "bishop captures on f3". When a pawn makes a capture, the file from which the pawn departed is used to identify the pawn making the capture, for example, '''exd5''' (pawn on the e-file captures the piece on d5). Ranks may be omitted if unambiguous, for example, '''exd''' (pawn on the e-file captures a piece somewhere on the d-file). A minority of publications use "''':'''" to indicate a capture, and some omit the capture symbol altogether. In its most abbreviated form, '''exd5''' may be rendered simply as '''ed'''. An ''en passant'' capture may optionally be marked with the notation "'''e.p.'''"</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>If a pawn moves to its last rank, achieving promotion, the piece chosen is indicated after the move (for example, '''e1=Q''' or '''e1Q'''). Castling is indicated by the special notations '''0-0''' (or '''O-O''') for {{chessgloss|kingside}} castling and '''0-0-0''' (or '''O-O-O''') for {{chessgloss|queenside}} castling. A move that places the opponent's king in check usually has the notation "'''+'''" added. There are no specific notations for [[discovered check]] or [[double check]]. Checkmate can be indicated by "'''#'''". At the end of the game, "'''1–0'''" means White won, "'''0–1'''" means Black won, and "'''½–½'''" indicates a draw.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>If a pawn moves to its last rank, achieving promotion, the piece chosen is indicated after the move (for example, '''e1=Q''' or '''e1Q'''). Castling is indicated by the special notations '''0-0''' (or '''O-O''') for {{chessgloss|kingside}} castling and '''0-0-0''' (or '''O-O-O''') for {{chessgloss|queenside}} castling. A move that places the opponent's king in check usually has the notation "'''+'''" added. There are no specific notations for [[discovered check]] or [[double check]]. Checkmate can be indicated by "'''#'''". At the end of the game, "'''1–0'''" means White won, "'''0–1'''" means Black won, and "'''½–½'''" indicates a draw.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">> Chess moves can be annotated with [[punctuation (chess)|punctuation marks and other symbols]]. For example: "'''!'''" indicates a good move; "'''!!'''" an excellent move; "'''?'''" a mistake; "'''??'''" a blunder; "'''!?'''" an interesting move that may not be best; or "'''?!'''" a dubious move not easily refuted.<ref name="Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 92">Hooper & Whyld (1992), p. 92</ref</ins>></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Chess moves can be annotated with [[punctuation (chess)|punctuation marks and other symbols]]. For example: "'''!'''" indicates a good move; "'''!!'''" an excellent move; "'''?'''" a mistake; "'''??'''" a blunder; "'''!?'''" an interesting move that may not be best; or "'''?!'''" a dubious move not easily refuted.<ref name="Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 92">Hooper & Whyld (1992), p. 92</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Scholars mate animation.gif|frame|left|upright 0.9|"[[Scholar's mate]]"]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Scholars mate animation.gif|frame|left|upright 0.9|"[[Scholar's mate]]"]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 326:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 325:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|File:Paris - Playing chess at the Jardins du Luxembourg - 2955.jpg|Public chess tables in the [[Jardin du Luxembourg]], Paris</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|File:Paris - Playing chess at the Jardins du Luxembourg - 2955.jpg|Public chess tables in the [[Jardin du Luxembourg]], Paris</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|File:2014 Kutaisi, Mężczyzni grający w szachy (01).jpg|Men playing chess, [[Kutaisi]], Georgia, 2014</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|File:2014 Kutaisi, Mężczyzni grający w szachy (01).jpg|Men playing chess, [[Kutaisi]], Georgia, 2014</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|File:Concentrancia (156917957).jpg|A girl playing chess in [[Mexico City]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|File:Concentrancia (156917957).jpg|A girl playing chess in [[Mexico City]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|File:Chess game in Kilifi Kenya.jpg|Chess game in [[Kilifi]], Kenya </div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|File:Chess game in Kilifi Kenya.jpg|Chess game in [[Kilifi]], Kenya </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|File:Chch 05.JPG|Giant chess on [[Cathedral Square, Christchurch|Cathedral Square]], [[Christchurch]], New Zealand<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|File:Chch 05.JPG|Giant chess on [[Cathedral Square, Christchurch|Cathedral Square]], [[Christchurch]], New Zealand</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|File:Children Playing Chess on the Street - Santiago de Cuba - Cuba.jpg|On a street of [[Santiago de Cuba]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|File:Children Playing Chess on the Street - Santiago de Cuba - Cuba.jpg|On a street of [[Santiago de Cuba]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|File:Széchenyi Gyógyfürdő, 2011. Chess in the Budapest Baths (6050758790).jpg|Chess players in the [[Széchenyi thermal bath|Széchenyi baths]] of [[Budapest]], Hungary<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|File:Széchenyi Gyógyfürdő, 2011. Chess in the Budapest Baths (6050758790).jpg|Chess players in the [[Széchenyi thermal bath|Széchenyi baths]] of [[Budapest]], Hungary</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|File:Salatiga - Playing chess at the Tegalrejo, Argomulyo, Salatiga.jpg|A girl playing chess in [[Salatiga]], Indonesia<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|File:Salatiga - Playing chess at the Tegalrejo, Argomulyo, Salatiga.jpg|A girl playing chess in [[Salatiga]], Indonesia</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{clear}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{clear}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 377:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 376:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Chess theory usually divides the game of chess into three phases with different sets of strategies: the [[#Opening|opening]], typically the first 10 to 20 moves, when players move their pieces to useful positions for the coming battle; the [[#Middlegame|middlegame]]; and last the [[#Endgame|endgame]], when most of the pieces are gone, kings typically take a more active part in the struggle, and pawn promotion is often decisive.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Chess theory usually divides the game of chess into three phases with different sets of strategies: the [[#Opening|opening]], typically the first 10 to 20 moves, when players move their pieces to useful positions for the coming battle; the [[#Middlegame|middlegame]]; and last the [[#Endgame|endgame]], when most of the pieces are gone, kings typically take a more active part in the struggle, and pawn promotion is often decisive.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{em|Opening theory}} is concerned with finding the best moves in the initial phase of the game. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dozens</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">different</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">openings,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hundreds</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">variants</del>. ''[[The Oxford Companion to Chess]]'' lists 1,327 named openings and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">variants</del>.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hooper|first1=David|author1-link=David Vincent Hooper |last2=Whyld |first2=Kenneth |author2-link=Kenneth Whyld|year=1992 |title=The Oxford Companion to Chess|edition=2|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-280049-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000hoop/page/461 461]–480|title-link=The Oxford Companion to Chess}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{em|Opening theory}} is concerned with finding the best moves in the initial phase of the game. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Many</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">opening</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sequences</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">standard</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">names</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">such</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Sicilian Defense]]</ins>. ''[[The Oxford Companion to Chess]]'' lists 1,327 named openings and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">variations, and this list is by no means exhaustive</ins>.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hooper|first1=David|author1-link=David Vincent Hooper |last2=Whyld |first2=Kenneth |author2-link=Kenneth Whyld|year=1992 |title=The Oxford Companion to Chess|edition=2|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-280049-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000hoop/page/461 461]–480|title-link=The Oxford Companion to Chess}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{em|Middlegame theory}} is usually divided into [[chess tactics]] and [[chess strategy]]. Chess strategy concentrates on setting and achieving long-term positional advantages during the game&nbsp;– for example, where to place different pieces&nbsp;– while tactics concerns immediate maneuver. These two aspects of the gameplay cannot be completely separated, because strategic goals are mostly achieved through tactics, while the tactical opportunities are based on the previous strategy of play.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{em|Middlegame theory}} is usually divided into [[chess tactics]] and [[chess strategy]]. Chess strategy concentrates on setting and achieving long-term positional advantages during the game&nbsp;– for example, where to place different pieces&nbsp;– while tactics concerns immediate maneuver. These two aspects of the gameplay cannot be completely separated, because strategic goals are mostly achieved through tactics, while the tactical opportunities are based on the previous strategy of play.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 410:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 409:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>====Strategy====</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>====Strategy====</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_26_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_22_0_lhs"></a>{{Main|Chess strategy}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{| style="float:right;"</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{| style="float:right;"</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|- valign="top"</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|- valign="top"</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 442:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 440:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|pl|pl| | | |pl|pl|</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|pl|pl| | | |pl|pl|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| | | | | | | |</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| | | | | | | |</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| ...&nbsp;and its pawn structure, known as the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>Rauzer formation<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| ...&nbsp;and its pawn structure, known as the Rauzer formation</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{col-end}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{col-end}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_22_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_26_0_rhs"></a>{{Main|Chess strategy}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Chess strategy is concerned with the evaluation of chess positions and with setting up goals and long-term plans for future play. During the evaluation, players must take into account numerous factors such as the value of the pieces on the board, control of the center and centralization, the [[pawn structure]], king safety, and the control of [[key square]]s or groups of squares (for example, diagonals, open files, and dark or light squares).</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Chess strategy is concerned with the evaluation of chess positions and with setting up goals and long-term plans for future play. During the evaluation, players must take into account numerous factors such as the value of the pieces on the board, control of the center and centralization, the [[pawn structure]], king safety, and the control of [[key square]]s or groups of squares (for example, diagonals, open files, and dark or light squares).</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 455:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 454:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Endgame===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Endgame===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_30_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_28_0_lhs"></a>{{Main|Chess endgame}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Chess diagram small</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Chess diagram small</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|tright</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|tright</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 469:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 467:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|The side to move is disadvantaged.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|The side to move is disadvantaged.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_28_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_30_0_rhs"></a>{{Main|Chess endgame}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The endgame (also {{em|end game}} or {{em|ending}}) is the stage of the game when there are few pieces left on the board. There are three main strategic differences between earlier stages of the game and the endgame:<ref>Harding (2003), pp. 187ff</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The endgame (also {{em|end game}} or {{em|ending}}) is the stage of the game when there are few pieces left on the board. There are three main strategic differences between earlier stages of the game and the endgame:<ref>Harding (2003), pp. 187ff</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* Pawns become more important. Endgames often revolve around endeavors to [[Promotion (chess)|promote]] a pawn by advancing it to the furthest {{chessgloss|rank}}.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* Pawns become more important. Endgames often revolve around endeavors to [[Promotion (chess)|promote]] a pawn by advancing it to the furthest {{chessgloss|rank}}.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 482:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 482:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Origins===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Origins===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:King Khosrow sits before the chessboard, while his vizir and the envoy of Qannuj are playing chess. Shahnameh, 10th century CE.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Sasanian Empire]] King [[Khosrow I]] sits on his throne before the chessboard, while his vizir and the Indian envoy Deva Sharma, probably sent by the [[Maukhari]] King [[Śarvavarman]] of [[Kannauj]], are playing chess. ''[[Shahnama]]'', 10th century AD.<ref name="ME">{{cite book |last1=Eder |first1=Manfred A. J. |title=South Asian Archaeology 2007 Proceedings of the 19th Meeting of the European Association of South Asian Archaeology in Ravenna, Italy, July 2007, Volume II |date=2010 |publisher=Archaeopress Archaeology |isbn=978-1-4073-0674-2 |page=69 |url=http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Eder%202007-2.pdf |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120194215/http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Eder%202007-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans T. |author-link=Hans T. Bakker |title=The Huns in Central and South Asia. How Two Centuries of War against Nomadic Invaders from the Steps are Concluded by a Game of Chess between the Kings of India and Iran |date=2017 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34156496 |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320115332/https://www.academia.edu/34156496 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:King Khosrow sits before the chessboard, while his vizir and the envoy of Qannuj are playing chess. Shahnameh, 10th century CE.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Sasanian Empire]] King [[Khosrow I]] sits on his throne before the chessboard, while his vizir and the Indian envoy Deva Sharma, probably sent by the [[Maukhari]] King [[Śarvavarman]] of [[Kannauj]], are playing chess. ''[[Shahnama]]'', 10th century AD.<ref name="ME">{{cite book |last1=Eder |first1=Manfred A. J. |title=South Asian Archaeology 2007 Proceedings of the 19th Meeting of the European Association of South Asian Archaeology in Ravenna, Italy, July 2007, Volume II |date=2010 |publisher=Archaeopress Archaeology |isbn=978-1-4073-0674-2 |page=69 |url=http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Eder%202007-2.pdf |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120194215/http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Eder%202007-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans T. |author-link=Hans T. Bakker |title=The Huns in Central and South Asia. How Two Centuries of War against Nomadic Invaders from the Steps are Concluded by a Game of Chess between the Kings of India and Iran |date=2017 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34156496 |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320115332/https://www.academia.edu/34156496 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:A treatise on chess 2.jpg|thumb|The Ambassadors from India present the Chatrang to Khosrow I Anushirwan, "Immortal Soul", King of Persia]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Texts referring to the origins of chess date from the beginning of the seventh century. Three are written in ''Pahlavi'' ([[Middle Persian]])<ref>{{Cite book|title=La novella degli scacchi e della tavola reale|last=Panaino|first=Antonio|publisher=Mimesis|year=1999|isbn=88-87231-26-5|location=Milano}}</ref> and one, the ''[[Harshacharita]]'', is in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>Andreas Bock-Raming, The Gaming Board in Indian Chess and Related Board Games: a terminological investigation, Board Games Studies 2, 1999</ref> One of these texts, the ''Chatrang-namak'', represents one of the earliest written accounts of chess. The narrator [[Bozorgmehr]] explains that ''Chatrang'', "Chess" in Pahlavi, was introduced to Persia by '[[Sharvavarman|Dewasarm]], a great ruler of India' during the reign of [[Khosrow I]]:<ref name="The Sháhnáma of Firdausí: Volume VII">Warner (2000), pp. 381</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Texts referring to the origins of chess date from the beginning of the seventh century. Three are written in ''Pahlavi'' ([[Middle Persian]])<ref>{{Cite book|title=La novella degli scacchi e della tavola reale|last=Panaino|first=Antonio|publisher=Mimesis|year=1999|isbn=88-87231-26-5|location=Milano}}</ref> and one, the ''[[Harshacharita]]'', is in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>Andreas Bock-Raming, The Gaming Board in Indian Chess and Related Board Games: a terminological investigation, Board Games Studies 2, 1999</ref> One of these texts, the ''Chatrang-namak'', represents one of the earliest written accounts of chess. The narrator [[Bozorgmehr]] explains that ''Chatrang'', "Chess" in Pahlavi, was introduced to Persia by '[[Sharvavarman|Dewasarm]], a great ruler of India' during the reign of [[Khosrow I]]:<ref name="The Sháhnáma of Firdausí: Volume VII">Warner (2000), pp. 381</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{blockquote|Dewasarm has fashioned this ''[[chatrang]]'' after the likeness of a battle, and in its likeness are two supreme rulers after the likeness of Kings (shah), with the essentials of rooks (rukh) to right and to left, with Counsellor (farzin) in the likeness of a commander of the champions, with the Elephant (pil) in the likeness of the commander of the rearguard, with Horse (asp) in the likeness of the commander of the cavalry, with the Footsoldier (piyadak) in the likeness of so many infantry in the vanguard of the battle|Translation by Murray, 1913<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mark |first1=Michael |title=Ancient Board Games in Perspective: The Beginnings of Chess (18) |date=2007 |publisher=British Museum Press |isbn=978-0714111537 |page=148 |url=http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Mark%202007.pdf |access-date=20 July 2023 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720083413/http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Mark%202007.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{blockquote|Dewasarm has fashioned this ''[[chatrang]]'' after the likeness of a battle, and in its likeness are two supreme rulers after the likeness of Kings (shah), with the essentials of rooks (rukh) to right and to left, with Counsellor (farzin) in the likeness of a commander of the champions, with the Elephant (pil) in the likeness of the commander of the rearguard, with Horse (asp) in the likeness of the commander of the cavalry, with the Footsoldier (piyadak) in the likeness of so many infantry in the vanguard of the battle|Translation by Murray, 1913<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mark |first1=Michael |title=Ancient Board Games in Perspective: The Beginnings of Chess (18) |date=2007 |publisher=British Museum Press |isbn=978-0714111537 |page=148 |url=http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Mark%202007.pdf |access-date=20 July 2023 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720083413/http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Mark%202007.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:A treatise on chess 2.jpg|thumb|An illustration from a Persian manuscript "A treatise on chess". The Ambassadors from India present the Chatrang to Khosrow I Anushirwan, "Immortal Soul", King of Persia, 14th century AD.|left]]The oldest known chess manual was in Arabic and dates to about 840, written by [[al-Adli ar-Rumi]] (800–870), a renowned Arab chess player, titled ''Kitab ash-shatranj'' (The Book of Chess). This is a lost manuscript, but is referenced in later works.<ref>Murray (1913), pp. 169–174</ref> Here also, al-Adli attributes the origins of Persian chess to India, along with the eighth-century collection of fables [[Kalīla wa-Dimna]].<ref name="Elephants and Kings">Trautmann (2015), pp. 117</ref> By the 20th century, a substantial consensus<ref name="Ancient Board Games in Perspective">Mark (1996), pp. 138</ref><ref name="Players and Pawns">Fine (2015), pp. 3</ref> developed regarding chess's origins in northwest [[India]] in the early seventh century.<ref name="Murray (1913)">Murray (1913), pp. 26–27, 51–52</ref> More recently, this consensus has been the subject of further scrutiny.<ref>{{cite web|date=2012-08-08|title=A critical review of: "The Beginnings of Chess"|url=http://history.chess.free.fr/mark2007.htm|publisher=Jean-Louis Cazaux|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808032318/http://history.chess.free.fr/mark2007.htm|url-status=live}}</ref></ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The oldest known chess manual was in Arabic and dates to about 840, written by [[al-Adli ar-Rumi]] (800–870), a renowned Arab chess player, titled ''Kitab ash-shatranj'' (The Book of Chess). This is a lost manuscript, but is referenced in later works.<ref>Murray (1913), pp. 169–174</ref> Here also, al-Adli attributes the origins of Persian chess to India, along with the eighth-century collection of fables [[Kalīla wa-Dimna]].<ref name="Elephants and Kings">Trautmann (2015), pp. 117</ref> By the 20th century, a substantial consensus<ref name="Ancient Board Games in Perspective">Mark (1996), pp. 138</ref><ref name="Players and Pawns">Fine (2015), pp. 3</ref> developed regarding chess's origins in northwest [[India]] in the early seventh century.<ref name="Murray (1913)">Murray (1913), pp. 26–27, 51–52</ref> More recently, this consensus has been the subject of further scrutiny.<ref>{{cite web|date=2012-08-08|title=A critical review of: "The Beginnings of Chess"|url=http://history.chess.free.fr/mark2007.htm|publisher=Jean-Louis Cazaux|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808032318/http://history.chess.free.fr/mark2007.htm|url-status=live}}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The early forms of chess in India were known as {{em|[[chaturanga|chaturaṅga]]}} ({{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Lang-</del>sa|चतुरङ्ग}}), literally "four divisions" [of the military]&nbsp;– [[infantry]], [[cavalry]], [[war elephant|elephants]], and [[chariot]]ry – represented by pieces that would later evolve into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively. Chaturanga was played on an 8×8 uncheckered board, called {{em|[[Ashtapada|ashtāpada]]}}.<ref>{{cite web|date=2005-07-25|title=Ashtapada|url=http://history.chess.free.fr/ashtapada.htm|access-date=2013-07-16|publisher=Jean-Louis Cazaux|archive-date=25 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725185540/http://history.chess.free.fr/ashtapada.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Thence it spread eastward and westward along the [[Silk Road]]. The earliest evidence of chess is found in nearby [[Sasanian Persia]] around 600 A.D., where the game came to be known by the name {{em|[[chatrang]]}} ({{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lang-</del>fa|چترنگ}}).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eiland |first=Murray |date=2013 |title=Some Problems of Islamic Heraldry |url=https://www.academia.edu/8013404 |journal=The Armiger's News |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=1–5 |via=academia.edu |access-date=27 December 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203011606/https://www.academia.edu/8013404 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chatrang was taken up by the [[Muslim world]] after the [[Islamic conquest of Persia]] (633–51), where it was then named {{em|[[shatranj]]}} ({{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lang-</del>ar|شطرنج}}; {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lang-</del>fa|شترنج}}), with the pieces largely retaining their Persian names. In Spanish, "shatranj" was rendered as ''ajedrez'' ("al-shatranj"), in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] as ''xadrez'', and in [[Greek language|Greek]] as ζατρίκιον (''zatrikion'', which comes directly from the Persian ''chatrang''),<ref>Murray (1913), p. 163</ref> but in the rest of Europe it was replaced by versions of the Persian ''shāh'' ("king"), from which the English words "check" and "chess" descend.{{refn|At that time the Spanish word would have been written ''axedrez''. The Spanish "x" was pronounced as English "sh", as the Portuguese "x" still is today. The spelling of ''ajedrez'' changed after [[Spanish orthography#History|Spanish lost the "sh" sound]].|group=note}} The word "[[checkmate]]" is derived from the Persian ''shāh māt'' ("the king is dead").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=checkmate |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2 May 2020 |last=Harper |first=Douglas |author2=Dan McCormack |archive-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102052251/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=checkmate |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The early forms of chess in India were known as {{em|[[chaturanga|chaturaṅga]]}} ({{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Langx|</ins>sa|चतुरङ्ग}}), literally "four divisions" [of the military]&nbsp;– [[infantry]], [[cavalry]], [[war elephant|elephants]], and [[chariot]]ry – represented by pieces that would later evolve into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively. Chaturanga was played on an 8×8 uncheckered board, called {{em|[[Ashtapada|ashtāpada]]}}.<ref>{{cite web|date=2005-07-25|title=Ashtapada|url=http://history.chess.free.fr/ashtapada.htm|access-date=2013-07-16|publisher=Jean-Louis Cazaux|archive-date=25 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725185540/http://history.chess.free.fr/ashtapada.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Thence it spread eastward and westward along the [[Silk Road]]. The earliest evidence of chess is found in nearby [[Sasanian Persia]] around 600 A.D., where the game came to be known by the name {{em|[[chatrang]]}} ({{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">langx|</ins>fa|چترنگ}}).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eiland |first=Murray |date=2013 |title=Some Problems of Islamic Heraldry |url=https://www.academia.edu/8013404 |journal=The Armiger's News |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=1–5 |via=academia.edu |access-date=27 December 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203011606/https://www.academia.edu/8013404 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chatrang was taken up by the [[Muslim world]] after the [[Islamic conquest of Persia]] (633–51), where it was then named {{em|[[shatranj]]}} ({{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">langx|</ins>ar|شطرنج}}; {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">langx|</ins>fa|شترنج}}), with the pieces largely retaining their Persian names. In Spanish, "shatranj" was rendered as ''ajedrez'' ("al-shatranj"), in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] as ''xadrez'', and in [[Greek language|Greek]] as ζατρίκιον (''zatrikion'', which comes directly from the Persian ''chatrang''),<ref>Murray (1913), p. 163</ref> but in the rest of Europe it was replaced by versions of the Persian ''shāh'' ("king"), from which the English words "check" and "chess" descend.{{refn|At that time the Spanish word would have been written ''axedrez''. The Spanish "x" was pronounced as English "sh", as the Portuguese "x" still is today. The spelling of ''ajedrez'' changed after [[Spanish orthography#History|Spanish lost the "sh" sound]].|group=note}} The word "[[checkmate]]" is derived from the Persian ''shāh māt'' ("the king is dead").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=checkmate |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2 May 2020 |last=Harper |first=Douglas |author2=Dan McCormack |archive-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102052251/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=checkmate |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:KnightsTemplarPlayingChess1283.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Knights Templar]] playing chess, {{lang|es|[[Libro de los juegos]]}}, 1283]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:KnightsTemplarPlayingChess1283.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Knights Templar]] playing chess, {{lang|es|[[Libro de los juegos]]}}, 1283]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 516:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 513:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Stalemate#History of the stalemate rule|The rules concerning stalemate]] were finalized in the early 19th&nbsp;century. Also in the 19th&nbsp;century, the convention that White moves first was established (formerly either White or Black could move first). Finally, the rules around castling and en passant captures were standardized&nbsp;– variations in these rules persisted in Italy until the late 19th&nbsp;century. The resulting standard game is sometimes referred to as {{em|Western chess}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3492 |title=XiangQi – an alternate to Western Chess |publisher=ChessBase.com |author=René Gralla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604145052/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3492 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |df=dmy-all |date=19 November 2006}}</ref> or {{em|international chess}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessvariants.org/oriental.dir/thaikramnik.html |date=January 2, 2005|title=Kramnik plays Makruk Thai |first1=René|last1=Gralla |access-date=12 December 2010 |website=[[The Chess Variant Pages]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606155706/http://www.chessvariants.org/oriental.dir/thaikramnik.html |archive-date=6 June 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> particularly in Asia where other games of the chess family such as [[xiangqi]] are prevalent. Since the 19th&nbsp;century, the only rule changes, such as the establishment of the correct procedure for claiming a draw by repetition, have been technical in nature.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Stalemate#History of the stalemate rule|The rules concerning stalemate]] were finalized in the early 19th&nbsp;century. Also in the 19th&nbsp;century, the convention that White moves first was established (formerly either White or Black could move first). Finally, the rules around castling and en passant captures were standardized&nbsp;– variations in these rules persisted in Italy until the late 19th&nbsp;century. The resulting standard game is sometimes referred to as {{em|Western chess}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3492 |title=XiangQi – an alternate to Western Chess |publisher=ChessBase.com |author=René Gralla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604145052/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3492 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |df=dmy-all |date=19 November 2006}}</ref> or {{em|international chess}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessvariants.org/oriental.dir/thaikramnik.html |date=January 2, 2005|title=Kramnik plays Makruk Thai |first1=René|last1=Gralla |access-date=12 December 2010 |website=[[The Chess Variant Pages]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606155706/http://www.chessvariants.org/oriental.dir/thaikramnik.html |archive-date=6 June 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> particularly in Asia where other games of the chess family such as [[xiangqi]] are prevalent. Since the 19th&nbsp;century, the only rule changes, such as the establishment of the correct procedure for claiming a draw by repetition, have been technical in nature.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Jean Henri Marlet Das berühmte Schachspiel zwischen Howard Staunton und Pierre Charles Fourrier Saint-Amant 1843.jpg|thumbnail|right|A depiction of the chess match between [[Howard Staunton]] and [[Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant|Pierre Saint-Amant]], on 16 December 1843]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:ChessNL186X.jpg|thumb|Chess in the Netherlands (1864)]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>As the 19th century progressed, chess organization developed quickly. Many [[chess club]]s, chess books, and chess journals appeared. There were correspondence matches between cities; for example, the London Chess Club played against the [[Edinburgh]] Chess Club in 1824.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=80740 |title=London Chess Club |website=[[Chessgames.com]] |access-date=26 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225144954/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=80740 |archive-date=25 December 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Chess problems]] became a regular part of 19th-century newspapers; [[Bernhard Horwitz]], [[Josef Kling]], and [[Samuel Loyd]] composed some of the most influential problems. In 1843, [[Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa|von der Lasa]] published his and [[Paul Rudolf von Bilguer|Bilguer's]] ''[[Handbuch des Schachspiels]]'' (''Handbook of Chess''), the first comprehensive manual of chess theory.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>As the 19th century progressed, chess organization developed quickly. Many [[chess club]]s, chess books, and chess journals appeared. There were correspondence matches between cities; for example, the London Chess Club played against the [[Edinburgh]] Chess Club in 1824.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=80740 |title=London Chess Club |website=[[Chessgames.com]] |access-date=26 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225144954/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=80740 |archive-date=25 December 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Chess problems]] became a regular part of 19th-century newspapers; [[Bernhard Horwitz]], [[Josef Kling]], and [[Samuel Loyd]] composed some of the most influential problems. In 1843, [[Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa|von der Lasa]] published his and [[Paul Rudolf von Bilguer|Bilguer's]] ''[[Handbuch des Schachspiels]]'' (''Handbook of Chess''), the first comprehensive manual of chess theory.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 696:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 693:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* direct predecessors of chess, such as [[chaturanga]] and [[shatranj]];</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* direct predecessors of chess, such as [[chaturanga]] and [[shatranj]];</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* traditional national or regional games that share common ancestors with Western chess such as [[xiangqi]] (Chinese chess), [[shogi]] (Japanese chess), [[janggi]] (Korean chess), [[makruk|ouk chatrang]] (Cambodian chess), [[makruk]] (Thai chess), [[sittuyin]] (Burmese chess), and [[shatar]] (Mongolian chess);</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* traditional national or regional games that share common ancestors with Western chess such as [[xiangqi]] (Chinese chess), [[shogi]] (Japanese chess), [[janggi]] (Korean chess), [[makruk|ouk chatrang]] (Cambodian chess), [[makruk]] (Thai chess), [[sittuyin]] (Burmese chess), and [[shatar]] (Mongolian chess);</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* modern variations employing different rules (e.g. [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Losing</del> chess]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or</del> [[Chess960]]{{refn|In 2008 FIDE added Chess960 rules to an appendix of the Handbook.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess2009">From {{Cite web|title=Laws Historic |url=http://aekphotography.co.uk/CAA/html/laws_historic.html|access-date=2022-12-29|website=Chess Arbiters' Association|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706060640/http://aekphotography.co.uk/CAA/html/laws_historic.html|url-status=live}}: {{Cite web|title=FIDE Laws of Chess - coming into force on 1 July 2009 |url=http://aekphotography.co.uk/CAA/Laws_of_Chess_2009.pdf|access-date=5 July 2020|website=Chess Arbiters' Association|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021164037/http://aekphotography.co.uk/CAA/Laws_of_Chess_2009.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> This section is now classified under "Guidelines",<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/> indicating that the rules presented do not have the weight of FIDE law.|group=note}}), different forces (e.g. [[Dunsany's <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Chess</del>]]), [[Fairy piece|non-standard pieces]] (e.g. [[Grand Chess]]), and different board geometries (e.g. [[hexagonal chess]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or</del> [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Infinite</del> chess]]);</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* modern variations employing different rules (e.g. [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">losing</ins> chess]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</ins> [[Chess960]]{{refn|In 2008 FIDE added Chess960 rules to an appendix of the Handbook.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess2009">From {{Cite web|title=Laws Historic |url=http://aekphotography.co.uk/CAA/html/laws_historic.html|access-date=2022-12-29|website=Chess Arbiters' Association|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706060640/http://aekphotography.co.uk/CAA/html/laws_historic.html|url-status=live}}: {{Cite web|title=FIDE Laws of Chess - coming into force on 1 July 2009 |url=http://aekphotography.co.uk/CAA/Laws_of_Chess_2009.pdf|access-date=5 July 2020|website=Chess Arbiters' Association|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021164037/http://aekphotography.co.uk/CAA/Laws_of_Chess_2009.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> This section is now classified under "Guidelines",<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/> indicating that the rules presented do not have the weight of FIDE law.|group=note}}), different forces (e.g. [[Dunsany's <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">chess</ins>]]), [[Fairy piece|non-standard pieces]] (e.g. [[Grand Chess]]), and different board geometries (e.g. [[hexagonal chess]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</ins> [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">infinite</ins> chess]]);</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In the context of chess variants, chess is commonly referred to as {{em|Western chess}}, {{em|international chess}}, {{em|orthodox chess}}, {{em|orthochess}}, and {{em|classic chess}}.<ref>"Western culture regards Chess as a particular game with a particular set of rules governed by an international authority (FIDE – the Fédération Internationale des Echecs). Variously known as International Chess, World Chess, Orthochess, and so on [...]" Parlett (1999), p. 276</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Schmittberger |first=R. Wayne |title=New Rules for Classic Games |publisher=John Wiley & Sons Inc |year=1992 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newrulesforclass00rway/page/186 186] |quote=The form of chess most people know&nbsp;– which is sometimes referred to as Western chess, orthodox chess, or orthochess&nbsp;– is itself just one of many that have been played throughout history. |isbn=978-0-471-53621-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/newrulesforclass00rway/page/186}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In the context of chess variants, chess is commonly referred to as {{em|Western chess}}, {{em|international chess}}, {{em|orthodox chess}}, {{em|orthochess}}, and {{em|classic chess}}.<ref>"Western culture regards Chess as a particular game with a particular set of rules governed by an international authority (FIDE – the Fédération Internationale des Echecs). Variously known as International Chess, World Chess, Orthochess, and so on [...]" Parlett (1999), p. 276</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Schmittberger |first=R. Wayne |title=New Rules for Classic Games |publisher=John Wiley & Sons Inc |year=1992 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newrulesforclass00rway/page/186 186] |quote=The form of chess most people know&nbsp;– which is sometimes referred to as Western chess, orthodox chess, or orthochess&nbsp;– is itself just one of many that have been played throughout history. |isbn=978-0-471-53621-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/newrulesforclass00rway/page/186}}</ref></div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 09:08, 25 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Strategy board game</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Western board game. For other chess games or other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chess_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chess (disambiguation)">Chess (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Chess</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChessSet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A selection of white and black chess pieces on a checkered surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/ChessSet.jpg/250px-ChessSet.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/ChessSet.jpg/375px-ChessSet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/ChessSet.jpg/500px-ChessSet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="762" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Staunton_chess_set" title="Staunton chess set">Staunton chess set</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><em>Left to right:</em> white <a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">king</a>, black <a href="/wiki/Rook_(chess)" title="Rook (chess)">rook</a>, black <a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">queen</a>, white <a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">pawn</a>, black <a href="/wiki/Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">knight</a>, white <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">bishop</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1475 to present<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (predecessors <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 900 years earlier)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">Board game</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_strategy_game" title="Abstract strategy game">Abstract strategy game</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mind_sport" title="Mind sport">Mind sport</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Players</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chance</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Skills</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chess_strategy" title="Chess strategy">Strategy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chess_tactic" title="Chess tactic">tactics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Synonyms</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>International chess</li><li>Western chess</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chess</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">board game</a> for two players. It is sometimes called <b>international chess</b> or <b>Western chess</b> to distinguish it from <a href="/wiki/Chess_variant" title="Chess variant">related games</a> such as <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Xiangqi" title="Xiangqi">xiangqi</a></i></span> (Chinese chess) and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shogi" title="Shogi">shogi</a></i></span> (Japanese chess). </p><p>Chess is an <a href="/wiki/Abstract_strategy_game" title="Abstract strategy game">abstract strategy game</a> that involves <a href="/wiki/Perfect_information" title="Perfect information">no hidden information</a> and no elements of <a href="/wiki/Game_of_chance" title="Game of chance">chance</a>. It is played on a <a href="/wiki/Chessboard" title="Chessboard">chessboard</a> with 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid. The players, referred to generically as <a href="/wiki/White_and_Black_in_chess" title="White and Black in chess">"White" and "Black"</a>, each control sixteen <a href="/wiki/Chess_piece" title="Chess piece">pieces</a>: one <a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">king</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">queen</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Rook_(chess)" title="Rook (chess)">rooks</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">bishops</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">knights</a>, and eight <a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">pawns</a>. White moves first, followed by Black; then moves alternate. The object of the game is to <a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">checkmate</a> (threaten with inescapable capture) the enemy king. There are also several ways a game can end in a <a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">draw</a>. </p><p>The recorded history of chess goes back at least to the emergence of a similar game, <a href="/wiki/Chaturanga" title="Chaturanga">chaturanga</a>, in seventh-century <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a>. After its introduction in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, it spread to the Arab world and then to Europe. The rules of chess as they are known today emerged in Europe at the end of the 15th century, with standardization and universal acceptance by the end of the 19th century. Today, chess is one of the world's most popular games, with millions of players worldwide. </p><p>Organized chess arose in the 19th century. Chess competition today is governed internationally by <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> (<i>Fédération Internationale des Échecs</i>; the International Chess Federation). The first universally recognized <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="World Chess Champion">World Chess Champion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a>, claimed his title in 1886; <a href="/wiki/Ding_Liren" title="Ding Liren">Ding Liren</a> is the current World Champion. </p><p>A huge body of <a href="/wiki/Chess_theory" title="Chess theory">chess theory</a> has developed since the game's inception. Aspects of art are found in <a href="/wiki/Chess_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess composition">chess composition</a>, and chess in its turn influenced <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chess_in_the_arts" title="Chess in the arts">the arts</a>, and has connections with other fields such as <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>. One of the goals of early <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer scientists">computer scientists</a> was to create a <a href="/wiki/Chess-playing_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess-playing machine">chess-playing machine</a>. In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a> became the first computer to beat a reigning World Champion in <a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_versus_Garry_Kasparov" title="Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov">a match</a> when it defeated <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a>. Today's <a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">chess engines</a> are significantly stronger than the best human players and have deeply influenced the development of chess theory; however, chess is <a href="/wiki/Solving_chess" title="Solving chess">not a solved game</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141322084">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocleft{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocleft{float:left;clear:left;width:auto;margin:0 1em 0.5em 0}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .tocleft{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .tocleft-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocleft-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocleft" style=""><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097430093">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .algebraic-notation-toc{float:left}}</style><div role="note" class="side-box metadata side-box-left algebraic-notation algebraic-notation-toc"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic notation</a> to describe chess moves.</div></div> </div><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules">Rules</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_chess" title="Rules of chess">Rules of chess</a></div> <p>The rules of chess are published by <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> (Fédération Internationale des Échecs; "International Chess Federation"), chess's world governing body, in its <i>Handbook</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FideLawsOfChess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rules published by <a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_federations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chess federations">national governing bodies</a>, or by unaffiliated chess organizations, commercial publishers, etc., may differ in some details. FIDE's rules were most recently revised in 2023. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Setup">Setup</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ChessStartingPosition.jpg/220px-ChessStartingPosition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ChessStartingPosition.jpg/330px-ChessStartingPosition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ChessStartingPosition.jpg/440px-ChessStartingPosition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Setup at the start of a chess game</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chess_set" title="Chess set">Chess sets</a> come in a wide variety of styles. The <a href="/wiki/Staunton_chess_set" title="Staunton chess set">Staunton pattern</a> is the most common, and is usually required for competition. <a href="/wiki/Chess_piece" title="Chess piece">Chess pieces</a> are divided into two sets, usually light and dark colored, referred to as <a href="/wiki/White_and_Black_in_chess" title="White and Black in chess"><i>white</i> and <i>black</i></a>, regardless of the actual color or design. The players of the sets are referred to as <i>White</i> and <i>Black</i>, respectively. Each set consists of sixteen pieces: one <a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">king</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">queen</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Rook_(chess)" title="Rook (chess)">rooks</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">bishops</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">knights</a>, and eight <a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">pawns</a>. </p><p>The game is played on a square <a href="/wiki/Chessboard" title="Chessboard">board</a> of eight rows (called <em><dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#ranks" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § ranks" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">ranks</span></a></dfn></em>) and eight columns (called <em><dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#files" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § files" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">files</span></a></dfn></em>). Although it does not affect game play, by convention the 64 squares alternate in color and are referred to as <em>light</em> and <em>dark</em> squares. Common colors for wooden chessboards are light and dark brown, while vinyl chessboards are commonly buff and green. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:254px"> Initial position </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:246px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:26px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8" style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit"><div class="chess-board notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/208px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/312px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/416px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:0px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a8 black rook"><img alt="a8 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/26px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/39px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/52px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:26px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b8 black knight"><img alt="b8 black knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/26px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/39px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/52px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:52px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c8 black bishop"><img alt="c8 black bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/26px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/39px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/52px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:78px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d8 black queen"><img alt="d8 black queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/26px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/39px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/52px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:104px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e8 black king"><img alt="e8 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/26px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/39px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/52px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:130px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f8 black bishop"><img alt="f8 black bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/26px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/39px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/52px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:156px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g8 black knight"><img alt="g8 black knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/26px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/39px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/52px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:182px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h8 black rook"><img alt="h8 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/26px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/39px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/52px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:26px;left:0px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a7 black pawn"><img alt="a7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:26px;left:26px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b7 black pawn"><img alt="b7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:26px;left:52px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c7 black pawn"><img alt="c7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:26px;left:78px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d7 black pawn"><img alt="d7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:26px;left:104px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e7 black pawn"><img alt="e7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:26px;left:130px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f7 black pawn"><img alt="f7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:26px;left:156px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g7 black pawn"><img alt="g7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:26px;left:182px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h7 black pawn"><img alt="h7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:156px;left:0px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a2 white pawn"><img alt="a2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:156px;left:26px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b2 white pawn"><img alt="b2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:156px;left:52px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c2 white pawn"><img alt="c2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:156px;left:78px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d2 white pawn"><img alt="d2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:156px;left:104px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e2 white pawn"><img alt="e2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:156px;left:130px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f2 white pawn"><img alt="f2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:156px;left:156px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g2 white pawn"><img alt="g2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:156px;left:182px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h2 white pawn"><img alt="h2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:182px;left:0px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a1 white rook"><img alt="a1 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/26px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/39px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/52px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:182px;left:26px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b1 white knight"><img alt="b1 white knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/26px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/39px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/52px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:182px;left:52px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c1 white bishop"><img alt="c1 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/26px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/39px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/52px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:182px;left:78px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d1 white queen"><img alt="d1 white queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/26px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/39px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/52px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:182px;left:104px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e1 white king"><img alt="e1 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/26px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/39px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/52px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:182px;left:130px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f1 white bishop"><img alt="f1 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/26px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/39px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/52px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:182px;left:156px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g1 white knight"><img alt="g1 white knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/26px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/39px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/52px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:182px;left:182px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h1 white rook"><img alt="h1 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/26px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/39px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/52px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:26px">8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">7</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">6</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">5</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">4</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">3</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">2</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">1</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption"> <em>First row:</em> rook, knight, bishop, queen, king, bishop, knight, rook. <em>Second row:</em> pawns. </div></div></div> <p>To start the game, White's pieces are placed on the first rank in the following order, from left to right: rook, knight, bishop, queen, king, bishop, knight, rook. Pawns are placed on each square of the second rank. Black's position mirrors White's, with equivalent pieces on every file. The board is oriented so that the right-hand corner nearest each player is a light square; as a result the white queen always starts on a light square, while the black queen starts on a dark square. This may be remembered by the phrases "light on the right" and "queen on her own color". </p><p>In formal competition, the piece colors for every matchup are allocated to players by the organizers. In informal games, colors are decided either by mutual agreement, or randomly, for example by a coin toss, or by one player concealing a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other and having the opponent choose. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement">Movement</h3></div> <p>White moves first, after which players alternate turns, moving one piece per turn (except for <a href="/wiki/Castling" title="Castling">castling</a>, when two pieces are moved). A piece is moved to either an unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of <i><a href="/wiki/En_passant" title="En passant">en passant</a></i>, all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. Moving is compulsory; a player may not skip a turn, even when <a href="/wiki/Zugzwang" title="Zugzwang">having to move is detrimental</a>. </p><p>Each piece has its own way of moving. In the diagrams, crosses mark the squares to which the piece can move if there are no intervening piece(s) of either color (except the knight, which leaps over any intervening pieces). All pieces except the pawn can capture an enemy piece if it is on a square to which they could move if the square were unoccupied. Pieces are generally not permitted to move through squares occupied by pieces of either color, except for the knight and during castling. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto; float:left; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px">Moves of the king </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8" style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit"><div class="chess-board notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e6 black cross"><img alt="e6 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f6 black cross"><img alt="f6 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g6 black cross"><img alt="g6 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e5 black cross"><img alt="e5 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f5 white king"><img alt="f5 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/22px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/33px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/44px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g5 black cross"><img alt="g5 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e4 black cross"><img alt="e4 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f4 black cross"><img alt="f4 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g4 black cross"><img alt="g4 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px">Moves of a rook </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8" style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit"><div class="chess-board notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d8 black cross"><img alt="d8 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d7 black cross"><img alt="d7 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d6 black cross"><img alt="d6 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:0px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a5 black cross"><img alt="a5 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b5 black cross"><img alt="b5 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c5 black cross"><img alt="c5 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d5 white rook"><img alt="d5 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/22px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/33px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/44px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e5 black cross"><img alt="e5 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f5 black cross"><img alt="f5 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g5 black cross"><img alt="g5 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:154px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h5 black cross"><img alt="h5 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d4 black cross"><img alt="d4 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d3 black cross"><img alt="d3 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d2 black cross"><img alt="d2 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:154px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d1 black cross"><img alt="d1 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px">Moves of a bishop </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8" style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit"><div class="chess-board notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:154px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h8 black cross"><img alt="h8 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:0px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a7 black cross"><img alt="a7 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g7 black cross"><img alt="g7 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b6 black cross"><img alt="b6 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f6 black cross"><img alt="f6 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c5 black cross"><img alt="c5 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e5 black cross"><img alt="e5 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d4 white bishop"><img alt="d4 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/22px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/33px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/44px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c3 black cross"><img alt="c3 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e3 black cross"><img alt="e3 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b2 black cross"><img alt="b2 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f2 black cross"><img alt="f2 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:154px;left:0px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a1 black cross"><img alt="a1 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:154px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g1 black cross"><img alt="g1 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto; float:left; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px">Moves of a queen </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8" style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit"><div class="chess-board notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d8 black cross"><img alt="d8 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:154px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h8 black cross"><img alt="h8 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:0px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a7 black cross"><img alt="a7 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d7 black cross"><img alt="d7 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g7 black cross"><img alt="g7 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b6 black cross"><img alt="b6 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d6 black cross"><img alt="d6 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f6 black cross"><img alt="f6 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c5 black cross"><img alt="c5 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d5 black cross"><img alt="d5 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e5 black cross"><img alt="e5 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" 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class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b4 black cross"><img alt="b4 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c4 black cross"><img alt="c4 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f4 black cross"><img alt="f4 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g4 black cross"><img alt="g4 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:154px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h4 black cross"><img alt="h4 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c3 black cross"><img alt="c3 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d3 black cross"><img alt="d3 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e3 black cross"><img alt="e3 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b2 black cross"><img alt="b2 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d2 black cross"><img alt="d2 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f2 black cross"><img alt="f2 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:154px;left:0px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a1 black cross"><img alt="a1 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:154px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d1 black cross"><img alt="d1 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:154px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g1 black cross"><img alt="g1 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px">Moves of a knight </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8" style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit"><div class="chess-board notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c7 black cross"><img alt="c7 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e7 black cross"><img alt="e7 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b6 black cross"><img alt="b6 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f6 black cross"><img alt="f6 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d5 white knight"><img alt="d5 white knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/22px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/33px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/44px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b4 black cross"><img alt="b4 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f4 black cross"><img alt="f4 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c3 black cross"><img alt="c3 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e3 black cross"><img alt="e3 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px">Moves of a pawn </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8" style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit"><div class="chess-board notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b5 black cross"><img alt="b5 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c5 black circle"><img alt="c5 black circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Chess_xot45.svg/22px-Chess_xot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Chess_xot45.svg/33px-Chess_xot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Chess_xot45.svg/44px-Chess_xot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d5 black cross"><img alt="d5 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c4 white pawn"><img alt="c4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f4 black circle"><img alt="f4 black circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Chess_xot45.svg/22px-Chess_xot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Chess_xot45.svg/33px-Chess_xot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Chess_xot45.svg/44px-Chess_xot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e3 black cross"><img alt="e3 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f3 black circle"><img alt="f3 black circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Chess_xot45.svg/22px-Chess_xot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Chess_xot45.svg/33px-Chess_xot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Chess_xot45.svg/44px-Chess_xot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g3 black cross"><img alt="g3 black cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/22px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/33px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chess_xxt45.svg/44px-Chess_xxt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f2 white pawn"><img alt="f2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">king</a> moves one square in any direction. There is also a special move called <em><a href="#Castling">castling</a></em> that involves moving the king and a rook. The king is the most valuable piece—attacks on the king must be immediately countered, and if this is impossible, the game is immediately lost (see <a href="#Check_and_checkmate">Check and checkmate</a> below).</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Rook_(chess)" title="Rook (chess)">rook</a> can move any number of squares along a rank or file, but cannot leap over other pieces. Along with the king, a rook is involved during the king's castling move.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">bishop</a> can move any number of squares diagonally, but cannot leap over other pieces.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">queen</a> combines the power of a rook and bishop and can move any number of squares along a rank, file, or diagonal, but cannot leap over other pieces.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">knight</a> moves to any of the closest squares that are not on the same rank, file, or diagonal. (Thus the move forms an "L"-shape: two squares vertically and one square horizontally, or two squares horizontally and one square vertically.) The knight is the only piece that can leap over other pieces.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">pawn</a> can move forward to the unoccupied square immediately in front of it on the same file, or on its first move it can advance two squares along the same file, provided both squares are unoccupied (black dots in the diagram). A pawn can capture an opponent's piece on a square diagonally in front of it by moving to that square (black crosses). It can<em>not</em> capture a piece while advancing along the same file, nor can it move to either square diagonally in front without capturing. A pawn has two special moves: the <i><a href="#En_passant">en passant</a></i> capture and <a href="#Promotion">promotion</a>.</li></ul> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Check_and_checkmate">Check and checkmate</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Check_(chess)" title="Check (chess)">Check</a> and <a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">Checkmate</a></div> <p>When a king is under immediate attack, it is said to be <i>in <a href="/wiki/Check_(chess)" title="Check (chess)">check</a></i>. A move in response to a check is legal only if it results in a position where the king is no longer in check. There are three ways to counter a check: </p> <ul><li>Capture the checking piece.</li> <li>Interpose a piece between the checking piece and the king (which is possible only if the attacking piece is a queen, rook, or bishop and there is a square between it and the king).</li> <li>Move the king to a square where it is not under attack.</li></ul> <p>Castling is not a permissible response to a check.<sup id="cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FideLawsOfChess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The object of the game is to <a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">checkmate</a> the opponent; this occurs when the opponent's king is in check, and there is no legal way to get it out of check. It is never legal for a player to make a move that puts or leaves the player's own king in check. In casual games, it is common to announce "check" when putting the opponent's king in check, but this is not required by the rules of chess and is usually not done in tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto; float:left; clear:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="thumb noviewer tleft"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px"> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8" style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit"><div class="chess-board notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c6 black king"><img alt="c6 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/22px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/33px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/44px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c2 white rook"><img alt="c2 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/22px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/33px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/44px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:154px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e1 white king"><img alt="e1 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/22px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/33px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/44px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption">The black king is in <a href="/wiki/Check_(chess)" title="Check (chess)">check</a> by the rook. </div></div></div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="thumb noviewer tleft"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px"> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8" style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit"><div class="chess-board notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e3 black bishop"><img alt="e3 black bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/22px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/33px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/44px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f3 black bishop"><img alt="f3 black bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/22px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/33px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/44px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:154px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h3 black king"><img alt="h3 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/22px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/33px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/44px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:154px;left:154px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h1 white king"><img alt="h1 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/22px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/33px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/44px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption">White is in <a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">checkmate</a>, being unable to escape attack by the bishop on f3. </div></div></div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Castling">Castling</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Castling" title="Castling">Castling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChessCastlingMovie_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ChessCastlingMovie_en.svg/210px-ChessCastlingMovie_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ChessCastlingMovie_en.svg/315px-ChessCastlingMovie_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ChessCastlingMovie_en.svg/420px-ChessCastlingMovie_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>Examples of <a href="/wiki/Castling" title="Castling">castling</a> (<a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/ChessCastlingMovie_en.svg">view animation</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Once per game, each king can make a move known as <em>castling</em>. Castling consists of moving the king two squares toward a rook of the same color on the same rank, and then placing the rook on the square that the king crossed. </p><p>Castling is permissible if the following conditions are met:<sup id="cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FideLawsOfChess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Neither the king nor the rook has previously moved during the game.</li> <li>There are no pieces between the king and the rook.</li> <li>The king is not in <a href="#Check">check</a> and does not pass through or finish on a square attacked by an enemy piece.</li></ul> <p>Castling is still permitted if the rook is under attack, or if the rook crosses an attacked square. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="En_passant"><i>En passant</i></h4></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="en_passant"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/En_passant" title="En passant">En passant</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChessPawnSpecialMoves.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/ChessPawnSpecialMoves.gif" decoding="async" width="206" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Examples of pawn moves: <br />(<em>left</em>) <a href="/wiki/Promotion_(chess)" title="Promotion (chess)">promotion</a>; (<em>right</em>) <i><a href="/wiki/En_passant" title="En passant">en passant</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>When a pawn makes a two-step advance from its starting position and there is an opponent's pawn on a square next to the destination square on an adjacent file, then the opponent's pawn can capture it <i>en passant</i> ("in passing"), moving to the square the pawn passed over. This can be done only on the turn immediately following the enemy pawn's two-square advance; otherwise, the right to do so is forfeited. For example, in the animated diagram, the black pawn advances two squares from g7 to g5, and the white pawn on f5 can take it <i>en passant</i> on g6 (but only immediately after the black pawn's advance). </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Promotion">Promotion</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Promotion_(chess)" title="Promotion (chess)">Promotion</a></div> <p>When a pawn advances to its eighth <a href="/wiki/Rank_(chess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank (chess)">rank</a>, as part of the move, it is <em>promoted</em> and must be exchanged for the player's choice of queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color. Usually, the pawn is chosen to be promoted to a queen, but in some cases, another piece is chosen; this is called <a href="/wiki/Underpromotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Underpromotion">underpromotion</a>. In the <a href="#En_passant">animated diagram</a>, the pawn on c7 can be advanced to the eighth rank and be promoted. There is no restriction on the piece promoted to, so it is possible to have more pieces of the same type than at the start of the game (e.g., two or more queens). If the required piece is not available (e.g. a second queen) an inverted rook is sometimes used as a substitute, but this is not recognized in FIDE-sanctioned games. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_game">End of the game</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Win">Win</h4></div> <p>A game can be won in the following ways: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">Checkmate</a>:</i> The opposing king is in check and the opponent has no legal move. (See <a href="#Check_and_checkmate">check and checkmate</a> above.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_chess#Resigning" title="Rules of chess">Resignation</a>:</i> A player may resign, conceding the game to the opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If, however, the opponent has no way of checkmating the resigned player, this is a draw under FIDE Laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FideLawsOfChess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most tournament players consider it good etiquette to resign in a hopeless position.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Win on time:</i> In games with a <a href="/wiki/Time_control" title="Time control">time control</a>, a player wins if the opponent runs out of time, even if the opponent has a superior position, as long as the player has a theoretical possibility to checkmate the opponent were the game to continue.</li> <li><i>Forfeit:</i> A player who cheats, violates the rules, or violates the rules of conduct specified for the particular tournament can be forfeited. Occasionally, both players are forfeited.<sup id="cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FideLawsOfChess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Draw">Draw</h4></div> <p>There are several ways a game can end in a <a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">draw</a>: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">Stalemate</a>:</i> If the player to move has no legal move, but is not in check, the position is a stalemate, and the game is drawn.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_chess#Dead_position" title="Rules of chess">Dead position</a>:</i> If neither player is able to checkmate the other by any legal sequence of moves, the game is drawn. For example, if only the kings are on the board, all other pieces having been captured, checkmate is impossible, and the game is drawn by this rule. On the other hand, if both players still have a knight, there is a highly unlikely yet theoretical possibility of checkmate, so this rule does not apply. The dead position rule supersedes the previous rule which referred to "insufficient material", extending it to include other positions where checkmate is impossible, such as blocked <a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame#King_and_pawn_endings" title="Chess endgame">pawn endings</a> where the pawns cannot be attacked.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Draw_by_agreement" title="Draw by agreement">Draw by agreement</a>:</i> In tournament chess, draws are most commonly reached by mutual agreement between the players. The correct procedure is to verbally offer the draw, make a move, then start the opponent's clock. Traditionally, players have been allowed to agree to a draw at any point in the game, occasionally even without playing a move. More recently efforts have been made to discourage short draws, for example by forbidding draw offers before move thirty.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Threefold_repetition" title="Threefold repetition">Threefold repetition</a>:</i> This most commonly occurs when neither side is able to avoid repeating moves without incurring a disadvantage. In this situation, either player can claim a draw; this requires the players to keep a valid written record of the game so that the claim can be verified by the arbiter if challenged. The three occurrences of the position need not occur on consecutive moves for a claim to be valid. The addition of the <a href="/wiki/Fivefold_repetition" class="mw-redirect" title="Fivefold repetition">fivefold repetition rule</a> in 2014 requires the arbiter to intervene immediately and declare the game a draw after five occurrences of the same position, consecutive or otherwise, without requiring a claim by either player. FIDE rules make no mention of <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_check" title="Perpetual check">perpetual check</a>; this is merely a specific type of draw by threefold repetition.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fifty-move_rule" title="Fifty-move rule">Fifty-move rule</a>:</i> If during the previous 50 moves no pawn has been moved and no capture has been made, either player can claim a draw. The addition of the <a href="/wiki/Seventy-five-move_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-five-move rule">seventy-five-move rule</a> in 2014 requires the arbiter to intervene and immediately declare the game drawn after 75 moves without a pawn move or capture, without requiring a claim by either player. There are several known endgames where it is possible to force a mate but it requires more than 50 moves before a pawn move or capture is made; examples include some endgames with <a href="/wiki/Two_knights_endgame" title="Two knights endgame">two knights against a pawn</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Pawnless_chess_endgame" title="Pawnless chess endgame">pawnless endgames</a> such as queen against two bishops. Historically, FIDE has sometimes revised the fifty-move rule to make exceptions for these endgames, but these have since been repealed. Some <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">correspondence chess</a> organizations do not enforce the fifty-move rule.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Draw on time:</i> In games with a <a href="/wiki/Time_control" title="Time control">time control</a>, the game is drawn if a player is out of time and no sequence of legal moves would allow the opponent to checkmate the player.<sup id="cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FideLawsOfChess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Draw by resignation:</i> Under FIDE Laws, a game is drawn if a player resigns and no sequence of legal moves would allow the opponent to checkmate that player.<sup id="cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FideLawsOfChess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto; float:left; clear:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="thumb noviewer tleft"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px"> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8" style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit"><div class="chess-board notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c6 white queen"><img alt="c6 white queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/22px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/33px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/44px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:0px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a5 black king"><img alt="a5 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/22px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/33px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/44px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c4 white king"><img alt="c4 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/22px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/33px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/44px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption">Black (to move) is not in check and has no legal move. The result is <a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">stalemate</a>. </div></div></div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="thumb noviewer tleft"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px"> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8" style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit"><div class="chess-board notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e6 black king"><img alt="e6 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/22px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/33px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/44px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e5 white bishop"><img alt="e5 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/22px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/33px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/44px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e4 white king"><img alt="e4 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/22px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/33px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/44px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption">A dead position; White's king and bishop are insufficient to <a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">checkmate</a>. </div></div></div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="thumb noviewer tleft"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px"> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8" style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit"><div class="chess-board notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d6 black king"><img alt="d6 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/22px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/33px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/44px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b5 black pawn"><img alt="b5 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e5 black pawn"><img alt="e5 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:154px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h5 black pawn"><img alt="h5 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b4 white pawn"><img alt="b4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e4 white pawn"><img alt="e4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:154px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h4 white pawn"><img alt="h4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d3 white king"><img alt="d3 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/22px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/33px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/44px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption">Also a dead position; neither king can capture the other's pawns in order to promote a pawn and give checkmate. </div></div></div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_control">Time control</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DGT_2010_digital_chess_clock.ajb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A chess clock with a brown base. A digital display shows the remaining time for each side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DGT_2010_digital_chess_clock.ajb.jpg/220px-DGT_2010_digital_chess_clock.ajb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DGT_2010_digital_chess_clock.ajb.jpg/330px-DGT_2010_digital_chess_clock.ajb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DGT_2010_digital_chess_clock.ajb.jpg/440px-DGT_2010_digital_chess_clock.ajb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3758" data-file-height="2818" /></a><figcaption>A digital chess clock</figcaption></figure> <p>In competition, chess games are played with a <a href="/wiki/Time_control" title="Time control">time control</a>. If a player's time runs out before the game is completed, the game is automatically lost (provided the opponent has <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#insufficient_material" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § insufficient material" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">enough pieces left</span></a></dfn> to deliver checkmate).<sup id="cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FideLawsOfChess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duration of a game ranges from long (or "classical") games, which can take up to seven hours (even longer if <a href="/wiki/Adjournment_(chess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjournment (chess)">adjournments</a> are permitted), to <a href="/wiki/Bullet_chess" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullet chess">bullet chess</a> (under 3 minutes per player for the entire game). Intermediate between these are <a href="/wiki/Rapid_chess" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid chess">rapid chess</a> games, lasting between one and two hours per game, a popular time control in amateur weekend tournaments. </p><p>Time is controlled using a <a href="/wiki/Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">chess clock</a> that has two displays, one for each player's remaining time. Analog chess clocks have been largely replaced by digital clocks, which allow for time controls with <a href="/wiki/Time_control#Increment_and_delay_methods" title="Time control">increments</a>. </p><p>Time controls are also enforced in correspondence chess competitions. A typical time control is 50 days for every 10 moves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notation">Notation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">Algebraic notation</a></div> <p>Historically, many different notation systems have been used to record chess moves; the standard system today is short-form <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic notation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this system, each square is uniquely identified by a set of coordinates, <em>a</em>–<em>h</em> for the files followed by <em>1</em>–<em>8</em> for the ranks. The usual format is </p> <dl><dd><em>initial of the piece moved</em> – <em>file of destination square</em> – <em>rank of destination square</em></dd></dl> <p>The pieces are identified by their initials. In English, these are <em>K</em> (king), <em>Q</em> (queen), <em>R</em> (rook), <em>B</em> (bishop), and <em>N</em> (knight; N is used to avoid confusion with king). For example, <b>Qg5</b> means "queen moves to the g-file, 5th rank" (that is, to the square g5). Different initials may be used for other languages. In chess literature, <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)#Naming_the_pieces" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">figurine algebraic notation (FAN)</a> is frequently used to aid understanding independent of language. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:SCD_algebraic_notation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SCD_algebraic_notation.svg/242px-SCD_algebraic_notation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="242" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SCD_algebraic_notation.svg/363px-SCD_algebraic_notation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SCD_algebraic_notation.svg/484px-SCD_algebraic_notation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>Square names in <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic chess notation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>To resolve ambiguities, an additional letter or number is added to indicate the file or rank from which the piece moved (e.g. <b>Ngf3</b> means "knight from the g-file moves to the square f3"; <b>R1e2</b> means "rook on the first rank moves to e2"). For pawns, no letter initial is used; so <b>e4</b> means "pawn moves to the square e4". </p><p>If the piece makes a capture, "x" is usually inserted before the destination square. Thus <b>Bxf3</b> means "bishop captures on f3". When a pawn makes a capture, the file from which the pawn departed is used to identify the pawn making the capture, for example, <b>exd5</b> (pawn on the e-file captures the piece on d5). Ranks may be omitted if unambiguous, for example, <b>exd</b> (pawn on the e-file captures a piece somewhere on the d-file). A minority of publications use "<b>:</b>" to indicate a capture, and some omit the capture symbol altogether. In its most abbreviated form, <b>exd5</b> may be rendered simply as <b>ed</b>. An <i>en passant</i> capture may optionally be marked with the notation "<b>e.p.</b>" </p><p>If a pawn moves to its last rank, achieving promotion, the piece chosen is indicated after the move (for example, <b>e1=Q</b> or <b>e1Q</b>). Castling is indicated by the special notations <b>0-0</b> (or <b>O-O</b>) for <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#kingside" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § kingside" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">kingside</span></a></dfn> castling and <b>0-0-0</b> (or <b>O-O-O</b>) for <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#queenside" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § queenside" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">queenside</span></a></dfn> castling. A move that places the opponent's king in check usually has the notation "<b>+</b>" added. There are no specific notations for <a href="/wiki/Discovered_check" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovered check">discovered check</a> or <a href="/wiki/Double_check" title="Double check">double check</a>. Checkmate can be indicated by "<b>#</b>". At the end of the game, "<b>1–0</b>" means White won, "<b>0–1</b>" means Black won, and "<b>½–½</b>" indicates a draw.<sup id="cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FideLawsOfChess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chess moves can be annotated with <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_(chess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation (chess)">punctuation marks and other symbols</a>. For example: "<b>!</b>" indicates a good move; "<b>!!</b>" an excellent move; "<b>?</b>" a mistake; "<b>??</b>" a blunder; "<b>!?</b>" an interesting move that may not be best; or "<b>?!</b>" a dubious move not easily refuted.<sup id="cite_ref-Hooper_&_Whyld_1992,_p._92_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooper_&_Whyld_1992,_p._92-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Scholars_mate_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Scholars_mate_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="244" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Scholar%27s_mate" title="Scholar's mate">Scholar's mate</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>For example, one variation of a simple trap known as the <a href="/wiki/Scholar%27s_mate" title="Scholar's mate">Scholar's mate</a> (see animated diagram) can be recorded: </p> <dl><dd><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span><b>1. e4 e5 2. Qh5<a href="/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols#?!" title="Chess annotation symbols">?!</a> Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6<a href="/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols#??" title="Chess annotation symbols">??</a> 4. Qxf7<a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)##" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">#</a></b></dd></dl> <p>Variants of algebraic notation include <i>long algebraic</i>, in which both the departure and destination square are indicated; <i>abbreviated algebraic</i>, in which capture signs, check signs, and ranks of pawn captures may be omitted; and Figurine Algebraic Notation, used in chess publications for universal readability regardless of language. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Portable_Game_Notation" title="Portable Game Notation">Portable Game Notation</a> (PGN) is a text-based file format for recording chess games, based on short form English algebraic notation with a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup</a>. PGN files (suffix .pgn) can be processed by most chess software, as well as being easily readable by humans. </p><p>Until about 1980, the majority of English language chess publications used <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_notation" title="Descriptive notation">descriptive notation</a>, in which files are identified by the initial letter of the piece that occupies the first rank at the beginning of the game. In descriptive notation, the common opening move 1.e4 is rendered as "1.P-K4" ("pawn to king four"). Another system is <a href="/wiki/ICCF_numeric_notation" title="ICCF numeric notation">ICCF numeric notation</a>, recognized by the <a href="/wiki/International_Correspondence_Chess_Federation" title="International Correspondence Chess Federation">International Correspondence Chess Federation</a> though its use is in decline. </p><p>In tournament games, players are normally required to keep a <i><dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#game_score" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § game score" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">score</span></a></dfn></i> (record of the game). For this purpose, only algebraic notation is recognized in FIDE-sanctioned events; game scores recorded in a different notation system may not be used as evidence in the event of a dispute. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chess_in_public_spaces">Chess in public spaces</h2></div> <p>Chess is often played casually in public spaces such as parks and town squares. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-left"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Jardins_du_Luxembourg_-_2955.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Public chess tables in the Jardin du Luxembourg, Paris"><img alt="Public chess tables in the Jardin du Luxembourg, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Paris_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Jardins_du_Luxembourg_-_2955.jpg/338px-Paris_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Jardins_du_Luxembourg_-_2955.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Paris_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Jardins_du_Luxembourg_-_2955.jpg/507px-Paris_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Jardins_du_Luxembourg_-_2955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Paris_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Jardins_du_Luxembourg_-_2955.jpg/675px-Paris_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Jardins_du_Luxembourg_-_2955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Public chess tables in the <a href="/wiki/Jardin_du_Luxembourg" title="Jardin du Luxembourg">Jardin du Luxembourg</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Kutaisi,_M%C4%99%C5%BCczyzni_graj%C4%85cy_w_szachy_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Men playing chess, Kutaisi, Georgia, 2014"><img alt="Men playing chess, Kutaisi, Georgia, 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2014_Kutaisi%2C_M%C4%99%C5%BCczyzni_graj%C4%85cy_w_szachy_%2801%29.jpg/269px-2014_Kutaisi%2C_M%C4%99%C5%BCczyzni_graj%C4%85cy_w_szachy_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2014_Kutaisi%2C_M%C4%99%C5%BCczyzni_graj%C4%85cy_w_szachy_%2801%29.jpg/404px-2014_Kutaisi%2C_M%C4%99%C5%BCczyzni_graj%C4%85cy_w_szachy_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2014_Kutaisi%2C_M%C4%99%C5%BCczyzni_graj%C4%85cy_w_szachy_%2801%29.jpg/537px-2014_Kutaisi%2C_M%C4%99%C5%BCczyzni_graj%C4%85cy_w_szachy_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3731" data-file-height="3125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Men playing chess, <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a>, Georgia, 2014</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Concentrancia_(156917957).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A girl playing chess in Mexico City"><img alt="A girl playing chess in Mexico City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Concentrancia_%28156917957%29.jpg/169px-Concentrancia_%28156917957%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Concentrancia_%28156917957%29.jpg/253px-Concentrancia_%28156917957%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Concentrancia_%28156917957%29.jpg/337px-Concentrancia_%28156917957%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A girl playing chess in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess_game_in_Kilifi_Kenya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chess game in Kilifi, Kenya"><img alt="Chess game in Kilifi, Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Chess_game_in_Kilifi_Kenya.jpg/338px-Chess_game_in_Kilifi_Kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Chess_game_in_Kilifi_Kenya.jpg/507px-Chess_game_in_Kilifi_Kenya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Chess_game_in_Kilifi_Kenya.jpg/675px-Chess_game_in_Kilifi_Kenya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chess game in <a href="/wiki/Kilifi" title="Kilifi">Kilifi</a>, Kenya</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chch_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Giant chess on Cathedral Square, Christchurch, New Zealand"><img alt="Giant chess on Cathedral Square, Christchurch, New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chch_05.JPG/300px-Chch_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chch_05.JPG/451px-Chch_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chch_05.JPG/600px-Chch_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Giant chess on <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Square,_Christchurch" title="Cathedral Square, Christchurch">Cathedral Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, New Zealand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_Playing_Chess_on_the_Street_-_Santiago_de_Cuba_-_Cuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="On a street of Santiago de Cuba"><img alt="On a street of Santiago de Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Children_Playing_Chess_on_the_Street_-_Santiago_de_Cuba_-_Cuba.jpg/300px-Children_Playing_Chess_on_the_Street_-_Santiago_de_Cuba_-_Cuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Children_Playing_Chess_on_the_Street_-_Santiago_de_Cuba_-_Cuba.jpg/451px-Children_Playing_Chess_on_the_Street_-_Santiago_de_Cuba_-_Cuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Children_Playing_Chess_on_the_Street_-_Santiago_de_Cuba_-_Cuba.jpg/600px-Children_Playing_Chess_on_the_Street_-_Santiago_de_Cuba_-_Cuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">On a street of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Gy%C3%B3gyf%C3%BCrd%C5%91,_2011._Chess_in_the_Budapest_Baths_(6050758790).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chess players in the Széchenyi baths of Budapest, Hungary"><img alt="Chess players in the Széchenyi baths of Budapest, Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Gy%C3%B3gyf%C3%BCrd%C5%91%2C_2011._Chess_in_the_Budapest_Baths_%286050758790%29.jpg/338px-Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Gy%C3%B3gyf%C3%BCrd%C5%91%2C_2011._Chess_in_the_Budapest_Baths_%286050758790%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Gy%C3%B3gyf%C3%BCrd%C5%91%2C_2011._Chess_in_the_Budapest_Baths_%286050758790%29.jpg/507px-Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Gy%C3%B3gyf%C3%BCrd%C5%91%2C_2011._Chess_in_the_Budapest_Baths_%286050758790%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Gy%C3%B3gyf%C3%BCrd%C5%91%2C_2011._Chess_in_the_Budapest_Baths_%286050758790%29.jpg/675px-Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Gy%C3%B3gyf%C3%BCrd%C5%91%2C_2011._Chess_in_the_Budapest_Baths_%286050758790%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chess players in the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9chenyi_thermal_bath" title="Széchenyi thermal bath">Széchenyi baths</a> of <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salatiga_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Tegalrejo,_Argomulyo,_Salatiga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A girl playing chess in Salatiga, Indonesia"><img alt="A girl playing chess in Salatiga, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Salatiga_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Tegalrejo%2C_Argomulyo%2C_Salatiga.jpg/300px-Salatiga_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Tegalrejo%2C_Argomulyo%2C_Salatiga.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Salatiga_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Tegalrejo%2C_Argomulyo%2C_Salatiga.jpg/451px-Salatiga_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Tegalrejo%2C_Argomulyo%2C_Salatiga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Salatiga_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Tegalrejo%2C_Argomulyo%2C_Salatiga.jpg/600px-Salatiga_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Tegalrejo%2C_Argomulyo%2C_Salatiga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A girl playing chess in <a href="/wiki/Salatiga" title="Salatiga">Salatiga</a>, Indonesia</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organized_competition">Organized competition</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tournaments_and_matches">Tournaments and matches</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TataSteelChess2019-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/TataSteelChess2019-11.jpg/220px-TataSteelChess2019-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/TataSteelChess2019-11.jpg/330px-TataSteelChess2019-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/TataSteelChess2019-11.jpg/440px-TataSteelChess2019-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel_Chess_Tournament" title="Tata Steel Chess Tournament">Tata Steel Chess Tournament</a> 2019, Wijk aan Zee (the Netherlands)</figcaption></figure> <p>Contemporary chess is an organized sport with structured international and national leagues, tournaments, and <a href="/wiki/Congress" title="Congress">congresses</a>. Thousands of chess tournaments, matches, and festivals are held around the world every year catering to players of all levels. </p><p>Tournaments with a small number of players may use the <a href="/wiki/Round-robin_tournament" title="Round-robin tournament">round-robin</a> format, in which every player plays one game against every other player. For a large number of players, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_system_tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss system tournament">Swiss system</a> may be used, in which each player is paired against an opponent who has the same (or as similar as possible) score in each round. In either case, a player's score is usually calculated as 1 point for each game won and one-half point for each game drawn. Variations such as "football scoring" (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw) may be used by tournament organizers, but ratings are always calculated on the basis of standard scoring. A player's score <a href="/wiki/Chess_scoring" title="Chess scoring">may be reported</a> as total score out of games played (e.g. 5½/8), points for versus points against (e.g. 5½–2½), or by number of wins, losses and draws (e.g. +4−1=3). </p><p>The term "match" refers not to an individual game, but to either a series of games between two players, or a team competition in which each player of one team plays one game against a player of the other team. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3></div> <p>Chess's international governing body is usually known by its French acronym <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> (pronounced FEE-day) (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Fédération internationale des échecs), or International Chess Federation. FIDE's membership consists of the national chess organizations of over 180 countries; there are also several associate members, including various supra-national organizations, the <a href="/wiki/International_Braille_Chess_Association" title="International Braille Chess Association">International Braille Chess Association</a> (IBCA), <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Committee_of_Chess_for_the_Deaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Committee of Chess for the Deaf (page does not exist)">International Committee of Chess for the Deaf</a> (ICCD), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Physically_Disabled_Chess_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Physically Disabled Chess Association (page does not exist)">International Physically Disabled Chess Association</a> (IPCA).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FIDE is recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">sports governing body</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but chess has never been part of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasparov-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kasparov-29.jpg/170px-Kasparov-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kasparov-29.jpg/255px-Kasparov-29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Kasparov-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a>, former World Chess Champion</figcaption></figure> <p>FIDE's most visible activity is organizing the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a>, a role it assumed in 1948. The current World Champion is <a href="/wiki/Ding_Liren" title="Ding Liren">Ding Liren</a> of China.<sup id="cite_ref-WCC2023_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCC2023-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reigning <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women's World Champion</a> is <a href="/wiki/Ju_Wenjun" title="Ju Wenjun">Ju Wenjun</a> from China.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other competitions for individuals include the <a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">World Junior Chess Championship</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Individual_Chess_Championship" title="European Individual Chess Championship">European Individual Chess Championship</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">tournaments for the World Championship qualification cycle</a>, and the various <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_chess_championships" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national chess championships">national championships</a>. Invitation-only tournaments regularly attract the world's strongest players. Examples include Spain's <a href="/wiki/Linares_chess_tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Linares chess tournament">Linares</a> event, Monte Carlo's <a href="/wiki/Melody_Amber" class="mw-redirect" title="Melody Amber">Melody Amber</a> tournament, the <a href="/wiki/Dortmund_Sparkassen_Chess_Meeting" title="Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting">Dortmund Sparkassen</a> meeting, Sofia's <a href="/wiki/M-tel_Masters" class="mw-redirect" title="M-tel Masters">M-tel Masters</a>, and Wijk aan Zee's <a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel_Chess_Tournament" title="Tata Steel Chess Tournament">Tata Steel</a> tournament. </p><p>Regular team chess events include the <a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Chess Olympiad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Team_Chess_Championship" title="European Team Chess Championship">European Team Chess Championship</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Solving_Championship" title="World Chess Solving Championship">World Chess Solving Championship</a> and World <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_Chess" class="mw-redirect" title="Correspondence Chess">Correspondence Chess</a> Championships include both team and individual events; these are held independently of FIDE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_and_rankings">Titles and rankings</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chess_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess titles">Chess titles</a></div> <p>In order to rank players, FIDE, <a href="/wiki/International_Correspondence_Chess_Federation" title="International Correspondence Chess Federation">ICCF</a>, and most national chess organizations use the <a href="/wiki/Elo_rating_system" title="Elo rating system">Elo rating system</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Arpad_Elo" title="Arpad Elo">Arpad Elo</a>. An average club player has a rating of about 1500; the highest FIDE rating of all time, 2882, was achieved by <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Magnus Carlsen</a> on the March 2014 FIDE rating list.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Players may be awarded lifetime titles by FIDE:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a> (GM; sometimes <em>International Grandmaster</em> or IGM is used) is awarded to world-class chess masters. Apart from World Champion, Grandmaster is the highest title a chess player can attain. Before FIDE will confer the title on a player, the player must have an Elo rating of at least 2500 at one time and three results of a prescribed standard (called norms) in tournaments involving other grandmasters, including some from countries other than the applicant's. There are other milestones a player can achieve to attain the title, such as winning the World Junior Championship.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="International Master">International Master</a> (IM). The conditions are similar to GM, but less demanding. The minimum rating for the IM title is 2400.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE Master">FIDE Master</a> (FM). The usual way for a player to qualify for the FIDE Master title is by achieving a FIDE rating of 2300 or more.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidate Master">Candidate Master</a> (CM). Similar to FM, but with a FIDE rating of at least 2200.</li></ul> <p>The above titles are open to both men and women. There are also separate women-only titles; Woman Grandmaster (WGM), Woman International Master (WIM), Woman FIDE Master (WFM) and Woman Candidate Master (WCM). These require a performance level approximately 200 Elo rating points below the similarly named open titles, and their continued existence has sometimes been controversial. Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Nona_Gaprindashvili" title="Nona Gaprindashvili">Nona Gaprindashvili</a> in 1978, a number of women have earned the open GM title: 40 as of July 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chess&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-FIDE_top_players_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIDE_top_players-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FIDE also awards titles for arbiters and trainers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International titles are also awarded to composers and solvers of chess problems and to correspondence chess players (by the <a href="/wiki/International_Correspondence_Chess_Federation" title="International Correspondence Chess Federation">International Correspondence Chess Federation</a>). National chess organizations may also award titles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chess_theory" title="Chess theory">Chess theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chess_tactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess tactics">Chess tactics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chess_strategy" title="Chess strategy">Chess strategy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chess_libraries" title="Chess libraries">Chess libraries</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_books" title="List of chess books">List of chess books</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_periodicals" title="List of chess periodicals">List of chess periodicals</a></div> <p>Chess has an extensive literature. In 1913, the chess historian <a href="/wiki/H.J.R._Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="H.J.R. Murray">H.J.R. Murray</a> estimated the total number of books, magazines, and <a href="/wiki/Chess_columns_in_newspapers" title="Chess columns in newspapers">chess columns in newspapers</a> to be about 5,000.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Harold_Wood" title="Baruch Harold Wood">B.H. Wood</a> estimated the number, as of 1949, to be about 20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Hooper&Whyld_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooper&Whyld-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Hooper_(chess_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hooper (chess player)">David Hooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Whyld">Kenneth Whyld</a> write that, "Since then there has been a steady increase year by year of the number of new chess publications. No one knows how many have been printed."<sup id="cite_ref-Hooper&Whyld_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooper&Whyld-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant public chess libraries include the John G. White Chess and Checkers Collection at <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Library" title="Cleveland Public Library">Cleveland Public Library</a>, with over 32,000 chess books and over 6,000 bound volumes of chess periodicals;<sup id="cite_ref-PolgarRecords_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolgarRecords-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Chess & Draughts collection at the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Netherlands">National Library of the Netherlands</a>, with about 30,000 books.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chess theory usually divides the game of chess into three phases with different sets of strategies: the <a href="#Opening">opening</a>, typically the first 10 to 20 moves, when players move their pieces to useful positions for the coming battle; the <a href="#Middlegame">middlegame</a>; and last the <a href="#Endgame">endgame</a>, when most of the pieces are gone, kings typically take a more active part in the struggle, and pawn promotion is often decisive. </p><p><em>Opening theory</em> is concerned with finding the best moves in the initial phase of the game. Many opening sequences have standard names such as the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian Defense">Sicilian Defense</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess">The Oxford Companion to Chess</a></i> lists 1,327 named openings and variations, and this list is by no means exhaustive.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><em>Middlegame theory</em> is usually divided into <a href="/wiki/Chess_tactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess tactics">chess tactics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chess_strategy" title="Chess strategy">chess strategy</a>. Chess strategy concentrates on setting and achieving long-term positional advantages during the game – for example, where to place different pieces – while tactics concerns immediate maneuver. These two aspects of the gameplay cannot be completely separated, because strategic goals are mostly achieved through tactics, while the tactical opportunities are based on the previous strategy of play. </p><p><em>Endgame theory</em> is concerned with positions where there are only a few pieces left. These positions are categorized according to the pieces, for example "King and pawn" endings or "Rook versus minor piece" endings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening">Opening</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chess_opening" title="Chess opening">Chess opening</a></div> <p>A chess opening is the group of initial moves of a game (the "opening moves"). Recognized sequences of opening moves are referred to as <em>openings</em> and have been given names such as the <a href="/wiki/Ruy_Lopez" title="Ruy Lopez">Ruy Lopez</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian Defense">Sicilian Defense</a>. They are catalogued in reference works such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Chess_Openings" title="Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings">Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings</a></i>. There are dozens of different openings, varying widely in character from quiet <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#positional_play" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § positional play" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">positional play</span></a></dfn> (for example, the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ti_Opening" title="Réti Opening">Réti Opening</a>) to very aggressive (the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Gambit" title="Latvian Gambit">Latvian Gambit</a>). In some opening lines, the exact sequence considered best for both sides has been worked out to more than 30 moves.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professional players spend years studying openings and continue doing so throughout their careers, as <a href="/wiki/Chess_opening_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess opening theory">opening theory</a> continues to evolve. </p><p>The fundamental strategic aims of most openings are similar:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Development:</i> This is the technique of placing the pieces (particularly bishops and knights) on useful squares where they will have an optimal impact on the game.</li> <li><i>Control of the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#center" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § center" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">center</span></a></dfn>:</i> Control of the central squares allows pieces to be moved to any part of the board relatively easily, and can also have a cramping effect on the opponent.</li> <li><i>King safety:</i> It is critical to keep the king safe from dangerous possibilities. A correctly timed castling can often enhance this.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pawn_structure" title="Pawn structure">Pawn structure</a>:</i> Players strive to avoid the creation of pawn weaknesses such as isolated, doubled, or backward pawns, and pawn islands – and to force such weaknesses in the opponent's position.</li></ul> <p>Most players and <a href="/wiki/Chess_theory" title="Chess theory">theoreticians</a> consider that White, by virtue of the first move, <a href="/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess" title="First-move advantage in chess">begins the game with a small advantage</a>. This initially gives White the <a href="/wiki/Initiative_(chess)" title="Initiative (chess)">initiative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black usually strives to neutralize White's advantage and achieve <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#equality" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § equality" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">equality</span></a></dfn>, or to develop <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#dynamism" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § dynamism" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">dynamic</span></a></dfn> <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#counterplay" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § counterplay" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">counterplay</span></a></dfn> in an unbalanced position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middlegame">Middlegame</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chess_middlegame" title="Chess middlegame">Chess middlegame</a></div> <p>The middlegame is the part of the game that starts after the opening. There is no clear line between the opening and the middlegame, but typically the middlegame will start when most pieces have been developed. (Similarly, there is no clear transition from the middlegame to the endgame; see <a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame#The_start_of_the_endgame" title="Chess endgame">start of the endgame</a>.) Because the opening theory has ended, players have to form plans based on the features of the position, and at the same time take into account the tactical possibilities of the position.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middlegame is the phase in which most <a href="/wiki/Combination_(chess)" title="Combination (chess)">combinations</a> occur. Combinations are a series of tactical moves executed to achieve some gain. Middlegame combinations are often connected with an attack against the opponent's king. Some typical patterns have their own names; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Boden%27s_Mate" title="Boden's Mate">Boden's Mate</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Lasker_-_Bauer,_Amsterdam,_1889" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasker - Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889">Lasker–Bauer</a> combination.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specific plans or strategic themes will often arise from particular groups of openings that result in a specific type of pawn structure. An example is the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#minority_attack" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § minority attack" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">minority attack</span></a></dfn>, which is the attack of queenside pawns against an opponent who has more pawns on the queenside. The study of openings is therefore connected to the preparation of plans that are typical of the resulting middlegames.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important strategic question in the middlegame is whether and how to reduce material and transition into an endgame (i.e. <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#simplification" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § simplification" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">simplify</span></a></dfn>). Minor material advantages can generally be transformed into victory only in an endgame, and therefore the stronger side must choose an appropriate way to achieve an ending. Not every reduction of material is good for this purpose; for example, if one side keeps a light-squared bishop and the opponent has a dark-squared one, the transformation into a <a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame#Bishop_and_pawn_endings" title="Chess endgame">bishops and pawns</a> ending is usually advantageous for the weaker side only, because an endgame with <a href="/wiki/Opposite-colored_bishops_endgame" title="Opposite-colored bishops endgame">bishops on opposite colors</a> is likely to be a draw, even with an advantage of a pawn, or sometimes even with a two-pawn advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tactics">Tactics</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chess_tactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess tactics">Chess tactics</a></div> <p>In chess, tactics in general concentrate on short-term actions – so short-term that they can be calculated in advance by a human player or a computer. The possible depth of calculation depends on the player's ability. In <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#quiet_move" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § quiet move" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">quiet</span></a></dfn> positions with many possibilities on both sides, a deep calculation is more difficult and may not be practical, while in positions with a limited number of <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#forced_move" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § forced move" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">forced</span></a></dfn> variations, strong players can calculate long sequences of moves. </p><p>Theoreticians describe many elementary tactical methods and typical maneuvers, for example: <a href="/wiki/Pin_(chess)" title="Pin (chess)">pins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fork_(chess)" title="Fork (chess)">forks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skewer_(chess)" title="Skewer (chess)">skewers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battery_(chess)" title="Battery (chess)">batteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discovered_attack" title="Discovered attack">discovered attacks</a> (especially discovered checks), <a href="/wiki/Zwischenzug" title="Zwischenzug">zwischenzugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deflection_(chess)" title="Deflection (chess)">deflections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decoy_(chess)" title="Decoy (chess)">decoys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_(chess)" title="Sacrifice (chess)">sacrifices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Undermining_(chess)" title="Undermining (chess)">underminings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overloading_(chess)" title="Overloading (chess)">overloadings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interference_(chess)" title="Interference (chess)">interferences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simple one-move or two-move tactical actions – threats, exchanges of <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#material" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § material" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">material</span></a></dfn>, and double attacks – can be combined into more complicated sequences of tactical maneuvers that are often forced from the point of view of one or both players.<sup id="cite_ref-Harding_2003,_p._70ff_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding_2003,_p._70ff-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A forced variation that involves a sacrifice and usually results in a tangible gain is called a <em><a href="/wiki/Combination_(chess)" title="Combination (chess)">combination</a></em>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harding_2003,_p._70ff_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding_2003,_p._70ff-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brilliant combinations – such as those in the <a href="/wiki/Immortal_Game" title="Immortal Game">Immortal Game</a> – are considered beautiful and are admired by chess lovers. A common type of chess exercise, aimed at developing players' skills, is a position where a decisive combination is available and the challenge is to find it.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strategy">Strategy</h4></div> <table style="float:right;"> <caption>Example of underlying pawn structure </caption> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px"> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8" style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit"><div class="chess-board notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:0px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a8 black rook"><img alt="a8 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/22px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/33px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/44px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c8 black bishop"><img alt="c8 black bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/22px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/33px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/44px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e8 black rook"><img alt="e8 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/22px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/33px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/44px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g8 black king"><img alt="g8 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/22px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/33px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/44px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:0px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a7 black pawn"><img alt="a7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b7 black pawn"><img alt="b7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d7 black knight"><img alt="d7 black knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/22px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/33px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/44px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f7 black pawn"><img alt="f7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g7 black bishop"><img alt="g7 black bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/22px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/33px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/44px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:154px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h7 black pawn"><img alt="h7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c6 black pawn"><img alt="c6 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d6 white rook"><img alt="d6 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/22px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/33px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/44px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f6 black knight"><img alt="f6 black knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/22px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/33px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/44px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g6 black pawn"><img alt="g6 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e5 black pawn"><img alt="e5 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c4 white pawn"><img alt="c4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e4 white pawn"><img alt="e4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c3 white knight"><img alt="c3 white knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/22px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/33px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/44px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e3 white bishop"><img alt="e3 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/22px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/33px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/44px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f3 white knight"><img alt="f3 white knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/22px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/33px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/44px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:154px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h3 white pawn"><img alt="h3 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:0px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a2 white pawn"><img alt="a2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b2 white pawn"><img alt="b2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f2 white pawn"><img alt="f2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g2 white pawn"><img alt="g2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:154px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c1 white king"><img alt="c1 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/22px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/33px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/44px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:154px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f1 white bishop"><img alt="f1 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/22px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/33px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/44px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:154px;left:154px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h1 white rook"><img alt="h1 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/22px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/33px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/44px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption">Position after 12...Re8 ...<br /><small>Tarrasch vs. Euwe, Bad Pistyan (1922)</small><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></div></div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px"> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8" style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit"><div class="chess-board notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:0px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a7 black pawn"><img alt="a7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b7 black pawn"><img alt="b7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f7 black pawn"><img alt="f7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:154px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h7 black pawn"><img alt="h7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c6 black pawn"><img alt="c6 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g6 black pawn"><img alt="g6 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e5 black pawn"><img alt="e5 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c4 white pawn"><img alt="c4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e4 white pawn"><img alt="e4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:110px;left:154px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h3 white pawn"><img alt="h3 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:0px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a2 white pawn"><img alt="a2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b2 white pawn"><img alt="b2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f2 white pawn"><img alt="f2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g2 white pawn"><img alt="g2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption"> ... and its pawn structure, known as the Rauzer formation </div></div></div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chess_strategy" title="Chess strategy">Chess strategy</a></div> <p>Chess strategy is concerned with the evaluation of chess positions and with setting up goals and long-term plans for future play. During the evaluation, players must take into account numerous factors such as the value of the pieces on the board, control of the center and centralization, the <a href="/wiki/Pawn_structure" title="Pawn structure">pawn structure</a>, king safety, and the control of <a href="/wiki/Key_square" title="Key square">key squares</a> or groups of squares (for example, diagonals, open files, and dark or light squares). </p><p>The most basic step in evaluating a position is to count the <a href="/wiki/Chess_piece_relative_value" title="Chess piece relative value">total value of pieces</a> of both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The point values used for this purpose are based on experience; usually, pawns are considered worth one point, knights and bishops about three points each, rooks about five points (the value difference between a rook and a bishop or knight being known as <a href="/wiki/The_exchange_(chess)" title="The exchange (chess)">the exchange</a>), and queens about nine points. The king is more valuable than all of the other pieces combined, since its checkmate loses the game. But in practical terms, in the endgame, the king as a fighting piece is generally more powerful than a bishop or knight but less powerful than a rook.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These basic values are then modified by other factors like position of the piece (e.g. advanced pawns are usually more valuable than those on their initial squares), coordination between pieces (e.g. a pair of bishops usually coordinate better than a bishop and a knight), or the type of position (e.g. knights are generally better in <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#closed_game" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § closed game" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">closed positions</span></a></dfn> with many pawns while bishops are more powerful in <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#open_game" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § open game" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">open positions</span></a></dfn>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important factor in the evaluation of chess positions is <em><a href="/wiki/Pawn_structure" title="Pawn structure">pawn structure</a></em> (sometimes known as the <em>pawn skeleton</em>): the configuration of pawns on the chessboard.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since pawns are the least mobile of the pieces, pawn structure is relatively static and largely determines the strategic nature of the position. Weaknesses in pawn structure include <a href="/wiki/Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">isolated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doubled_pawns" title="Doubled pawns">doubled</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Backward_pawn" title="Backward pawn">backward pawns</a> and <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#holes" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § holes" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">holes</span></a></dfn>; once created, they are often permanent. Care must therefore be taken to avoid these weaknesses unless they are compensated by another valuable asset (for example, by the possibility of developing an attack).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endgame">Endgame</h3></div> <div class="thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px">Example of zugzwang </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8" style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit"><div class="chess-board notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c8 black king"><img alt="c8 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/22px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/33px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/44px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c7 white pawn"><img alt="c7 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d6 white king"><img alt="d6 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/22px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/33px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/44px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption">The side to move is disadvantaged. </div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">Chess endgame</a></div> <p>The endgame (also <em>end game</em> or <em>ending</em>) is the stage of the game when there are few pieces left on the board. There are three main strategic differences between earlier stages of the game and the endgame:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Pawns become more important. Endgames often revolve around endeavors to <a href="/wiki/Promotion_(chess)" title="Promotion (chess)">promote</a> a pawn by advancing it to the furthest <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#rank" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § rank" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">rank</span></a></dfn>.</li> <li>The king, which requires safeguarding from attack during the middlegame, emerges as a strong piece in the endgame. It is often brought to the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#center" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § center" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">center</span></a></dfn> where it can protect its own pawns, attack enemy pawns, and hinder moves of the opponent's king.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zugzwang" title="Zugzwang">Zugzwang</a>, a situation in which the player who is to move is forced to incur a disadvantage, is often a factor in endgames but rarely in other stages of the game. In the example diagram, either side having the move is in zugzwang: Black to move must play 1...Kb7 allowing White to promote the pawn after 2.Kd7; White to move must permit a draw, either by 1.Kc6 <a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">stalemate</a> or by losing the pawn after any other legal move.</li></ul> <p>Endgames can be classified according to the type of pieces remaining on the board. <a href="/wiki/Checkmate#Basic_checkmates" title="Checkmate">Basic checkmates</a> are positions in which one side has only a king and the other side has one or two pieces and can checkmate the opposing king, with the pieces working together with their king. For example, <a href="/wiki/King_and_pawn_endgame" class="mw-redirect" title="King and pawn endgame">king and pawn endgames</a> involve only kings and pawns on one or both sides, and the task of the stronger side is to promote one of the pawns. Other more complicated endings are classified according to pieces on the board other than kings, such as "<a href="/wiki/Rook_and_pawn_versus_rook" class="mw-redirect" title="Rook and pawn versus rook">rook and pawn versus rook</a>" endgames. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_chess" title="History of chess">History of chess</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Khosrow_sits_before_the_chessboard,_while_his_vizir_and_the_envoy_of_Qannuj_are_playing_chess._Shahnameh,_10th_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/King_Khosrow_sits_before_the_chessboard%2C_while_his_vizir_and_the_envoy_of_Qannuj_are_playing_chess._Shahnameh%2C_10th_century_CE.jpg/310px-King_Khosrow_sits_before_the_chessboard%2C_while_his_vizir_and_the_envoy_of_Qannuj_are_playing_chess._Shahnameh%2C_10th_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/King_Khosrow_sits_before_the_chessboard%2C_while_his_vizir_and_the_envoy_of_Qannuj_are_playing_chess._Shahnameh%2C_10th_century_CE.jpg/465px-King_Khosrow_sits_before_the_chessboard%2C_while_his_vizir_and_the_envoy_of_Qannuj_are_playing_chess._Shahnameh%2C_10th_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/King_Khosrow_sits_before_the_chessboard%2C_while_his_vizir_and_the_envoy_of_Qannuj_are_playing_chess._Shahnameh%2C_10th_century_CE.jpg/620px-King_Khosrow_sits_before_the_chessboard%2C_while_his_vizir_and_the_envoy_of_Qannuj_are_playing_chess._Shahnameh%2C_10th_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> King <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> sits on his throne before the chessboard, while his vizir and the Indian envoy Deva Sharma, probably sent by the <a href="/wiki/Maukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maukhari">Maukhari</a> King <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aarvavarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Śarvavarman">Śarvavarman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a>, are playing chess. <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahnama">Shahnama</a></i>, 10th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-ME_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ME-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Texts referring to the origins of chess date from the beginning of the seventh century. Three are written in <i>Pahlavi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one, the <i><a href="/wiki/Harshacharita" title="Harshacharita">Harshacharita</a></i>, is in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these texts, the <i>Chatrang-namak</i>, represents one of the earliest written accounts of chess. The narrator <a href="/wiki/Bozorgmehr" title="Bozorgmehr">Bozorgmehr</a> explains that <i>Chatrang</i>, "Chess" in Pahlavi, was introduced to Persia by '<a href="/wiki/Sharvavarman" title="Sharvavarman">Dewasarm</a>, a great ruler of India' during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-The_Sháhnáma_of_Firdausí:_Volume_VII_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Sháhnáma_of_Firdausí:_Volume_VII-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Dewasarm has fashioned this <i><a href="/wiki/Chatrang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatrang">chatrang</a></i> after the likeness of a battle, and in its likeness are two supreme rulers after the likeness of Kings (shah), with the essentials of rooks (rukh) to right and to left, with Counsellor (farzin) in the likeness of a commander of the champions, with the Elephant (pil) in the likeness of the commander of the rearguard, with Horse (asp) in the likeness of the commander of the cavalry, with the Footsoldier (piyadak) in the likeness of so many infantry in the vanguard of the battle</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Translation by Murray, 1913<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_treatise_on_chess_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/A_treatise_on_chess_2.jpg/220px-A_treatise_on_chess_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/A_treatise_on_chess_2.jpg/330px-A_treatise_on_chess_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/A_treatise_on_chess_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>An illustration from a Persian manuscript "A treatise on chess". The Ambassadors from India present the Chatrang to Khosrow I Anushirwan, "Immortal Soul", King of Persia, 14th century AD.</figcaption></figure><p>The oldest known chess manual was in Arabic and dates to about 840, written by <a href="/wiki/Al-Adli_ar-Rumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Adli ar-Rumi">al-Adli ar-Rumi</a> (800–870), a renowned Arab chess player, titled <i>Kitab ash-shatranj</i> (The Book of Chess). This is a lost manuscript, but is referenced in later works.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here also, al-Adli attributes the origins of Persian chess to India, along with the eighth-century collection of fables <a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%ABla_wa-Dimna" title="Kalīla wa-Dimna">Kalīla wa-Dimna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elephants_and_Kings_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elephants_and_Kings-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 20th century, a substantial consensus<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_Board_Games_in_Perspective_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Board_Games_in_Perspective-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Players_and_Pawns_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Players_and_Pawns-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed regarding chess's origins in northwest <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in the early seventh century.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_(1913)_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray_(1913)-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, this consensus has been the subject of further scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early forms of chess in India were known as <em><a href="/wiki/Chaturanga" title="Chaturanga">chaturaṅga</a></em> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">चतुरङ्ग</span>), literally "four divisions" [of the military] – <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariotry</a> – represented by pieces that would later evolve into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively. Chaturanga was played on an 8×8 uncheckered board, called <em><a href="/wiki/Ashtapada" title="Ashtapada">ashtāpada</a></em>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thence it spread eastward and westward along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. The earliest evidence of chess is found in nearby <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian Persia">Sasanian Persia</a> around 600 A.D., where the game came to be known by the name <em><a href="/wiki/Chatrang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatrang">chatrang</a></em> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">چترنگ</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chatrang was taken up by the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Persia">Islamic conquest of Persia</a> (633–51), where it was then named <em><a href="/wiki/Shatranj" title="Shatranj">shatranj</a></em> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شطرنج</span>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شترنج</span>), with the pieces largely retaining their Persian names. In Spanish, "shatranj" was rendered as <i>ajedrez</i> ("al-shatranj"), in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> as <i>xadrez</i>, and in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> as ζατρίκιον (<i>zatrikion</i>, which comes directly from the Persian <i>chatrang</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in the rest of Europe it was replaced by versions of the Persian <i>shāh</i> ("king"), from which the English words "check" and "chess" descend.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "<a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">checkmate</a>" is derived from the Persian <i>shāh māt</i> ("the king is dead").<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KnightsTemplarPlayingChess1283.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/KnightsTemplarPlayingChess1283.jpg/290px-KnightsTemplarPlayingChess1283.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/KnightsTemplarPlayingChess1283.jpg/435px-KnightsTemplarPlayingChess1283.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/KnightsTemplarPlayingChess1283.jpg/580px-KnightsTemplarPlayingChess1283.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a> playing chess, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Libro_de_los_juegos" title="Libro de los juegos">Libro de los juegos</a></i></span>, 1283</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Xiangqi" title="Xiangqi">Xiangqi</a> is the form of chess best known in China. The eastern migration of chess, into China and Southeast Asia, has even less documentation than its migration west, making it largely conjectured. The word <em>xiàngqí</em> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">象棋</span></span>) was used in China to refer to a game from 569 A.D. at the latest, but it has not been proven that this game was directly related to chess.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first reference to Chinese chess appears in a book entitled <i>Xuánguaì Lù</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">玄怪錄</span></span>; "Record of the Mysterious and Strange"), dating to about 800. A minority view holds that Western chess arose from xiàngqí or one of its predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chess historians Jean-Louis Cazaux and Rick Knowlton contend that xiangqi's intrinsic characteristics make it easier to construct an evolutionary path from China to India/Persia than the opposite direction.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest archaeological chess artifacts – ivory pieces – were excavated in ancient <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiab</a>, today's <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, Central Asia, and date to about 760, with some of them possibly being older. Remarkably, almost all findings of the oldest pieces come from along the Silk Road, from the former regions of the Tarim Basin (today's Xinjiang in China), <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, to Iran on one end and to India through <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The game reached Western Europe and Russia via at least three routes, the earliest being in the ninth century. By the year 1000, it had spread throughout both the <a href="/wiki/Al_Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Andalus">Muslim Iberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Christianity">Latin Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hooper_&_Whyld_(1992),_pp._173–75_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooper_&_Whyld_(1992),_pp._173–75-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Latin poem called <i><a href="/wiki/Versus_de_scachis" title="Versus de scachis">Versus de scachis</a></i> ("Verses on Chess") dated to the late 10th century, has been preserved at <a href="/wiki/Einsiedeln_Abbey" title="Einsiedeln Abbey">Einsiedeln Abbey</a> in Switzerland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1200–1700:_Origins_of_the_modern_game"><span id="1200.E2.80.931700:_Origins_of_the_modern_game"></span>1200–1700: Origins of the modern game</h3></div> <p>The game of chess was then played and known in all European countries. A famous 13th-century Spanish manuscript covering chess, <a href="/wiki/Backgammon" title="Backgammon">backgammon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dice" title="Dice">dice</a> is known as the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Libro_de_los_juegos" title="Libro de los juegos">Libro de los juegos</a></i></span>, which is the earliest <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> treatise on chess as well as being the oldest document on European <a href="/wiki/Tables_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Tables games">tables games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rules were fundamentally similar to those of the Arabic <a href="/wiki/Shatranj" title="Shatranj">shatranj</a>. The differences were mostly in the use of a checkered board instead of a plain monochrome board used by Arabs and the habit of allowing some or all pawns to make an initial double step. In some regions, the queen, which had replaced the <a href="/wiki/Wazir_(chess)" title="Wazir (chess)">wazir</a>, or the king could also make an initial two-square leap under some conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucena110.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lucena110.png/220px-Lucena110.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lucena110.png/330px-Lucena110.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Lucena110.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>A tactical puzzle from <a href="/wiki/Luis_Ram%C3%ADrez_de_Lucena" title="Luis Ramírez de Lucena">Lucena's</a> 1497 book</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1200, the rules of shatranj started to be modified in Europe, culminating, several major changes later, in the emergence of modern chess practically as it is known today.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major change was the modern piece movement rules, which began to appear in intellectual circles in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, Spain, around 1475,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which established the foundations and brought it very close to current chess. These new rules then were quickly adopted in Italy and Southern France before diffusing into the rest of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nauiua_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nauiua-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pawns gained the ability to advance two squares on their first move, while bishops and queens acquired their modern movement powers. The <a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">queen</a> replaced the earlier <a href="/wiki/Vizier#Influence_on_chess" title="Vizier">vizier</a> chess piece toward the end of the 10th century and by the 15th century had become the most powerful piece;<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in light of that, modern chess was often referred to at the time as "Queen's Chess" or "Mad Queen Chess".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castling, derived from the "king's leap", usually in combination with a pawn or rook move to bring the king to safety, was introduced. These new rules quickly spread throughout Western Europe. </p><p>Writings about <a href="/wiki/Chess_theory" title="Chess theory">chess theory</a> began to appear in the late 15th century. An <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_manuscript" title="Göttingen manuscript">anonymous treatise on chess of 1490</a> with the first part containing some openings and the second 30 endgames is deposited in the library of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book <i>El Libro dels jochs partitis dels schachs en nombre de 100</i> was written by <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Vicent" title="Francesc Vicent">Francesc Vicent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Segorbe" title="Segorbe">Segorbe</a> in 1495, but no copy of this work has survived.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Repetición de Amores y Arte de Ajedrez</i> (<i>Repetition of Love and the Art of Playing Chess</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> churchman <a href="/wiki/Luis_Ram%C3%ADrez_de_Lucena" title="Luis Ramírez de Lucena">Luis Ramírez de Lucena</a> was published in <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> in 1497.<sup id="cite_ref-nauiua_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nauiua-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucena and later masters like Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Damiano" title="Pedro Damiano">Pedro Damiano</a>, Italians <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Leonardo_Di_Bona" title="Giovanni Leonardo Di Bona">Giovanni Leonardo Di Bona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cesare_Polerio" title="Giulio Cesare Polerio">Giulio Cesare Polerio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Greco" title="Gioachino Greco">Gioachino Greco</a>, and Spanish bishop <a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Segura" title="Ruy López de Segura">Ruy López de Segura</a> developed elements of <a href="#Opening">opening theory</a> and started to analyze simple <a href="#Endgame">endgames</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1700–1873:_Romantic_era"><span id="1700.E2.80.931873:_Romantic_era"></span>1700–1873: Romantic era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Immortal_game_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Immortal_game_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="244" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Immortal_Game" title="Immortal Game">Immortal Game</a>", Anderssen vs. Kieseritzky, 1851</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 18th century, the center of European chess life moved from Southern Europe to mainland France. The two most important French masters were <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Danican_Philidor" title="François-André Danican Philidor">François-André Danican Philidor</a>, a musician by profession, who discovered the importance of pawns for chess strategy, and later <a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_Mah%C3%A9_de_La_Bourdonnais" title="Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais">Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais</a>, who won a famous series of matches against Irish master <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McDonnell_(chess_player)" title="Alexander McDonnell (chess player)">Alexander McDonnell</a> in 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Centers of chess activity in this period were <a href="/wiki/Coffee_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee house">coffee houses</a> in major European cities like <i><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_la_R%C3%A9gence" title="Café de la Régence">Café de la Régence</a></i> in Paris and <i><a href="/wiki/Simpson%27s-in-the-Strand" title="Simpson's-in-the-Strand">Simpson's Divan</a></i> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, the intellectual movement of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a> had had a far-reaching impact on chess, with aesthetics and tactical beauty being held in higher regard than objective soundness and strategic planning. As a result, virtually all games began with the <a href="/wiki/Open_Game" title="Open Game">Open Game</a>, and it was considered unsportsmanlike to decline gambits that invited tactical play such as the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gambit" title="King's Gambit">King's Gambit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evans_Gambit" title="Evans Gambit">Evans Gambit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shenk,_2007_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shenk,_2007-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This chess philosophy is known as <a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Romantic chess</a>, and a sharp, tactical style consistent with the principles of chess romanticism was predominant until the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stalemate#History_of_the_stalemate_rule" title="Stalemate">The rules concerning stalemate</a> were finalized in the early 19th century. Also in the 19th century, the convention that White moves first was established (formerly either White or Black could move first). Finally, the rules around castling and en passant captures were standardized – variations in these rules persisted in Italy until the late 19th century. The resulting standard game is sometimes referred to as <em>Western chess</em><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <em>international chess</em>,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in Asia where other games of the chess family such as <a href="/wiki/Xiangqi" title="Xiangqi">xiangqi</a> are prevalent. Since the 19th century, the only rule changes, such as the establishment of the correct procedure for claiming a draw by repetition, have been technical in nature. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Henri_Marlet_Das_ber%C3%BChmte_Schachspiel_zwischen_Howard_Staunton_und_Pierre_Charles_Fourrier_Saint-Amant_1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jean_Henri_Marlet_Das_ber%C3%BChmte_Schachspiel_zwischen_Howard_Staunton_und_Pierre_Charles_Fourrier_Saint-Amant_1843.jpg/220px-Jean_Henri_Marlet_Das_ber%C3%BChmte_Schachspiel_zwischen_Howard_Staunton_und_Pierre_Charles_Fourrier_Saint-Amant_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jean_Henri_Marlet_Das_ber%C3%BChmte_Schachspiel_zwischen_Howard_Staunton_und_Pierre_Charles_Fourrier_Saint-Amant_1843.jpg/330px-Jean_Henri_Marlet_Das_ber%C3%BChmte_Schachspiel_zwischen_Howard_Staunton_und_Pierre_Charles_Fourrier_Saint-Amant_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jean_Henri_Marlet_Das_ber%C3%BChmte_Schachspiel_zwischen_Howard_Staunton_und_Pierre_Charles_Fourrier_Saint-Amant_1843.jpg/440px-Jean_Henri_Marlet_Das_ber%C3%BChmte_Schachspiel_zwischen_Howard_Staunton_und_Pierre_Charles_Fourrier_Saint-Amant_1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5059" data-file-height="3961" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of the chess match between <a href="/wiki/Howard_Staunton" title="Howard Staunton">Howard Staunton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_Fournier_de_Saint-Amant" title="Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant">Pierre Saint-Amant</a>, on 16 December 1843</figcaption></figure> <p>As the 19th century progressed, chess organization developed quickly. Many <a href="/wiki/Chess_club" title="Chess club">chess clubs</a>, chess books, and chess journals appeared. There were correspondence matches between cities; for example, the London Chess Club played against the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> Chess Club in 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chess_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess problems">Chess problems</a> became a regular part of 19th-century newspapers; <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Horwitz" title="Bernhard Horwitz">Bernhard Horwitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Kling" title="Josef Kling">Josef Kling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Loyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Loyd">Samuel Loyd</a> composed some of the most influential problems. In 1843, <a href="/wiki/Tassilo_von_Heydebrand_und_der_Lasa" title="Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa">von der Lasa</a> published his and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rudolf_von_Bilguer" title="Paul Rudolf von Bilguer">Bilguer's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Handbuch_des_Schachspiels" title="Handbuch des Schachspiels">Handbuch des Schachspiels</a></i> (<i>Handbook of Chess</i>), the first comprehensive manual of chess theory. </p><p>The first modern chess tournament was organized by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Staunton" title="Howard Staunton">Howard Staunton</a>, a leading English chess player, and was <a href="/wiki/London_1851_chess_tournament" title="London 1851 chess tournament">held in London in 1851</a>. It was won by the German <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen" title="Adolf Anderssen">Adolf Anderssen</a>, who was hailed as the leading chess master. His brilliant, energetic attacking style was <a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">typical for the time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sparkling games like Anderssen's <a href="/wiki/Immortal_Game" title="Immortal Game">Immortal Game</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Game" title="Evergreen Game">Evergreen Game</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paul_Morphy" title="Paul Morphy">Morphy's</a> "<a href="/wiki/Morphy_versus_the_Duke_of_Brunswick_and_Count_Isouard" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphy versus the Duke of Brunswick and Count Isouard">Opera Game</a>" were regarded as the highest possible summit of the art of chess.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deeper insight into the nature of chess came with the American <a href="/wiki/Paul_Morphy" title="Paul Morphy">Paul Morphy</a>, an extraordinary <a href="/wiki/Chess_prodigy" title="Chess prodigy">chess prodigy</a>. Morphy won against all important competitors (except Staunton, who refused to play), including Anderssen, during his short chess career between 1857 and 1863. Morphy's success stemmed from a combination of brilliant attacks and sound strategy; he intuitively knew how to prepare attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1873–1945:_Birth_of_a_sport"><span id="1873.E2.80.931945:_Birth_of_a_sport"></span>1873–1945: Birth of a sport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Steinitz2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Wilhelm_Steinitz2.jpg/150px-Wilhelm_Steinitz2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Wilhelm_Steinitz2.jpg/225px-Wilhelm_Steinitz2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Wilhelm_Steinitz2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a>, the first official <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="World Chess Champion">World Chess Champion</a>, from 1886 to 1894</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a> laid the foundations for a scientific approach to the game, the art of breaking a position down into components<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and preparing correct plans.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to his theoretical achievements, Steinitz founded an important tradition: his triumph over the leading German master <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Zukertort" title="Johannes Zukertort">Johannes Zukertort</a> in 1886 is regarded as the first official <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a>. This win marked a stylistic transition at the highest levels of chess from an attacking, tactical style predominant in the Romantic era to a more positional, strategic style introduced to the chess world by Steinitz. Steinitz lost his crown in 1894 to a much younger player, the German mathematician <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a>, who maintained this title for 27 years, the longest tenure of any world champion.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of the 19th century, the number of master tournaments and matches held annually quickly grew. The first <a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Olympiad</a> was held in Paris in 1924, and <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> was founded initially for the purpose of organizing that event. In 1927, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women's World Chess Championship</a> was established; the first to hold the title was Czech-English master <a href="/wiki/Vera_Menchik" title="Vera Menchik">Vera Menchik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A prodigy from Cuba, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">José Raúl Capablanca</a>, known for his skill in endgames, won the World Championship from Lasker in 1921. Capablanca was undefeated in tournament play for eight years, from 1916 to 1924. His successor (1927) was the Russian-French <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a>, a strong attacking player who died as the world champion in 1946. Alekhine briefly lost the title to Dutch player <a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Max Euwe</a> in 1935 and regained it two years later.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, chess was revolutionized by the new theoretical school of so-called <a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(chess)" title="Hypermodernism (chess)">hypermodernists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Aron_Nimzowitsch" title="Aron Nimzowitsch">Aron Nimzowitsch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_R%C3%A9ti" title="Richard Réti">Richard Réti</a>. They advocated controlling the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#center" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § center" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">center</span></a></dfn> of the board with distant pieces rather than with pawns, thus inviting opponents to occupy the center with pawns, which become objects of attack.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945–1990:_Post-World_War_II_era"><span id="1945.E2.80.931990:_Post-World_War_II_era"></span>1945–1990: Post-World War II era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikhail_Botvinnik_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mikhail_Botvinnik_1962.jpg/180px-Mikhail_Botvinnik_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mikhail_Botvinnik_1962.jpg/270px-Mikhail_Botvinnik_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mikhail_Botvinnik_1962.jpg/360px-Mikhail_Botvinnik_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a>, the first post-war World Champion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bobby_Fischer_1960_in_Leipzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bobby_Fischer_1960_in_Leipzig.jpg/180px-Bobby_Fischer_1960_in_Leipzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bobby_Fischer_1960_in_Leipzig.jpg/270px-Bobby_Fischer_1960_in_Leipzig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Bobby_Fischer_1960_in_Leipzig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a>, World Champion from 1972 to 1975</figcaption></figure> <p>After the death of Alekhine, a new World Champion was sought. FIDE, which has controlled the title since then, ran a tournament of elite players. The winner of the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1948" title="World Chess Championship 1948">1948 tournament</a> was Russian <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a>. In 1950, FIDE established a system of titles, conferring the title of <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a> on 27 players. (Some sources state that, in 1914, the title of chess Grandmaster was first formally conferred by Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a> to Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine, <a href="/wiki/Siegbert_Tarrasch" title="Siegbert Tarrasch">Tarrasch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Marshall_(chess_player)" title="Frank Marshall (chess player)">Marshall</a>, but this is a disputed claim.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Botvinnik started an era of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> dominance in the chess world, which mainly through the Soviet government's politically inspired efforts to demonstrate intellectual superiority over the West<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stood almost uninterrupted for more than a half-century. Until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, there was only one non-Soviet champion, American <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a> (champion 1972–1975).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botvinnik also revolutionized <a href="/wiki/Chess_theory#Opening_theory" title="Chess theory">opening theory</a>. Previously, Black strove for equality, attempting to neutralize White's <a href="/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess" title="First-move advantage in chess">first-move advantage</a>. As Black, Botvinnik strove for the initiative from the beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the previous informal system of World Championships, the current champion decided which challenger he would play for the title and the challenger was forced to seek sponsors for the match. FIDE set up a new system of qualifying tournaments and matches. The world's strongest players were seeded into <a href="/wiki/Interzonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interzonal">Interzonal</a> tournaments, where they were joined by players who had qualified from Zonal tournaments. The leading finishers in these Interzonals would go through the "<a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates</a>" stage, which was initially a tournament, and later a series of knockout matches. The winner of the Candidates would then play the reigning champion for the title. A champion defeated in a match had a right to play a rematch a year later. This system operated on a three-year cycle. Botvinnik participated in championship matches over a period of fifteen years. He won the world championship tournament in 1948 and retained the title in tied matches in 1951 and 1954. In 1957, he lost to <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a>, but regained the title in a rematch in 1958. In 1960, he lost the title to the 23-year-old Latvian prodigy <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a>, an accomplished <a href="/wiki/Chess_tactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess tactics">tactician</a> and attacking player who is widely regarded as one of the most creative players ever,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence his nickname "the magician from Riga". Botvinnik again regained the title in a rematch in 1961. </p><p>Following the 1961 event, FIDE abolished the automatic right of a deposed champion to a rematch, and the next champion, Armenian <a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Tigran Petrosian</a>, a player renowned for his defensive and positional skills, held the title for two cycles, 1963–1969. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Spassky" title="Boris Spassky">Boris Spassky</a> from Russia (champion 1969–1972), won games in both positional and sharp tactical style.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next championship, the so-called <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1972" title="World Chess Championship 1972">Match of the Century</a>, saw the first non-Soviet challenger since World War II, American <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a>. Fischer defeated his opponents in the <a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates</a> matches by unheard-of margins, and convincingly defeated Spassky for the world championship. The match was followed closely by news media of the day, leading to a surge in popularity for chess; it also held significant political importance at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, with the match being seen by both sides as a <a href="/wiki/Microcosm%E2%80%93macrocosm_analogy" title="Microcosm–macrocosm analogy">microcosm</a> of the conflict between East and West.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, however, Fischer refused to defend his title against Soviet <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a> when he was unable to reach agreement on conditions with FIDE, and Karpov obtained the title by default.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fischer modernized many aspects of chess, especially by extensively preparing openings.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karpov defended his title twice against <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Korchnoi" title="Viktor Korchnoi">Viktor Korchnoi</a> and dominated the 1970s and early 1980s with a string of tournament successes.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1984_World_Chess_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="1984 World Chess Championship">1984 World Chess Championship</a>, Karpov faced his toughest challenge to date, the young <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a> from <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Azerbaijan">Soviet Azerbaijan</a>. The match was aborted in controversial circumstances after 5 months and 48 games with Karpov leading by 5 wins to 3, but evidently exhausted; many commentators believed Kasparov, who had won the last two games, would have won the match had it continued. Kasparov won the <a href="/wiki/1985_World_Chess_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="1985 World Chess Championship">1985 rematch</a>. Kasparov and Karpov contested three further closely fought matches in 1986, 1987 and 1990, Kasparov winning them all.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kasparov became the dominant figure of world chess from the mid-1980s until his retirement from competition in 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beginnings_of_chess_technology">Beginnings of chess technology</h4></div> <p>Chess-playing computer programs (later known as <a href="/wiki/Chess_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess engines">chess engines</a>) began to appear in the 1960s. In 1970, the first major computer chess tournament, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="North American Computer Chess Championship">North American Computer Chess Championship</a>, was held, followed in 1974 by the first <a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">World Computer Chess Championship</a>. In the late 1970s, dedicated home chess computers such as Fidelity Electronics' <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chess_Challenger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chess Challenger (page does not exist)">Chess Challenger</a></i> became commercially available, as well as software to run on home computers. The overall standard of computer chess was low, however, until the 1990s. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Endgame_tablebases" class="mw-redirect" title="Endgame tablebases">endgame tablebases</a>, which provided <a href="/wiki/Perfect_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect play">perfect play</a> for relatively simple endgames such as king and rook versus king and bishop, appeared in the late 1970s. This set a precedent to the complete six- and seven-piece tablebases that became available in the 2000s and 2010s respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first commercial <a href="/wiki/Chess_database" title="Chess database">chess database</a>, a collection of chess games searchable by move and position, was introduced by the German company <a href="/wiki/ChessBase" title="ChessBase">ChessBase</a> in 1987. Databases containing millions of chess games have since had a profound effect on opening theory and other areas of chess research. </p><p>Digital <a href="/wiki/Chess_clocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess clocks">chess clocks</a> were invented in 1973, though they did not become commonplace until the 1990s. Digital clocks allow for time controls involving <a href="/wiki/Time_control#Increment_and_delay_methods" title="Time control">increments and delays</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990–present:_Rise_of_computers_and_online_chess"><span id="1990.E2.80.93present:_Rise_of_computers_and_online_chess"></span>1990–present: Rise of computers and online chess</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Technology">Technology</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> enabled <a href="/wiki/Online_chess" title="Online chess">online chess</a> as a new medium of playing, with <a href="/wiki/Chess_servers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess servers">chess servers</a> allowing users to play other people from different parts of the world in real time. The first such server, known as Internet Chess Server or ICS, was developed at the University of Utah in 1992. ICS formed the basis for the first commercial chess server, the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Chess_Club" title="Internet Chess Club">Internet Chess Club</a>, which was launched in 1995, and for other early chess servers such as FICS (Free Internet Chess Server). Since then, many other platforms have appeared, and online chess began to rival over-the-board chess in popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 2020 <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the isolation ensuing from <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantines</a> imposed in many places around the world, combined with the success of the popular <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Gambit_(miniseries)" title="The Queen's Gambit (miniseries)">The Queen's Gambit</a></i> and other factors such as the popularity of online tournaments (notably <a href="/wiki/PogChamps" title="PogChamps">PogChamps</a>) and chess <a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a> streamers, resulted in a surge of popularity not only for online chess, but for the game of chess in general; this phenomenon has been referred to in the media as the 2020 online chess boom.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">Computer chess</a> has also seen major advances. By the 1990s, chess engines could consistently defeat most amateurs, and in 1997 <a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a> defeated World Champion Garry Kasparov in <a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_versus_Garry_Kasparov" title="Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov">a six-game match</a>, starting an era of computer dominance at the highest level of chess. In the 2010s, engines significantly stronger than even the best human players became accessible for free on a number of <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile</a> platforms, and free engine analysis became a commonplace feature on internet chess servers. An adverse effect of the easy availability of engine analysis on hand-held devices and personal computers has been the rise of <a href="/wiki/Chess_cheating" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess cheating">computer cheating</a>, which has grown to be a major concern in both over-the-board and online chess.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">neural network</a> also capable of playing <a href="/wiki/Shogi" title="Shogi">shogi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a> – was introduced. Since then, many chess engines based on neural network evaluation have been written, the best of which have surpassed the traditional "<a href="/wiki/Brute-force_search" title="Brute-force search">brute-force</a>" engines. AlphaZero also introduced many novel ideas and ways of playing the game, which affected the style of play at the top level.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Endgame_tablebases" class="mw-redirect" title="Endgame tablebases">endgame tablebases</a> developed, they began to provide <a href="/wiki/Perfect_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect play">perfect play</a> in endgame positions in which the <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game-theoretical</a> outcome was previously unknown, such as positions with king, queen and pawn against king and queen. In 1991, Lewis Stiller published a tablebase for select six-piece endgames,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 2005, following the publication of <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Nalimov" title="Eugene Nalimov">Nalimov</a> tablebases, all six-piece endgame positions were solved. In 2012, Lomonosov tablebases were published which solved all seven-piece endgame positions.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of tablebases enhances the performance of chess engines by providing definitive results in some branches of analysis. </p><p>Technological progress made in the 1990s and the 21st century has influenced the way that chess is studied at all levels, as well as the state of chess as a <a href="/wiki/Spectator_sport" title="Spectator sport">spectator sport</a>. </p><p>Previously, preparation at the professional level required an extensive chess library and several subscriptions to publications such as <i><a href="/wiki/Chess_Informant" title="Chess Informant">Chess Informant</a></i> to keep up with opening developments and study opponents' games. Today, preparation at the professional level involves the use of databases containing millions of games, and engines to analyze different opening variations and prepare novelties.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of online learning resources are also available for players of all levels, such as online courses, tactics trainers, and video lessons.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the late 1990s, it has been possible to follow major international chess events online, the players' moves being relayed in real time. Sensory boards have been developed to enable automatic transmission of moves. Chess players will frequently run engines while watching these games, allowing them to quickly identify mistakes by the players and spot tactical opportunities. While in the past the moves have been relayed live, today chess organizers will often impose a half-hour delay as an anti-cheating measure. In the mid-to-late 2010s – and especially following the 2020 online boom – it became commonplace for <a href="/wiki/Super_Grandmaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Grandmaster">supergrandmasters</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hikaru_Nakamura" title="Hikaru Nakamura">Hikaru Nakamura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Magnus Carlsen</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Livestream" class="mw-redirect" title="Livestream">livestream</a> chess content on platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also following the boom, online chess started being viewed as an <a href="/wiki/Esport" class="mw-redirect" title="Esport">esport</a>, with esport teams signing chess players for the first time in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Growth">Growth</h4></div> <p>Organized chess even for young children has become common. FIDE holds world championships for age levels down to 8 years old. The largest tournaments, in number of players, are those held for children.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">grandmasters</a> and other chess professionals has also grown in the modern era. Kenneth Regan and Guy Haworth conducted research involving comparison of move choices by players of different levels and from different periods with the analysis of strong chess engines. They concluded that the increase in the number of grandmasters and higher Elo ratings of the top players reflect an actual increase in the average standard of play, rather than "rating inflation" or "title inflation".<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Professional_chess">Professional chess</h4></div> <p>In 1993, Garry Kasparov and <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Short" title="Nigel Short">Nigel Short</a> broke ties with FIDE to organize their own match for the World Championship and formed a competing <a href="/wiki/Professional_Chess_Association" title="Professional Chess Association">Professional Chess Association</a> (PCA). From then until 2006, there were two simultaneous World Championships and respective World Champions: the PCA or "classical" champions extending the Steinitzian tradition in which the current champion plays a challenger in a series of games, and the other following FIDE's new format of many players competing in a large knockout tournament to determine the champion. Kasparov lost his PCA title in <a href="/wiki/Classical_World_Chess_Championship_2000" title="Classical World Chess Championship 2000">2000</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Vladimir Kramnik</a> of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the complicated state of world chess politics and difficulties obtaining commercial sponsorships, Kasparov was never able to challenge for the title again. Despite this, he continued to dominate in top level tournaments and remained the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_FIDE_chess_world_number_ones" title="List of FIDE chess world number ones">highest rated player</a> until his retirement from competitive chess in 2005. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2006" title="World Chess Championship 2006">World Chess Championship 2006</a>, in which Kramnik beat the FIDE World Champion <a href="/wiki/Veselin_Topalov" title="Veselin Topalov">Veselin Topalov</a>, reunified the titles and made Kramnik the undisputed World Chess Champion.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2007, he lost the title to <a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a> of India, who won the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2007" title="World Chess Championship 2007">championship tournament</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. Anand defended his title in the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2008" title="World Chess Championship 2008">revenge match of 2008</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2010 and 2012. <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Magnus Carlsen</a> defeated Anand in the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2013" title="World Chess Championship 2013">2013 World Chess Championship</a>, and defended his title in 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2021. After the 2021 match, he announced that he would not defend his title a fifth time, so the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2023" title="World Chess Championship 2023">2023 World Chess Championship</a> was played between the winner and runner-up of the <a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament_2022" title="Candidates Tournament 2022">Candidates Tournament 2022</a>: respectively, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Nepomniachtchi" title="Ian Nepomniachtchi">Ian Nepomniachtchi</a> of Russia and <a href="/wiki/Ding_Liren" title="Ding Liren">Ding Liren</a> of China. Ding beat Nepomniachtchi, making him the current World Chess Champion.<sup id="cite_ref-WCC2023_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCC2023-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connections">Connections</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_humanities">Arts and humanities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chess_in_the_arts" title="Chess in the arts">Chess in the arts</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, chess was a part of <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noble</a> culture; it was used to teach war strategy and was dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Chess_or_the_King%27s_Game" title="Chess or the King's Game">King's Game</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gentlemen are "to be meanly seene in the play at Chestes", says the overview at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione">Baldassare Castiglione</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Courtier" title="The Book of the Courtier">The Book of the Courtier</a></i> (1528, English 1561 by Sir Thomas Hoby), but chess should not be a gentleman's main passion. Castiglione explains it further: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_004.jpg/220px-Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_004.jpg/330px-Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_004.jpg/440px-Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="1443" /></a><figcaption>Noble chess players, Germany, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1320</span></figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>And what say you to the game at chestes? It is truely an honest kynde of enterteynmente and wittie, quoth Syr Friderick. But me think it hath a fault, whiche is, that a man may be to couning at it, for who ever will be excellent in the playe of chestes, I beleave he must beestowe much tyme about it, and applie it with so much study, that a man may assoone learne some noble scyence, or compase any other matter of importaunce, and yet in the ende in beestowing all that laboure, he knoweth no more but a game. Therfore in this I beleave there happeneth a very rare thing, namely, that the meane is more commendable, then the excellency.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some of the elaborate chess sets used by the aristocracy at least partially survive, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a>. </p><p>Chess was often used as a basis of sermons on <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>. An example is <i>Liber de moribus hominum et officiis nobilium sive super ludo scacchorum</i> ('Book of the customs of men and the duties of nobles or the Book of Chess'), written by an Italian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">Dominican</a> friar <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_de_Cessolis" title="Jacobus de Cessolis">Jacobus de Cessolis</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>. This book was one of the most popular of the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work was translated into many other languages (the first printed edition was published at Utrecht in 1473) and was the basis for <a href="/wiki/William_Caxton" title="William Caxton">William Caxton</a>'s <i>The Game and Playe of the Chesse</i> (1474), one of the first books printed in English.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different chess pieces were used as metaphors for different classes of people, and human duties were derived from the rules of the game or from visual properties of the chess pieces:<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The knyght ought to be made alle armed upon an hors in suche wyse that he haue an helme on his heed and a spere in his ryght hande/ and coueryd wyth his sheld/ a swerde and a mace on his lyft syde/ Cladd wyth an hawberk and plates to fore his breste/ legge harnoys on his legges/ Spores on his heelis on his handes his gauntelettes/ his hors well broken and taught and apte to bataylle and couerid with his armes/ whan the knyghtes ben maad they ben bayned or bathed/ that is the signe that they shold lede a newe lyf and newe maners/ also they wake alle the nyght in prayers and orysons vnto god that he wylle gyue hem grace that they may gete that thynge that they may not gete by nature/ The kynge or prynce gyrdeth a boute them a swerde in signe/ that they shold abyde and kepe hym of whom they take theyr dispenses and dignyte.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Known in the circles of clerics, students, and merchants, chess entered into the popular culture of the Middle Ages. An example is the 209th song of <a href="/wiki/Carmina_Burana" title="Carmina Burana">Carmina Burana</a> from the 13th century, which starts with the names of chess pieces, <i>Roch, pedites, regina...</i><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The game of chess, at times, has been discouraged by various religious authorities in Middle Ages: Jewish,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholic and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Muslim authorities prohibited it even recently, for example <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> in 1979 and <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Aziz_ibn_Abdullah_Al_ash-Sheikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh">Abdul-Aziz ash-Sheikh</a> even later.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbidden_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbidden-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, chess was viewed as a means of self-improvement. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, in his article "<a href="/wiki/The_Morals_of_Chess" title="The Morals of Chess">The Morals of Chess</a>" (1750), wrote: </p> <blockquote> <p>The Game of Chess is not merely an idle amusement; several very valuable qualities of the mind, useful in the course of human life, are to be acquired and strengthened by it, so as to become habits ready on all occasions; for life is a kind of Chess, in which we have often points to gain, and competitors or adversaries to contend with, and in which there is a vast variety of good and ill events, that are, in some degree, the effect of prudence, or the want of it. By playing at Chess then, we may learn: </p><p><b>I. Foresight</b>, which looks a little into futurity, and considers the consequences that may attend an action ... </p><p><b>II. Circumspection</b>, which surveys the whole Chess-board, or scene of action: – the relation of the several Pieces, and their situations ... </p><p><b>III. Caution</b>, not to make our moves too hastily ...<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_King_sleeping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Red_King_sleeping.jpg/240px-Red_King_sleeping.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Red_King_sleeping.jpg/360px-Red_King_sleeping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Red_King_sleeping.jpg/480px-Red_King_sleeping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass</a></i>: the Red King is snoring. Illustration by Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Tenniel" title="John Tenniel">John Tenniel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chess was occasionally criticized in the 19th century as a waste of time.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chess is taught to children in schools around the world today. Many schools host chess clubs, and there are many scholastic tournaments specifically for children. Tournaments are held regularly in many countries, hosted by organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation" title="United States Chess Federation">United States Chess Federation</a> and the National Scholastic Chess Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chess is many times depicted in <a href="/wiki/Chess_in_the_arts_and_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess in the arts and literature">the arts</a>; significant works where chess plays a key role range from Thomas Middleton's <i><a href="/wiki/A_Game_at_Chess" title="A Game at Chess">A Game at Chess</a></i> to <i><a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass</a></i> by Lewis Carroll, to Vladimir Nabokov's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Defense" title="The Defense">The Defense</a></i>, to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Game" title="The Royal Game">The Royal Game</a></i> by Stefan Zweig. Chess has also featured in film classics such as <a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seventh_Seal" title="The Seventh Seal">The Seventh Seal</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Shatranj_Ke_Khilari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatranj Ke Khilari">The Chess Players</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Powell_and_Pressburger" title="Powell and Pressburger">Powell and Pressburger</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Matter_of_Life_and_Death_(film)" title="A Matter of Life and Death (film)">A Matter of Life and Death</a></i>. </p><p>Chess is also present in contemporary popular culture. For example, the characters in <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> play a futuristic version of the game called "<a href="/wiki/Federation_(Star_Trek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation (Star Trek)">Federation</a> <a href="/wiki/Tri-Dimensional_Chess" class="mw-redirect" title="Tri-Dimensional Chess">Tri-Dimensional Chess</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/Wizard%27s_Chess" class="mw-redirect" title="Wizard's Chess">Wizard's Chess</a>" is played in J.K. Rowling's <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayes-Elma2006_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayes-Elma2006-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_chess_problem" title="Mathematical chess problem">Mathematical chess problem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solving_chess" title="Solving chess">Solving chess</a></div> <p>The game structure and nature of chess are related to several branches of mathematics. Many <a href="/wiki/Combinatorics" title="Combinatorics">combinatorical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topological</a> problems connected to chess, such as the <a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_tour" title="Knight's tour">knight's tour</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eight_queens_puzzle" title="Eight queens puzzle">eight queens puzzle</a>, have been known for hundreds of years. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knight%27s_tour.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Knight%27s_tour.svg/180px-Knight%27s_tour.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Knight%27s_tour.svg/270px-Knight%27s_tour.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Knight%27s_tour.svg/360px-Knight%27s_tour.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Mathematicians <a href="/wiki/Euler" class="mw-redirect" title="Euler">Euler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrien-Marie_Legendre" title="Adrien-Marie Legendre">Legendre</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Moivre" class="mw-redirect" title="De Moivre">de Moivre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vandermonde" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandermonde">Vandermonde</a> studied the <a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_tour" title="Knight's tour">knight's tour</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The number of legal positions in chess is estimated to be <span style="white-space: nowrap;">4.59 ± 0.38 × 10<sup>44</sup></span> with a 95% confidence level,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a <a href="/wiki/Game-tree_complexity" class="mw-redirect" title="Game-tree complexity">game-tree complexity</a> of approximately 10<sup>123</sup>. The game-tree complexity of chess was first calculated by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a> as 10<sup>120</sup>, a number known as the <a href="/wiki/Shannon_number" title="Shannon number">Shannon number</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An average position typically has thirty to forty possible moves, but there may be as few as zero (in the case of checkmate or stalemate) or (in a constructed position) as many as 218.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1913, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Zermelo" title="Ernst Zermelo">Ernst Zermelo</a> used chess as a basis for his theory of game strategies, which is considered one of the predecessors of <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zermelo%27s_theorem_(game_theory)" title="Zermelo's theorem (game theory)">Zermelo's theorem</a> states that it is possible to <a href="/wiki/Solving_chess" title="Solving chess">solve chess</a>, i.e. to determine with certainty the outcome of a perfectly played game (either White can force a win, or Black can force a win, or both sides can force at least a draw).<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With 10<sup>43</sup> legal positions in chess, however, it will take an impossibly long time to compute a perfect strategy with any feasible technology.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychology">Psychology</h3></div> <p>There is an extensive scientific literature on chess psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Binet" title="Alfred Binet">Alfred Binet</a> and others showed that <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> and verbal, rather than visuospatial, ability lies at the core of expertise.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his doctoral thesis, <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_de_Groot" title="Adriaan de Groot">Adriaan de Groot</a> showed that chess masters can rapidly perceive the key features of a position.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to de Groot, this <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, made possible by years of practice and study, is more important than the sheer ability to anticipate moves. De Groot showed that chess masters can memorize positions shown for a few seconds almost perfectly. The ability to memorize does not alone account for chess-playing skill, since masters and novices, when faced with random arrangements of chess pieces, had equivalent recall (about six positions in each case). Rather, it is the ability to recognize patterns, which are then memorized, which distinguished the skilled players from the novices. When the positions of the pieces were taken from an actual game, the masters had almost total positional recall.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recent research has focused on <a href="/wiki/Chess_as_mental_training" title="Chess as mental training">chess as mental training</a>; the respective roles of knowledge and look-ahead search; <a href="/wiki/Brain_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain imaging">brain imaging</a> studies of chess masters and novices; <a href="/wiki/Blindfold_chess" title="Blindfold chess">blindfold chess</a>; the role of <a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a> in chess skill; gender differences; and computational models of chess expertise. The role of practice and talent in the development of chess and other domains of expertise has led to much empirical investigation. Ericsson and colleagues have argued that deliberate practice is sufficient for reaching high levels of expertise in chess.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent research, however, fails to replicate their results and indicates that factors other than practice are also important.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gobet-Fernand2011_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gobet-Fernand2011-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Gobet" title="Fernand Gobet">Fernand Gobet</a> and colleagues have shown that stronger players started playing chess at a young age and that experts born in the Northern Hemisphere are more likely to have been born in late winter and early spring. Compared to the general population, chess players are more likely to be non-right-handed, though they found no correlation between handedness and skill.<sup id="cite_ref-Gobet-Fernand2011_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gobet-Fernand2011-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A relationship between chess skill and intelligence has long been discussed in scientific literature as well as in popular culture. Academic studies that investigate the relationship date back at least to 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although one meta-analysis and most children studies find a positive correlation between general cognitive ability and chess skill, adult studies show mixed results.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div> <div class="thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:254px">Richard Réti <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrauer</a> Morgenzeitung</i>, 1921 </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:246px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:26px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8" style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit"><div class="chess-board notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/208px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/312px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/416px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:182px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h8 white king"><img alt="h8 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/26px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/39px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/52px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:52px;left:0px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a6 black king"><img alt="a6 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/26px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/39px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/52px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:52px;left:52px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c6 white pawn"><img alt="c6 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:78px;left:182px;width:26px;height:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h5 black pawn"><img alt="h5 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:26px">8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">7</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">6</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">5</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">4</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">3</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">2</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">1</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:26px">1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:26px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">White to move and draw</div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>This <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ti_endgame_study" title="Réti endgame study">Réti endgame study</a> is solved by a <a href="/wiki/Diagonal" title="Diagonal">diagonal</a> advance of the white king that brings it to both pawns simultaneously to stop the black pawn or to support the white pawn on its way to <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#queening" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § queening" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">queen</span></a></dfn>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chess_problem" title="Chess problem">Chess problem</a></div> <p>Chess composition is the art of creating chess problems (also called chess compositions). The creator is known as a <a href="/wiki/Chess_composer" title="Chess composer">chess composer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many types of chess problems; the two most important are: </p> <ul><li><em><dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems#directmate" title="Glossary of chess problems"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess problems § directmate" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">Directmates</span></a></dfn>:</em> White to move first and checkmate Black within a specified number of moves, against any defense. These are often referred to as "mate in <em>n</em>" – for example "mate in three" (a <em>three-mover</em>); two- and three-move problems are the most common. These usually involve positions that would be highly unlikely to occur in an actual game, and are intended to illustrate a particular <em><dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems#theme" title="Glossary of chess problems"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess problems § theme" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">theme</span></a></dfn></em>, usually requiring a surprising or counterintuitive <em><dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems#key" title="Glossary of chess problems"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess problems § key" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">key</span></a></dfn></em> move. Themes associated with chess problems occasionally appear in actual games, when they are referred to as "problem-like" moves.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><em><a href="/wiki/Endgame_study" title="Endgame study">Studies</a>:</em> orthodox problems where the stipulation is that White to play must win or draw. The majority of studies are <a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">endgame</a> positions.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Fairy_chess" title="Fairy chess">Fairy chess</a> is a branch of chess problem composition involving altered rules, such as the use of unconventional pieces or boards, or unusual stipulations such as <a href="/wiki/Reflexmate" title="Reflexmate">reflexmates</a>. </p><p>Tournaments for composition and solving of chess problems are organized by the <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_for_Chess_Composition" title="World Federation for Chess Composition">World Federation for Chess Composition</a>, which works cooperatively with but independent of FIDE. The WFCC awards titles for composing and solving chess problems.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Online_chess">Online chess</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Online_chess" title="Online chess">Online chess</a></div> <p>Online chess is chess that is played over the internet, allowing players to play against each other in real time. This is done through the use of <a href="/wiki/Internet_chess_server" title="Internet chess server">Internet chess servers</a>, which pair up individual players based on their rating using an <a href="/wiki/Elo_rating_system" title="Elo rating system">Elo</a> or similar rating system. Online chess saw a spike in growth during the <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantines</a> of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruiter_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruiter-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-businessinsider_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessinsider-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be attributed to both isolation and the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Gambit_(miniseries)" title="The Queen's Gambit (miniseries)">The Queen's Gambit</a></i>, which was released in October 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruiter_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruiter-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-businessinsider_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessinsider-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chess app downloads on the <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(iOS/iPadOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="App Store (iOS/iPadOS)">App Store</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Play Store">Google Play Store</a> rose by 63% after the show debuted.<sup id="cite_ref-morningbrew_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morningbrew-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chess.com" title="Chess.com">Chess.com</a> saw more than twice as many account registrations in November as it had in previous months, and the number of games played monthly on <a href="/wiki/Lichess" title="Lichess">Lichess</a> doubled as well. There was also a demographic shift in players, with female registration on Chess.com shifting from 22% to 27% of new players.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">GM</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ashley" title="Maurice Ashley">Maurice Ashley</a> said "A boom is taking place in chess like we have never seen maybe since the Bobby Fischer days", attributing the growth to an increased desire to do something constructive during the pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation" title="United States Chess Federation">USCF</a> Women's Program Director <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Shahade" title="Jennifer Shahade">Jennifer Shahade</a> stated that chess works well on the internet, since pieces do not need to be reset and <a href="/wiki/Matchmaking_(video_games)" title="Matchmaking (video games)">matchmaking</a> is virtually instant.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_chess">Computer chess</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">Computer chess</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_chess_matches" title="Human–computer chess matches">Human–computer chess matches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_versus_Garry_Kasparov" title="Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov">Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">Chess engine</a></div> <p>The idea of creating a chess-playing machine dates to the 18th century; around 1769, the chess-playing <a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">automaton</a> called <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_Turk" title="Mechanical Turk">The Turk</a> became famous before being exposed as a <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serious trials based on automata, such as <a href="/wiki/El_Ajedrecista" title="El Ajedrecista">El Ajedrecista</a>, were too complex and limited to be useful. Since the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computer">digital computer</a> in the 1950s, chess enthusiasts, <a href="/wiki/Computer_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer engineer">computer engineers</a>, and computer scientists have built, with increasing degrees of seriousness and success, chess-playing machines and computer programs.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The groundbreaking paper on computer chess, "Programming a Computer for Playing Chess", was published in 1950 by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote: </p> <blockquote> <p>The chess machine is an ideal one to start with, since: (1) the problem is sharply defined both in allowed operations (the moves) and in the ultimate goal (checkmate); (2) it is neither so simple as to be trivial nor too difficult for satisfactory solution; (3) chess is generally considered to require "thinking" for skillful play; a solution of this problem will force us either to admit the possibility of a mechanized thinking or to further restrict our concept of "thinking"; (4) the discrete structure of chess fits well into the digital nature of modern computers.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RS_Chess_Computer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/RS_Chess_Computer.JPG/180px-RS_Chess_Computer.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/RS_Chess_Computer.JPG/270px-RS_Chess_Computer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/RS_Chess_Computer.JPG/360px-RS_Chess_Computer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>1990s chess-playing computer</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM) held the first major chess tournament for computers, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="North American Computer Chess Championship">North American Computer Chess Championship</a>, in September 1970. <a href="/wiki/Chess_(Northwestern_University)" title="Chess (Northwestern University)">CHESS 3.0</a>, a chess program from <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>, won the championship. The first <a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">World Computer Chess Championship</a>, held in 1974, was won by the Soviet program <a href="/wiki/Kaissa" title="Kaissa">Kaissa</a>. At first considered only a curiosity, the best <a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">chess playing programs</a> have become extremely strong. In 1997, a computer won a chess match using classical time controls against a reigning World Champion for the first time: <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM's</a> <a href="/wiki/IBM_Deep_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Deep Blue">Deep Blue</a> beat <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a> 3½–2½ (it scored two wins, one loss, and three <a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">draws</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was some controversy over <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_chess_matches#1997" title="Human–computer chess matches">the match</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_chess_matches" title="Human–computer chess matches">human–computer matches</a> were relatively close over the next few years, until convincing computer victories in <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_chess_matches#Hydra–Adams_(2005)" title="Human–computer chess matches">2005</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_chess_matches#Kramnik–Deep_Fritz_(2006)" title="Human–computer chess matches">2006</a>. </p><p>In 2009, a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> won a <a href="/wiki/Category_(chess_tournament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Category (chess tournament)">category</a> 6 tournament with a performance rating of 2898: chess engine <a href="/wiki/Hiarcs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiarcs">Hiarcs</a> 13 running on the mobile phone <a href="/wiki/HTC_Touch_HD" title="HTC Touch HD">HTC Touch HD</a> won the Copa Mercosur tournament with nine wins and one draw.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best chess programs are now able to consistently beat the strongest human players, to the extent that human–computer matches no longer attract interest from chess players or the media.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">World Computer Chess Championship</a> still exists, the <a href="/wiki/Top_Chess_Engine_Championship" title="Top Chess Engine Championship">Top Chess Engine Championship</a> (TCEC) is widely regarded as the unofficial world championship for chess <a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">engines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current champion is <a href="/wiki/Stockfish_(chess)" title="Stockfish (chess)">Stockfish</a>. </p><p>With huge databases of past games and high analytical ability, computers can help players to learn chess and prepare for matches. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Chess_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Chess Server">Internet Chess Servers</a> allow people to find and play opponents worldwide. The presence of computers and modern communication tools have raised concerns regarding <a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_chess" title="Cheating in chess">cheating during games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sittuyin_starting_position_No._8.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sittuyin_starting_position_No._8.PNG/220px-Sittuyin_starting_position_No._8.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sittuyin_starting_position_No._8.PNG/330px-Sittuyin_starting_position_No._8.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sittuyin_starting_position_No._8.PNG/440px-Sittuyin_starting_position_No._8.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sittuyin" title="Sittuyin">Sittuyin</a>, after setup phase. Players elect their own starting setups behind the pawns.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chess_variant" title="Chess variant">Chess variant</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_variants" title="List of chess variants">List of chess variants</a></div> <p>There are more than two thousand published chess variants, games with similar but different rules.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of them are of relatively recent origin.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include: </p> <ul><li>direct predecessors of chess, such as <a href="/wiki/Chaturanga" title="Chaturanga">chaturanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shatranj" title="Shatranj">shatranj</a>;</li> <li>traditional national or regional games that share common ancestors with Western chess such as <a href="/wiki/Xiangqi" title="Xiangqi">xiangqi</a> (Chinese chess), <a href="/wiki/Shogi" title="Shogi">shogi</a> (Japanese chess), <a href="/wiki/Janggi" title="Janggi">janggi</a> (Korean chess), <a href="/wiki/Makruk" title="Makruk">ouk chatrang</a> (Cambodian chess), <a href="/wiki/Makruk" title="Makruk">makruk</a> (Thai chess), <a href="/wiki/Sittuyin" title="Sittuyin">sittuyin</a> (Burmese chess), and <a href="/wiki/Shatar" title="Shatar">shatar</a> (Mongolian chess);</li> <li>modern variations employing different rules (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Losing_chess" title="Losing chess">losing chess</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chess960" title="Chess960">Chess960</a><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), different forces (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Dunsany%27s_chess" title="Dunsany's chess">Dunsany's chess</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fairy_piece" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy piece">non-standard pieces</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Chess" title="Grand Chess">Grand Chess</a>), and different board geometries (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_chess" title="Hexagonal chess">hexagonal chess</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infinite_chess" title="Infinite chess">infinite chess</a>);</li></ul> <p>In the context of chess variants, chess is commonly referred to as <em>Western chess</em>, <em>international chess</em>, <em>orthodox chess</em>, <em>orthochess</em>, and <em>classic chess</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/28px-Chess.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/42px-Chess.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/56px-Chess.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chess" title="Portal:Chess">Chess portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Games" title="Portal:Games">Games portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_chess" title="Outline of chess">Outline of chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Glossary of chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems" title="Glossary of chess problems">Glossary of chess problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Chess_Championships" title="List of World Chess Championships">List of World Chess Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_players" title="List of chess players">List of chess players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_chess" title="Women in chess">Women in chess</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The fifty-move rule is not applied at FICGS.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIDE_top_players-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FIDE_top_players_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Current FIDE lists of top players with their titles are online at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ratings.fide.com/">"FIDE Ratings and Statistics"</a>. <i>ratings.fide.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710101639/http://ratings.fide.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ratings.fide.com&rft.atitle=FIDE+Ratings+and+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fratings.fide.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At that time the Spanish word would have been written <i>axedrez</i>. The Spanish "x" was pronounced as English "sh", as the Portuguese "x" still is today. The spelling of <i>ajedrez</i> changed after <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography#History" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish lost the "sh" sound</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The allegorical poem <a href="/wiki/Scachs_d%27amor" title="Scachs d'amor">Scachs d'amor</a>, the first to describe a modern game, is probably from 1475.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is stated in <i>The Encyclopaedia of Chess</i> (1970, p. 223) by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Sunnucks" title="Anne Sunnucks">Anne Sunnucks</a>, but is disputed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Winter_(chess_historian)" title="Edward Winter (chess historian)">Edward Winter (chess historian)</a> in his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter38.html">Chess Notes 5144 and 5152</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chess is even called the "<a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">drosophila</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) studies, because it represents the domain in which expert performance has been most intensively studied and measured.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> made an attempt in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2008 FIDE added Chess960 rules to an appendix of the Handbook.<sup id="cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess2009_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FideLawsOfChess2009-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This section is now classified under "Guidelines",<sup id="cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FideLawsOfChess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicating that the rules presented do not have the weight of FIDE law.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A World of Chess</i>, Jean-Louis Cazaux and Rick Knowlton, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FideLawsOfChess-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012023">"Fide Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2023"</a>. FIDE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230101083033/https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012023">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fide+Laws+of+Chess+taking+effect+from+1+January+2023&rft.pub=FIDE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhandbook.fide.com%2Fchapter%2FE012023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Chess_Federation.2003" class="citation book cs1">United States Chess Federation. (2003). <i>U.S. Chess Federation's official rules of chess</i>. Just, Tim., Burg, Daniel B. (5th ed.). New York: Random House Puzzles and Games. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-3559-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-3559-4"><bdi>0-8129-3559-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52859422">52859422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Chess+Federation%27s+official+rules+of+chess&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Random+House+Puzzles+and+Games&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52859422&rft.isbn=0-8129-3559-4&rft.au=United+States+Chess+Federation.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burgess (2000), p. 481</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Brine_Pritchard2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Pritchard_(chess_player)" title="David Pritchard (chess player)">David Brine Pritchard</a> (6 November 2008) [1950]. <i>The Right Way to Play Chess</i>. Updated by Richard James (2008 revised ed.). Right Way. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7160-2199-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7160-2199-5"><bdi>978-0-7160-2199-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+Way+to+Play+Chess&rft.edition=2008+revised&rft.pub=Right+Way&rft.date=2008-11-06&rft.isbn=978-0-7160-2199-5&rft.au=David+Brine+Pritchard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Peters2001" class="citation web cs1">Jack Peters (18 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-may-18-cl-64946-story.html">"Why Grandmasters Rarely Checkmate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229221956/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-may-18-cl-64946-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Grandmasters+Rarely+Checkmate&rft.date=2001-05-18&rft.au=Jack+Peters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2001-may-18-cl-64946-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ficgs.com/membership.html#chess">"50 moves rules"</a>. FICGS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209034210/http://www.ficgs.com/membership.html#chess">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50+moves+rules&rft.pub=FICGS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ficgs.com%2Fmembership.html%23chess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See paragraph "C. Algebraic notation" in FIDE Laws of Chess<sup id="cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FideLawsOfChess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hooper_&_Whyld_1992,_p._92-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hooper_&_Whyld_1992,_p._92_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooper & Whyld (1992), p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fide.com/directory/affiliated-organizations">"FIDE - Affiliated organizations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224160953/https://www.fide.com/directory/affiliated-organizations">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIDE+-+Affiliated+organizations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fide.com%2Fdirectory%2Faffiliated-organizations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arisf.sport/members.aspx">"Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations"</a>. International Olympic Committee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122114531/https://www.arisf.sport/members.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Association+of+IOC+Recognised+International+Sports+Federations&rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arisf.sport%2Fmembers.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WCC2023-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WCC2023_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCC2023_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-gb/sport/tennis/ding-liren-defeats-ian-nepomniachtchi-to-win-world-chess-championship-live/ar-AA1ay88z">"Ding Liren defeats Ian Nepomniachtchi to win World Chess Championship – live"</a>. <i>MSN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430135051/https://www.msn.com/en-gb/sport/tennis/ding-liren-defeats-ian-nepomniachtchi-to-win-world-chess-championship-live/ar-AA1ay88z">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSN&rft.atitle=Ding+Liren+defeats+Ian+Nepomniachtchi+to+win+World+Chess+Championship+%E2%80%93+live&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-gb%2Fsport%2Ftennis%2Fding-liren-defeats-ian-nepomniachtchi-to-win-world-chess-championship-live%2Far-AA1ay88z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.chessbase.com/post/womens-world-championship-2020-ju-goryachkina-game-12">"Women's World Championship 2020 - Ju wins tiebreak"</a>. <i>chessbase.com</i>. 24 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124185454/https://en.chessbase.com/post/womens-world-championship-2020-ju-goryachkina-game-12">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chessbase.com&rft.atitle=Women%27s+World+Championship+2020+-+Ju+wins+tiebreak&rft.date=2020-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.chessbase.com%2Fpost%2Fwomens-world-championship-2020-ju-goryachkina-game-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=8744">"Carlsen with record-breaking lead"</a>. ChessBase News. 1 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122115753/http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=8744">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Carlsen+with+record-breaking+lead&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchessbase.com%2Fnewsdetail.asp%3Fnewsid%3D8744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FideHandbook-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FideHandbook_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FideHandbook_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FideHandbook_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handbook.fide.com/">"FIDE Handbook"</a>. <i>FIDE</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108150228/https://handbook.fide.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FIDE&rft.atitle=FIDE+Handbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhandbook.fide.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section "01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission)" in FIDE Handbook<sup id="cite_ref-FideHandbook_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FideHandbook-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section "06. Regulations for the Titles of Arbiters" in FIDE Handbook<sup id="cite_ref-FideHandbook_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FideHandbook-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section "07. Regulations for the Titles of Trainers" in FIDE Handbook<sup id="cite_ref-FideHandbook_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FideHandbook-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray (1913), p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hooper&Whyld-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hooper&Whyld_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hooper&Whyld_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooperWhyld1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hooper_(chess_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hooper (chess player)">Hooper, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ken_Whyld" title="Ken Whyld">Whyld, Kenneth</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess"><i>The Oxford Companion to Chess</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866164-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866164-1"><bdi>978-0-19-866164-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Chess&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866164-1&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Whyld%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PolgarRecords-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PolgarRecords_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Polgar2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Polgar" title="Susan Polgar">Susan Polgar</a> (11 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chessdailynews.com/special-chess-records/">"Special Chess Records"</a>. <i>Chess Daily News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229064443/https://chessdailynews.com/special-chess-records/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chess+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Special+Chess+Records&rft.date=2008-02-11&rft.au=Susan+Polgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchessdailynews.com%2Fspecial-chess-records%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kb.nl/en/resources-research-guides/kb-collections/collections-by-theme/chess-and-draughts-collection">"Chess and draughts collection – Koninklijke Bibliotheek"</a>. <i>kb.nl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602095256/http://www.kb.nl/en/resources-research-guides/kb-collections/collections-by-theme/chess-and-draughts-collection">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kb.nl&rft.atitle=Chess+and+draughts+collection+%E2%80%93+Koninklijke+Bibliotheek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kb.nl%2Fen%2Fresources-research-guides%2Fkb-collections%2Fcollections-by-theme%2Fchess-and-draughts-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooperWhyld1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Vincent_Hooper" title="David Vincent Hooper">Hooper, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Whyld">Whyld, Kenneth</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess"><i>The Oxford Companion to Chess</i></a> (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000hoop/page/461">461</a>–480. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280049-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280049-3"><bdi>0-19-280049-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Chess&rft.pages=461-480&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-280049-3&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Whyld%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamburro (2010), p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tarrasch (1987)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans (1958), p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harding (2003), pp. 32–151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooper & Whyld (1992), p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silman (1998), pp. 202–05</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emms (2004), p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harding (2003), pp. 8ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding_2003,_p._70ff-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harding_2003,_p._70ff_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harding_2003,_p._70ff_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harding (2003), pp. 70ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burgess, Nunn, & Emms (2004), pp. 14–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1006866">"Siegbert Tarrasch vs. Max Euwe, Bad Pistyan it, CZE 1922"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090110122502/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1006866">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chessgames.com&rft.atitle=Siegbert+Tarrasch+vs.+Max+Euwe%2C+Bad+Pistyan+it%2C+CZE+1922&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1006866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harding (2003), pp. 1–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lasker (1934), p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (1998), p. 163ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harding (2003), pp. 138ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans (1958), pp. 22–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harding (2003), pp. 187ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ME-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ME_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEder2010" class="citation book cs1">Eder, Manfred A. J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Eder%202007-2.pdf"><i>South Asian Archaeology 2007 Proceedings of the 19th Meeting of the European Association of South Asian Archaeology in Ravenna, Italy, July 2007, Volume II</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archaeopress Archaeology. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0674-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0674-2"><bdi>978-1-4073-0674-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120194215/http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Eder%202007-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Archaeology+2007+Proceedings+of+the+19th+Meeting+of+the+European+Association+of+South+Asian+Archaeology+in+Ravenna%2C+Italy%2C+July+2007%2C+Volume+II&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Archaeology&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4073-0674-2&rft.aulast=Eder&rft.aufirst=Manfred+A.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.chess.free.fr%2Fpapers%2FEder%25202007-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakker2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_T._Bakker" title="Hans T. Bakker">Bakker, Hans T.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34156496"><i>The Huns in Central and South Asia. How Two Centuries of War against Nomadic Invaders from the Steps are Concluded by a Game of Chess between the Kings of India and Iran</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320115332/https://www.academia.edu/34156496">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Huns+in+Central+and+South+Asia.+How+Two+Centuries+of+War+against+Nomadic+Invaders+from+the+Steps+are+Concluded+by+a+Game+of+Chess+between+the+Kings+of+India+and+Iran&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Hans+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34156496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanaino1999" class="citation book cs1">Panaino, Antonio (1999). <i>La novella degli scacchi e della tavola reale</i>. Milano: Mimesis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-87231-26-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-87231-26-5"><bdi>88-87231-26-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+novella+degli+scacchi+e+della+tavola+reale&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Mimesis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=88-87231-26-5&rft.aulast=Panaino&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Bock-Raming, The Gaming Board in Indian Chess and Related Board Games: a terminological investigation, Board Games Studies 2, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Sháhnáma_of_Firdausí:_Volume_VII-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Sháhnáma_of_Firdausí:_Volume_VII_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner (2000), pp. 381</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2007" class="citation book cs1">Mark, Michael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Mark%202007.pdf"><i>Ancient Board Games in Perspective: The Beginnings of Chess (18)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. British Museum Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714111537" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714111537"><bdi>978-0714111537</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720083413/http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Mark%202007.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Board+Games+in+Perspective%3A+The+Beginnings+of+Chess+%2818%29&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0714111537&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.chess.free.fr%2Fpapers%2FMark%25202007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray (1913), pp. 169–174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elephants_and_Kings-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elephants_and_Kings_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trautmann (2015), pp. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient_Board_Games_in_Perspective-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Board_Games_in_Perspective_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark (1996), pp. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Players_and_Pawns-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Players_and_Pawns_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine (2015), pp. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray_(1913)-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murray_(1913)_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray (1913), pp. 26–27, 51–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.chess.free.fr/mark2007.htm">"A critical review of: "The Beginnings of Chess"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Jean-Louis Cazaux. 8 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210808032318/http://history.chess.free.fr/mark2007.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+critical+review+of%3A+%22The+Beginnings+of+Chess%22&rft.pub=Jean-Louis+Cazaux&rft.date=2012-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.chess.free.fr%2Fmark2007.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.chess.free.fr/ashtapada.htm">"Ashtapada"</a>. Jean-Louis Cazaux. 25 July 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170725185540/http://history.chess.free.fr/ashtapada.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ashtapada&rft.pub=Jean-Louis+Cazaux&rft.date=2005-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.chess.free.fr%2Fashtapada.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEiland2013" class="citation journal cs1">Eiland, Murray (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8013404">"Some Problems of Islamic Heraldry"</a>. <i>The Armiger's News</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 1–5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203011606/https://www.academia.edu/8013404">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2022</span> – via academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Armiger%27s+News&rft.atitle=Some+Problems+of+Islamic+Heraldry&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-5&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Eiland&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8013404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray (1913), p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarperDan_McCormack" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas; Dan McCormack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=checkmate">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102052251/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=checkmate">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Dan+McCormack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dcheckmate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Banaschak, Facts on the origin of Chinese chess (Xiangqi), 4th Symposium of the Initiative Gruppe Königstein, Wiesbaden, August 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPng_Hau_Cheng2016" class="citation book cs1">Png Hau Cheng, Jim (2016). <i>Understanding the Elephant, Part 1: History of Xiangqi</i>. New Taipei City: Jim Png Hau Cheng. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-43-3998-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-957-43-3998-3"><bdi>978-957-43-3998-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Elephant%2C+Part+1%3A+History+of+Xiangqi&rft.place=New+Taipei+City&rft.pub=Jim+Png+Hau+Cheng&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-957-43-3998-3&rft.aulast=Png+Hau+Cheng&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Li (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanaschak" class="citation web cs1">Banaschak, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banaschak.net/schach/ligenealogyofchess.htm">"A story well told is not necessarily true: a critical assessment of David H. Li's <i>The Genealogy of Chess</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511071131/http://www.banaschak.net/schach/ligenealogyofchess.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+story+well+told+is+not+necessarily+true%3A+a+critical+assessment+of+David+H.+Li%27s+The+Genealogy+of+Chess&rft.aulast=Banaschak&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banaschak.net%2Fschach%2Fligenealogyofchess.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCazauxKnowlton2017" class="citation book cs1">Cazaux, Jean-Louis; Knowlton, Rick (2017). <i>A World of Chess, Its Development and Variations through Centuries and Civilisations</i>. McFarland. pp. 334–353 (The origins of chess, approaching the question from several angles). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780786-494279" title="Special:BookSources/9-780786-494279"><bdi>9-780786-494279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+of+Chess%2C+Its+Development+and+Variations+through+Centuries+and+Civilisations&rft.pages=334-353+%28The+origins+of+chess%2C+approaching+the+question+from+several+angles%29&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9-780786-494279&rft.aulast=Cazaux&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rft.au=Knowlton%2C+Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman_Fahid2018" class="citation book cs1">Freeman Fahid, Deborah (2018). <i>Chess and other games pieces from Islamic Lands</i>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-97092-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-97092-8"><bdi>978-0-500-97092-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chess+and+other+games+pieces+from+Islamic+Lands&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-500-97092-8&rft.aulast=Freeman+Fahid&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hooper_&_Whyld_(1992),_pp._173–75-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hooper_&_Whyld_(1992),_pp._173–75_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooper & Whyld (1992), pp. 173–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlko2024" class="citation journal cs1">Ilko, Krisztina (2024). "Chess and Race in the Global Middle Ages". <i>Speculum</i>. <b>99</b> (2): 505–519. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F729294">10.1086/729294</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-7134">0038-7134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Chess+and+Race+in+the+Global+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=505-519&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F729294&rft.issn=0038-7134&rft.aulast=Ilko&rft.aufirst=Krisztina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray (1913), pp. 457–459</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray (1913), p. 777</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1259987">"Francesco di Castellvi vs. Narciso Vinyoles (1475) "Old in Chess"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128214712/https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1259987">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chessgames.com&rft.atitle=Francesco+di+Castellvi+vs.+Narciso+Vinyoles+%281475%29+%22Old+in+Chess%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1259987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegri2020" class="citation web cs1">Negri, Sergio Ernesto (16 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.chessbase.com/post/scachs-damor-poem-part-1">"Scachs d'amor: The poem that first portrayed the modern rules of chess"</a>. <i>ChessBase</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329222835/https://en.chessbase.com/post/scachs-damor-poem-part-1">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChessBase&rft.atitle=Scachs+d%27amor%3A+The+poem+that+first+portrayed+the+modern+rules+of+chess&rft.date=2020-03-16&rft.aulast=Negri&rft.aufirst=Sergio+Ernesto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.chessbase.com%2Fpost%2Fscachs-damor-poem-part-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson (1949), pp. 13–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nauiua-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nauiua_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nauiua_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvo,_Ricardo1998" class="citation web cs1">Calvo, Ricardo (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Calvo%201998.pdf">"Valencia Spain: The Cradle of European Chess"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130113355/http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Calvo%201998.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Valencia+Spain%3A+The+Cradle+of+European+Chess&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Calvo%2C+Ricardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.chess.free.fr%2Fpapers%2FCalvo%25201998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yalom (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weissberger (2004), pp. 152ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alex, Crisovan (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nww4MQAACAAJ"><i>1889-1989 : 100 Jahre Schweizerischer Schachverband: 100 ans de fdration suisse des checs</i></a> (in Italian). Verlag Zrcher. p. 54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203011446/https://books.google.com/books?id=nww4MQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1889-1989+%3A+100+Jahre+Schweizerischer+Schachverband%3A+100+ans+de+fdration+suisse+des+checs&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Verlag+Zrcher&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Alex&rft.aufirst=Crisovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnww4MQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=31596">"Louis Charles Mahe De La Bourdonnais"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081229231938/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=31596">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chessgames.com&rft.atitle=Louis+Charles+Mahe+De+La+Bourdonnais&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessplayer%3Fpid%3D31596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metzner (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Edward Bird">Bird, Henry Edward</a> (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4902"><i>Chess History and Reminiscences</i></a> (10 ed.). Gutenberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090924125500/http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4902">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chess+History+and+Reminiscences&rft.edition=10&rft.pub=Gutenberg&rft.date=2004-01&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Henry+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F4902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shenk,_2007-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shenk,_2007_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Shenk2007" class="citation book cs1">David Shenk (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385510103"><i>The Immortal Game: A History of Chess</i></a></span>. Knopf Doubleday. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385510103/page/99">99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385510103" title="Special:BookSources/9780385510103"><bdi>9780385510103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Immortal+Game%3A+A+History+of+Chess&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780385510103&rft.au=David+Shenk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780385510103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landsberger, Kurt <i>William Steinitz, Chess Champion</i> <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a> 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89950-758-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89950-758-1">0-89950-758-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené_Gralla2006" class="citation web cs1">René Gralla (19 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3492">"XiangQi – an alternate to Western Chess"</a>. ChessBase.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604145052/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3492">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=XiangQi+%E2%80%93+an+alternate+to+Western+Chess&rft.pub=ChessBase.com&rft.date=2006-11-19&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+Gralla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessbase.com%2Fnewsdetail.asp%3Fnewsid%3D3492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGralla2005" class="citation web cs1">Gralla, René (2 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessvariants.org/oriental.dir/thaikramnik.html">"Kramnik plays Makruk Thai"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chess_Variant_Pages" title="The Chess Variant Pages">The Chess Variant Pages</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606155706/http://www.chessvariants.org/oriental.dir/thaikramnik.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chess+Variant+Pages&rft.atitle=Kramnik+plays+Makruk+Thai&rft.date=2005-01-02&rft.aulast=Gralla&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessvariants.org%2Foriental.dir%2Fthaikramnik.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=80740">"London Chess Club"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225144954/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=80740">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chessgames.com&rft.atitle=London+Chess+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessplayer%3Fpid%3D80740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParr" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Parr_(editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Larry Parr (editor)">Parr, Larry</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031004035110/http://worldchessnetwork.com/English/chessHistory/salute/matchesTournaments/london1851.php">"London, 1851"</a>. World Chess Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldchessnetwork.com/English/chessHistory/salute/matchesTournaments/london1851.php">the original</a> on 4 October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London%2C+1851&rft.pub=World+Chess+Network&rft.aulast=Parr&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldchessnetwork.com%2FEnglish%2FchessHistory%2Fsalute%2FmatchesTournaments%2Flondon1851.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartston (1985), p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burgess, Nunn, & Emms (2004) p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shibut (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kasparov (2003a), p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kasparov (2003a), p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kasparov (1983a), p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=13277">"Vera Menchik"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026031307/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=13277">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chessgames.com&rft.atitle=Vera+Menchik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessplayer%3Fpid%3D13277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kasparov (1983b), p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooper & Whyld (1992), p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Hudson, Michael Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0s71f0cw"><i>Storming Fortresses: A Political History Of Chess In The Soviet Union, 1917-1948</i></a> (Thesis). UC Santa Cruz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425094201/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0s71f0cw">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Storming+Fortresses%3A+A+Political+History+Of+Chess+In+The+Soviet+Union%2C+1917-1948&rft.inst=UC+Santa+Cruz&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Michael+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F0s71f0cw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/the-match-of-the-century">"The match of the century"</a>. <i>Adam Smith Institute</i>. September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908234912/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/the-match-of-the-century">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adam+Smith+Institute&rft.atitle=The+match+of+the+century&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adamsmith.org%2Fblog%2Fthe-match-of-the-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kasparov (2003b), pp. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kasparov (2003b), p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPete_(Pete)2018" class="citation web cs1">Pete (Pete) (28 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chess.com/article/view/the-12-most-interesting-chess-players-ever">"The 12 Most Interesting Chess Players Ever"</a>. <i>Chess.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419131201/https://www.chess.com/article/view/the-12-most-interesting-chess-players-ever">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/crosswords/chess/14chess.html">the original</a></span> on 1 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Internet+helps+to+speed+up+growth+of+chess+around+the+world&rft.date=2015-10-07&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fd61a112a-524a-11e5-b029-b9d50a74fd14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/nov/29/chess-world-hails-queens-gambit-fuelled-boom">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It's electrifying': chess world hails Queen's Gambit-fuelled boom"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 29 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310133353/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/nov/29/chess-world-hails-queens-gambit-fuelled-boom">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+electrifying%27%3A+chess+world+hails+Queen%27s+Gambit-fuelled+boom&rft.date=2020-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2020%2Fnov%2F29%2Fchess-world-hails-queens-gambit-fuelled-boom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDottle" class="citation news cs1">Dottle, Rachael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-chess-boom/">"The Chess Boom Goes Digital After 'The Queen's Gambit'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174425/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-chess-boom/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=The+Chess+Boom+Goes+Digital+After+%27The+Queen%27s+Gambit%27&rft.aulast=Dottle&rft.aufirst=Rachael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fgraphics%2F2020-chess-boom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeam_(CHESScom)2020" class="citation web cs1">Team (CHESScom), Chess com (15 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chess.com/article/view/online-chess-cheating">"About Online Chess Cheating"</a>. <i>Chess.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420131449/https://www.chess.com/article/view/online-chess-cheating">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chess.com&rft.atitle=About+Online+Chess+Cheating&rft.date=2020-08-15&rft.aulast=Team+%28CHESScom%29&rft.aufirst=Chess+com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chess.com%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fonline-chess-cheating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters2018" class="citation news cs1">Waters, Richard (12 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/ea707a24-f6b7-11e7-8715-e94187b3017e">"Techmate: How AI rewrote the rules of chess | Financial Times"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210317081158/https://www.ft.com/content/ea707a24-f6b7-11e7-8715-e94187b3017e">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Porter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4314-chess">"Chess"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229064440/https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4314-chess">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chess&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.au=Joseph+Jacobs&rft.au=A.+Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F4314-chess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray (1913), pp. 166–7, p. 410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbidden-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forbidden_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaheen2016" class="citation news cs1">Shaheen, Kareem (21 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/21/chess-forbidden-in-islam-rules-saudi-arabia-grand-mufti">"Chess forbidden in Islam, rules Saudi mufti, but issue not black and white"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213200335/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/21/chess-forbidden-in-islam-rules-saudi-arabia-grand-mufti">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Chess+forbidden+in+Islam%2C+rules+Saudi+mufti%2C+but+issue+not+black+and+white&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft.aulast=Shaheen&rft.aufirst=Kareem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjan%2F21%2Fchess-forbidden-in-islam-rules-saudi-arabia-grand-mufti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franklin (1779)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2014" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Clive (22 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/message/why-chess-will-destroy-your-mind-78ad1034521f">"Why Chess Will Destroy Your Mind"</a>. <i>Medium</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901152810/https://medium.com/message/why-chess-will-destroy-your-mind-78ad1034521f">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Why+Chess+Will+Destroy+Your+Mind&rft.date=2014-05-22&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fmessage%2Fwhy-chess-will-destroy-your-mind-78ad1034521f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeigner2014" class="citation web cs1">Geigner, Timothy (20 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20140613/08020527566/that-time-when-people-thought-playing-chess-would-make-you-violent.shtml">"That Time When People Thought Playing Chess Would Make You Violent"</a>. <i>TechDirt</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324191000/https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20140613/08020527566/that-time-when-people-thought-playing-chess-would-make-you-violent.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechDirt&rft.atitle=That+Time+When+People+Thought+Playing+Chess+Would+Make+You+Violent&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft.aulast=Geigner&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techdirt.com%2Farticles%2F20140613%2F08020527566%2Fthat-time-when-people-thought-playing-chess-would-make-you-violent.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091230140133/http://www.nscfchess.org/nscfmiss.html">"National Scholastic Chess Foundation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nscfchess.org/nscfmiss.html">the original</a> on 30 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Scholastic+Chess+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nscfchess.org%2Fnscfmiss.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraaijeveld2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kraaijeveld (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ex.ludicum.org/publicacoes/bgsj/3.pdf#page=38">"Origin of chess–a phylogenetic perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Board Games Studies</i>. <b>3</b>: 39–50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929011559/http://ex.ludicum.org/publicacoes/bgsj/3.pdf#page=38">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Board+Games+Studies&rft.atitle=Origin+of+chess%E2%80%93a+phylogenetic+perspective&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=39-50&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Kraaijeveld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fex.ludicum.org%2Fpublicacoes%2Fbgsj%2F3.pdf%23page%3D38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayes-Elma2006-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayes-Elma2006_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuthann_Mayes-Elma2006" class="citation book cs1">Ruthann Mayes-Elma (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LiWrXUHgnL8C&pg=PA95"><i>Females and Harry Potter: Not All that Empowering</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 95–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3779-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3779-8"><bdi>978-0-7425-3779-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813113441/https://books.google.com/books?id=LiWrXUHgnL8C&pg=PA95">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Females+and+Harry+Potter%3A+Not+All+that+Empowering&rft.pages=95-&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3779-8&rft.au=Ruthann+Mayes-Elma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLiWrXUHgnL8C%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Tromp2021" class="citation web cs1">John Tromp (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/tromp/ChessPositionRanking">"Chess Position Ranking"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210808152713/https://github.com/tromp/ChessPositionRanking">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Chess+Position+Ranking&rft.date=2021&rft.au=John+Tromp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Ftromp%2FChessPositionRanking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabb1996" class="citation web cs1">Babb, Jonathan (10 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.csail.mit.edu/cag/pub/papers/jbabb-area.ps.Z">"Evolution of the Chess Robot: Brute force Wins"</a>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221064724/http://groups.csail.mit.edu/cag/pub/papers/jbabb-area.ps.Z">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+the+Chess+Robot%3A+Brute+force+Wins&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=1996-01-10&rft.aulast=Babb&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.csail.mit.edu%2Fcag%2Fpub%2Fpapers%2Fjbabb-area.ps.Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613072827/http://www.chessbox.de/Compu/schachzahl2_e.html">"The biggest Number of simultaneous possible legal Moves"</a>. ChessBox.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessbox.de/Compu/schachzahl2_e.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+biggest+Number+of+simultaneous+possible+legal+Moves&rft.pub=ChessBox.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessbox.de%2FCompu%2Fschachzahl2_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zermelo, Ernst (1913), Uber eine Anwendung der Mengenlehre auf die Theorie des Schachspiels, Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Mathematicians 2, 501–04. Cited from Eichhorn, Christoph: Der Beginn der Formalen Spieltheorie: Zermelo (1913), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathematik.uni-muenchen.de/~spielth/artikel/Zermelo.pdf">Uni-Muenchen.de</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612134609/http://www.mathematik.uni-muenchen.de/~spielth/artikel/Zermelo.pdf">Archived</a> 12 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 23 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607183513/http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Projects/MacQuarrie/Chapters/Ch4.html">"Fundamentals"</a>. <i>gap-system.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Projects/MacQuarrie/Chapters/Ch4.html">the original</a> on 7 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gap-system.org&rft.atitle=Fundamentals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gap-system.org%2F~history%2FProjects%2FMacQuarrie%2FChapters%2FCh4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Games". <i>Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 8</i>. CRC Press. 1977. p. 394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2258-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2258-6"><bdi>978-0-8247-2258-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Games&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Computer+Science+and+Technology%3A+Volume+8&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-2258-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grabner, Stern, & Neubauer (2007) pp. 398–420</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Groot & Gobet (1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gobet, de Voogt, & Retschitzki (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holding (1985)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saariluoma (1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Binet (1894)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robbins (1996), pp. 83–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Groot (1946)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards J. Heuer Jr. <i>Psychology of Intelligence Analysis</i> Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency 1999 (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/psychology-of-intelligence-analysis/art6.html">Chapter 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070912045710/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/psychology-of-intelligence-analysis/art6.html">Archived</a> 12 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEricssonKrampeTesch-Römer1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ericsson, K.A.; Krampe, R. Th.; Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060512183911/http://www.freakonomics.com/pdf/DeliberatePractice%28PsychologicalReview%29.pdf">"The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Psychological Review</i>. <b>100</b> (3): 363–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295X.100.3.363">10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11187529">11187529</a>. 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(2007). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/611/1/Gobet_DevPsyc_Final.pdf">"The role of domain-specific practice, handedness and starting age in chess"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808073144/http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/611/1/Gobet_DevPsyc_Final.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+role+of+domain-specific+practice%2C+handedness+and+starting+age+in+chess.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbura.brunel.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F2438%2F611%2F1%2FGobet_DevPsyc_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(196 KB)</span> <i>Developmental Psychology</i>, 43, 159–72. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Online+chess+is+thriving%2C+a+calming+constant+in+a+chaotic+year&rft.date=2020-08-20&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FSociety%2F2020%2F0820%2FOnline-chess-is-thriving-a-calming-constant-in-a-chaotic-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levitt (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hsu, F.H. (2004). Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion, Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11818-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11818-5">978-0-691-11818-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Turing" class="citation web cs1">Alan Turing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/7">"Digital computers applied to games"</a>. University of Southampton and King's College Cambridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509054855/http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/7">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+computers+applied+to+games&rft.pub=University+of+Southampton+and+King%27s+College+Cambridge&rft.au=Alan+Turing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turingarchive.org%2Fbrowse.php%2FB%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shannon, Claude E. XXII. Programming a Computer for Playing Chess. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>, Ser. 7, Vol. 41, No. 314 – March 1950. Available online at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706211229/http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon.062303002.pdf">"computerhistory.org"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon.062303002.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=computerhistory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.computerhistory.org%2Fprojects%2Fchess%2Frelated_materials%2Ftext%2F2-0%2520and%25202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon%2F2-0%2520and%25202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon.062303002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(175 KB)</span> Retrieved 6 December 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hsu (2002), pp. 295–96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/deepblue/watch/html/c.shtml">Deep Blue – Kasparov Match</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100302133413/http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/deepblue/watch/html/c.shtml">Archived</a> 2 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <em>research.ibm.com</em>. Retrieved 30 November 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinley2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Finley, Klint (28 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2012/09/deep-blue-computer-bug/">"Did a Computer Bug Help Deep Blue Beat Kasparov?"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515043725/https://www.wired.com/2012/09/deep-blue-computer-bug/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Did+a+Computer+Bug+Help+Deep+Blue+Beat+Kasparov%3F&rft.date=2012-09-28&rft.aulast=Finley&rft.aufirst=Klint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2012%2F09%2Fdeep-blue-computer-bug%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowther" class="citation web cs1">Crowther, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930232108/https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic771.html#13">"Hiarcs 13 wins Copa Mercosur"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Week_in_Chess" title="The Week in Chess">The Week in Chess</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic771.html#13">the original</a> on 30 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week+in+Chess&rft.atitle=Hiarcs+13+wins+Copa+Mercosur&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheweekinchess.com%2Fhtml%2Ftwic771.html%2313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2016" class="citation web cs1">Siegel, Robert (24 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/10/24/499162905/20-years-later-humans-still-no-match-for-computers-on-the-chessboard">"20 Years Later, Humans Still No Match For Computers On The Chessboard"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126080706/https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/10/24/499162905/20-years-later-humans-still-no-match-for-computers-on-the-chessboard">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=20+Years+Later%2C+Humans+Still+No+Match+For+Computers+On+The+Chessboard&rft.date=2016-10-24&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Falltechconsidered%2F2016%2F10%2F24%2F499162905%2F20-years-later-humans-still-no-match-for-computers-on-the-chessboard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosteniuk2013" class="citation web cs1">Kosteniuk, Alexandra (15 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131025063745/http://www.chessblog.com/2013/08/tcec-computer-chess-championship-new.html">"TCEC Computer Chess Championship New Season starts August 26th"</a>. <i>Chess News Blog</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessblog.com/2013/08/tcec-computer-chess-championship-new.html">the original</a> on 25 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chess+News+Blog&rft.atitle=TCEC+Computer+Chess+Championship+New+Season+starts+August+26th&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft.aulast=Kosteniuk&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessblog.com%2F2013%2F08%2Ftcec-computer-chess-championship-new.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoltis2013" class="citation web cs1">Soltis, Andy (9 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2013/06/09/engine-super-bowl/">"Engine Super Bowl"</a>. <i>New York Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503041111/http://nypost.com/2013/06/09/engine-super-bowl/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=Engine+Super+Bowl&rft.date=2013-06-09&rft.aulast=Soltis&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2013%2F06%2F09%2Fengine-super-bowl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoeder2022" class="citation web cs1">Roeder, Oliver (25 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/we-taught-computers-to-play-chess-and-then-they-left-us-behind/">"We Taught Computers To Play Chess — And Then They Left Us Behind"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fivethirtyeight" class="mw-redirect" title="Fivethirtyeight">Fivethirtyeight</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220216055753/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/we-taught-computers-to-play-chess-and-then-they-left-us-behind/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fivethirtyeight&rft.atitle=We+Taught+Computers+To+Play+Chess+%E2%80%94+And+Then+They+Left+Us+Behind&rft.date=2022-01-25&rft.aulast=Roeder&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffivethirtyeight.com%2Ffeatures%2Fwe-taught-computers-to-play-chess-and-then-they-left-us-behind%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClain2006" class="citation news cs1">McClain, Dylan Loeb (8 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/08/sports/othersports/08chess.html">"Cheating Accusations in Mental Sports, Too"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111205235525/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/08/sports/othersports/08chess.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cheating+Accusations+in+Mental+Sports%2C+Too&rft.date=2006-08-08&rft.aulast=McClain&rft.aufirst=Dylan+Loeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F08%2F08%2Fsports%2Fothersports%2F08chess.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritchard (2000), p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritchard details 1,450 of them in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Pritchard_(chess_player)" title="David Pritchard (chess player)">Pritchard, D.B.</a> (1994). <i>The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants</i>. Games & Puzzles Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9524142-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9524142-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9524142-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Chess+Variants&rft.pub=Games+%26+Puzzles+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-9524142-0-9&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=D.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span> "Of these, about half date from between 700 and 1970 (1,200 years!), half from the last quarter of the twentieth century." Parlett (1999), p. 312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FideLawsOfChess2009-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess2009_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aekphotography.co.uk/CAA/html/laws_historic.html">"Laws Historic"</a>. <i>Chess Arbiters' Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706060640/http://aekphotography.co.uk/CAA/html/laws_historic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chess+Arbiters%27+Association&rft.atitle=Laws+Historic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faekphotography.co.uk%2FCAA%2Fhtml%2Flaws_historic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aekphotography.co.uk/CAA/Laws_of_Chess_2009.pdf">"FIDE Laws of Chess - coming into force on 1 July 2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Chess Arbiters' Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021164037/http://aekphotography.co.uk/CAA/Laws_of_Chess_2009.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chess+Arbiters%27+Association&rft.atitle=FIDE+Laws+of+Chess+-+coming+into+force+on+1+July+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faekphotography.co.uk%2FCAA%2FLaws_of_Chess_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Western culture regards Chess as a particular game with a particular set of rules governed by an international authority (FIDE – the Fédération Internationale des Echecs). Variously known as International Chess, World Chess, Orthochess, and so on [...]" Parlett (1999), p. 276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmittberger1992" class="citation book cs1">Schmittberger, R. Wayne (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newrulesforclass00rway/page/186"><i>New Rules for Classic Games</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newrulesforclass00rway/page/186">186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-53621-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-53621-5"><bdi>978-0-471-53621-5</bdi></a>. <q>The form of chess most people know – which is sometimes referred to as Western chess, orthodox chess, or orthochess – is itself just one of many that have been played throughout history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Rules+for+Classic+Games&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Inc&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-471-53621-5&rft.aulast=Schmittberger&rft.aufirst=R.+Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewrulesforclass00rway%2Fpage%2F186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams,_Jenny2006" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Jenny (2006). <i>Power Play: The Literature and Politics of Chess in the Late Middle Ages</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3944-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3944-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-3944-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/238812746">238812746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+Play%3A+The+Literature+and+Politics+of+Chess+in+the+Late+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F238812746&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3944-7&rft.au=Adams%2C+Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinet,_A.1894" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Binet, A. (1894). <i>Psychologie des grands calculateurs et joueurs d'échecs</i> (in French). Paris: Hachette. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/287413777">287413777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychologie+des+grands+calculateurs+et+joueurs+d%27%C3%A9checs&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F287413777&rft.au=Binet%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird,_Henry_Edward2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bird_(chess_player)" title="Henry Bird (chess player)">Bird, Henry Edward</a> (2008) [First published 1893]. <i>Chess History and Reminiscences</i>. Forgotten Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60620-897-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60620-897-7"><bdi>978-1-60620-897-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chess+History+and+Reminiscences&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60620-897-7&rft.au=Bird%2C+Henry+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham_Burgess2000" class="citation book cs1">Graham Burgess (2000). <i>The Mammoth Book of Chess</i>. New York: Carroll & Graf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0725-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0725-6"><bdi>978-0-7867-0725-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mammoth+Book+of+Chess&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-0725-6&rft.au=Graham+Burgess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgessNunnEmms2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Burgess" title="Graham Burgess">Burgess, Graham</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Nunn" title="John Nunn">Nunn, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Emms_(chess_player)" title="John Emms (chess player)">Emms, John</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammothbookofwor0000burg"><i>The Mammoth Book of the World's Greatest Chess Games</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Carroll & Graf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1411-7"><bdi>978-0-7867-1411-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mammoth+Book+of+the+World%27s+Greatest+Chess+Games&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1411-7&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Nunn%2C+John&rft.au=Emms%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammothbookofwor0000burg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1949" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Henry A. (1949). <i>A Short History of Chess</i>. New York: D. McKay Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-14550-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-14550-9"><bdi>978-0-679-14550-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17340178">17340178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Chess&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+McKay+Co&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17340178&rft.isbn=978-0-679-14550-9&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Henry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_GrootAdriaan_D.1965" class="citation book cs1">de Groot; Adriaan D. (1965) [1946 (first Dutch ed.)]. <i>Thought and Choice in Chess</i> (English ed.). The Hague: <a href="/wiki/Mouton_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouton de Gruyter">Mouton</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4988227">4988227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thought+and+Choice+in+Chess&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4988227&rft.au=de+Groot&rft.au=Adriaan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Groot,_Adriaan_D.Gobet,_Fernand1996" class="citation book cs1">de Groot, Adriaan D.; Gobet, Fernand (1996). <i>Perception and Memory in Chess: Heuristics of the Professional Eye</i>. Assen, NL: Van Gorcum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-232-2949-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-232-2949-0"><bdi>978-90-232-2949-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perception+and+Memory+in+Chess%3A+Heuristics+of+the+Professional+Eye&rft.place=Assen%2C+NL&rft.pub=Van+Gorcum&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-232-2949-0&rft.au=de+Groot%2C+Adriaan+D.&rft.au=Gobet%2C+Fernand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Villa,_Jesús2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_de_la_Villa" title="Jesús de la Villa">de la Villa, Jesús</a> (2008). <i>100 Endgames You Must Know</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_in_Chess" class="mw-redirect" title="New in Chess">New in Chess</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5691-244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5691-244-4"><bdi>978-90-5691-244-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Endgames+You+Must+Know&rft.pub=New+in+Chess&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-5691-244-4&rft.au=de+la+Villa%2C+Jes%C3%BAs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmms2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Emms_(chess_player)" title="John Emms (chess player)">Emms, John</a> (2004). <i>Starting Out: Minor Piece Endgames</i>. London: Everyman Chess. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857443592" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857443592"><bdi>978-1857443592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Starting+Out%3A+Minor+Piece+Endgames&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Everyman+Chess&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1857443592&rft.aulast=Emms&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Evans_(chess_grandmaster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Larry Evans (chess grandmaster)">Evans, Larry</a> (1958). <i>New Ideas in Chess</i>. New York: Pitman (1984 <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover</a> edition). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-28305-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-28305-0"><bdi>978-0-486-28305-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Ideas+in+Chess&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pitman+%281984+Dover+edition%29&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0-486-28305-0&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine,_Gary_Alan2015" class="citation book cs1">Fine, Gary Alan (2015). <i>Players and Pawns</i>. United Kingdom: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226265032" title="Special:BookSources/9780226265032"><bdi>9780226265032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Players+and+Pawns&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780226265032&rft.au=Fine%2C+Gary+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin,_Benjamin2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin, Benjamin</a> (2003) [1779]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benjaminfranklin00fran_1"><i>A Benjamin Franklin Reader</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benjaminfranklin00fran_1/page/289">289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5782-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5782-4"><bdi>978-0-7432-5782-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Benjamin+Franklin+Reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-5782-4&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbenjaminfranklin00fran_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGobet,_Fernandde_Voogt,_AlexRetschitzki,_Jean2004" class="citation book cs1">Gobet, Fernand; de Voogt, Alex; Retschitzki, Jean (2004). <i>Moves in Mind: The Psychology of Board Games</i>. Hove, UK: Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84169-336-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84169-336-1"><bdi>978-1-84169-336-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53962630">53962630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moves+in+Mind%3A+The+Psychology+of+Board+Games&rft.place=Hove%2C+UK&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53962630&rft.isbn=978-1-84169-336-1&rft.au=Gobet%2C+Fernand&rft.au=de+Voogt%2C+Alex&rft.au=Retschitzki%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabnerSternNeubauer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Grabner, RH; Stern, E; Neubauer, AC (March 2007). "Individual differences in chess expertise: A psychometric investigation". <i>Acta Psychologica</i>. <b>124</b> (3): 398–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actpsy.2006.07.008">10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.07.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16942740">16942740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Psychologica&rft.atitle=Individual+differences+in+chess+expertise%3A+A+psychometric+investigation&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=398-420&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.actpsy.2006.07.008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16942740&rft.aulast=Grabner&rft.aufirst=RH&rft.au=Stern%2C+E&rft.au=Neubauer%2C+AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2003" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Tim (2003). <i>Better Chess for Average Players</i>. New York: Courier Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-29029-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-29029-4"><bdi>978-0-486-29029-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33166445">33166445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Better+Chess+for+Average+Players&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33166445&rft.isbn=978-0-486-29029-4&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartston,_William_R.1985" class="citation book cs1">Hartston, William R. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingsofchesshi00hart"><i>The Kings of Chess</i></a>. New York: Pavilion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-015358-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-015358-8"><bdi>978-0-06-015358-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kings+of+Chess&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pavilion+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-06-015358-8&rft.au=Hartston%2C+William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingsofchesshi00hart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolding,_Dennis1985" class="citation book cs1">Holding, Dennis (1985). <i>The Psychology of Chess Skill</i>. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89859-575-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89859-575-8"><bdi>978-0-89859-575-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11866227">11866227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Chess+Skill&rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Erlbaum&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11866227&rft.isbn=978-0-89859-575-8&rft.au=Holding%2C+Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper,_DavidWhyld,_Kenneth1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Vincent_Hooper" title="David Vincent Hooper">Hooper, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Whyld">Whyld, Kenneth</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess"><i>The Oxford Companion to Chess, Second edition</i></a>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866164-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866164-1"><bdi>978-0-19-866164-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25508610">25508610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Chess%2C+Second+edition&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25508610&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866164-1&rft.au=Hooper%2C+David&rft.au=Whyld%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward,_Kenneth_S1961" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Kenneth S (1961). <i>How to Solve Chess Problems</i>. New York: Courier Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20748-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20748-3"><bdi>978-0-486-20748-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Solve+Chess+Problems&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-486-20748-3&rft.au=Howard%2C+Kenneth+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeng-Hsiung_Hsu2002" class="citation book cs1">Feng-Hsiung Hsu (2002). <i>Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion</i>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09065-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09065-8"><bdi>978-0-691-09065-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50582855">50582855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+Deep+Blue%3A+Building+the+Computer+that+Defeated+the+World+Chess+Champion&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50582855&rft.isbn=978-0-691-09065-8&rft.au=Feng-Hsiung+Hsu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlko2024" class="citation journal cs1">Ilko, Krisztina (2024). "Chess and Race in the Global Middle Ages". <i>Speculum</i>. <b>99</b> (2): 480–540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F729294">10.1086/729294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Chess+and+Race+in+the+Global+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=480-540&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F729294&rft.aulast=Ilko&rft.aufirst=Krisztina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasparov2003a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Kasparov, Garry</a> (2003a). <a href="/wiki/My_Great_Predecessors" title="My Great Predecessors"><i>My Great Predecessors, part I</i></a>. London; Guilford, CT: <a href="/wiki/Everyman_Chess" title="Everyman Chess">Everyman Chess</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-330-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-330-1"><bdi>978-1-85744-330-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/223602528">223602528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Great+Predecessors%2C+part+I&rft.place=London%3B+Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pub=Everyman+Chess&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F223602528&rft.isbn=978-1-85744-330-1&rft.aulast=Kasparov&rft.aufirst=Garry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasparov2003b" class="citation book cs1">Kasparov, Garry (2003b). <i>My Great Predecessors, part II</i>. London; Guilford, CT: Everyman Chess. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-342-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-342-4"><bdi>978-1-85744-342-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/223906486">223906486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Great+Predecessors%2C+part+II&rft.place=London%3B+Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pub=Everyman+Chess&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F223906486&rft.isbn=978-1-85744-342-4&rft.aulast=Kasparov&rft.aufirst=Garry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasparov2004a" class="citation book cs1">Kasparov, Garry (2004a). <i>My Great Predecessors, part III</i>. London; Guilford, CT: Everyman Chess. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-371-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-371-4"><bdi>978-1-85744-371-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52949851">52949851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Great+Predecessors%2C+part+III&rft.place=London%3B+Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pub=Everyman+Chess&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52949851&rft.isbn=978-1-85744-371-4&rft.aulast=Kasparov&rft.aufirst=Garry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasparov2004b" class="citation book cs1">Kasparov, Garry (2004b). <i>My Great Predecessors, part IV</i>. London; Guilford, CT: Everyman Chess. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-395-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-395-0"><bdi>978-1-85744-395-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52949851">52949851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Great+Predecessors%2C+part+IV&rft.place=London%3B+Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pub=Everyman+Chess&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52949851&rft.isbn=978-1-85744-395-0&rft.aulast=Kasparov&rft.aufirst=Garry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasparov2006" class="citation book cs1">Kasparov, Garry (2006). <i>My Great Predecessors, part V</i>. London; Guilford, CT: Everyman Chess. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-404-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-404-9"><bdi>978-1-85744-404-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52949851">52949851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Great+Predecessors%2C+part+V&rft.place=London%3B+Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pub=Everyman+Chess&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52949851&rft.isbn=978-1-85744-404-9&rft.aulast=Kasparov&rft.aufirst=Garry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeene,_Raymond1993" class="citation book cs1">Keene, Raymond (1993). <i>Gary Kasparov's Best Games</i>. London: B.T. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-7296-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-7296-7"><bdi>978-0-7134-7296-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29386838">29386838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gary+Kasparov%27s+Best+Games&rft.place=London&rft.pub=B.T.+Batsford&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29386838&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-7296-7&rft.au=Keene%2C+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasker1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Lasker, Emanuel</a> (1934). <i>Lasker's Chess Primer</i>. London: Billings (1988 reprint). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-6241-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-6241-8"><bdi>978-0-7134-6241-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lasker%27s+Chess+Primer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Billings+%281988+reprint%29&rft.date=1934&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-6241-8&rft.aulast=Lasker&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeibs,_Andrew2004" class="citation book cs1">Leibs, Andrew (2004). <i>Sports and Games of the Renaissance</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32772-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32772-8"><bdi>978-0-313-32772-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sports+and+Games+of+the+Renaissance&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32772-8&rft.au=Leibs%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitt,_Gerald_M.2000" class="citation book cs1">Levitt, Gerald M. (2000). <i>The Turk, Chess Automaton</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0778-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0778-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-0778-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/226148928">226148928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turk%2C+Chess+Automaton&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F226148928&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0778-1&rft.au=Levitt%2C+Gerald+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi,_David_H.1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Li" title="David H. Li">Li, David H.</a> (1998). <i>The Genealogy of Chess</i>. Bethesda, MD: Premier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9637852-2-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9637852-2-0"><bdi>978-0-9637852-2-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39281682">39281682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genealogy+of+Chess&rft.place=Bethesda%2C+MD&rft.pub=Premier&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39281682&rft.isbn=978-0-9637852-2-0&rft.au=Li%2C+David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark,_Michael2007" class="citation book cs1">Mark, Michael (2007). <i>Ancient Board Games in Perspective: The Beginnings of Chess</i>. United Kingdom: British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714111537" title="Special:BookSources/9780714111537"><bdi>9780714111537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Board+Games+in+Perspective%3A+The+Beginnings+of+Chess&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780714111537&rft.au=Mark%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzner,_Paul1998" class="citation book cs1">Metzner, Paul (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft438nb2b6&brand=ucpress"><i>Crescendo of the Virtuoso: Spectacle, Skill, and Self-Promotion in Paris during the Age of Revolution</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20684-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20684-7"><bdi>978-0-520-20684-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185289629">185289629</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706122359/http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft438nb2b6&brand=ucpress">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crescendo+of+the+Virtuoso%3A+Spectacle%2C+Skill%2C+and+Self-Promotion+in+Paris+during+the+Age+of+Revolution&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185289629&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20684-7&rft.au=Metzner%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft438nb2b6%26brand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray,_H.J.R.1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._J._R._Murray" title="H. J. R. Murray">Murray, H.J.R.</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfChessHJRMurray/page/n33/mode/2up"><i>A History of Chess</i></a>. Northampton, Mass.: Benjamin Press (originally published by Oxford University Press). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936317-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-936317-01-4"><bdi>978-0-936317-01-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13472872">13472872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chess&rft.place=Northampton%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Benjamin+Press+%28originally+published+by+Oxford+University+Press%29&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13472872&rft.isbn=978-0-936317-01-4&rft.au=Murray%2C+H.J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAHistoryOfChessHJRMurray%2Fpage%2Fn33%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmert,_Michael1996" class="citation book cs1">Olmert, Michael (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/miltonsteethovid00olme"><i>Milton's Teeth and Ovid's Umbrella: Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80164-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80164-3"><bdi>978-0-684-80164-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milton%27s+Teeth+and+Ovid%27s+Umbrella%3A+Curiouser+%26+Curiouser+Adventures+in+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80164-3&rft.au=Olmert%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiltonsteethovid00olme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParlett1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Parlett" title="David Parlett">Parlett, David</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofb0000parl"><i>The Oxford History of Board Games</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-212998-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-212998-7"><bdi>978-0-19-212998-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Board+Games&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Inc&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-212998-7&rft.aulast=Parlett&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofb0000parl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard,_David2000" class="citation book cs1">Pritchard, David (2000). <i>Popular Chess Variants</i>. London: Batsford Chess Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-8578-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-8578-3"><bdi>978-0-7134-8578-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44275285">44275285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Chess+Variants&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Batsford+Chess+Books&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44275285&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-8578-3&rft.au=Pritchard%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbinsAndersonBarkerBradley1996" class="citation journal cs1">Robbins, T.W.; Anderson, E.J.; Barker, D.R.; Bradley, A.C.; Fearnyhough, C.; Henson, R.; Hudson, S.R.; Baddeley, A.D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3758%2FBF03197274">"Working Memory in Chess"</a>. <i>Memory & Cognition</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 83–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3758%2FBF03197274">10.3758/BF03197274</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8822160">8822160</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14009447">14009447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memory+%26+Cognition&rft.atitle=Working+Memory+in+Chess&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-93&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14009447%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8822160&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3758%2FBF03197274&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=T.W.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+E.J.&rft.au=Barker%2C+D.R.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+A.C.&rft.au=Fearnyhough%2C+C.&rft.au=Henson%2C+R.&rft.au=Hudson%2C+S.R.&rft.au=Baddeley%2C+A.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3758%252FBF03197274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaariluoma,_Pertti1995" class="citation book cs1">Saariluoma, Pertti (1995). <i>Chess Players' Thinking: A Cognitive Psychological Approach</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12079-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12079-1"><bdi>978-0-415-12079-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chess+Players%27+Thinking%3A+A+Cognitive+Psychological+Approach&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12079-1&rft.au=Saariluoma%2C+Pertti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilman1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Silman" title="Jeremy Silman">Silman, Jeremy</a> (1998). <i>The Complete Book of Chess Strategy</i>. Los Angeles: Silman-James Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890085-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890085-01-8"><bdi>978-1-890085-01-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+Chess+Strategy&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Silman-James+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-890085-01-8&rft.aulast=Silman&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShibut,_Macon2004" class="citation book cs1">Shibut, Macon (2004). <i>Paul Morphy and the Evolution of Chess Theory</i>. New York: Courier Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43574-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43574-9"><bdi>978-0-486-43574-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55639730">55639730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Morphy+and+the+Evolution+of+Chess+Theory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55639730&rft.isbn=978-0-486-43574-9&rft.au=Shibut%2C+Macon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinitz,_WilliamLandsberger,_Kurt2002" class="citation book cs1">Steinitz, William; Landsberger, Kurt (2002). <i>The Steinitz Papers: Letters and Documents of the First World Chess Champion</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1193-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-1193-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48550929">48550929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Steinitz+Papers%3A+Letters+and+Documents+of+the+First+World+Chess+Champion&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48550929&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1193-1&rft.au=Steinitz%2C+William&rft.au=Landsberger%2C+Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamburro,_Pete2010" class="citation journal cs1">Tamburro, Pete (September 2010). "Challenging the Ruy Lopez". <i><a href="/wiki/Chess_Life" title="Chess Life">Chess Life</a></i>: 18–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chess+Life&rft.atitle=Challenging+the+Ruy+Lopez&rft.pages=18-21&rft.date=2010-09&rft.au=Tamburro%2C+Pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarrasch,_Siegbert1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Siegbert_Tarrasch" title="Siegbert Tarrasch">Tarrasch, Siegbert</a> (1987). <i>The Game of Chess</i>. New York: Courier Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25447-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25447-0"><bdi>978-0-486-25447-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15631832">15631832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Game+of+Chess&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15631832&rft.isbn=978-0-486-25447-0&rft.au=Tarrasch%2C+Siegbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrautmann,_Thomas2015" class="citation book cs1">Trautmann, Thomas (2015). <i>Elephants and Kings: An Environmental History</i>. United States: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226264530" title="Special:BookSources/9780226264530"><bdi>9780226264530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elephants+and+Kings%3A+An+Environmental+History&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780226264530&rft.au=Trautmann%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVale,_Malcolm2001" class="citation book cs1">Vale, Malcolm (2001). <i>The Princely Court: Medieval Courts and Culture in North-West Europe, 1270–1380</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926993-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926993-8"><bdi>978-0-19-926993-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47049906">47049906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princely+Court%3A+Medieval+Courts+and+Culture+in+North-West+Europe%2C+1270%E2%80%931380&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47049906&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926993-8&rft.au=Vale%2C+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerwer2010" class="citation book cs1">Verwer, Renzo (2010). <i>Bobby Fischer for Beginners</i>. Alkmaar: <a href="/wiki/New_in_Chess" class="mw-redirect" title="New in Chess">New in Chess</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5691-315-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5691-315-1"><bdi>978-90-5691-315-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bobby+Fischer+for+Beginners&rft.place=Alkmaar&rft.pub=New+in+Chess&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-5691-315-1&rft.aulast=Verwer&rft.aufirst=Renzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner,_A.G.2000" class="citation book cs1">Warner, A.G. (2000). <i>The Sháhnáma of Firdausí: Volume VII</i>. United Kingdom: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136396809" title="Special:BookSources/9781136396809"><bdi>9781136396809</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sh%C3%A1hn%C3%A1ma+of+Firdaus%C3%AD%3A+Volume+VII&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781136396809&rft.au=Warner%2C+A.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Watson" title="John L. Watson">Watson, John</a> (1998). <i>Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Gambit_Publications" title="Gambit Publications">Gambit Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901983-07-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901983-07-4"><bdi>978-1-901983-07-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+Modern+Chess+Strategy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Gambit+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-901983-07-4&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeenink,_H.G.M.1926" class="citation book cs1">Weenink, H.G.M. (1926). Hume, G.; White, A.C. (eds.). <i>The Chess Problem</i>. Stroud: Office of The Chess Amateur. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3617028">3617028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chess+Problem&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Office+of+The+Chess+Amateur&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3617028&rft.au=Weenink%2C+H.G.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissberger,_Barbara_F.2004" class="citation book cs1">Weissberger, Barbara F. (2004). <i>Isabel Rules: Qonstructing Queenship, Wielding Power</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4164-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4164-2"><bdi>978-0-8166-4164-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/217447754">217447754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isabel+Rules%3A+Qonstructing+Queenship%2C+Wielding+Power&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F217447754&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4164-2&rft.au=Weissberger%2C+Barbara+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1943" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Wilkinson, Charles K. (May 1943). "Chessmen and Chess". <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</i>. New Series 1 (9): 271–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3257111">10.2307/3257111</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3257111">3257111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Chessmen+and+Chess&rft.volume=New+Series+1&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=271-79&rft.date=1943-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3257111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3257111%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYalom,_Marilyn2004" class="citation book cs1">Yalom, Marilyn (2004). <i>Birth of the Chess Queen</i>. New York: Harper Collins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-009064-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-009064-7"><bdi>978-0-06-009064-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth+of+the+Chess+Queen&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-06-009064-7&rft.au=Yalom%2C+Marilyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dunnington, Angus (2003). <i>Chess Psychology: Approaching the Psychological Battle Both on and Off the Board</i>. <a href="/wiki/Everyman_Chess" title="Everyman Chess">Everyman Chess</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-326-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-326-4"><bdi>978-1-85744-326-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chess+Psychology%3A+Approaching+the+Psychological+Battle+Both+on+and+Off+the+Board&rft.pub=Everyman+Chess&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85744-326-4&rft.au=Dunnington%2C+Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fine" title="Reuben Fine">Fine, Reuben</a> (1983). <i>The World's Great Chess Games</i>. Courier Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-24512-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-24512-6"><bdi>978-0-486-24512-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9394460">9394460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Great+Chess+Games&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9394460&rft.isbn=978-0-486-24512-6&rft.au=Fine%2C+Reuben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hale, Benjamin (2008). <i>Philosophy Looks at Chess</i>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Court_Publishing_Company" title="Open Court Publishing Company">Open Court Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9633-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9633-2"><bdi>978-0-8126-9633-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+Looks+at+Chess&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8126-9633-2&rft.au=Hale%2C+Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kotov" title="Alexander Kotov">Kotov, Alexander</a> (1971). <i>Think Like a Grandmaster</i>. B.T. Batsford Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-3160-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-3160-5"><bdi>978-0-7134-3160-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Think+Like+a+Grandmaster&rft.pub=B.T.+Batsford+Ltd&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-3160-5&rft.au=Kotov%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Lasker, Emanuel</a> (1960). <i>Lasker's Manual of Chess</i>. Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20640-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20640-0"><bdi>978-0-486-20640-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lasker%27s+Manual+of+Chess&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-486-20640-0&rft.au=Lasker%2C+Emanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(chess_player)" title="James Mason (chess player)">Mason, James</a> (1947). <i>The Art of Chess</i>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20463-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20463-5"><bdi>978-0-486-20463-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45271009">45271009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Chess&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45271009&rft.isbn=978-0-486-20463-5&rft.au=Mason%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span> (see the included supplement, "How Do You Play Chess")</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludek_Pachman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludek Pachman">Pachman, Ludek</a> (1971). <i>Modern Chess Strategy</i>. Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20290-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20290-7"><bdi>978-0-486-20290-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Chess+Strategy&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-486-20290-7&rft.au=Pachman%2C+Ludek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_R%C3%A9ti" title="Richard Réti">Réti, Richard</a> (1960). <i>Modern Ideas in Chess</i>. Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20638-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20638-7"><bdi>978-0-486-20638-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Ideas+in+Chess&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-486-20638-7&rft.au=R%C3%A9ti%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rizzitano, James (2004). <i>Understanding Your Chess</i>. Gambit Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904600-07-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904600-07-7"><bdi>978-1-904600-07-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55205602">55205602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Your+Chess&rft.pub=Gambit+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55205602&rft.isbn=978-1-904600-07-7&rft.au=Rizzitano%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChess" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Chess</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Chess">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Chess&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="h">1</span> hour and <span class="min">13</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="4384" data-mwtitle="Chess.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Chess.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Chess.ogg/Chess.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess.ogg" title="File:Chess.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 18 October 2016<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-18</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <dl><dt>International organizations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fide.com/">FIDE</a> – <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">World Chess Federation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iccf.com/">ICCF</a> – <a href="/wiki/International_Correspondence_Chess_Federation" title="International Correspondence Chess Federation">International Correspondence Chess Federation</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>News</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessbase.com/">Chessbase news</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theweekinchess.com/">The Week in Chess</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>History</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/factfinder.html">Chesshistory.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chess" title="Template:Chess"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chess" title="Template talk:Chess"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chess" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chess"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chess" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chess</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_chess" title="Outline of chess">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_theory" title="Chess theory">Chess theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_title" title="Chess title">Chess titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">Computer chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_chess_terms" title="Glossary of computer chess terms">glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_chess_matches" title="Human–computer chess matches">matches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_software" title="List of chess software">software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">Correspondence chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_chess" title="Online chess">Online chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premove" title="Premove">Premove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_chess_server" title="Internet chess server">Internet chess server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_chess_servers" title="List of Internet chess servers">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_rating_system" title="Chess rating system">Rating system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_world_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE world rankings">world rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(chess)" title="Norm (chess)">norms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_variant" title="Chess variant">Variants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_variants" title="List of chess variants">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_chess" title="List of world records in chess">World records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_equipment" title="Chess equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_set" title="Chess set">Chess set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chessboard" title="Chessboard">chessboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_chess_set" title="Dubrovnik chess set">Dubrovnik chess set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staunton_chess_set" title="Staunton chess set">Staunton chess set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece" title="Chess piece">Chess pieces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_(chess)" title="Rook (chess)">Rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_chess_piece" title="Fairy chess piece">Fairy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">Chess clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_table" title="Chess table">Chess table</a></li> <li><dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#score_sheets" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § Score sheets" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">Score sheets</span></a></dfn></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_chess" title="History of chess">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chess" title="Timeline of chess">Timeline</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Versus_de_scachis" title="Versus de scachis">Versus de scachis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_manuscript" title="Göttingen manuscript">Göttingen manuscript</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_chessmen" title="Charlemagne chessmen">Charlemagne chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Romantic chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(chess)" title="Hypermodernism (chess)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_chess_school" title="Soviet chess school">Soviet chess school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history" title="Comparison of top chess players throughout history">Top player comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_chess" title="Geography of chess">Geography of chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Africa" title="Chess in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_South_Africa" title="Chess in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_China" title="Chess in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Europe" title="Chess in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Armenia" title="Chess in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Spain" title="Chess in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_India" title="Chess in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_games" title="List of chess games">Notable games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_players" title="List of chess players">List of chess players</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_chess_players" title="List of amateur chess players">amateurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_chess_players" title="List of female chess players">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_grandmasters" title="List of chess grandmasters">grandmasters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_chess" title="Women in chess">Women in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_museums" title="Category:Chess museums">Chess museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer_Center" title="Bobby Fischer Center">Bobby Fischer Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kyay_Association_Chess_Museum" title="Gökyay Association Chess Museum">Gökyay Association Chess Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Hall_of_Fame" title="World Chess Hall of Fame">World Chess Hall of Fame</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_chess" title="Rules of chess">Rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castling" title="Castling">Castling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_chess" title="Cheating in chess">Cheating in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(chess)" title="Check (chess)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">Checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">Draw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_by_agreement" title="Draw by agreement">by agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty-move_rule" title="Fifty-move rule">Fifty-move rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_check" title="Perpetual check">Perpetual check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">Stalemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_repetition" title="Threefold repetition">Threefold repetition</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/En_passant" title="En passant">En passant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_(chess)" title="Promotion (chess)">Pawn promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_control" title="Time control">Time control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_chess" title="Fast chess">Fast chess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch-move_rule" title="Touch-move rule">Touch-move rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_and_Black_in_chess" title="White and Black in chess">White and Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blunder_(chess)" title="Blunder (chess)">Blunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_notation" title="Chess notation">Chess notation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_notation" title="Descriptive notation">descriptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Game_Notation" title="Portable Game Notation">PGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols" title="Chess annotation symbols">annotation symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Chess symbols in Unicode">symbols in Unicode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianchetto" title="Fianchetto">Fianchetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambit" title="Gambit">Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_square" title="Key square">Key square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_walk" title="King walk">King walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_file" title="Open file">Open file</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-open_file" title="Half-open file">Half-open file</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(chess)" title="Outpost (chess)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_pawn" title="Backward pawn">backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_pawns" title="Connected pawns">connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubled_pawns" title="Doubled pawns">doubled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">isolated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passed_pawn" title="Passed pawn">passed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindle_(chess)" title="Swindle (chess)">Swindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(chess)" title="Tempo (chess)">Tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposition_(chess)" title="Transposition (chess)">Transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_traps" title="List of chess traps">Trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_tactic" title="Chess tactic">Tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castling#Artificial_castling" title="Castling">Artificial castling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(chess)" title="Battery (chess)">Battery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekhine%27s_gun" title="Alekhine's gun">Alekhine's gun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(chess)" title="Block (chess)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkmate_pattern" title="Checkmate pattern">Checkmate patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_(chess)" title="Combination (chess)">Combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoy_(chess)" title="Decoy (chess)">Decoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflection_(chess)" title="Deflection (chess)">Deflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desperado_(chess)" title="Desperado (chess)">Desperado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovered_attack" title="Discovered attack">Discovered attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_check" title="Double check">Double check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(chess)" title="Fork (chess)">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interference_(chess)" title="Interference (chess)">Interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overloading_(chess)" title="Overloading (chess)">Overloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_storm" title="Pawn storm">Pawn storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_(chess)" title="Pin (chess)">Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_(chess)" title="Sacrifice (chess)">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_sacrifice" title="Queen sacrifice">Queen sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skewer_(chess)" title="Skewer (chess)">Skewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undermining_(chess)" title="Undermining (chess)">Undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_(chess)" title="Windmill (chess)">Windmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_(chess)" title="X-ray (chess)">X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwischenzug" title="Zwischenzug">Zwischenzug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_strategy" title="Chess strategy">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(chess)" title="Compensation (chess)">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_(chess)" title="Exchange (chess)">Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_exchange_(chess)" title="The exchange (chess)">the exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_(chess)" title="Initiative (chess)">Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess" title="First-move advantage in chess">first-move advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_middlegame" title="Chess middlegame">Middlegame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_structure" title="Pawn structure">Pawn structure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(chess)" title="Hedgehog (chess)">Hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">Isolated Queen's Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%B3czy_Bind" title="Maróczy Bind">Maróczy Bind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_attack" title="Minority attack">Minority attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece_relative_value" title="Chess piece relative value">Piece values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophylaxis_(chess)" title="Prophylaxis (chess)">Prophylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_chess" title="School of chess">School of chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening" title="Chess opening">Openings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flank_opening" title="Flank opening">Flank opening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Fianchetto_Opening" title="King's Fianchetto Opening">Benko Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Opening" title="Bird's Opening">Bird's Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunst_Opening" title="Dunst Opening">Dunst Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Opening" title="English Opening">English Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grob%27s_Attack" title="Grob's Attack">Grob's Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larsen%27s_Opening" class="mw-redirect" title="Larsen's Opening">Larsen's Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zukertort_Opening" title="Zukertort Opening">Zukertort Opening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Attack" title="King's Indian Attack">King's Indian Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ti_Opening" title="Réti Opening">Réti Opening</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Pawn_Game" title="King's Pawn Game">King's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekhine%27s_Defence" title="Alekhine's Defence">Alekhine's Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro%E2%80%93Kann_Defence" title="Caro–Kann Defence">Caro–Kann Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Defence" title="French Defence">French Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Defense" title="Modern Defense">Modern Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimzowitsch_Defence" title="Nimzowitsch Defence">Nimzowitsch Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Game" title="Open Game">Open Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Knights_Game" title="Four Knights Game">Four Knights Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuoco_Piano" title="Giuoco Piano">Giuoco Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Game" title="Italian Game">Italian Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gambit" title="King's Gambit">King's Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov%27s_Defence" title="Petrov's Defence">Petrov's Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philidor_Defence" title="Philidor Defence">Philidor Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponziani_Opening" title="Ponziani Opening">Ponziani Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_Lopez" title="Ruy Lopez">Ruy Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Italian_Opening" title="Semi-Italian Opening">Semi-Italian Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Game" title="Scotch Game">Scotch Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Knights_Defense" title="Two Knights Defense">Two Knights Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Game" title="Vienna Game">Vienna Game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen%27s_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen's Defense">Owen's Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirc_Defence" title="Pirc Defence">Pirc Defense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pirc_Defence,_Austrian_Attack" title="Pirc Defence, Austrian Attack">Austrian Attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Defense" title="Scandinavian Defense">Scandinavian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence" title="Sicilian Defence">Sicilian Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Alapin_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Alapin Variation">Alapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Dragon_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation">Dragon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Accelerated_Dragon" title="Sicilian Defence, Accelerated Dragon">Accelerated Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Najdorf_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Najdorf Variation">Najdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Scheveningen_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation">Scheveningen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Pawn_Game" title="Queen's Pawn Game">Queen's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Gambit" title="Budapest Gambit">Budapest Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colle_System" title="Colle System">Colle System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Defence" title="Dutch Defence">Dutch Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence" title="English Defence">English Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Defence" title="Indian Defence">Indian Defense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benoni_Defense" title="Benoni Defense">Benoni Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Benoni" title="Modern Benoni">Modern Benoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogo-Indian_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogo-Indian Defense">Bogo-Indian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Opening" title="Catalan Opening">Catalan Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnfeld_Defence" title="Grünfeld Defence">Grünfeld Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defence" title="King's Indian Defence">King's Indian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimzo-Indian_Defence" title="Nimzo-Indian Defence">Nimzo-Indian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Indian_Defense" title="Old Indian Defense">Old Indian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Indian_Defense" title="Queen's Indian Defense">Queen's Indian Defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_System" title="London System">London System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richter%E2%80%93Veresov_Attack" title="Richter–Veresov Attack">Richter–Veresov Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit" title="Queen's Gambit">Queen's Gambit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Accepted" title="Queen's Gambit Accepted">Accepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Declined" title="Queen's Gambit Declined">Declined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slav_Defense" title="Slav Defense">Slav Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Slav_Defense" title="Semi-Slav Defense">Semi-Slav Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigorin_Defense" title="Chigorin Defense">Chigorin Defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Attack" title="Torre Attack">Torre Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trompowsky_Attack" title="Trompowsky Attack">Trompowsky Attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_openings" title="List of chess openings">List of openings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening_theory_table" title="Chess opening theory table">theory table</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_gambits" title="List of chess gambits">List of chess gambits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_chess_opening" title="Irregular chess opening">Irregular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongcloud_Attack" title="Bongcloud Attack">Bongcloud Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fool%27s_mate" title="Fool's mate">Fool's mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar%27s_mate" title="Scholar's mate">Scholar's mate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">Endgames</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_and_knight_checkmate" title="Bishop and knight checkmate">Bishop and knight checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_and_pawn_versus_king_endgame" title="King and pawn versus king endgame">King and pawn vs king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposite-colored_bishops_endgame" title="Opposite-colored bishops endgame">Opposite-colored bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnless_chess_endgame" title="Pawnless chess endgame">Pawnless endgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_and_pawn_versus_queen_endgame" title="Queen and pawn versus queen endgame">Queen and pawn vs queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_versus_pawn_endgame" title="Queen versus pawn endgame">Queen vs pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_versus_rook_endgame" title="Queen versus rook endgame">Queen vs rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_and_bishop_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and bishop versus rook endgame">Rook and bishop vs rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_and_pawn_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and pawn versus rook endgame">Rook and pawn vs rook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucena_position" title="Lucena position">Lucena position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philidor_position" title="Philidor position">Philidor position</a></li></ul></li> <li>Strategy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(chess)" title="Fortress (chess)">fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(chess)" title="Opposition (chess)">opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarrasch_rule" title="Tarrasch rule">Tarrasch rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(chess)" title="Triangulation (chess)">triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zugzwang" title="Zugzwang">Zugzwang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endgame_study" title="Endgame study">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endgame_tablebase" title="Endgame tablebase">Tablebase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_knights_endgame" title="Two knights endgame">Two knights endgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_bishop" title="Wrong bishop">Wrong bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_rook_pawn" title="Wrong rook pawn">Wrong rook pawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_tournament" title="Chess tournament">Tournaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strong_chess_tournaments" title="List of strong chess tournaments">List of strong chess tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Chess Olympiad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Chess_Olympiad" title="Women's Chess Olympiad">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Chess_Championships" title="List of World Chess Championships">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">Chess World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other world championships <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship" title="World Team Chess Championship">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">Rapid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship" title="World Blitz Chess Championship">Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Amateur_Chess_Championship" title="World Amateur Chess Championship">Amateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Championship_of_Chess_Composition" title="World Championship of Chess Composition">Chess composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Solving_Championship" title="World Chess Solving Championship">Solving</a></li></ul></li> <li>Computer chess championships <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess.com_Computer_Chess_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess.com Computer Chess Championship">CCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Open_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="Dutch Open Computer Chess Championship">CSVN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="North American Computer Chess Championship">North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Chess_Engine_Championship" title="Top Chess Engine Championship">TCEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">WCCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Speed_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Speed Chess Championship">WCSCC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%AFssa" title="Caïssa">Caïssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_aesthetics" title="Chess aesthetics">Chess aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_the_arts" title="Chess in the arts">Chess in the arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_early_literature" title="Chess in early literature">early literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_chess" title="Category:Films about chess">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_chess" title="Category:Novels about chess">novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_paintings" title="Category:Chess paintings">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poems_about_chess" title="Category:Poems about chess">poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_stories_about_chess" title="Category:Short stories about chess">short stories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_books" title="List of chess books">Chess books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening_book" title="Chess opening book">opening books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame_literature" title="Chess endgame literature">endgame literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess"><i>Oxford Companion</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_libraries" title="Chess libraries">Chess libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_columns_in_newspapers" title="Chess columns in newspapers">Chess newspaper columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_periodicals" title="List of chess periodicals">Chess periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbiter_(chess)" title="Arbiter (chess)">Arbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_club" title="Chess club">Chess club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_composer" title="Chess composer">Chess composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">Chess engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Chess_Zero" title="Leela Chess Zero">Leela Chess Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockfish_(chess)" title="Stockfish (chess)">Stockfish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_problem" title="Chess problem">Chess problem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems" title="Glossary of chess problems">glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke_chess_problem" title="Joke chess problem">joke chess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_prodigy" title="Chess prodigy">Chess prodigy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_exhibition" title="Simultaneous exhibition">Simultaneous exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solving_chess" title="Solving chess">Solving chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/28px-Chess.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/42px-Chess.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/56px-Chess.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chess" title="Portal:Chess">Chess portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess" title="Category:Chess">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Chess_Championships" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Chess_Championships" title="Template:World Chess Championships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Chess_Championships" title="Template talk:World Chess Championships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Chess_Championships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Chess Championships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Chess_Championships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championships</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Chess_Championships" title="List of World Chess Championships">List of World Chess Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_of_World_Chess_Champions" title="Interregnum of World Chess Champions">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championships_(1998%E2%80%932004)" title="FIDE World Chess Championships (1998–2004)">Knockout format (1998–2004)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">Chess World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Swiss_Tournament" title="FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament">FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interzonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interzonal">Interzonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-FIDE</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1886" title="World Chess Championship 1886">1886</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1889" title="World Chess Championship 1889">1889</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1890%E2%80%931891" title="World Chess Championship 1890–1891">1890–1891</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1892" title="World Chess Championship 1892">1892</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Steinitz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1894" title="World Chess Championship 1894">1894</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1896%E2%80%931897" title="World Chess Championship 1896–1897">1896–1897</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1907" title="World Chess Championship 1907">1907</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1908" title="World Chess Championship 1908">1908</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1910_(Lasker%E2%80%93Schlechter)" title="World Chess Championship 1910 (Lasker–Schlechter)">1910 (Jan–Feb)</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1910_(Lasker%E2%80%93Janowski)" title="World Chess Championship 1910 (Lasker–Janowski)">1910 (Nov–Dec)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Lasker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1921" title="World Chess Championship 1921">1921</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">Capablanca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1927" title="World Chess Championship 1927">1927</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1929" title="World Chess Championship 1929">1929</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1934" title="World Chess Championship 1934">1934</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alekhine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1935" title="World Chess Championship 1935">1935</a> (<a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Euwe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1937" title="World Chess Championship 1937">1937</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alekhine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1948" title="World Chess Championship 1948">1948</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1951" title="World Chess Championship 1951">1951</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1954" title="World Chess Championship 1954">1954</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Botvinnik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1957" title="World Chess Championship 1957">1957</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Smyslov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1958" title="World Chess Championship 1958">1958</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Botvinnik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1960" title="World Chess Championship 1960">1960</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Tal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1961" title="World Chess Championship 1961">1961</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Botvinnik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1963" title="World Chess Championship 1963">1963</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1966" title="World Chess Championship 1966">1966</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Petrosian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1969" title="World Chess Championship 1969">1969</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boris_Spassky" title="Boris Spassky">Spassky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1972" title="World Chess Championship 1972">1972</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Fischer</a>)</li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1975" title="World Chess Championship 1975">1975</a></s>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1978" title="World Chess Championship 1978">1978</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1981" title="World Chess Championship 1981">1981</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Karpov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1984%E2%80%931985" title="World Chess Championship 1984–1985">1984–1985</a> (no result)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1985" title="World Chess Championship 1985">1985</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1986" title="World Chess Championship 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1987" title="World Chess Championship 1987">1987</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1990" title="World Chess Championship 1990">1990</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Kasparov</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Split title</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_Chess_Association" title="Professional Chess Association">PCA/Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1993" title="World Chess Championship 1993">1993</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_World_Chess_Championship_1995" title="Classical World Chess Championship 1995">1995</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Kasparov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_World_Chess_Championship_2000" title="Classical World Chess Championship 2000">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_World_Chess_Championship_2004" title="Classical World Chess Championship 2004">2004</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Kramnik</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">FIDE</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1993" title="World Chess Championship 1993">1993</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_1996" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 1996">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_1998" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 1998">1998</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Karpov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_1999" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 1999">1999</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Khalifman" title="Alexander Khalifman">Khalifman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2000" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2000">2000</a> (<a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Anand</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2002" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2002">2002</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Ponomariov" title="Ruslan Ponomariov">Ponomariov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2004" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2004">2004</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rustam_Kasimdzhanov" title="Rustam Kasimdzhanov">Kasimdzhanov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2005" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2005">2005</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veselin_Topalov" title="Veselin Topalov">Topalov</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">FIDE</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2006" title="World Chess Championship 2006">2006</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Kramnik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2007" title="World Chess Championship 2007">2007</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2008" title="World Chess Championship 2008">2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2010" title="World Chess Championship 2010">2010</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2012" title="World Chess Championship 2012">2012</a> (<a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Anand</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2013" title="World Chess Championship 2013">2013</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2014" title="World Chess Championship 2014">2014</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2016" title="World Chess Championship 2016">2016</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2018" title="World Chess Championship 2018">2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2021" title="World Chess Championship 2021">2021</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Carlsen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2023" title="World Chess Championship 2023">2023</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ding_Liren" title="Ding Liren">Ding</a>), <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2024" title="World Chess Championship 2024">2024</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2026" title="World Chess Championship 2026">2026</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other world championships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">Rapid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship_2019" title="World Rapid Chess Championship 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship_2021" title="World Rapid Chess Championship 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship_2022" title="World Rapid Chess Championship 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship_2023" title="World Rapid Chess Championship 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship" title="World Blitz Chess Championship">Blitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship_2021" title="World Blitz Chess Championship 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship_2022" title="World Blitz Chess Championship 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship_2023" title="World Blitz Chess Championship 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Correspondence_Chess_Championship" title="World Correspondence Chess Championship">Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Solving_Championship" title="World Chess Solving Championship">Solving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess960_Championship" title="World Chess960 Championship">Chess960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Fischer_Random_Chess_Championship_2019" title="FIDE World Fischer Random Chess Championship 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Fischer_Random_Chess_Championship_2022" title="FIDE World Fischer Random Chess Championship 2022">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:World_Chess_Championships" title="Category:World Chess Championships">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chess" title="Portal:Chess">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chess_international_championships" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chess_international_championships" title="Template:Chess international championships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Chess_international_championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Chess international championships (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chess_international_championships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chess international championships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chess_international_championships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chess</a> international championships</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_championships_in_chess" title="Category:World championships in chess">World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Olympiad (open)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Chess_Olympiad" title="Women's Chess Olympiad">Olympiad (women's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Amateur_Chess_Championship" title="World Amateur Chess Championship">Amateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship" title="World Blitz Chess Championship">Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess960_Championship" title="World Chess960 Championship">Chess960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Championship_of_Chess_Composition" title="World Championship of Chess Composition">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Speed_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Speed Chess Championship">Computer Speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">Rapid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Solving_Championship" title="World Chess Solving Championship">Solving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship" title="World Team Chess Championship">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Supranational_chess_championships" title="Category:Supranational chess championships">Supranational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Chess_Championship" title="African Chess Championship">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="African Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Chess_Championship" title="Arab Chess Championship">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Chess_Championship" title="Asian Chess Championship">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="Asian Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="Asian Senior Chess Championship">Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Team_Chess_Championship" title="Asian Team Chess Championship">Team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Chess_Championship" title="Baltic Chess Championship">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Chess_Championship" title="Commonwealth Chess Championship">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Individual_Open_Chess_Championship" title="EU Individual Open Chess Championship">EU Individual Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Individual_Chess_Championship" title="European Individual Chess Championship">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="European Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="European Youth Chess Championship">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="European Senior Chess Championship">Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Team_Chess_Championship" title="European Team Chess Championship">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Chess_Club_Cup" title="European Chess Club Cup">Club Cup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Chess_Championship" title="Mediterranean Chess Championship">Mediterranean</a></li> <li>North American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="North American Youth Chess Championship">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania_Chess_Championship" title="Oceania Chess Championship">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Chess_Championship" title="Pan American Chess Championship">Pan American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="Pan American Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Team_Chess_Championship" title="Pan American Team Chess Championship">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Intercollegiate_Team_Chess_Championship" title="Pan American Intercollegiate Team Chess Championship">Intercollegiate Team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Chess_Championship" title="South American Chess Championship">South American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Chess_national_championships" title="Template:Chess national championships">Chess national championships</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_recurring_international_chess_tournaments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chess_tournaments" title="Template:Chess tournaments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chess_tournaments" title="Template talk:Chess tournaments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chess_tournaments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chess tournaments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_recurring_international_chess_tournaments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major recurring international <a href="/wiki/Chess_tournament" title="Chess tournament">chess tournaments</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strong_chess_tournaments" title="List of strong chess tournaments">Strong chess tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mini_chess_tournaments" title="List of mini chess tournaments">Mini chess tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_round-robin_chess_tournaments" title="List of round-robin chess tournaments">Round-robin chess tournaments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major present<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(average <a href="/wiki/FIDE_world_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE world rankings">rating</a> > 2700;<br /><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_tournament" title="Round-robin tournament">round-robin system</a> generally)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund_Sparkassen_Chess_Meeting" title="Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting">Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Chess_Tour" title="Grand Chess Tour">Grand Chess Tour</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenke_Chess_Classic" title="Grenke Chess Classic">Grenke Chess Classic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Chess_Classic" title="London Chess Classic">London Chess Classic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2009)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway_Chess" title="Norway Chess">Norway Chess</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamkir_Chess" title="Shamkir Chess">Shamkir Chess</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2014)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Masters" title="Shenzhen Masters">Shenzhen Masters</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinquefield_Cup" title="Sinquefield Cup">Sinquefield Cup</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel_Chess_Tournament" title="Tata Steel Chess Tournament">Tata Steel Chess Tournament</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1938)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other present<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Swiss-system_tournament" title="Swiss-system tournament">Swiss system</a> generally)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeroflot_Open" title="Aeroflot Open">Aeroflot Open</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2002)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Masters" title="Australasian Masters">Australasian Masters</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1987)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biel_Chess_Festival" title="Biel Chess Festival">Biel Chess Festival</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1968)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Open_Chess_Championship" title="Canadian Open Chess Championship">Canadian Open</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1956)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capablanca_Memorial" title="Capablanca Memorial">Capablanca Memorial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1962)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappelle-la-Grande_Open" title="Cappelle-la-Grande Open">Cappelle-la-Grande Open</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1985)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Torre_Repetto_Memorial" title="Carlos Torre Repetto Memorial">Carlos Torre Repetto Memorial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1987)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigorin_Memorial" title="Chigorin Memorial">Chigorin Memorial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1909)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doeberl_Cup" title="Doeberl Cup">Doeberl Cup</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1963)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Open_Chess_Tournament" title="Dubai Open Chess Tournament">Dubai Open</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1999)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Chess_Festival" title="Gibraltar Chess Festival">Gibraltar Chess Festival</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2003)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_International_Chess_Congress" title="Hastings International Chess Congress">Hastings International Chess Congress</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1920)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogeschool_Zeeland_Tournament" title="Hogeschool Zeeland Tournament">Hogeschool Zeeland Tournament</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Grandmaster_Tournament" title="Lublin Grandmaster Tournament">Lublin Grandmaster Tournament</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2009)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keres_Memorial_Tournament" title="Paul Keres Memorial Tournament">Paul Keres Memorials</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tallinn, since 1969) (Vancouver, since 1975)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Chess_Festival" title="Prague Chess Festival">Prague Chess Festival</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Masters_Open" title="Qatar Masters Open">Qatar Masters Open</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014–2015, since 2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjavik_Open" title="Reykjavik Open">Reykjavik Open</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1964)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Technical_University_Open" title="Riga Technical University Open">Riga Technical University Open</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2011)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilton_Cup" title="Rilton Cup">Rilton Cup</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1971)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubinstein_Memorial" title="Rubinstein Memorial">Rubinstein Memorial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1963)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Open_(chess)" title="South African Open (chess)">South African Open</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1962)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Open_Chess_Championship" title="U.S. Open Chess Championship">U.S. Open</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1900)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TePe_Sigeman_%26_Co_chess_tournament" title="TePe Sigeman & Co chess tournament">TePe Sigeman & Co chess tournament</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1993)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidmar_Memorial" title="Vidmar Memorial">Vidmar Memorial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1969)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Open_chess_tournament" title="World Open chess tournament">World Open</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xtracon_Chess_Open" title="Xtracon Chess Open">Xtracon Chess Open</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurich_Christmas_Open" title="Zurich Christmas Open">Zurich Christmas Open</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1977)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recently cancelled<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(after 2000)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekhine_Memorial" title="Alekhine Memorial">Alekhine Memorial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1956–2013, irregular)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acropolis_International_chess_tournament" title="Acropolis International chess tournament">Acropolis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968–2009)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosvit_chess_tournament" title="Aerosvit chess tournament">Aerosvit</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_chess_tournament" title="Amber chess tournament">Amber</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992–2011)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilbao_Chess_Masters_Final" title="Bilbao Chess Masters Final">Bilbao Chess Masters Final</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2008–2016)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Staunton_Memorial_Tournament" title="Howard Staunton Memorial Tournament">Howard Staunton Memorial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2009)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linares_International_Chess_Tournament" title="Linares International Chess Tournament">Linares</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978–2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_del_Plata_chess_tournament" title="Mar del Plata chess tournament">Mar del Plata</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928–2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millionaire_Chess" title="Millionaire Chess">Millionaire Chess</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014–2016)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-Tel_Masters" title="M-Tel Masters">M-Tel Masters</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005–2009)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Cup_(chess)" title="North Sea Cup (chess)">North Sea Cup</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976–2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Spring_chess_tournament" title="Pearl Spring chess tournament">Pearl Spring</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2008–2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia_chess_tournament" title="Reggio Emilia chess tournament">Reggio Emilia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1947–2012)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Memorial" title="Tal Memorial">Tal Memorial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurich_Chess_Challenge" title="Zurich Chess Challenge">Zurich Chess Challenge</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2012–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major past<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(19th–20th century)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chess_Congress" title="American Chess Congress">American Chess Congress</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1857–1923)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schlechter_Memorial_Tournament" title="Carl Schlechter Memorial Tournament">Carl Schlechter Memorial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923–1996)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSB_Congress" title="DSB Congress">DSB Congress</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1879–1932)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Government_chess_tournament" title="General Government chess tournament">General Government</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1940–1944)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_international_chess_tournament" title="IBM international chess tournament">IBM international</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961–1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konex_chess_tournament" title="Konex chess tournament">Konex</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977–1994)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Trebitsch_Memorial_Tournament" title="Leopold Trebitsch Memorial Tournament">Leopold Trebitsch Memorial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907–1938)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Pine_International" title="Lone Pine International">Lone Pine International</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971–1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe_Memorial_Tournament" title="Max Euwe Memorial Tournament">Max Euwe Memorial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987–1996)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_chess_tournament" title="Monte Carlo chess tournament">Monte Carlo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901–1904; 1967–1969)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netanya_chess_tournament" title="Netanya chess tournament">Netanya</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961–1983)</span></li> <li>Palma de Mallorca <span style="font-size:85%;">(1965–1972)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_%26_Drew_Kings" title="Phillips & Drew Kings">Phillips & Drew Kings</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980–1986)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piatigorsky_Cup" title="Piatigorsky Cup">Piatigorsky Cup</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963–1966)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_chess_tournament" title="San Sebastián chess tournament">San Sebastián</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1911–1912)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Chess_Congress" title="Silesian Chess Congress">Silesian Chess Congress</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922–1939)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilburg_chess_tournament" title="Tilburg chess tournament">Tilburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977–1998)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triberg_chess_tournament" title="Triberg chess tournament">Triberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914–1917)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_competitions" title="Category:Chess competitions">Chess competitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_national_championships" title="Category:Chess national championships">National championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Supranational_chess_championships" title="Category:Supranational chess championships">Supranational championships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chess_pieces" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chess_piece" title="Template:Chess piece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chess_piece" title="Template talk:Chess piece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chess_piece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chess piece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chess_pieces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece" title="Chess piece">Chess pieces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthodox pieces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_(chess)" title="Rook (chess)">Rook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fairy_chess_piece" title="Fairy chess piece">Fairy pieces</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fairy_chess_pieces" title="List of fairy chess pieces">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfil" title="Alfil">Alfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(chess)" title="Amazon (chess)">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berolina_pawn" title="Berolina pawn">Berolina pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_(chess)" title="Camel (chess)">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabbaba_(chess)" title="Dabbaba (chess)">Dabbaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_(chess)" title="Empress (chess)">Empress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferz" title="Ferz">Ferz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraffe_(chess)" title="Giraffe (chess)">Giraffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper_(chess)" title="Grasshopper (chess)">Grasshopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mann_(chess)" title="Mann (chess)">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightrider_(chess)" title="Nightrider (chess)">Nightrider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_(chess)" title="Princess (chess)">Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_(chess)" title="Wazir (chess)">Wazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_(chess)" title="Zebra (chess)">Zebra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_set" title="Chess set">Chess set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippogonal" title="Hippogonal">Hippogonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece_relative_value" title="Chess piece relative value">Piece point values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staunton_chess_set" title="Staunton chess set">Staunton chess set</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chess_variants_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chess_variants" title="Template:Chess variants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chess_variants" title="Template talk:Chess variants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chess_variants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chess variants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chess_variants_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chess_variant" title="Chess variant">Chess variants</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_variants" title="List of chess variants">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthodox rules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Different starting position</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fischer_random_chess" class="mw-redirect" title="Fischer random chess">Fischer random chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_chess" title="Displacement chess">Displacement chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_chess" title="Transcendental chess">Transcendental chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Different number of pieces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunsany%27s_chess" title="Dunsany's chess">Dunsany's chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handicap_(chess)" title="Handicap (chess)">Handicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unorthodox board</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balbo%27s_game" title="Balbo's game">Balbo's game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_chess" title="Circular chess">Circular chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_chess" title="Cylinder chess">Cylinder chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_chess" title="Double chess">Double chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_chess" title="Grid chess">Grid chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_chess" title="Hexagonal chess">Hexagonal chess</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cross_chess" title="Cross chess">Cross chess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masonic_chess" title="Masonic chess">Masonic chess</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinite_chess" title="Infinite chess">Infinite chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_3D_chess" title="Millennium 3D chess">Millennium 3D chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minichess" title="Minichess">Minichess</a> (<a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_chess" title="Los Alamos chess">Los Alamos chess</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhombic_chess" title="Rhombic chess">Rhombic chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_chess" title="Spherical chess">Spherical chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_chess" title="Three-dimensional chess">Three-dimensional chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_chess" title="Triangular chess">Triangular chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unorthodox<br />rules with<br />traditional<br />pieces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard<br />8×8 board</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andernach_chess" title="Andernach chess">Andernach chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_chess" title="Atomic chess">Atomic chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_chess" title="Beirut chess">Beirut chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkless_chess" title="Checkless chess">Checkless chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chessplus" title="Chessplus">Chessplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe_chess" title="Circe chess">Circe chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazyhouse" title="Crazyhouse">Crazyhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_chess" title="Cubic chess">Cubic chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamo_chess" title="Dynamo chess">Dynamo chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_chess" title="Extinction chess">Extinction chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage_chess" title="Hostage chess">Hostage chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_relay_chess" title="Knight relay chess">Knight relay chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legan_chess" title="Legan chess">Legan chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_chess" title="Losing chess">Losing chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasi_chess" title="Madrasi chess">Madrasi chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_chess" title="Monochromatic chess">Monochromatic chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_chess" title="Patrol chess">Patrol chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlunderChess" title="PlunderChess">PlunderChess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_chess" title="Portal chess">Portal chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_chess" title="Progressive chess">Progressive chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-check_chess" title="Three-check chess">Three-check chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_variants#Way_of_the_Knight" title="List of chess variants">Way of the Knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimove variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_chess" title="Avalanche chess">Avalanche chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung-Fu_Chess" title="Kung-Fu Chess">Kung-Fu Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseillais_chess" title="Marseillais chess">Marseillais chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_chess" title="Monster chess">Monster chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_chess" title="Progressive chess">Progressive chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements of chance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_chess" title="Dark chess">Dark chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dice_chess" title="Dice chess">Dice chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knightmare_Chess" title="Knightmare Chess">Knightmare Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriegspiel_(chess)" title="Kriegspiel (chess)">Kriegspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penultima" title="Penultima">Penultima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unorthodox rules on<br />an unorthodox board</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_chess" title="Alice chess">Alice chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_(chess_variant)" title="Apocalypse (chess variant)">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_(chess_variant)" title="Chad (chess variant)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chessence" title="Chessence">Chessence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_(chess_variant)" title="Congo (chess variant)">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomat_chess" title="Diplomat chess">Diplomat chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(chess_variant)" title="Dragonfly (chess variant)">Dragonfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeson_Mor" title="Jeson Mor">Jeson Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_worlds_chess" title="Parallel worlds chess">Parallel worlds chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollerball_(chess_variant)" title="Rollerball (chess variant)">Rollerball</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/5D_Chess_with_Multiverse_Time_Travel" title="5D Chess with Multiverse Time Travel">5D Chess with Multiverse Time Travel</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unorthodox<br />rules using<br />non-traditional<br />pieces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard 8×8 board</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_chess" title="Baroque chess">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berolina_pawn#Berolina_chess" title="Berolina pawn">Berolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra_(chess_variant)" title="Chakra (chess variant)">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_with_different_armies" title="Chess with different armies">Chess with different armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duell_(game)" title="Duell (game)">Duell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon%E2%80%93hunter_chess" title="Falcon–hunter chess">Falcon–hunter chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper_chess" title="Grasshopper chess">Grasshopper chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_variants#Musketeer_chess" title="List of chess variants">Musketeer chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_mutation_chess" title="Pocket mutation chess">Pocket mutation chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheskers" title="Cheskers">Cheskers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compound pieces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almost_chess" title="Almost chess">Almost chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capablanca_chess" title="Capablanca chess">Capablanca chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capablanca_chess#Postdating_Capablanca_chess" title="Capablanca chess">Capablanca random chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_chess" title="Chancellor chess">Chancellor chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Chess#Embassy_chess" title="Grand Chess">Embassy chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Chess" title="Grand Chess">Grand Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_Chess" title="Janus Chess">Janus Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharajah_and_the_Sepoys" title="Maharajah and the Sepoys">Maharajah and the Sepoys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_chess" title="Modern chess">Modern chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capablanca_chess#Seirawan_chess" title="Capablanca chess">Seirawan chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutti-frutti_chess" title="Tutti-frutti chess">Tutti-frutti chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unorthodox<br />boards and pieces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesquerque" title="Chesquerque">Chesquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_on_a_really_big_board" title="Chess on a really big board">Chess on a really big board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courier_chess#Modern_rules" title="Courier chess">Courier-Spiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonchess" title="Dragonchess">Dragonchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gess" title="Gess">Gess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Chess" title="Omega Chess">Omega Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratomic" title="Stratomic">Stratomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_chess_(game)" title="Triangular chess (game)">Dekle's triangular chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_A.D._(chess_variant)" title="2000 A.D. (chess variant)">2000 A.D.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest_chess" title="Wildebeest chess">Wildebeest chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_chess" title="Wolf chess">Wolf chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_variants#Variants_for_more_than_two_people" title="List of chess variants">Multiplayer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosworth_(game)" title="Bosworth (game)">Bosworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bughouse_chess" title="Bughouse chess">Bughouse chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_chess" title="Business chess">Business chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djambi" title="Djambi">Djambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_(chess_variant)" title="Duchess (chess variant)">Duchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian_chess" title="Enochian chess">Enochian chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forchess" title="Forchess">Forchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_chess" title="Fortress chess">Fortress chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Fronts" title="Four Fronts">Four Fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-player_chess" title="Four-player chess">Four-player chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak-yek#Gala" title="Mak-yek">Gala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_and_brain" title="Hand and brain">Hand and brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatrochess" title="Quatrochess">Quatrochess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-man_chess" title="Three-man chess">Three-man chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-player_chess" title="Three-player chess">Three-player chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-chess" title="Tri-chess">Tri-chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inspired games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arimaa" title="Arimaa">Arimaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetan" title="Jetan">Jetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_chess" title="Martian chess">Martian chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navia_Dratp" title="Navia Dratp">Navia Dratp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Duke_(board_game)" title="The Duke (board game)">The Duke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chess-related<br />games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadarangam" title="Chadarangam">Chadarangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaturaji" title="Chaturaji">Chaturaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaturanga" title="Chaturanga">Chaturanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courier_chess" title="Courier chess">Courier chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Acedrex" title="Grant Acedrex">Grant Acedrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatranj" title="Shatranj">Shatranj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_assize" title="Short assize">Short assize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamerlane_chess" title="Tamerlane chess">Tamerlane chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janggi" title="Janggi">Janggi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Janggi_variants" title="List of Janggi variants">variants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makruk" title="Makruk">Makruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senterej" title="Senterej">Senterej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatar" title="Shatar">Shatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogi" title="Shogi">Shogi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu_shogi" title="Chu shogi">Chu shogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_shogi" title="Dai shogi">Dai shogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogi_variant" title="Shogi variant">Other variants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittuyin" title="Sittuyin">Sittuyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangqi" title="Xiangqi">Xiangqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_(board_game)" title="Jungle (board game)">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banqi" title="Banqi">Banqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_chess" title="Manchu chess">Manchu chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Game of the Three Kingdoms">Game of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_the_Three_Friends" title="Game of the Three Friends">Game of the Three Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_of_the_Seven_Kingdoms" title="Game of the Seven Kingdoms">Game of the Seven Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangqi_variant" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangqi variant">Other variants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChessV" title="ChessV">ChessV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy-Max" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy-Max">Fairy-Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XBoard" title="XBoard">XBoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zillions_of_Games" title="Zillions of Games">Zillions of Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">Correspondence chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_chess" title="Fairy chess">Fairy chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_chess_piece" title="Fairy chess piece">Fairy chess piece</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fairy_Chess_Review" title="Fairy Chess Review">Fairy Chess Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chess_Variant_Pages" title="The Chess Variant Pages">The Chess Variant Pages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Chess</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chess" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Chess">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chess" class="extiw" title="c:Chess">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Chess" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Chess">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="s:Special:Search/Chess">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chess" class="extiw" title="b:Chess">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chess" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Chess">Resources</a></b> from Wikiversity</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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