CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "pubs.aip.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '92ddf4b569cffd89',cH: 'GUu7RAjeKNn7Ez6TOIKymsxVsQ.zMnmba_9VtlySXuY-1744243141-1.2.1.1-iZWao5Bfl5hRJDyy_LnIs1XFERuYDxQpuyNkywTzm4S08A3kw11xXkcDDChiyiSV',cUPMDTk: "\/aip\/sci?__cf_chl_tk=uqA_GA9AtLQ4mz7uxX7UK0_J4BznfHKRX4qZSnK7gAM-1744243141-1.0.1.1-iMSMh3xID8vBNNeFKsWDEYkaOHM8VSNEDq4fYPdwnNs",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1744243141',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported_browser_beacon",fa: "\/aip\/sci?__cf_chl_f_tk=uqA_GA9AtLQ4mz7uxX7UK0_J4BznfHKRX4qZSnK7gAM-1744243141-1.0.1.1-iMSMh3xID8vBNNeFKsWDEYkaOHM8VSNEDq4fYPdwnNs",md: "hfq7MqKehtN.4lkedLaacOHU91KfD3AoPgK8FN9U5es-1744243141-1.2.1.1-U9PQfZrjf1y7jQcQKsYvseZJTgXe0a91LqaAzY0Whv8_Z2o.yijIdk48VQTr1Z8Sj2jdV3KB61jDaqtx8CvLSJWvr0Z54VjvZ4Dk1SA6NCYOo5bhSuTgeC68XtVm5zzpb_fxoco61_vUfnS3rxrIUVhPFRXut6xtyOmIoHc5FGr331xz7xa0KyfM6HICAKzSfcSiPe48_xfMFS3v2s9voZ9P8LLUMcQWaiUlBPNC5yDDd.MO09Dl56hVbgDHh6pdFcw03drisTPfaoW8KuI6L2XyPNnxQ76NswAQ9XlTafjxTYLsnUVWSbhD3q.Zqwfv8ElalUvEUUMqrgQya_mri08Y37o9L6LVrxr.A.UJtFKMCPa4lmID6w4zAFriPYTS4Vf25S5oQ_S.IjoLIDm6nBWroLxbTV.ZMBX3NAIz6z0Vcn2XeoGgwNvCvyWV9PM24eQeeYDHjmJK9byHlurIVWKYO0206RTIsBiZMLlk2e7NjaSHgAkFIGtNOoCpSrt9M8kNKc6UjbOMnpyg4MIQDtuEAq49QT5hw4Vz.J17nvimD1uqqlXBzQh9LiXw6uSlvwACwrmU1k5ntQHWV6SV4WeJqwONt6nYAxy4rXDqatI9fv51KWNUWjxXdHjRm.qX8rNyYpKMXyzFgY63kHm6qext1LfdwUQ_Om48pagxeL_avjBV2qsTsWP.QTD1eNlAFU6X4OkDDoNRn4QfjgNQtK5t9._wJ3kAaVJXODmL9VBziNo0dzgjvRIc_99eRfckbDqHAVtId6mhJ5qv2yGQen0ue5HA0loeb8pQvpEwMqj9ocu87FOFS_PlFqvwY772OAWX0ovBNn.EjOoqBA3I32h9BV4IzAK_qiDf7Vya09erw0vpQDdiVugPDc6Br9R4pVeNkeaQK5Ncv5UE1HnSnEjQFl1IGLUHAIuOCFfP2EzdIfgHI.FT8nIOZUPoTP3u0u6FYcMFLU8nKRuxzcdcp6IrlX7Qu1N9S4imbQmyGEPyPgKRJCHP0CUxmzp4isMdEiGkZtD8pHGb3kBbUk5VwkZuiBi0a.CbzDRrDf5IDB4aKeB3XQXn.TsOeeuzkaroSzyyqo9aU8Oyba4lfvNzHQm.22X0iRvFDQvzfnjlGbVp5Euv85XHIamiYHdj7rDGri7RH.mJVaW3jLBEGuhDGnRJ2hn1JYKFPNoHTKAlVxq9B9bf71W5DoN98thdOREk_C5XDIypeKfJG0KT5QeVWg",mdrd: "u0BB0HWxg9BVXx9_TUgMNGqwiLqGLm_FuoDGRLMTWKQ-1744243141-1.2.1.1-RW8CNT7MHA6R8W6rweDipH0RaTAZNAq4GPVY4nOFspqAMWlmwiB1nmQasXPH8UAhXL_MqwcjjAiNxfhn1jUsuJcNOMXmTdaOwOPTTF99nGnLm09LowTeBGfQRLpFE1lBbGr_e4Mr9z9yS_l0YGU.wInZVK7caARyF2TXvrT5yhYBXOJJNMVTSyoyDhXljUwdUm1ZjVIV4Mvo2MpKBJgt0GqPACO5qQMaBZdk3bjBtz9cfMYphwLT8Q3sJpEN.1smw9_4XQOmX4zppImauJfbzrXxFAnhP1F8OBRlP0v_IDP6.V5y1MEbRoN_gqQyVxfg0sL7w6FpGIaXazJJ.EOnPyycnKqpkqMf.wEA7TuXfG_zBjl2ccUYkQd9zxli8syLmRVSJjMen_yVA6xyHx4FcHoYbQuatmsMVV2fERWY4pet3kz0dOLZkAlzunYQEBypIKJprNTAblYtLzdlNwjHgHnYdT4_9pZh7oqPlJ5W_BZTLvbPE0.1Oc_UasQfoRm5TSKRbNIeFITDYFxfw_OXGq0eBX3mvDapXoLhpeCzJFBT9QbQNWOa99.chHgzzOCX1KJspjdDr3z8ZT_O9gZdYRsRDU_Le3HCo__HmoDT.XfeYmQ5e0NDGqFryHc_ZZnrAo7SLLNzS7NyVcqsYp2esL2pnm2P34KdNi33SJE6EU73A3eb8YXpuzc9oTqMQV81UZiMnP_fLsebFe0SRSzsMISbMR7N9LJh4QJXjySDkUbOfyus4PMS9ePaqfgvHm.D08HcUc7x1ERmvPZoPWfKFReQYJkZMdgoD4ok_fwq90n1UGzvpUTBrj9Yyugm.Cc8oAZIQJ32MkeeC4uZhj_FDeoJKsj2K0T4SplvSsXkEzuNoTo9Lez.4fpahQvPI.zjhfjGtA0SWc1Samx1M_c.oWGhXYM71NaDReIip9h4H8rJzir8bgAt3RWjmW0bPaQRHUVAVCUjstk.zwFlVKk_6ZH7HUvXwV5oN24ix4gl34GRm4mQBj3WbPNLmwTInC2g9_7Iyw_WKnDIFb.tq902Fo03IxZfxozIQ2q2gItMe2TpeI8R3myZHj4wZOs4OqtwqMv.AxsSTCTGz8RM_ssMaaT.tzpuVxhxuSz7bPIUXFkY5_F2tEHpiOjZ3rXEnm44JGUonVMOJ0xJ97k_3c._o7qf2pmONaWzCinN3kN7fuiXfgZ03euLp6adU9muyTUoOR0_ZHiWaNFn4J6r_9VVPAxb7YMwIkY.BUCzjfVFEbCox1RNP39AKpjCDUX.PxG4ByIgPjdHit.RSpNzpioN_aJD36cerp5q8HKxdyhdo7_yk0qXA1lHJwwjdAG912rGW.z8ea2_YHx9zkLpGsDKXq4QfWtet7aNFbBqHfkz74nfSYSj6ndcFr39OEOeuxgrvu1joy3WAsFDICHwrNofQm4qSnb0ZXCnrUvEk.BHVsnsyHKs1EgoAx0eLRePorCaJoAla92WCS_tE6Jl9_mFYGchX8BoC4GBNUEK0YYjzd6OmqtGEaPSdwFQ4anJyXeczfLEHaFBKtg2kYcaXLWJCAVsSZVhvREU4RmDVZtnQz7aGb5WtPnbZQw9dFF2ZBdm3kBzIasd_vrFxkfbCuh8p6zcztBuzcOSNWxb9Q6mYsnzIgaMERK6hmYn8Tq7REkIoNqCdQCEhzWBhLxZDNWeGbHbzczzoE_BxOg4AV6_JOMgYghw_6fWSFeZMJl9GOXu_ryii8fnsjxZ3AZxoQ032LaWvyNW.xsvZc9lsa3JFxZjVhoJ3T1OAbSfQivqpn6Ki9P_wo7G_IzvIhZkkNUA5DdZSevzOYzCkqYkE.9.R8IaJ2ETBuDMs7CeuSINhIXCnxdoK2vATpbs3tirlBmQgw7lL3rjEaKmquZCOf5k603XAhS6KvvLio9yCF.IsOjYKwQUiPacytUr.sjv4R5CpAcbddyeSXAxdAAK9hswb.NxjNwnYZLuZq1ZDocHDBnys7hi55T_KKHBwThYV78nLzFzeUJkPOHaQ4yK6JA7ozwcPgvIBeOsGu9oAxjy7bYi32nMJWtCjA9HvogiWbNQCQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=92ddf4b569cffd89';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/aip\/sci?__cf_chl_rt_tk=uqA_GA9AtLQ4mz7uxX7UK0_J4BznfHKRX4qZSnK7gAM-1744243141-1.0.1.1-iMSMh3xID8vBNNeFKsWDEYkaOHM8VSNEDq4fYPdwnNs" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>