CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang=""> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 2.0.23"> <title>Testing in Java & JVM projects</title> <style> /* * Copyright 2018 the original author or authors. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ /* Custom Admonition Blocks */ body { --gradle-blue: #209BC4; --gradle-bg-dark: #010002; --gradle-bg-gray: #F8F8F8; --gradle-bg-white: #FFFFFF; --gradle-blue: #209BC4; --gradle-blue-lite: #4DC9C0; --gradle-blue-dark: #1b3262; --gradle-blue-darker: #19274f; --button-gradient-angle: 160deg; --caution-color: #e40046; --caution-on-color: #fff; --important-color: #802392; --important-on-color: #fff; --note-color: #2d7dd2; --note-on-color: #fff; --tip-color: #43b929; --tip-on-color: #fff; --warning-color: #f70; --warning-on-color: #fff; --admonition-background: #fafafa; --doc-icon-filter: invert(14.5%); --rem-base: 18; --black-color: #000; --white-color: #fff; --text-color: #02303A; --title-color: #02303A; --header-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); --footer-color: #fff; --footer-other-text-color: #02303; --footer-form-color: #1BA8CB; --code-color: #f7f7f8; --code-text-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); --code-link-color: #021274; --num-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); --nav-color: #f8f8f7; --table-color: #f7f8f7; --box-shadow-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .15); --top-header-color: #fff; --footer-white-color: #fff; --footer-text-color: #fff; --quoteblock-color: #7a2518; --menu-burger-color: #fff; --various-border-color: #e7e7e9; } body.dark-theme { --admonition-background: #2a2929; --black-color: #fff; --white-color: #121212; --text-color: #aaa; --title-color: #fff; --header-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85); --footer-color: #121212; --footer-other-text-color: #ddd; --code-color: #1f1f1f; --code-text-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); --code-link-color: #1fafcc; --num-color: #fff; --nav-color: #121212; --table-color: #121212; --box-shadow-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15); --top-header-color: #242526; --footer-white-color: #242526; --footer-text-color: #aaa; --footer-form-color: #1BA8CB; --quoteblock-color: #1DA2BD; --menu-burger-color: #242526; --various-border-color: #242526; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { /* defaults to dark theme */ body { --admonition-background: #2a2929; --black-color: #fff; --white-color: #121212; --text-color: #aaa; --title-color: #fff; --header-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85); --footer-color: #121212; --footer-other-text-color: #ddd; --code-color: #1f1f1f; --code-text-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); --code-link-color: #1fafcc; --num-color: #fff; --nav-color: #121212; --table-color: #121212; --box-shadow-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15); --top-header-color: #242526; --footer-white-color: #242526; --footer-text-color: #aaa; --footer-form-color: #1BA8CB; --quoteblock-color: #1DA2BD; --menu-burger-color: #242526; --various-border-color: #242526; } body.light-theme { --gradle-blue: #209BC4; --gradle-bg-dark: #010002; --gradle-bg-gray: #F8F8F8; --gradle-bg-white: #FFFFFF; --gradle-blue: #209BC4; --gradle-blue-lite: #4DC9C0; --gradle-blue-dark: #1b3262; --gradle-blue-darker: #19274f; --button-gradient-angle: 160deg; --caution-color: #e40046; --caution-on-color: #fff; --important-color: #802392; --important-on-color: #fff; --note-color: #2d7dd2; --note-on-color: #fff; --tip-color: #43b929; --tip-on-color: #fff; --warning-color: #f70; --warning-on-color: #fff; --admonition-background: #fafafa; --doc-icon-filter: invert(14.5%); --rem-base: 18; --black-color: #000; --white-color: #fff; --text-color: #02303A; --title-color: #02303A; --header-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); --footer-color: #fff; --footer-other-text-color: #02303; --code-color: #f7f7f8; --code-text-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); --code-link-color: #021274; --num-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); --nav-color: #f8f8f7; --table-color: #f7f8f7; --box-shadow-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .15); --top-header-color: #fff; --footer-white-color: #fff; --footer-text-color: #fff; --footer-form-color: #1BA8CB; --quoteblock-color: #7a2518; --menu-burger-color: #fff; --various-border-color: #e7e7e9; } } .cls-1 { fill: #02303a; } body.dark-theme { .cls-1 { fill: #fff; } } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .cls-1 { fill: #fff; } body.light-theme { .cls-1 { fill: #02303a; } } } /* Lato (normal, regular) */ @font-face { font-family: Lato; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; src: url("https://assets.gradle.com/lato/fonts/lato-normal/lato-normal.woff2") format("woff2"), url("https://assets.gradle.com/lato/fonts/lato-normal/lato-normal.woff") format("woff"); } /* Lato (normal, italic) */ @font-face { font-display: swap; font-family: Lato; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; src: url("https://assets.gradle.com/lato/fonts/lato-normal-italic/lato-normal-italic.woff2") format("woff2"), url("https://assets.gradle.com/lato/fonts/lato-normal-italic/lato-normal-italic.woff") format("woff"); } /* Lato (bold, regular) */ @font-face { font-display: swap; font-family: Lato; font-weight: 500; font-style: normal; src: url("https://assets.gradle.com/lato/fonts/lato-semibold/lato-semibold.woff2") format("woff2"), url("https://assets.gradle.com/lato/fonts/lato-semibold/lato-semibold.woff") format("woff"); } /* Lato (bold, regular) */ @font-face { font-display: swap; font-family: Lato; font-weight: 800; font-style: normal; src: url("https://assets.gradle.com/lato/fonts/lato-heavy/lato-heavy.woff2") format("woff2"), url("https://assets.gradle.com/lato/fonts/lato-heavy/lato-heavy.woff") format("woff"); } /* BEGIN asciidoc.css */ /*! normalize.css v2.1.2 | MIT License | git.io/normalize */ /* ========================================================================== HTML5 display definitions ========================================================================== */ /** Correct `block` display not defined in IE 8/9. */ article, aside, details, figcaption, figure, footer, header, hgroup, main, nav, section, summary { display: block; } /** Correct `inline-block` display not defined in IE 8/9. */ audio, canvas, video { display: inline-block; } /** Prevent modern browsers from displaying `audio` without controls. Remove excess height in iOS 5 devices. */ audio:not([controls]) { display: none; height: 0; } /** Address `[hidden]` styling not present in IE 8/9. Hide the `template` element in IE, Safari, and Firefox < 22. */ [hidden], template { display: none; } script { display: none !important; } /* ========================================================================== Base ========================================================================== */ /** 1. Set default font family to sans-serif. 2. Prevent iOS text size adjust after orientation change, without disabling user zoom. */ html { font-family: sans-serif; /* 1 */ -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */ -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */ } /** Remove default margin. */ body { margin: 0; } /* ========================================================================== Links ========================================================================== */ /** Remove the gray background color from active links in IE 10. */ a { background: transparent; } /** Address `outline` inconsistency between Chrome and other browsers. */ a:focus { outline: thin dotted; } /** Improve readability when focused and also mouse hovered in all browsers. */ a:active, a:hover { outline: 0; } /* ========================================================================== Typography ========================================================================== */ /** Address variable `h1` font-size and margin within `section` and `article` contexts in Firefox 4+, Safari 5, and Chrome. */ h1 { font-size: 2em; margin: 0.67em 0; } /** Address styling not present in IE 8/9, Safari 5, and Chrome. */ abbr[title] { border-bottom: 1px dotted; } /** Address style set to `bolder` in Firefox 4+, Safari 5, and Chrome. */ b, strong { font-weight: bold; } /** Address styling not present in Safari 5 and Chrome. */ dfn { font-style: italic; } /** Address differences between Firefox and other browsers. */ hr { -moz-box-sizing: content-box; box-sizing: content-box; height: 0; } /** Address styling not present in IE 8/9. */ mark { background: #ff0; color: var(--black-color); } /** Correct font family set oddly in Safari 5 and Chrome. */ code, kbd, pre, samp { font-family: monospace, serif; font-size: 1em; } /** Improve readability of pre-formatted text in all browsers. */ pre { white-space: pre-wrap; } /** Set consistent quote types. */ q { quotes: "\201C""\201D""\2018""\2019"; } /** Address inconsistent and variable font size in all browsers. */ small { font-size: 80%; } /** Prevent `sub` and `sup` affecting `line-height` in all browsers. */ sub, sup { font-size: 75%; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; } sup { top: -0.5em; } sub { bottom: -0.25em; } /* ========================================================================== Embedded content ========================================================================== */ /** Remove border when inside `a` element in IE 8/9. */ img { border: 0; } /** Correct overflow displayed oddly in IE 9. */ svg:not(:root) { overflow: hidden; } /* ========================================================================== Figures ========================================================================== */ /** Address margin not present in IE 8/9 and Safari 5. */ figure { margin: 0; } /* ========================================================================== Forms ========================================================================== */ /** Define consistent border, margin, and padding. */ fieldset { border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; margin: 0 2px; padding: 0.35em 0.625em 0.75em; } /** 1. Correct `color` not being inherited in IE 8/9. 2. Remove padding so people aren't caught out if they zero out fieldsets. */ legend { border: 0; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 2 */ } /** 1. Correct font family not being inherited in all browsers. 2. Correct font size not being inherited in all browsers. 3. Address margins set differently in Firefox 4+, Safari 5, and Chrome. */ button, input, select, textarea { font-family: inherit; /* 1 */ font-size: 100%; /* 2 */ margin: 0; /* 3 */ } /** Address Firefox 4+ setting `line-height` on `input` using `!important` in the UA stylesheet. */ button, input { line-height: normal; } /** Address inconsistent `text-transform` inheritance for `button` and `select`. All other form control elements do not inherit `text-transform` values. Correct `button` style inheritance in Chrome, Safari 5+, and IE 8+. Correct `select` style inheritance in Firefox 4+ and Opera. */ button, select { text-transform: none; } /** 1. Avoid the WebKit bug in Android 4.0.* where (2) destroys native `audio` and `video` controls. 2. Correct inability to style clickable `input` types in iOS. 3. Improve usability and consistency of cursor style between image-type `input` and others. */ button, html input[type="button"], input[type="reset"], input[type="submit"] { -webkit-appearance: button; /* 2 */ cursor: pointer; /* 3 */ } /** Re-set default cursor for disabled elements. */ button[disabled], html input[disabled] { cursor: default; } /** 1. Address box sizing set to `content-box` in IE 8/9. 2. Remove excess padding in IE 8/9. */ input[type="checkbox"], input[type="radio"] { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 2 */ } /** 1. Address `appearance` set to `searchfield` in Safari 5 and Chrome. 2. Address `box-sizing` set to `border-box` in Safari 5 and Chrome (include `-moz` to future-proof). */ input[type="search"] { -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */ -moz-box-sizing: content-box; -webkit-box-sizing: content-box; /* 2 */ box-sizing: content-box; } /** Remove inner padding and search cancel button in Safari 5 and Chrome on OS X. */ input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button, input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration { -webkit-appearance: none; } /** Remove inner padding and border in Firefox 4+. */ button::-moz-focus-inner, input::-moz-focus-inner { border: 0; padding: 0; } /** 1. Remove default vertical scrollbar in IE 8/9. 2. Improve readability and alignment in all browsers. */ textarea { overflow: auto; /* 1 */ vertical-align: top; /* 2 */ } /* ========================================================================== Tables ========================================================================== */ /** Remove most spacing between table cells. */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } meta.foundation-mq-small { font-family: "only screen and (min-width: 768px)"; width: 768px; } meta.foundation-mq-medium { font-family: "only screen and (min-width:1280px)"; width: 1280px; } meta.foundation-mq-large { font-family: "only screen and (min-width:1440px)"; width: 1440px; } *, *:before, *:after { -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } html, body { font-size: 100%; } body { background: var(--white-color); color: var(--num-color); padding: 0; margin: 0; font-family: "Noto Serif", "DejaVu Serif", serif; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1; position: relative; cursor: auto; } a:hover { cursor: pointer; } img, object, embed { max-width: 100%; height: auto; } object, embed { height: 100%; } img { -ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; } #map_canvas img, #map_canvas embed, #map_canvas object, .map_canvas img, .map_canvas embed, .map_canvas object { max-width: none !important; } .left { float: left !important; } .right { float: right !important; } .text-left { text-align: left !important; } .text-right { text-align: right !important; } .text-center { text-align: center !important; } .text-justify { text-align: justify !important; } .hide { display: none; } .antialiased { -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; } img { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; } textarea { height: auto; min-height: 50px; } select { width: 100%; } object, svg { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; } .center { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } .spread { width: 100%; } p.lead, .paragraph.lead>p, #preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p { font-size: 1.21875em; line-height: 1.6; } .subheader, .admonitionblock td.content>.title, .audioblock>.title, .exampleblock>.title, .imageblock>.title, .listingblock>.title, .literalblock>.title, .stemblock>.title, .openblock>.title, .paragraph>.title, .quoteblock>.title, table.tableblock>.title, .verseblock>.title, .videoblock>.title, .dlist>.title, .olist>.title, .ulist>.title, .qlist>.title, .hdlist>.title { line-height: 1.45; color: #7a2518; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } /* Typography resets */ div, dl, dt, dd, ul, ol, li, h1, h2, h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock>.content>.title, h4, h5, h6, pre, form, p, blockquote, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; direction: ltr; } /* Default Link Styles */ a { color: #2156a5; text-decoration: underline; line-height: inherit; } a:hover, a:focus { color: #1d4b8f; } a img { border: none; } /* Default paragraph styles */ p { font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25em; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; } p aside { font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.35; font-style: italic; } /* Default header styles */ h1, h2, h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock>.content>.title, h4, h5, h6 { font-family: "Open Sans", "DejaVu Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 300; font-style: normal; color: #ba3925; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.0125em; } h1 small, h2 small, h3 small, #toctitle small, .sidebarblock>.content>.title small, h4 small, h5 small, h6 small { font-size: 60%; color: #e99b8f; line-height: 0; } h1 { font-size: 2.125em; } h2 { font-size: 1.6875em; } h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock>.content>.title { font-size: 1.375em; } h4 { font-size: 1.125em; } h5 { font-size: 1.125em; } h6 { font-size: 1em; } hr { border: solid #ddddd8; border-width: 1px 0 0; clear: both; margin: 1.25em 0 1.1875em; height: 0; } /* Helpful Typography Defaults */ em, i { font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; } strong, b { font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; } small { font-size: 60%; line-height: inherit; } code { font-family: "Droid Sans Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", monospace; font-weight: normal; color: var(--code-text-color); } a code { color: var(--code-link-color); } /* Lists */ ul, ol, dl { font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25em; list-style-position: outside; font-family: inherit; } ul, ol { margin-left: 1.5em; } ul.no-bullet, ol.no-bullet { margin-left: 1.5em; } /* Unordered Lists */ ul li ul, ul li ol { margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0; font-size: 1em; /* Override nested font-size change */ } ul.square li ul, ul.circle li ul, ul.disc li ul { list-style: inherit; } ul.square { list-style-type: square; } ul.circle { list-style-type: circle; } ul.disc { list-style-type: disc; } ul.no-bullet { list-style: none; } /* Ordered Lists */ ol li ul, ol li ol { margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0; } /* Definition Lists */ dl dt { margin-bottom: 0.3125em; font-weight: bold; } dl dd { margin-bottom: 1.25em; } /* Abbreviations */ abbr, acronym { text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 90%; color: var(--num-color); border-bottom: 1px dotted #dddddd; cursor: help; } abbr { text-transform: none; } /* Blockquotes */ blockquote { margin: 0 0 1.25em; padding: 0.5625em 1.25em 0 1.1875em; border-left: 1px solid #dddddd; } blockquote cite { display: block; font-size: 0.9375em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } blockquote cite:before { content: "\2014 \0020"; } blockquote cite a, blockquote cite a:visited { color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } blockquote, blockquote p { line-height: 1.6; color: var(--header-color); } /* Microformats */ .vcard { display: inline-block; margin: 0 0 1.25em 0; border: 1px solid #dddddd; padding: 0.625em 0.75em; } .vcard li { margin: 0; display: block; } .vcard .fn { font-weight: bold; font-size: 0.9375em; } .vevent .summary { font-weight: bold; } .vevent abbr { cursor: auto; text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 0 0.0625em; } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { h1, h2, h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock>.content>.title, h4, h5, h6 { line-height: 1.2; } h1 { font-size: 2.75em; } h2 { font-size: 2.3125em; } h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock>.content>.title { font-size: 1.6875em; } h4 { font-size: 1.4375em; } } /* Tables */ table { background: var(--white-color); margin-bottom: 1.25em; border: solid 1px #dedede; } table thead, table tfoot { background: var(--table-color); font-weight: bold; } table thead tr th, table thead tr td, table tfoot tr th, table tfoot tr td { padding: 0.5em 0.625em 0.625em; font-size: inherit; color: var(--num-color); text-align: left; } table tr th, table tr td { padding: 0.5625em 0.625em; font-size: inherit; color: var(--num-color); } table tr.even, table tr.alt, table tr:nth-of-type(even) { background: var(--nav-color); } table thead tr th, table tfoot tr th, table tbody tr td, table tr td, table tfoot tr td { display: table-cell; line-height: 1.6; } body { tab-size: 4; } h1, h2, h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock>.content>.title, h4, h5, h6 { line-height: 1.2; word-spacing: -0.05em; } h1 strong, h2 strong, h3 strong, #toctitle strong, .sidebarblock>.content>.title strong, h4 strong, h5 strong, h6 strong { font-weight: 400; } .clearfix:before, .clearfix:after, .float-group:before, .float-group:after { content: " "; display: table; } .clearfix:after, .float-group:after { clear: both; } *:not(pre)>code { font-size: 0.9375em; font-style: normal !important; letter-spacing: 0; padding: 0.1em 0.5ex; word-spacing: -0.15em; background-color: var(--code-color); -webkit-border-radius: 4px; border-radius: 4px; line-height: 1.45; text-rendering: optimizeSpeed; word-wrap: break-word; } *:not(pre)>code.nobreak { word-wrap: normal; } *:not(pre)>code.nowrap { white-space: nowrap; } pre, pre>code { line-height: 1.45; color: var(--code-text-color); font-family: "Droid Sans Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Monospace", monospace; font-weight: normal; text-rendering: optimizeSpeed; } em em { font-style: normal; } strong strong { font-weight: normal; } .keyseq { color: rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.8); } kbd { font-family: "Droid Sans Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", monospace; display: inline-block; color: var(--num-color); font-size: 0.65em; line-height: 1.45; background-color: #f7f7f7; border: 1px solid #ccc; -webkit-border-radius: 3px; border-radius: 3px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 0 0 0.1em white inset; box-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 0 0 0.1em white inset; margin: 0 0.15em; padding: 0.2em 0.5em; vertical-align: middle; position: relative; top: -0.1em; white-space: nowrap; } .keyseq kbd:first-child { margin-left: 0; } .keyseq kbd:last-child { margin-right: 0; } .menuseq, .menu { color: var(--num-color); } b.button:before, b.button:after { position: relative; top: -1px; font-weight: normal; } b.button:before { content: "["; padding: 0 3px 0 2px; } b.button:after { content: "]"; padding: 0 2px 0 3px; } p a>code:hover { color: var(--code-text-color); } #header, #content, #footnotes, #footer { width: 100%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; max-width: 62.5em; *zoom: 1; position: relative; padding-left: 0.9375em; padding-right: 0.9375em; } #header:before, #header:after, #content:before, #content:after, #footnotes:before, #footnotes:after, #footer:before, #footer:after { content: " "; display: table; } #header:after, #content:after, #footnotes:after, #footer:after { clear: both; } #content { margin-top: 1.25em; } #content:before { content: none; } #header>h1:first-child { color: var(--header-color); margin-top: 2.25rem; margin-bottom: 0; } #header>h1:first-child+#toc { margin-top: 8px; border-top: 1px solid #ddddd8; } #header>h1:only-child, body.toc2 #header>h1:nth-last-child(2) { border-bottom: 1px solid #ddddd8; padding-bottom: 8px; } #header .details { border-bottom: 1px solid #ddddd8; line-height: 1.45; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.25em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); display: -ms-flexbox; display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; -webkit-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; } #header .details span:first-child { margin-left: -0.125em; } #header .details span.email a { color: var(--header-color); } #header .details br { display: none; } #header .details br+span:before { content: "\00a0\2013\00a0"; } #header .details br+span.author:before { content: "\00a0\22c5\00a0"; color: var(--header-color); } #header .details br+span#revremark:before { content: "\00a0|\00a0"; } #header #revnumber { text-transform: capitalize; } #header #revnumber:after { content: "\00a0"; } #content>h1:first-child:not([class]) { color: var(--header-color); border-bottom: 1px solid #ddddd8; padding-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0; padding-top: 1rem; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; } #toc { border-bottom: 1px solid #efefed; padding-bottom: 0.5em; } #toc>ul { margin-left: 0.125em; } #toc ul.sectlevel0>li>a { font-style: italic; } #toc ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1 { margin: 0.5em 0; } #toc ul { font-family: "Open Sans", "DejaVu Sans", sans-serif; list-style-type: none; } #toc li { line-height: 1.3334; margin-top: 0.3334em; } #toc a { text-decoration: none; } #toc a:active { text-decoration: underline; } #toctitle { color: #7a2518; font-size: 1.2em; } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { #toctitle { font-size: 1.375em; } body.toc2 { padding-left: 15em; padding-right: 0; } #toc.toc2 { margin-top: 0 !important; background-color: var(--nav-color); position: fixed; width: 15em; left: 0; top: 0; border-right: 1px solid #efefed; border-top-width: 0 !important; border-bottom-width: 0 !important; z-index: 1000; padding: 1.25em 1em; height: 100%; overflow: auto; } #toc.toc2 #toctitle { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.8rem; font-size: 1.2em; } #toc.toc2>ul { font-size: 0.9em; margin-bottom: 0; } #toc.toc2 ul ul { margin-left: 0; padding-left: 1em; } #toc.toc2 ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1 { padding-left: 0; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } body.toc2.toc-right { padding-left: 0; padding-right: 15em; } body.toc2.toc-right #toc.toc2 { border-right-width: 0; border-left: 1px solid #efefed; left: auto; right: 0; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1280px) { body.toc2 { padding-left: 20em; padding-right: 0; } #toc.toc2 { width: 20em; } #toc.toc2 #toctitle { font-size: 1.375em; } #toc.toc2>ul { font-size: 0.95em; } #toc.toc2 ul ul { padding-left: 1.25em; } body.toc2.toc-right { padding-left: 0; padding-right: 20em; } } #content #toc { border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-color: #e0e0dc; margin-bottom: 1.25em; padding: 1.25em; background: var(--nav-color); -webkit-border-radius: 4px; border-radius: 4px; } #content #toc> :first-child { margin-top: 0; } #content #toc> :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } #footer { max-width: 100%; background-color: var(--num-color); padding: 1.25em; } #footer-text { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8); line-height: 1.44; } .sect1 { padding-bottom: 0.625em; } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .sect1 { padding-bottom: 1.25em; } } .sect1+.sect1 { border-top: 1px solid #efefed; } #content h1>a.anchor, h2>a.anchor, h3>a.anchor, #toctitle>a.anchor, .sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor, h4>a.anchor, h5>a.anchor, h6>a.anchor { position: absolute; z-index: 1001; width: 1.5ex; margin-left: -1.5ex; display: block; text-decoration: none !important; visibility: hidden; text-align: center; font-weight: normal; } #content h1>a.anchor:before, h2>a.anchor:before, h3>a.anchor:before, #toctitle>a.anchor:before, .sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:before, h4>a.anchor:before, h5>a.anchor:before, h6>a.anchor:before { content: "\00A7"; font-size: 0.85em; display: block; padding-top: 0.1em; } #content h1:hover>a.anchor, #content h1>a.anchor:hover, h2:hover>a.anchor, h2>a.anchor:hover, h3:hover>a.anchor, #toctitle:hover>a.anchor, .sidebarblock>.content>.title:hover>a.anchor, h3>a.anchor:hover, #toctitle>a.anchor:hover, .sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:hover, h4:hover>a.anchor, h4>a.anchor:hover, h5:hover>a.anchor, h5>a.anchor:hover, h6:hover>a.anchor, h6>a.anchor:hover { visibility: visible; } #content h1>a.link, h2>a.link, h3>a.link, #toctitle>a.link, .sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link, h4>a.link, h5>a.link, h6>a.link { color: #ba3925; text-decoration: none; } #content h1>a.link:hover, h2>a.link:hover, h3>a.link:hover, #toctitle>a.link:hover, .sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link:hover, h4>a.link:hover, h5>a.link:hover, h6>a.link:hover { color: #a53221; } .audioblock, .imageblock, .literalblock, .listingblock, .stemblock, .videoblock { margin-bottom: 1.25em; } .admonitionblock td.content>.title, .audioblock>.title, .exampleblock>.title, .imageblock>.title, .listingblock>.title, .literalblock>.title, .stemblock>.title, .openblock>.title, .paragraph>.title, .quoteblock>.title, table.tableblock>.title, .verseblock>.title, .videoblock>.title, .dlist>.title, .olist>.title, .ulist>.title, .qlist>.title, .hdlist>.title { text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-align: left; font-family: "Noto Serif", "DejaVu Serif", serif; font-size: 1rem; font-style: italic; } table.tableblock>caption.title { white-space: nowrap; overflow: visible; max-width: 0; } .paragraph.lead>p, #preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p { color: var(--header-color); } table.tableblock #preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p { font-size: inherit; } /* Custom SVG logos coloring */ path { fill: #02303A; } body.dark-theme { path { fill: white; } } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { path { fill: white; } body.light-theme { path { fill: #02303A; } } } /* Custom scroll bar */ /* Works on Firefox */ .docs-navigation { scrollbar-width: auto; scrollbar-color: #686868 #e7e7e9; } /* Works on Chrome, Edge, and Safari */ .docs-navigation::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 12px; } .docs-navigation::-webkit-scrollbar-track { background: #e7e7e9; } .docs-navigation::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #686868; border-radius: 20px; border: 3px #686868; } body.dark-theme { /* Works on Firefox */ * { scrollbar-width: auto; scrollbar-color: #686868 #242526; } /* Works on Chrome, Edge, and Safari */ *::-webkit-scrollbar { width: auto; } *::-webkit-scrollbar-track { background: #242526; } *::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #686868; border-radius: 20px; border: 3px #686868; } } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { /* Works on Firefox */ * { scrollbar-width: auto; scrollbar-color: #686868 #242526; } /* Works on Chrome, Edge, and Safari */ *::-webkit-scrollbar { width: auto; } *::-webkit-scrollbar-track { background: #242526; } *::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #686868; border-radius: 20px; border: 3px #686868; } body.light-theme { .docs-navigation { scrollbar-width: auto; scrollbar-color: #686868 #e7e7e9; } /* Works on Chrome, Edge, and Safari */ .docs-navigation::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 12px; } .docs-navigation::-webkit-scrollbar-track { background: #e7e7e9; } .docs-navigation::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #686868; border-radius: 20px; border: 3px #686868; } } } /* Custom Admonition Blocks - Icons from https://github.com/primer/octicons */ .admonitionblock td div:last-of-type p { margin-bottom: 0em !important; } .admonitionblock { margin: 1.4rem 0 0 } .admonitionblock i { font-family: inherit; } .admonitionblock i.fa { background: no-repeat 50%/1em 1em; display: inline-block; filter: var(--doc-icon-filter); font-style: normal; height: 1em; -webkit-hyphens: none; hyphens: none; vertical-align: -.125em; width: 1em } .admonitionblock p, .admonitionblock td.content { font-size: 1rem; } .admonitionblock td.content>.title+*, .admonitionblock td.content>:not(.title):first-child { margin-top: 0 } .admonitionblock pre { font-size: calc(15/var(--rem-base)*1rem) } .admonitionblock>table { position: relative; table-layout: fixed; border: none; width: 100% } .admonitionblock td.content { word-wrap: anywhere; background: var(--admonition-background); padding: 1rem 1rem 1rem 1rem; width: 100%; border-radius: 4px; } .admonitionblock td.icon { background: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, .2) 0, rgba(0, 0, 0, .2)) no-repeat 0 /2.075em 100%; border-radius: .5em; font-size: calc(15/var(--rem-base)*1rem); left: 0; line-height: 1; padding: .25em .075em; position: absolute; top: 0; transform: translate(-.5rem, -50%) } .admonitionblock td.icon i { align-items: center; background-position-x: .5em; display: inline-flex; filter: invert(100%); padding-left: 2em; vertical-align: initial; width: auto } .admonitionblock td.icon i::after { content: attr(title); filter: invert(100%); font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; margin: -.05em; padding: 0 .5em; text-transform: uppercase } .admonitionblock.caution td.icon { background-color: var(--caution-color); color: var(--caution-on-color) } .admonitionblock.caution td.icon i { background-image: url(./img/octicons-16.svg#view-flame) } .admonitionblock.important td.icon { background-color: var(--important-color); color: var(--important-on-color) } .admonitionblock.important td.icon i { background-image: url(./img/octicons-16.svg#view-stop) } .admonitionblock.note td.icon { background-color: var(--note-color); color: var(--note-on-color) } .admonitionblock.note td.icon i { background-image: url(./img/octicons-16.svg#view-info) } .admonitionblock.tip td.icon { background-color: var(--tip-color); color: var(--tip-on-color) } .admonitionblock.tip td.icon i { background-image: url(./img/octicons-16.svg#view-light-bulb) } .admonitionblock.warning td.icon { background-color: var(--warning-color); color: var(--warning-on-color) } .admonitionblock.warning td.icon i { background-image: url(./img/octicons-16.svg#view-alert) } /* Custom collapsible block */ details summary { width: 100%; padding: 1rem 0; border-top: 1px solid gray; position: relative; cursor: pointer; list-style: none; } details summary:after { content: "+"; color: var(--black-color); position: absolute; font-size: 1.75rem; line-height: 0; margin-top: 0.3rem; right: 0; font-weight: 400; transform-origin: center; transition: 200ms linear; } details[open] summary:after { transform: rotate(45deg); font-size: 2rem; } details summary { outline: 0; } details p { font-size: 0.95rem; margin: 0 0 1rem; padding-top: 1rem; } .exampleblock>.content { border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-color: #e6e6e6; margin-bottom: 1.25em; padding: 1.25em; background: var(--white-color); -webkit-border-radius: 4px; border-radius: 4px; } .exampleblock>.content> :first-child { margin-top: 0; } .exampleblock>.content> :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } .sidebarblock { border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-color: #e0e0dc; margin-bottom: 1.25em; padding: 1.25em; background: var(--nav-color); -webkit-border-radius: 4px; border-radius: 4px; } .sidebarblock> :first-child { margin-top: 0; } .sidebarblock> :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } .sidebarblock>.content>.title { color: #7a2518; margin-top: 0; text-align: center; } .exampleblock>.content> :last-child> :last-child, .exampleblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child> :last-child, .exampleblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child> :last-child, .exampleblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child> :last-child, .sidebarblock>.content> :last-child> :last-child, .sidebarblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child> :last-child, .sidebarblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child> :last-child, .sidebarblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child> :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } .literalblock pre, .listingblock pre:not(.highlight), .listingblock pre[class="highlight"], .listingblock pre[class^="highlight "], .listingblock pre.CodeRay, .listingblock pre.prettyprint { background: var(--code-color); } .sidebarblock .literalblock pre, .sidebarblock .listingblock pre:not(.highlight), .sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class="highlight"], .sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class^="highlight "], .sidebarblock .listingblock pre.CodeRay, .sidebarblock .listingblock pre.prettyprint { background: #f2f1f1; } .literalblock pre, .literalblock pre[class], .listingblock pre, .listingblock pre[class] { -webkit-border-radius: 4px; border-radius: 4px; word-wrap: break-word; padding: 1em; font-size: 0.8125em; } .literalblock pre.nowrap, .literalblock pre[class].nowrap, .listingblock pre.nowrap, .listingblock pre[class].nowrap { overflow-x: auto; white-space: pre; word-wrap: normal; } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .literalblock pre, .literalblock pre[class], .listingblock pre, .listingblock pre[class] { font-size: 0.90625em; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1280px) { .literalblock pre, .literalblock pre[class], .listingblock pre, .listingblock pre[class] { font-size: 1em; } } .literalblock.output pre { color: var(--code-color); background-color: var(--code-text-color); } .listingblock pre.highlightjs { padding: 0; } .listingblock pre.highlightjs>code { padding: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 4px; border-radius: 4px; } .listingblock pre.prettyprint { border-width: 0; } .listingblock>.content { position: relative; } .listingblock code[data-lang]:before { display: none; content: attr(data-lang); position: absolute; font-size: 0.75em; top: 0.425rem; right: 0.5rem; line-height: 1; text-transform: uppercase; color: #999; } .listingblock:hover code[data-lang]:before { display: block; } .listingblock.terminal pre .command:before { content: attr(data-prompt); padding-right: 0.5em; color: #999; } .listingblock.terminal pre .command:not([data-prompt]):before { content: "$"; } table.pyhltable { border-collapse: separate; border: 0; margin-bottom: 0; background: none; } table.pyhltable td { vertical-align: top; padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; line-height: 1.45; } table.pyhltable td.code { padding-left: .75em; padding-right: 0; } pre.pygments .lineno, table.pyhltable td:not(.code) { color: #999; padding-left: 0; padding-right: .5em; border-right: 1px solid #ddddd8; } pre.pygments .lineno { display: inline-block; margin-right: .25em; } table.pyhltable .linenodiv { background: none !important; padding-right: 0 !important; } .quoteblock { margin: 0 1em 1.25em 1.5em; display: table; } .quoteblock>.title { margin-left: -1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; } .quoteblock blockquote, .quoteblock blockquote p { color: var(--header-color); font-size: 1.15rem; line-height: 1.75; word-spacing: 0.1em; letter-spacing: 0; font-style: italic; text-align: justify; } .quoteblock blockquote { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; } .quoteblock blockquote:before { content: "\201c"; float: left; font-size: 2.75em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.6em; margin-left: -0.6em; color: var(--quoteblock-color); text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } .quoteblock blockquote>.paragraph:last-child p { margin-bottom: 0; } .quoteblock .attribution { margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5ex; text-align: right; } .quoteblock .quoteblock { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0.5em 0; border-left: 3px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } .quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote { padding: 0 0 0 0.75em; } .quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote:before { display: none; } .verseblock { margin: 0 1em 1.25em 1em; } .verseblock pre { font-family: "Open Sans", "DejaVu Sans", sans; font-size: 1.15rem; color: var(--header-color); font-weight: 300; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; } .verseblock pre strong { font-weight: 400; } .verseblock .attribution { margin-top: 1.25rem; margin-left: 0.5ex; } .quoteblock .attribution, .verseblock .attribution { font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 1.45; font-style: italic; } .quoteblock .attribution br, .verseblock .attribution br { display: none; } .quoteblock .attribution cite, .verseblock .attribution cite { display: block; letter-spacing: -0.025em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } .quoteblock.abstract { margin: 0 0 1.25em 0; display: block; } .quoteblock.abstract blockquote, .quoteblock.abstract blockquote p { text-align: left; word-spacing: 0; } .quoteblock.abstract blockquote:before, .quoteblock.abstract blockquote p:first-of-type:before { display: none; } table.tableblock { max-width: 100%; border-collapse: separate; } table.tableblock td>.paragraph:last-child p>p:last-child, table.tableblock th>p:last-child, table.tableblock td>p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } table.tableblock, th.tableblock, td.tableblock { border: 0 solid #dedede; } table.grid-all th.tableblock, table.grid-all td.tableblock { border-width: 0 1px 1px 0; } table.grid-all tfoot>tr>th.tableblock, table.grid-all tfoot>tr>td.tableblock { border-width: 1px 1px 0 0; } table.grid-cols th.tableblock, table.grid-cols td.tableblock { border-width: 0 1px 0 0; } table.grid-all *>tr>.tableblock:last-child, table.grid-cols *>tr>.tableblock:last-child { border-right-width: 0; } table.grid-rows th.tableblock, table.grid-rows td.tableblock { border-width: 0 0 1px 0; } table.grid-all tbody>tr:last-child>th.tableblock, table.grid-all tbody>tr:last-child>td.tableblock, table.grid-all thead:last-child>tr>th.tableblock, table.grid-rows tbody>tr:last-child>th.tableblock, table.grid-rows tbody>tr:last-child>td.tableblock, table.grid-rows thead:last-child>tr>th.tableblock { border-bottom-width: 0; } table.grid-rows tfoot>tr>th.tableblock, table.grid-rows tfoot>tr>td.tableblock { border-width: 1px 0 0 0; } table.frame-all { border-width: 1px; } table.frame-sides { border-width: 0 1px; } table.frame-topbot { border-width: 1px 0; } th.halign-left, td.halign-left { text-align: left; } th.halign-right, td.halign-right { text-align: right; } th.halign-center, td.halign-center { text-align: center; } th.valign-top, td.valign-top { vertical-align: top; } th.valign-bottom, td.valign-bottom { vertical-align: bottom; } th.valign-middle, td.valign-middle { vertical-align: middle; } table thead th, table tfoot th { font-weight: bold; } tbody tr th { display: table-cell; line-height: 1.6; background: var(--table-color); } tbody tr th, tbody tr th p, tfoot tr th, tfoot tr th p { color: var(--num-color); font-weight: bold; } p.tableblock>code:only-child { background: none; padding: 0; } p.tableblock { font-size: 1em; } td>div.verse { white-space: pre; } ol { margin-left: 1.75em; } ul li ol { margin-left: 1.5em; } dl dd { margin-left: 1.125em; } dl dd:last-child, dl dd:last-child> :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } ol>li p, ul>li p, ul dd, ol dd, .olist .olist, .ulist .ulist, .ulist .olist, .olist .ulist { margin-bottom: 0.625em; } ul.unstyled, ol.unnumbered, ul.checklist, ul.none { list-style-type: none; } ul.unstyled, ol.unnumbered, ul.checklist { margin-left: 0.625em; } ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-square-o:first-child, ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-check-square-o:first-child { width: 1em; font-size: 0.85em; } ul.checklist li>p:first-child>input[type="checkbox"]:first-child { width: 1em; position: relative; top: 1px; } ul.inline { margin: 0 auto 0.625em auto; margin-left: -1.375em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; list-style: none; overflow: hidden; } ul.inline>li { list-style: none; float: left; margin-left: 1.375em; display: block; } ul.inline>li>* { display: block; } .unstyled dl dt { font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; } ol.arabic { list-style-type: decimal; } ol.decimal { list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; } ol.loweralpha { list-style-type: lower-alpha; } ol.upperalpha { list-style-type: upper-alpha; } ol.lowerroman { list-style-type: lower-roman; } ol.upperroman { list-style-type: upper-roman; } ol.lowergreek { list-style-type: lower-greek; } .hdlist>table, .colist>table { border: 0; background: none; } .hdlist>table>tbody>tr, .colist>table>tbody>tr { background: none; } td.hdlist1, td.hdlist2 { vertical-align: top; padding: 0 0.625em; } td.hdlist1 { font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.25em; } .literalblock+.colist { margin-top: -0.5em; } .colist>table tr>td:first-of-type { padding: 0 0.75em; line-height: 1; } .colist>table tr>td:first-of-type img { max-width: initial; } .colist>table tr>td:last-of-type { padding: 0.25em 0; } .thumb, .th { line-height: 0; display: inline-block; border: solid 4px var(--white-color); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px #dddddd; box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px #dddddd; } .imageblock.left, .imageblock[style*="float: left"] { margin: 0.25em 0.625em 1.25em 0; } .imageblock.right, .imageblock[style*="float: right"] { margin: 0.25em 0 1.25em 0.625em; } .imageblock>.title { margin-bottom: 0; } .imageblock.thumb, .imageblock.th { border-width: 6px; } .imageblock.thumb>.title, .imageblock.th>.title { padding: 0 0.125em; } .image.left, .image.right { margin-top: 0.25em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; } .image.left { margin-right: 0.625em; } .image.right { margin-left: 0.625em; } a.image { text-decoration: none; display: inline-block; } a.image object { pointer-events: none; } sup.footnote, sup.footnoteref { font-size: 0.875em; position: static; vertical-align: super; } sup.footnote a, sup.footnoteref a { text-decoration: none; } sup.footnote a:active, sup.footnoteref a:active { text-decoration: underline; } #footnotes { padding-top: 0.75em; padding-bottom: 0.75em; margin-bottom: 0.625em; } #footnotes hr { width: 20%; min-width: 6.25em; margin: -0.25em 0 0.75em 0; border-width: 1px 0 0 0; } #footnotes .footnote { padding: 0 0.375em 0 0.225em; line-height: 1.3334; font-size: 0.875em; margin-left: 1.2em; text-indent: -1.05em; margin-bottom: 0.2em; } #footnotes .footnote a:first-of-type { font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } #footnotes .footnote:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } #content #footnotes { margin-top: -0.625em; margin-bottom: 0; padding: 0.75em 0; } .gist .file-data>table { border: 0; background: var(--white-color); width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0; } .gist .file-data>table td.line-data { width: 99%; } div.unbreakable { page-break-inside: avoid; } .big { font-size: larger; } .small { font-size: smaller; } .underline { text-decoration: underline; } .overline { text-decoration: overline; } .line-through { text-decoration: line-through; } .green { color: #006000; } .red { color: #bf0000; } .yellow { color: #bfbf00; } span.icon>.fa { cursor: default; } .conum[data-value] { display: inline-block; color: var(--white-color) !important; background-color: var(--num-color); -webkit-border-radius: 100px; border-radius: 100px; text-align: center; font-size: 0.75em; width: 1.67em; height: 1.67em; line-height: 1.67em; font-family: "Open Sans", "DejaVu Sans", sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; } .conum[data-value] * { color: var(--white-color) !important; } .conum[data-value]+b { display: none; } .conum[data-value]:after { content: attr(data-value); } pre .conum[data-value] { position: relative; top: -0.125em; } b.conum * { color: inherit !important; } .conum:not([data-value]):empty { display: none; } dt, th.tableblock, td.content, div.footnote { text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; } h1, h2, p, td.content, span.alt { letter-spacing: -0.01em; } p strong, td.content strong, div.footnote strong { letter-spacing: -0.005em; } p, blockquote, dt, td.content, span.alt { font-size: 1.0625rem; } p { margin-bottom: 1.25rem; } .sidebarblock p, .sidebarblock dt, .sidebarblock td.content, p.tableblock { font-size: 1em; } .exampleblock>.content { background-color: #fffef7; border-color: #e0e0dc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 4px #e0e0dc; box-shadow: 0 1px 4px #e0e0dc; } .print-only { display: none !important; } @media print { @page { margin: 1.25cm 0.75cm; } * { -webkit-box-shadow: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; text-shadow: none !important; } a { color: inherit !important; text-decoration: underline !important; } a.bare, a[href^="#"], a[href^="mailto:"] { text-decoration: none !important; } a[href^="http:"]:not(.bare):after, a[href^="https:"]:not(.bare):after { content: "(" attr(href) ")"; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875em; padding-left: 0.25em; } abbr[title]:after { content: " (" attr(title) ")"; } pre, blockquote, tr, img, object, svg { page-break-inside: avoid; } thead { display: table-header-group; } svg { max-width: 100%; } p, blockquote, dt, td.content { font-size: 1em; orphans: 3; widows: 3; } h2, h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock>.content>.title, #toctitle, .sidebarblock>.content>.title { page-break-after: avoid; } #toc, .sidebarblock, .exampleblock>.content { background: none !important; } #toc { border-bottom: 1px solid #ddddd8 !important; padding-bottom: 0 !important; } .sect1 { padding-bottom: 0 !important; } .sect1+.sect1 { border: 0 !important; } #header>h1:first-child { margin-top: 1.25rem; } body.book #header { text-align: center; } body.book #header>h1:first-child { border: 0 !important; margin: 2.5em 0 1em 0; } body.book #header .details { border: 0 !important; display: block; padding: 0 !important; } body.book #header .details span:first-child { margin-left: 0 !important; } body.book #header .details br { display: block; } body.book #header .details br+span:before { content: none !important; } body.book #toc { border: 0 !important; text-align: left !important; padding: 0 !important; margin: 0 !important; } body.book #toc, body.book #preamble, body.book h1.sect0, body.book .sect1>h2 { page-break-before: always; } .listingblock code[data-lang]:before { display: block; } #footer { background: none !important; padding: 0 0.9375em; } #footer-text { color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6) !important; font-size: 0.9em; } .hide-on-print { display: none !important; } .print-only { display: block !important; } .hide-for-print { display: none !important; } .show-for-print { display: inherit !important; } } /* END asciidoc.css */ html, body { margin: 0; padding: 0; } html { font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5; } body { color: var(--text-color); background-color: var(--white-color); font-family: "Lato", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; } /* Links */ a { color: #1DA2BD; text-decoration: none; } a:hover, a:focus { text-decoration: underline; } #content a[href^='../dsl/'], #content a[href^='../kotlin-dsl/'], #content a[href^='../javadoc/'] { font-family: 'Inconsolata', monospace; font-style: normal; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgba(29, 162, 189, 0.5); padding: 0 1px; } #content a[href^='../dsl/']:hover, #content a[href^='../dsl/']:focus, #content a[href^='../kotlin-dsl/']:hover, #content a[href^='../kotlin-dsl/']:focus, #content a[href^='../javadoc/']:hover, #content a[href^='../javadoc/']:focus { text-decoration: none; } /* Copy */ p { font-size: 1rem; } pre, pre>code, code { font-family: 'Inconsolata', monospace; } h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, #toctitle, .sidebarblock>.content>.title { font-family: inherit; font-weight: 500; color: inherit; } h1 { font-size: 2rem; } h2 { font-size: 1.5rem; } h3 { font-size: 1.125rem; } h4 { font-size: 1.0625rem; } h5, h6 { font-size: 1rem; } b, strong { font-weight: 500; } dl { margin: 0 0 1.25rem 1.5rem; } .dlist dt code { color: var(--text-color); font-size: 1em; font-weight: bold; } .dlist p { margin-bottom: 0.625rem; } .sr-only { border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; } /* Layout */ .main-content>.appendix, .main-content>.book, .main-content>.chapter, .main-content>.footer { background-color: var(--white-color); border-radius: 5px; max-width: 45rem; padding: 1.5rem; } @media screen and (max-width: 45em) { .footer { max-width: 100%; } .main-content>.appendix, .main-content>.book, .main-content>.chapter { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; } } /* Override asciidoc styles */ #header { position: static; } #header, #content { padding: 0; } #header .details { /* TODO: Pretty sure there's a way to avoid Asciidoc generating details */ display: none; } p { color: var(--text-color); } h1, h2, p, p strong, td.content, td.content strong, div.footnote strong, span.alt { letter-spacing: normal; } .subheader, .admonitionblock td.content>.title, .audioblock>.title, .exampleblock>.title, .imageblock>.title, .listingblock>.title, .literalblock>.title, .stemblock>.title, .openblock>.title, .paragraph>.title, .quoteblock>.title, table.tableblock>.title, .verseblock>.title, .videoblock>.title, .dlist>.title, .olist>.title, .ulist>.title, .qlist>.title, .hdlist>.title { color: inherit; font-family: inherit; } .listingblock .title, .listingblock .title code { font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; } .imageblock, .videoblock { padding: 0.25em; } p.lead, .paragraph.lead>p, #preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p { font-size: 1.0625rem; } .paragraph.lead>p, #preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p { color: inherit; } .sect1 { padding-bottom: 0; } .sect1+.sect1 { border: 0 none; } .verseblock pre { font-family: "Lato", Arial, sans-serif; } td.hdlist1 { padding-bottom: 0.625rem; } td.hdlist2 p { margin-bottom: 0.625rem; } body.book #header>h1 { border: 0; } #header>h1:first-child { margin-top: 0; } #content a.link { color: var(--title-color); } .highlight .com { color: #777; } .listingblock pre.highlightjs>code { overflow-x: auto; } .listingblock pre.highlight { overflow-x: auto; } .listingblock pre.highlight>code { white-space: pre; } .conum[data-value] { font-family: "Lato", Arial, sans-serif; } .colist>table tr>td:first-of-type { padding-top: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; line-height: 1.4; vertical-align: baseline; } /* * Samples */ .exampleblock>.content { background-color: inherit; border: 0 none; box-shadow: none; padding: 0; padding-bottom: 0.7rem; margin-bottom: 0; } .exampleblock>.content .title { background-color: var(--code-color); border-top: 1px solid #ccc; font-family: 'Inconsolata', monospace; margin: 0; padding: 1em 1em 0; } .exampleblock>.title>a { text-decoration: none; color: var(--num-color); } .exampleblock .listingblock { margin: 0; } /* * Ensure that blocks of code do not wrap by applying the behavior of `[listing%nowrap]` by default. * * These styles are copied from a CSS ruleset in asciidoctor.css that has the same group of * selectors except that they end with `.nowrap`. */ .openblock .content { background: var(--admonition-background); margin-bottom: 1.25em; padding: 1em 1em 0em 1em; border-radius: 4px; overflow: auto !important; } .literalblock pre, .literalblock pre[class], .listingblock pre, .listingblock pre[class] { overflow-x: auto; white-space: pre; word-wrap: normal; } /* * This CSS ruleset solves: https://github.com/gradle/guides/issues/113#issuecomment-314826749. */ .literalblock pre::after, .literalblock pre[class]::after, .listingblock pre::after, .listingblock pre[class]::after { content: ""; } .quoteblock blockquote, .quoteblock blockquote p { text-align: left; text-align: start; } div.screenshot { box-shadow: 0 0 20px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 90%; } .inset { box-shadow: 0 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: 1em; } .image.inline-icon img { vertical-align: sub; } /* TOC */ #header>h1:first-child+#toc { background: none; border: 0 none; margin-top: 0; } #toc, #content #toc { border: 0 none; } #toc>ul { margin-left: 0; font-family: inherit; } #toc>ul>li { line-height: 1.25; margin-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; } #toc>ul>li:last-of-type { padding-bottom: 0; } #toc a { font-style: normal; } #toc a:hover, #toc a:focus, #toc a:hover code, #toc a:focus code { color: #1DA2BD; } #toc a:active { text-decoration: none; } /* Site header specific styles */ .hamburger { background-color: transparent; background-image: none; border: none; border-radius: 4px; cursor: pointer; margin-left: auto; padding: 11px 10px; } .hamburger:focus { outline: 0; } .hamburger__bar { display: block; width: 22px; height: 2px; background-color: var(--black-color); border-radius: 1px; } .hamburger__bar+.hamburger__bar { margin-top: 4px; } .site-header { background-color: var(--top-header-color); } /* Override javadoc styles */ .site-header div { font-family: 'Lato', Arial, sans-serif; } .site-header__navigation-header a { align-self: center; border-bottom: 0 none; height: 36px; } .site-header .site-header-version { align-self: center; color: #1da2bd; font-size: 20px; padding-left: 1px; margin-top: 22px; } .site-header__navigation { z-index: 2; display: flex; flex-direction: column; } .site-header__navigation-header { display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-left: 12px; } .site-header__navigation-collapsible { flex: 1 1 auto; height: 210px; overflow: visible; transition: height 0.3s ease; } .site-header__navigation-items { display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: flex-start; max-height: 210px; /* This matches the collapsible height above */ margin: 0 20px; padding-top: 12px; padding-left: 0; list-style-type: none; } .site-header__navigation-item { flex: 0 1 auto; font-size: 16px; width: 250px; } .site-header__navigation-item .site-header__navigation-link { position: relative; display: inline-block; cursor: pointer; width: 100%; padding: 5px; line-height: 20px; border: 0 none; color: var(--text-color); text-decoration: none; transition: none; -o-transition: none; -moz-transition: none; -webkit-transition: none; } .site-header__navigation-item .site-header__navigation-link:hover { color: #1DA2BD; } .site-header__navigation-item .site-header__navigation-link.active { font-weight: 500; } /* Navigation submenu styles */ .site-header__navigation-submenu-section { position: relative; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section .site-header__down-arrow { width: 8px; height: 8px; margin-left: 2px; margin-top: 0; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section .site-header__navigation-link:hover path { fill: none; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section .site-header__navigation-submenu .site-header__navigation-submenu-item-link:hover { color: #1DA2BD; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section .site-header__navigation-submenu { display: none; width: 170px; background-color: var(--menu-burger-color); top: 40px; left: 7px; /* NOTE: This must match the padding of .site-header__navigation-link */ padding: 3px 10px 6px 10px; z-index: 100; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section .site-header__navigation-submenu .site-header__navigation-submenu-item-link { width: 100%; color: var(--text-color); white-space: nowrap; display: inline-block; padding-top: 3px; border: 0 none; transition: none; -o-transition: none; -moz-transition: none; -webkit-transition: none; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section .site-header__navigation-submenu .site-header__navigation-submenu-item-link .site-header__navigation-submenu-item-link-text { display: inline-block; font-size: 16px; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section.open .site-header__navigation-submenu { display: block; } /* Top navigation mobile styles */ @media (max-width: 1023px) { .site-header__navigation-collapsible--collapse { height: 0; overflow-y: hidden; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section .site-header__navigation-submenu { padding: 0 1rem 0.5rem 1.5rem; display: block; top: 30px !important; left: 0 !important; } .site-header__navigation-item, .site-header__navigation-submenu-section .site-header__navigation-submenu .site-header__navigation-submenu-item-link .site-header__navigation-submenu-item-link-text { font-size: 18px; } .site-header { padding: 5px 12px; } .site-header-version { display: none; } .site-footer__navigation { flex-direction: column; } .site-footer__links { flex-wrap: wrap; } .site-footer__link-group { margin-bottom: 1rem; } } /* Top navigation desktop styles */ @media (min-width: 1024px) { .site-header { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 var(--box-shadow-color); -moz-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 var(--box-shadow-color); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 var(--box-shadow-color); z-index: 2; } body.dark-theme { .site-header { -webkit-box-shadow: none; -moz-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; z-index: 2; } } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .site-header { -webkit-box-shadow: none; -moz-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; z-index: 2; } body.light-theme { .site-header { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 var(--box-shadow-color); -moz-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 var(--box-shadow-color); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 var(--box-shadow-color); z-index: 2; } } } /* Pushes the section headings to just below the top nav bar when a user navigates directly to section anchors. */ #content h2[id], #content h3[id], #content h4[id], #content h5[id] { padding-top: 60px; } #content h2[id] { /* Little extra room above h2s */ margin-top: -1em; } #content h3[id], #content h4[id], #content h5[id] { margin-top: -60px; } .site-header__navigation { flex-direction: row; } .site-header__navigation-button { display: none; } .site-header__navigation-items { flex-direction: row; align-items: center; float: right; width: auto; padding-top: 0; } .site-header__navigation-item { width: auto; } .site-header__navigation-item .site-header__navigation-link { padding: 15px 18px; } .site-header__navigation-item:last-of-type .site-header__navigation-link { padding-right: 0; } .site-header__navigation-link--button { padding: 6px 12px; } .site-header__navigation-collapsible { height: auto; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section .site-header__navigation-submenu { position: absolute; border: 1px solid #9a9a9a; border-radius: 3px; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section:hover .site-header__navigation-submenu { display: block; } /* Pushes the section headings to just below the top nav bar when a user navigates directly to section anchors. It doesn't work if you try to apply the padding and margin to the `h` elements directly. */ .chapter a[name], .chapter .anchor { padding-top: 60px; margin-top: -60px; text-decoration: none; border: none; display: inline-block; } } /* Side Navigation styles */ /* Docs Navigation */ .docs-navigation { border-right: 1px solid var(--various-border-color); } .docs-navigation .search-container { display: none; margin-bottom: 1rem; } .docs-navigation a { color: var(--text-color); display: block; font-size: .95rem; position: relative; } .docs-navigation a:focus { outline: none; } .docs-navigation a:hover { color: #35c1e4; text-decoration: none; } .docs-navigation a code { color: var(--text-color); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0; word-break: break-all; } .docs-navigation a.active { color: #06A0CE; outline: 0; border: none; -moz-outline-style: none; } .docs-navigation a.active:hover { color: #35c1e4; text-decoration: underline; } .docs-navigation ul { list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .docs-navigation li>ul>li a { font-size: 14px; color: #7d7d7d; } .docs-navigation ul:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } .docs-navigation li { margin-top: 0.3334em; line-height: 1.3334; } .docs-navigation li:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } .docs-navigation .nav-dropdown:before { content: '\2023'; font-size: 28px; position: absolute; margin-left: -14px; margin-top: -8px; } .docs-navigation .nav-dropdown.expanded:before { transform: rotate(90deg); } .docs-navigation>ul ul, .docs-navigation>ul ul ul { display: none; height: 0; margin-left: 1rem; } .docs-navigation>ul ul:target, .docs-navigation>ul ul:target ul, .docs-navigation>ul .nav-dropdown.expanded~ul { display: block; height: auto; } .docs-navigation h3 { font-size: .95rem; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.5; margin: 1.5em 0 0; } .docs-navigation .docs-home-link { position: relative; } @media screen and (min-width: 45rem) { .main-content { display: flex; } } /* User guide navigation appears for desktops */ @media screen and (min-width: 64rem) { .docs-navigation { flex: 0 0 auto; width: 13.75rem; } .main-content>.appendix, .main-content>.book, .main-content>.chapter { flex: 0 0 auto; margin: 0 auto; } } /** * For mobile devices, we show navigation at bottom of page. * * This is the simplest solution to this issue. */ @media not screen and (min-width: 64rem) { /* Repeat the class twice to prioritize our mobile classes! */ .content.content { /* Make the height equal to the real height of content */ overflow: visible; } .main-content { /* Main content show first */ flex-direction: column-reverse; } .docs-navigation.docs-navigation { /* Fill the main container */ width: 100%; /* Don't clip the navigation container */ overflow: visible; } } /* Userguide Meta */ .chapter-meta { float: right; text-align: right; } .chapter-meta .edit-link { color: #999; font-size: 0.9em; padding-right: 3px; } .chapter-meta .edit-link svg { margin-right: 1px; } /* Clever use of RTL to fill in all stars to left of hover position */ .rating { direction: rtl; } .rating>.star { cursor: pointer; display: table-cell; padding: 3px; } .rating>.star:hover>svg>g, .rating>.star:hover~.star>svg>g, .rating>.star.selected>svg>g, .rating>.star.selected~.star>svg>g { fill: #999; } /* Footer styles */ .site-footer {} .site-footer__navigation { display: flex; padding: 30px 12px; max-width: 62.5rem; margin: 0 auto; padding-left: 5rem; } @media not screen and (min-width: 64rem) { .site-footer__navigation { /* same to nav.docs-navigation for mobiles */ padding: 20px 20px 20px 26px; } } .site-footer__links { display: flex; flex: 1 1 auto; } .site-footer__links .site-footer__links-list { list-style-type: none; margin: 0; } .site-footer__links .site-footer__links-list a { color: var(--footer-other-text-color); } .site-footer__link-group { flex: 1 1 auto; flex-basis: 175px; } .site-footer__link-group header { color: var(--text-color); } .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter .newsletter-form__header h5 { color: var(--text-color); margin-top: 0; } .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter p { font-size: 0.875rem; margin: 2px 0 0 2px; opacity: 0.7; } .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter .disclaimer { color: var(--footer-other-text-color); font-size: 0.75rem; opacity: 0.55; } .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter .newsletter-form { padding-top: 6px; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; } .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter .email, .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter .submit { height: 40px; } .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter .email { line-height: 40px; width: 250px; color: #1DA2BD; font-size: 16px; padding-left: 20px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid var(--footer-form-color); } .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter .submit { font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; width: 100px; background-color: #1BA8CB; color: #fff; font-weight: 500; border-top-right-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-style: none; cursor: pointer; transition: all .3s ease; } /* Secondary footer (below) */ .site-footer-secondary { background-color: var(--footer-white-color); border-top: 1px solid var(--various-border-color); width: 100%; z-index: 1; } body.dark-theme { .site-footer-secondary { background-color: var(--footer-white-color); border-top: none; width: 100%; z-index: 1; } } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .site-footer-secondary { background-color: var(--footer-white-color); border-top: none; width: 100%; z-index: 1; } body.light-theme { .site-footer-secondary { background-color: var(--footer-white-color); border-top: 1px solid var(--various-border-color); width: 100%; z-index: 1; } } } .site-footer-secondary__contents { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; max-width: 75rem; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; font-size: 0.875rem; padding: 0.5rem 0.75rem; } /* * 1. Value is the largest computed width among 'site-footer__copy' and 'site-footer__links'. */ .site-footer__copy, .site-footer__secondary-links { flex-grow: 0; flex-basis: 280px; /* 1. */ } /* * 1. 'flex-shrink: 1' is applied to the element with the smallest computed width among * 'site-footer__copy' and 'site-footer__links'. */ .site-footer__copy { flex-shrink: 1; /* 1. */ } .site-footer__logo { flex: 0 0 auto; margin-right: 10px; margin-left: 10px; } .site-footer__logo svg { width: 35px; height: 35px; } /* * 1. 'flex-shrink: 0' is applied to the element with the largest computed width among * 'site-footer__copy' and 'site-footer__links'. */ .site-footer__secondary-links { flex-shrink: 0; /* 1 */ text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; } .site-footer-secondary a { color: #999; } .site-footer-secondary__links a:not(:last-child) { padding-right: 10px; } .site-footer-secondary__links a:not(:first-child) { padding-left: 10px; } @media all and (max-width: 29.99rem) { .site-footer__rights, .site-footer-secondary__links { display: none; } .site-footer__logo { order: 1; text-align: left; } .site-footer__copy { order: 2; text-align: right; } } /* Avoid the footer taking up much of the screen on short displays */ @media all and (max-height: 56.25rem) { .site-footer__navigation { margin: 1.5rem auto 0 auto; padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } } @media screen and (min-width: 84.375rem) { .ui-logos .ui-logo { box-shadow: 0 6px 15px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.56); } } /* User Manual Home */ .technology-logos, .ui-logos { display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: space-around; } .technology-logo, .ui-logo { flex: 0 1 auto; } .ui-logo { width: 224px; height: 135px; margin: 12px; } /* Samples download button */ .download { display: flex; } .download a { border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; text-decoration: none; padding: 5px; display: block; width: 10em; margin: 5px; } .download ul { list-style: none; list-style-type: none; } .download li { float: right; } .docs-navigation { width: 18rem; padding: 20px 20px 20px 26px; background: var(--nav-color); overflow-y: scroll; overflow-x: auto; } .layout { display: flex; flex-direction: column; overflow: hidden; height: 100vh; } .main-content { overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: auto; display: flex; } .content { flex: 1 1 auto; overflow: auto; padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; } .content .chapter { padding: 2rem 2.4rem; } #toc a:active { font-weight: 500; } .site-header { margin-bottom: 1rem; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-item { padding: 2px 0; } .site-footer { background-color: var(--footer-color); padding: 20px 0 40px 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--various-border-color); } #header { margin-left: 0; } #header>h1:first-child { margin-bottom: 40px; } @media screen and (min-width: 64rem) { #header { margin-bottom: 20px; } .site-header { margin-bottom: 0; z-index: 2; } .site-header__navigation-header { margin-top: -7px; } .site-header__navigation-submenu-section:after { content: '\2023'; font-size: 28px; position: absolute; transform: rotate(90deg); margin-right: 10px; top: 5px; right: -7px; } .site-footer__navigation { flex-wrap: wrap; } .site-footer__link-group { flex: 1 1 auto; } .site-footer__links { margin-bottom: 1rem; } } @media screen and (min-width: 75rem) { .content .chapter { box-sizing: content-box; } #content { padding-right: 260px; margin: 0; } /* #toc here must be referenced as #header #toc since we don't want to change single page #toc */ #header #toc { position: fixed; margin: 0 auto; padding-bottom: 0; right: 0; top: 65px; width: 260px; z-index: 1; overflow: auto; border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; max-height: calc(100% - 118px); margin-right: 15px; } #header #toctitle { margin-top: 1.3em; } #header #toc>ul { /* margin-left have to increase if you change border thickness of active toc item */ margin-left: 1px; border-left: 1px solid #666; margin-bottom: 0; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; background-color: var(--white-color); } #header #toc>ul>li, #toc>ul>li:last-of-type { padding: 0.5rem 0; margin: 0; } #header #toc a { padding-left: 10px; font-weight: 400; color: var(--text-color); font-size: .95rem; display: inline-block; } #header #toc a.active { font-weight: 500; border-left: 3px solid #01303a; margin-left: -2px; padding-left: 9px; } .site-footer__navigation { flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: auto; padding-left: 3rem; } .site-footer__link-group { flex: 0.15 1 auto; } .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter { /* A fix so subscribe disclaimer does not go under long ToC */ max-width: calc(100% - 17rem); } } @media screen and (min-width: 80rem) { .site-footer__subscribe-newsletter { max-height: none; } } @media screen and (min-width: 100rem) { .content .chapter { max-width: 60.5rem; } #header { margin: 0 auto; } #content { padding-right: 0; margin: 0 auto; } #header #toc { right: initial; margin-left: 62.5rem; } .site-footer__navigation { padding-left: 0; } .site-footer__link-group { flex: 0.2 1 auto; } } @media screen and (min-width: 112rem) { .content .chapter { max-width: 62.5rem; margin: 0 auto; padding-right: 3.5rem; position: relative; left: -130px; } #header #toc { right: initial; margin-left: 64.5rem; } .site-footer__link-group { flex: 0.2 1 auto; } } @supports (-moz-appearance:meterbar) and (background-blend-mode:difference, normal) { /* Firefox only */ .site-header__navigation-submenu-section:after { top: 2px; right: -4px; } } /* Added dark mode and other items for outdated Prettify.css */ code[data-lang="text"] .pln, code[data-lang="text"] .str, code[data-lang="text"] .kwd, code[data-lang="text"] .com, code[data-lang="text"] .typ, code[data-lang="text"] .lit, code[data-lang="text"] .pun, code[data-lang="text"] .opn, code[data-lang="text"] .clo, code[data-lang="text"] .tag, code[data-lang="text"] .atn, code[data-lang="text"] .atv, code[data-lang="text"] .dec, code[data-lang="text"] .var, code[data-lang="text"] .fun { color: #000; 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} .com { color: #909090 !important; } .str, .tag { color: #90a959 !important; } .kwd, .atv { color: #d28445 !important; } .typ { color: #f4bf75 !important; } .lit, .atn { color: #6a9fb5 !important; } .pun, .pln, .opn, .clo { color: #d0d0d0 !important; } .dec, .var { color: #aa759f !important; } li.L1, li.L3, li.L5, li.L7, li.L9 { background: #111 !important; } body.light-theme { code[data-lang="text"] .pln, code[data-lang="text"] .str, code[data-lang="text"] .kwd, code[data-lang="text"] .com, code[data-lang="text"] .typ, code[data-lang="text"] .lit, code[data-lang="text"] .pun, code[data-lang="text"] .opn, code[data-lang="text"] .clo, code[data-lang="text"] .tag, code[data-lang="text"] .atn, code[data-lang="text"] .atv, code[data-lang="text"] .dec, code[data-lang="text"] .var, code[data-lang="text"] .fun { color: #000; } .pln { color: #000 !important;; } .com { color: #800 !important;; } .str, .tag { color: #080 !important;; } .kwd, .atv { color: #008 !important;; } .typ { color: #606 !important;; 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Using Reference Materials</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="../userguide/gradle_ides.html">Gradle in the IDE</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/continuous_builds.html">Continuous Build</a></li> </ul> <h3 id="authoring-gradle-builds">Authoring Gradle Builds</h3> <ul> <li><a href="../userguide/getting_started_dev.html">Getting Started</a></li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#learning-the-basics" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="learning-the-basics">Learning the Basics</a> <ul id="authoring-introduction"> <li><a href="../userguide/gradle_directories.html">1. Gradle Directories</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/intro_multi_project_builds.html">2. Multi-Project Builds</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/build_lifecycle.html">3. Gradle Build Lifecycle</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/writing_settings_files.html">4. Writing Settings Files</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/writing_build_scripts.html">5. Writing Build Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/tutorial_using_tasks.html">6. Using Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/writing_tasks.html">7. Writing Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/plugins.html">8. Using Plugins</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/writing_plugins.html">9. Writing Plugins</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false">Tutorial</a> <ul id="authoring-tutorial"> <li><a href="../userguide/partr1_gradle_init.html">1. Initializing the Project</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/partr2_build_lifecycle.html">2. Understanding the Build Lifecycle</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/partr3_multi_project_builds.html">3. Multi-Project Builds</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/partr4_settings_file.html">4. Writing the Settings File</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/partr5_build_scripts.html">5. Writing a Build Script</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/partr6_writing_tasks.html">6. Writing Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/partr7_writing_plugins.html">7. Writing Plugins</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#authoring-multi-project-builds" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="authoring-multi-project-builds">Structuring Builds</a> <ul id="authoring-multi-project-builds"> <li><a href="../userguide/multi_project_builds.html">Structuring Projects with Gradle</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/declaring_dependencies_between_subprojects.html">Declaring Dependencies between Subprojects</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/sharing_build_logic_between_subprojects.html">Sharing Build Logic between Subprojects</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/composite_builds.html">Composite Builds</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/multi_project_configuration_and_execution.html">Configuration on Demand</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#developing-tasks" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="developing-tasks">Developing Tasks</a> <ul id="developing-tasks"> <li><a href="../userguide/more_about_tasks.html">Understanding Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/controlling_task_execution.html">Controlling Task Execution</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/organizing_tasks.html">Organizing Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/implementing_custom_tasks.html">Implementing Custom Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/lazy_configuration.html">Configuring Tasks Lazily</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/worker_api.html">Developing Parallel Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/custom_tasks.html">Developing Advanced Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/build_services.html">Using Shared Build Services</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#developing-plugins" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="developing-plugins">Developing Plugins</a> <ul id="developing-plugins"> <li><a href="../userguide/custom_plugins.html">Understanding Plugins</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/implementing_gradle_plugins.html">Understanding Implementation Options</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/implementing_gradle_plugins_precompiled.html">Implementing Pre-compiled Script Plugins</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/implementing_gradle_plugins_binary.html">Implementing Binary Plugins</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/testing_gradle_plugins.html">Testing Plugins</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/publishing_gradle_plugins.html">Publishing Plugins</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#gradle-properties" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gradle-properties">Understanding Gradle Types</a> <ul id="gradle-properties-topics"> <li><a href="../userguide/properties_providers.html">Understanding Properties and Providers</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/collections.html">Understanding Collections</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/service_injection.html">Understanding Services and Service Injection</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#other-developing-topics" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="other-developing-topics">Other Topics</a> <ul id="other-developing-topics"> <li><a href="../userguide/working_with_files.html">Working with Files</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/init_scripts.html">Initialization Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/dataflow_actions.html">Dataflow Actions</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/test_kit.html">Testing with TestKit</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/ant.html">Using Ant from Gradle</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="../userguide/directory_layout.html">Gradle-managed Directories</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/build_environment.html">Configuring the Build Environment</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/logging.html">Logging with Gradle</a></li> </ul> <h3 id="managing-dependencies">Dependency Management</h3> <ul> <li><a href="../userguide/getting_started_dep_man.html">Getting Started</a></li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#learning-the-basics-dependency-management" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="learning-the-basics-dependency-management">Learning the Basics</a> <ul id="learning-the-basics-dependency-management"> <li><a href="../userguide/declaring_dependencies.html">1. Declaring Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/dependency_configurations.html">2. Dependency Configurations</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/declaring_repositories.html">3. Declaring Repositories</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/centralizing_dependencies.html">4. Centralizing Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/dependency_constraints_conflicts.html">5. Dependency Constraints and Conflict Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/dependency_resolution.html">6. Dependency Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/variant_aware_resolution.html">7. Variant Aware Dependency Resolution</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#declaring-dependencies" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="declaring-dependencies">Declaring Dependencies</a> <ul id="declaring-dependencies"> <li><a href="../userguide/declaring_dependencies_basics.html">Declaring Dependencies Basics</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/viewing_debugging_dependencies.html">Viewing Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/dependency_versions.html">Declaring Versions and Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/dependency_constraints.html">Declaring Dependency Constraints</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/declaring_configurations.html">Creating Dependency Configurations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#declaring-repositories" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="declaring-repositories">Declaring Repositories</a> <ul id="declaring-repositories"> <li><a href="../userguide/declaring_repositories_basics.html">Declaring Repositories Basics</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/centralizing_repositories.html">Centralizing Repository Declarations</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/supported_repository_types.html">Repository Types</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/supported_metadata_formats.html">Metadata Formats</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/supported_repository_protocols.html">Supported Protocols</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/filtering_repository_content.html">Filtering Repository Content</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#centralizing-dependencies" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="centralizing-dependencies">Centralizing Dependencies</a> <ul id="centralizing-dependencies"> <li><a href="../userguide/platforms.html">Creating Platforms</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/version_catalogs.html">Creating Version Catalogs</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/centralizing_catalog_platform.html">Using Catalogs with Platforms</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#dependency-management" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="dependency-management">Managing Dependencies</a> <ul id="dependency-management"> <li><a href="../userguide/dependency_locking.html">Locking Versions</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/resolution_rules.html">Using Resolution Rules</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/component_metadata_rules.html">Modifying Dependency Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/dependency_caching.html">Caching Dependencies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#understanding_dep_res" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="understanding_dep_res">Understanding Dependency Resolution</a> <ul id="understanding_dep_res"> <li><a href="../userguide/variant_model.html">Understanding The Model</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/component_capabilities.html">Capabilities</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/variant_attributes.html">Variants and Attributes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#dependency-resolution" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="dependency-resolution">Controlling Dependency Resolution</a> <ul id="dependency-resolution"> <li><a href="../userguide/dependency_resolution_basics.html">Dependency Resolution Basics</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/dependency_graph_resolution.html">Graph Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/artifact_resolution.html">Artifact Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/artifact_transforms.html">Artifact Transforms</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#publishing" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="publishing">Publishing Libraries</a> <ul id="publishing"> <li><a href="../userguide/publishing_setup.html">Setting up Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/publishing_gradle_module_metadata.html">Understanding Gradle Module Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/publishing_signing.html">Signing Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/publishing_customization.html">Customizing Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/publishing_maven.html">Maven Publish Plugin</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/publishing_ivy.html">Ivy Publish Plugin</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#other" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="other">Other Topics</a> <ul id="other"> <li><a href="../userguide/dependency_verification.html">Verifying Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/dependency_version_alignment.html">Aligning Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/feature_variants.html">Modeling Feature Variants and Optional Dependencies</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="authoring-gradle-builds-java">Authoring JVM Builds</h3> <ul> <li><a href="../userguide/building_java_projects.html">Building Java & JVM projects</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/java_testing.html">Testing Java & JVM projects</a></li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#java-toolchains" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="java-toolchains">Java Toolchains</a> <ul id="java-toolchains"> <li><a href="../userguide/toolchains.html">Toolchains for JVM projects</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/toolchain_plugins.html">Toolchain Resolver Plugins</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="../userguide/dependency_management_for_java_projects.html">Managing Dependencies</a></li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#jvm-plugins" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="jvm-plugins">JVM Plugins</a> <ul id="jvm-plugins"> <li><a href="../userguide/java_library_plugin.html">Java Library Plugin</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/application_plugin.html">Java Application Plugin</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/java_platform_plugin.html">Java Platform Plugin</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/groovy_plugin.html">Groovy Plugin</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/scala_plugin.html">Scala Plugin</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="optimizing-build-performance">Optimizing Build Performance</h3> <ul> <li><a href="../userguide/performance.html">Improving Performance of Gradle Builds</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/gradle_daemon.html">Gradle Daemon</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/file_system_watching.html">File System Watching</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/incremental_build.html">Incremental Build</a></li> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#build-cache" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="optimizing-build-performance">Using the Build Cache</a> <ul id="build-cache"> <li><a href="../userguide/build_cache.html">Enabling and Configuring</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/build_cache_use_cases.html">Why use the Build Cache?</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/build_cache_performance.html">Understanding the Impact</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/build_cache_concepts.html">Learning Basic Concepts</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/caching_java_projects.html">Caching Java Project</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/caching_android_projects.html">Caching Android Project</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/build_cache_debugging.html">Debugging Caching Issues</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/common_caching_problems.html">Troubleshooting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="../userguide/configuration_cache.html">Using the Configuration Cache</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/inspect.html">Inspecting Gradle Builds</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/config_gradle.html">Configuring Gradle</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/project_properties.html">Project Properties</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/networking.html">Gradle Networking</a></li> </ul> <h3 id="authoring-gradle-builds-native">Authoring C++/Swift Builds</h3> <ul> <li><a href="../userguide/building_cpp_projects.html">Building C++ projects</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/cpp_testing.html">Testing C++ projects</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/building_swift_projects.html">Building Swift projects</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/swift_testing.html">Testing Swift projects</a></li> </ul> <h3 id="reference">Reference</h3> <ul> <li><a class="nav-dropdown" data-toggle="collapse" href="#gradle-api" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gradle-api">Gradle DSLs and API</a> <ul id="gradle-api"> <li><a href="../javadoc/index.html?overview-summary.html">Javadoc</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/groovy_build_script_primer.html">Groovy DSL Primer</a></li> <li><a href="../dsl/index.html">Groovy DSL Reference</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/kotlin_dsl.html">Kotlin DSL Primer</a></li> <li><a href="../kotlin-dsl/index.html" target="_blank">Kotlin DSL API</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/migrating_from_groovy_to_kotlin_dsl.html">Groovy to Kotlin DSL Migration</a></li> <li><a href="../samples/index.html">Samples</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/glossary.html">Glossary</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://community.gradle.org/cookbook/">Gradle Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/command_line_interface.html">Command-Line Interface</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/gradle_wrapper.html">Gradle Wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/plugin_reference.html">Core Plugins</a></li> <li id="third-party-integration"><a href="../userguide/third_party_integration.html">Gradle & Third-party Tools</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/userguide_single.html">User Manual Single Page</a></li> <li><a href="../userguide/userguide.pdf">User Manual PDF</a></li> </ul> </nav>  <div class="content"> <div class="chapter"> <div id="header"> <h1>Testing in Java & JVM projects</h1> <div class="details"> <span id="revnumber">version 8.11.1</span> </div> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle">Contents</div> <ul class="sectlevel1"> <li><a href="#sec:java_testing_basics">The basics</a></li> <li><a href="#sec:test_execution">Test execution</a></li> <li><a href="#test_filtering">Test filtering</a></li> <li><a href="#test_reporting">Test reporting</a></li> <li><a href="#sec:test_detection">Test detection</a></li> <li><a href="#sec:test_logging">Test logging</a></li> <li><a href="#test_grouping">Test grouping</a></li> <li><a href="#using_junit5">Using JUnit 5</a></li> <li><a href="#test_execution_order">Test execution order in TestNG</a></li> <li><a href="#sec:configuring_java_integration_tests">Configuring integration tests</a></li> <li><a href="#sec:java_testing_modular">Testing Java Modules</a></li> <li><a href="#sec:skipping_java_tests">Skipping the tests</a></li> <li><a href="#sec:forcing_java_tests_to_run">Forcing tests to run</a></li> <li><a href="#sec:debugging_java_tests">Debugging when running tests</a></li> <li><a href="#sec:java_test_fixtures">Using test fixtures</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="content"> <div id="preamble"> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Testing on the JVM is a rich subject matter. There are many different testing libraries and frameworks, as well as many different types of test. All need to be part of the build, whether they are executed frequently or infrequently. This chapter is dedicated to explaining how Gradle handles differing requirements between and within builds, with significant coverage of how it integrates with the two most common testing frameworks: <a href="https://junit.org/">JUnit</a> and <a href="https://testng.org/">TestNG</a>.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>It explains:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>Ways to control how the tests are run (<a href="#sec:test_execution">Test execution</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p>How to select specific tests to run (<a href="#test_filtering">Test filtering</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p>What test reports are generated and how to influence the process (<a href="#test_reporting">Test reporting</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p>How Gradle finds tests to run (<a href="#sec:test_detection">Test detection</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p>How to make use of the major frameworks' mechanisms for grouping tests together (<a href="#test_grouping">Test grouping</a>)</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>But first, let’s look at the basics of JVM testing in Gradle.</p> </div> <div class="admonitionblock note"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> </td> <td class="content"> A new configuration DSL for modeling test execution phases is available via the incubating <a href="jvm_test_suite_plugin.html#jvm_test_suite_plugin">JVM Test Suite</a> plugin. </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:java_testing_basics"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:java_testing_basics"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:java_testing_basics">The basics</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>All JVM testing revolves around a single task type: <a href="../dsl/org.gradle.api.tasks.testing.Test.html">Test</a>. This runs a collection of test cases using any supported test library — JUnit, JUnit Platform or TestNG — and collates the results. You can then turn those results into a report via an instance of the <a href="../dsl/org.gradle.api.tasks.testing.TestReport.html">TestReport</a> task type.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In order to operate, the <code>Test</code> task type requires just two pieces of information:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>Where to find the compiled test classes (property: <a href="../dsl/org.gradle.api.tasks.testing.Test.html#org.gradle.api.tasks.testing.Test:testClassesDirs">Test.getTestClassesDirs()</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p>The execution classpath, which should include the classes under test as well as the test library that you’re using (property: <a href="../dsl/org.gradle.api.tasks.testing.Test.html#org.gradle.api.tasks.testing.Test:classpath">Test.getClasspath()</a>)</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>When you’re using a JVM language plugin — such as the <a href="java_plugin.html#java_plugin">Java Plugin</a> — you will automatically get the following:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>A dedicated <code>test</code> source set for unit tests</p> </li> <li> <p>A <code>test</code> task of type <code>Test</code> that runs those unit tests</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The JVM language plugins use the source set to configure the task with the appropriate execution classpath and the directory containing the compiled test classes. In addition, they attach the <code>test</code> task to the <code>check</code> <a href="organizing_tasks.html#sec:lifecycle_tasks">lifecycle task</a>.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>It’s also worth bearing in mind that the <code>test</code> source set automatically creates <a href="java_plugin.html#java_source_set_configurations">corresponding dependency configurations</a> — of which the most useful are <code>testImplementation</code> and <code>testRuntimeOnly</code> — that the plugins tie into the <code>test</code> task’s classpath.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>All you need to do in most cases is configure the appropriate compilation and runtime dependencies and add any necessary configuration to the <code>test</code> task. The following example shows a simple setup that uses JUnit Platform and changes the maximum heap size for the tests' JVM to 1 gigabyte:</p> </div> <div id="ex-a-basic-configuration-for-the-test-task" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 1. <a href="#ex-a-basic-configuration-for-the-test-task">A basic configuration for the 'test' task</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">dependencies { testImplementation("org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:5.7.1") testRuntimeOnly("org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher") } tasks.named<Test>("test") { useJUnitPlatform() maxHeapSize = "1G" testLogging { events("passed") } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">dependencies { testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:5.7.1' testRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher' } tasks.named('test', Test) { useJUnitPlatform() maxHeapSize = '1G' testLogging { events "passed" } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The <a href="../dsl/org.gradle.api.tasks.testing.Test.html">Test</a> task has many generic configuration options as well as several framework-specific ones that you can find described in <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/junit/JUnitOptions.html">JUnitOptions</a>, <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/junitplatform/JUnitPlatformOptions.html">JUnitPlatformOptions</a> and <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/testng/TestNGOptions.html">TestNGOptions</a>. We cover a significant number of them in the rest of the chapter.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you want to set up your own <code>Test</code> task with its own set of test classes, then the easiest approach is to create your own source set and <code>Test</code> task instance, as shown in <a href="#sec:configuring_java_integration_tests">Configuring integration tests</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:test_execution"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:test_execution"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:test_execution">Test execution</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Gradle executes tests in a separate ('forked') JVM, isolated from the main build process. This prevents classpath pollution and excessive memory consumption for the build process. It also allows you to run the tests with different JVM arguments than the build is using.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can control how the test process is launched via several properties on the <code>Test</code> task, including the following:</p> </div> <div class="dlist"> <dl> <dt class="hdlist1"><code>maxParallelForks</code> — default: 1</dt> <dd> <p>You can run your tests in parallel by setting this property to a value greater than 1. This may make your test suites complete faster, particularly if you run them on a multi-core CPU. When using parallel test execution, make sure your tests are properly isolated from one another. Tests that interact with the filesystem are particularly prone to conflict, causing intermittent test failures.</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Your tests can distinguish between parallel test processes by using the value of the <code>org.gradle.test.worker</code> property, which is unique for each process. You can use this for anything you want, but it’s particularly useful for filenames and other resource identifiers to prevent the kind of conflict we just mentioned.</p> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1"><code>forkEvery</code> — default: 0 (no maximum)</dt> <dd> <p>This property specifies the maximum number of test classes that Gradle should run on a test process before its disposed of and a fresh one created. This is mainly used as a way to manage leaky tests or frameworks that have static state that can’t be cleared or reset between tests.</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p><strong>Warning: a low value (other than 0) can severely hurt the performance of the tests</strong></p> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1"><code>ignoreFailures</code> — default: false</dt> <dd> <p>If this property is <code>true</code>, Gradle will continue with the project’s build once the tests have completed, even if some of them have failed. Note that, by default, the <code>Test</code> task always executes every test that it detects, irrespective of this setting.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1"><code>failFast</code> — (since Gradle 4.6) default: false</dt> <dd> <p>Set this to <code>true</code> if you want the build to fail and finish as soon as one of your tests fails. This can save a lot of time when you have a long-running test suite and is particularly useful when running the build on continuous integration servers. When a build fails before all tests have run, the test reports only include the results of the tests that have completed, successfully or not.</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can also enable this behavior by using the <code>--fail-fast</code> command line option, or disable it respectively with <code>--no-fail-fast</code>.</p> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1"><code>testLogging</code> — default: <em>not set</em></dt> <dd> <p>This property represents a set of options that control which test events are logged and at what level. You can also configure other logging behavior via this property. See <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/logging/TestLoggingContainer.html">TestLoggingContainer</a> for more detail.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1"><code>dryRun</code> — default: false</dt> <dd> <p>If this property is <code>true</code>, Gradle will simulate the execution of the tests without actually running them. This will still generate reports, allowing for inspection of what tests were selected. This can be used to verify that your test filtering configuration is correct without actually running the tests.</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can also enable this behavior by using the <code>--test-dry-run</code> command-line option, or disable it respectively with <code>--no-test-dry-run</code>.</p> </div> </dd> </dl> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>See <a href="../dsl/org.gradle.api.tasks.testing.Test.html">Test</a> for details on all the available configuration options.</p> </div> <div class="openblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The test process can exit unexpectedly if configured incorrectly. For instance, if the Java executable does not exist or an invalid JVM argument is provided, the test process will fail to start. Similarly, if a test makes programmatic changes to the test process, this can also cause unexpected failures.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>For example, issues may occur if a <code><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/SecurityManager.html">SecurityManager</a></code> is modified in a test because Gradle’s internal messaging depends on reflection and socket communication, which may be disrupted if the permissions on the security manager change. In this particular case, you should restore the original <code>SecurityManager</code> after the test so that the gradle test worker process can continue to function.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="test_filtering"><a class="anchor" href="#test_filtering"></a><a class="link" href="#test_filtering">Test filtering</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>It’s a common requirement to run subsets of a test suite, such as when you’re fixing a bug or developing a new test case. Gradle provides two mechanisms to do this:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>Filtering (the preferred option)</p> </li> <li> <p>Test inclusion/exclusion</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Filtering supersedes the inclusion/exclusion mechanism, but you may still come across the latter in the wild.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>With Gradle’s test filtering you can select tests to run based on:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>A fully-qualified class name or fully qualified method name, e.g. <code>org.gradle.SomeTest</code>, <code>org.gradle.SomeTest.someMethod</code></p> </li> <li> <p>A simple class name or method name if the pattern starts with an upper-case letter, e.g. <code>SomeTest</code>, <code>SomeTest.someMethod</code> (since Gradle 4.7)</p> </li> <li> <p>'*' wildcard matching</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can enable filtering either in the build script or via the <code>--tests</code> command-line option. Here’s an example of some filters that are applied every time the build runs:</p> </div> <div id="ex-filtering-tests-in-the-build-script" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 2. <a href="#ex-filtering-tests-in-the-build-script">Filtering tests in the build script</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">tasks.test { filter { //include specific method in any of the tests includeTestsMatching("*UiCheck") //include all tests from package includeTestsMatching("org.gradle.internal.*") //include all integration tests includeTestsMatching("*IntegTest") } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">test { filter { //include specific method in any of the tests includeTestsMatching "*UiCheck" //include all tests from package includeTestsMatching "org.gradle.internal.*" //include all integration tests includeTestsMatching "*IntegTest" } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>For more details and examples of declaring filters in the build script, please see the <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/TestFilter.html">TestFilter</a> reference.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The command-line option is especially useful to execute a single test method. When you use <code>--tests</code>, be aware that the inclusions declared in the build script are still honored. It is also possible to supply multiple <code>--tests</code> options, all of whose patterns will take effect. The following sections have several examples of using the command-line option.</p> </div> <div class="admonitionblock note"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> </td> <td class="content"> Not all test frameworks play well with filtering. Some advanced, synthetic tests may not be fully compatible. However, the vast majority of tests and use cases work perfectly well with Gradle’s filtering mechanism. </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The following two sections look at the specific cases of simple class/method names and fully-qualified names.</p> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="simple_name_pattern"><a class="anchor" href="#simple_name_pattern"></a><a class="link" href="#simple_name_pattern">Simple name pattern</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Since 4.7, Gradle has treated a pattern starting with an uppercase letter as a simple class name, or a class name + method name. For example, the following command lines run either all or exactly one of the tests in the <code>SomeTestClass</code> test case, regardless of what package it’s in:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code># Executes all tests in SomeTestClass gradle test --tests SomeTestClass # Executes a single specified test in SomeTestClass gradle test --tests SomeTestClass.someSpecificMethod gradle test --tests SomeTestClass.*someMethod*</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="full_qualified_name_pattern"><a class="anchor" href="#full_qualified_name_pattern"></a><a class="link" href="#full_qualified_name_pattern">Fully-qualified name pattern</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Prior to 4.7 or if the pattern doesn’t start with an uppercase letter, Gradle treats the pattern as fully-qualified. So if you want to use the test class name irrespective of its package, you would use <code>--tests *.SomeTestClass</code>. Here are some more examples:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code># specific class gradle test --tests org.gradle.SomeTestClass # specific class and method gradle test --tests org.gradle.SomeTestClass.someSpecificMethod # method name containing spaces gradle test --tests "org.gradle.SomeTestClass.some method containing spaces" # all classes at specific package (recursively) gradle test --tests 'all.in.specific.package*' # specific method at specific package (recursively) gradle test --tests 'all.in.specific.package*.someSpecificMethod' gradle test --tests '*IntegTest' gradle test --tests '*IntegTest*ui*' gradle test --tests '*ParameterizedTest.foo*' # the second iteration of a parameterized test gradle test --tests '*ParameterizedTest.*[2]'</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Note that the wildcard '*' has no special understanding of the '.' package separator. It’s purely text based. So <code>--tests *.SomeTestClass</code> will match any package, regardless of its 'depth'.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can also combine filters defined at the command line with <a href="command_line_interface.html#sec:continuous_build">continuous build</a> to re-execute a subset of tests immediately after every change to a production or test source file. The following executes all tests in the 'com.mypackage.foo' package or subpackages whenever a change triggers the tests to run:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code>gradle test --continuous --tests "com.mypackage.foo.*"</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="test_reporting"><a class="anchor" href="#test_reporting"></a><a class="link" href="#test_reporting">Test reporting</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The <code>Test</code> task generates the following results by default:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>An HTML test report</p> </li> <li> <p>XML test results in a format compatible with the Ant JUnit report task — one that is supported by many other tools, such as CI servers</p> </li> <li> <p>An efficient binary format of the results used by the <code>Test</code> task to generate the other formats</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In most cases, you’ll work with the standard HTML report, which automatically includes the results from <em>all</em> your <code>Test</code> tasks, even the ones you explicitly add to the build yourself. For example, if you add a <code>Test</code> task for integration tests, the report will include the results of both the unit tests and the integration tests if both tasks are run.</p> </div> <div class="admonitionblock note"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> </td> <td class="content"> To aggregate test results across multiple subprojects, see the <a href="test_report_aggregation_plugin.html#test_report_aggregation_plugin">Test Report Aggregation Plugin</a>. </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Unlike with many of the testing configuration options, there are several project-level <a href="java_plugin.html#sec:java_convention_properties">convention properties that affect the test reports</a>. For example, you can change the destination of the test results and reports like so:</p> </div> <div id="ex-changing-the-default-test-report-and-results-directories" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 3. <a href="#ex-changing-the-default-test-report-and-results-directories">Changing the default test report and results directories</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">reporting.baseDir = file("my-reports") java.testResultsDir = layout.buildDirectory.dir("my-test-results") tasks.register("showDirs") { val rootDir = project.rootDir val reportsDir = project.reporting.baseDirectory val testResultsDir = project.java.testResultsDir doLast { logger.quiet(rootDir.toPath().relativize(reportsDir.get().asFile.toPath()).toString()) logger.quiet(rootDir.toPath().relativize(testResultsDir.get().asFile.toPath()).toString()) } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">reporting.baseDir = "my-reports" java.testResultsDir = layout.buildDirectory.dir("my-test-results") tasks.register('showDirs') { def rootDir = project.rootDir def reportsDir = project.reporting.baseDirectory def testResultsDir = project.java.testResultsDir doLast { logger.quiet(rootDir.toPath().relativize(reportsDir.get().asFile.toPath()).toString()) logger.quiet(rootDir.toPath().relativize(testResultsDir.get().asFile.toPath()).toString()) } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">Output of <strong><code>gradle -q showDirs</code></strong></div> <div class="content"> <pre>> gradle -q showDirs my-reports build/my-test-results</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Follow the link to the convention properties for more details.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>There is also a standalone <a href="../dsl/org.gradle.api.tasks.testing.TestReport.html">TestReport</a> task type that you can use to generate a custom HTML test report. All it requires are a value for <code>destinationDir</code> and the test results you want included in the report. Here is a sample which generates a combined report for the unit tests from all subprojects:</p> </div> <div id="ex-creating-a-unit-test-report-for-subprojects" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 4. <a href="#ex-creating-a-unit-test-report-for-subprojects">Creating a unit test report for subprojects</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/myproject.java-conventions.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">plugins { id("java") } // Disable the test report for the individual test task tasks.named<Test>("test") { reports.html.required = false } // Share the test report data to be aggregated for the whole project configurations.create("binaryTestResultsElements") { isCanBeResolved = false isCanBeConsumed = true attributes { attribute(Category.CATEGORY_ATTRIBUTE, objects.named(Category.DOCUMENTATION)) attribute(DocsType.DOCS_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE, objects.named("test-report-data")) } outgoing.artifact(tasks.test.map { task -> task.getBinaryResultsDirectory().get() }) }</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">val testReportData by configurations.creating { isCanBeConsumed = false attributes { attribute(Category.CATEGORY_ATTRIBUTE, objects.named(Category.DOCUMENTATION)) attribute(DocsType.DOCS_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE, objects.named("test-report-data")) } } dependencies { testReportData(project(":core")) testReportData(project(":util")) } tasks.register<TestReport>("testReport") { destinationDirectory = reporting.baseDirectory.dir("allTests") // Use test results from testReportData configuration testResults.from(testReportData) }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">buildSrc/src/main/groovy/myproject.java-conventions.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">plugins { id 'java' } // Disable the test report for the individual test task test { reports.html.required = false } // Share the test report data to be aggregated for the whole project configurations { binaryTestResultsElements { canBeResolved = false canBeConsumed = true attributes { attribute(Category.CATEGORY_ATTRIBUTE, objects.named(Category, Category.DOCUMENTATION)) attribute(DocsType.DOCS_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE, objects.named(DocsType, 'test-report-data')) } outgoing.artifact(test.binaryResultsDirectory) } }</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">// A resolvable configuration to collect test reports data configurations { testReportData { canBeConsumed = false attributes { attribute(Category.CATEGORY_ATTRIBUTE, objects.named(Category, Category.DOCUMENTATION)) attribute(DocsType.DOCS_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE, objects.named(DocsType, 'test-report-data')) } } } dependencies { testReportData project(':core') testReportData project(':util') } tasks.register('testReport', TestReport) { destinationDirectory = reporting.baseDirectory.dir('allTests') // Use test results from testReportData configuration testResults.from(configurations.testReportData) }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In this example, we use a convention plugin <code>myproject.java-conventions</code> to expose the test results from a project to Gradle’s <a href="variant_model.html#sec:understanding-variant-selection">variant aware dependency management engine</a>.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The plugin declares a consumable <code>binaryTestResultsElements</code> configuration that represents the binary test results of the <code>test</code> task. In the aggregation project’s build file, we declare the <code>testReportData</code> configuration and depend on all of the projects that we want to aggregate the results from. Gradle will automatically select the binary test result variant from each of the subprojects instead of the project’s jar file. Lastly, we add a <code>testReport</code> task that aggregates the test results from the <code>testResultsDirs</code> property, which contains all of the binary test results resolved from the <code>testReportData</code> configuration.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You should note that the <code>TestReport</code> type combines the results from multiple test tasks and needs to aggregate the results of individual test classes. This means that if a given test class is executed by multiple test tasks, then the test report will include executions of that class, but it can be hard to distinguish individual executions of that class and their output.</p> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="communicating_test_results_to_CI_servers_and_other_tools_via_xml_files"><a class="anchor" href="#communicating_test_results_to_CI_servers_and_other_tools_via_xml_files"></a><a class="link" href="#communicating_test_results_to_CI_servers_and_other_tools_via_xml_files">Communicating test results to CI servers and other tools via XML files</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The Test tasks creates XML files describing the test results, in the “JUnit XML” pseudo standard. This standard is used by the JUnit 4, JUnit Jupiter, and TestNG test frameworks, and is configured using the same DSL block for each of these. It is common for CI servers and other tooling to observe test results via these XML files.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>By default, the files are written to <code>layout.buildDirectory.dir("test-results/$testTaskName")</code> with a file per test class. The location can be changed for all test tasks of a project, or individually per test task.</p> </div> <div id="ex-changing-junit-xml-results-location-for-all-test-tasks" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 5. <a href="#ex-changing-junit-xml-results-location-for-all-test-tasks">Changing JUnit XML results location for all test tasks</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">java.testResultsDir = layout.buildDirectory.dir("junit-xml")</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">java.testResultsDir = layout.buildDirectory.dir("junit-xml")</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>With the above configuration, the XML files will be written to <code>layout.buildDirectory.dir("junit-xml/$testTaskName")</code>.</p> </div> <div id="ex-changing-junit-xml-results-location-for-a-particular-test-task" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 6. <a href="#ex-changing-junit-xml-results-location-for-a-particular-test-task">Changing JUnit XML results location for a particular test task</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">tasks.test { reports { junitXml.outputLocation = layout.buildDirectory.dir("test-junit-xml") } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">test { reports { junitXml.outputLocation = layout.buildDirectory.dir("test-junit-xml") } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>With the above configuration, the XML files for the <code>test</code> task will be written to <code>layout.buildDirectory.dir("test-results/test-junit-xml")</code>. The location of the XML files for other test tasks will be unchanged.</p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <h4 id="junit_xml_configuration"><a class="anchor" href="#junit_xml_configuration"></a><a class="link" href="#junit_xml_configuration">Configuration options</a></h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The content of the XML files can also be configured to convey the results differently, by configuring the <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/JUnitXmlReport.html">JUnitXmlReport</a> options.</p> </div> <div id="ex-configuring-how-the-results-are-conveyed" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 7. <a href="#ex-configuring-how-the-results-are-conveyed">Configuring how the results are conveyed</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">tasks.test { reports { junitXml.apply { includeSystemOutLog = false // defaults to true includeSystemErrLog = false // defaults to true isOutputPerTestCase = true // defaults to false mergeReruns = true // defaults to false } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">test { reports { junitXml { includeSystemOutLog = false // defaults to true includeSystemErrLog = false // defaults to true outputPerTestCase = true // defaults to false mergeReruns = true // defaults to false } } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h5 id="junit_xml_configuration_output_filtering"><a class="anchor" href="#junit_xml_configuration_output_filtering"></a><a class="link" href="#junit_xml_configuration_output_filtering">includeSystemOutLog & includeSystemErrLog</a></h5> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The <code>includeSystemOutLog</code> option allows configuring whether or not test output written to standard out is exported to the XML report file. The <code>includeSystemErrLog</code> option allows configuring whether or not test error output written to standard error is exported to the XML report file.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>These options affect both test-suite level output (such as <code>@BeforeClass</code>/<code>@BeforeAll</code> output) and test class and method-specific output (<code>@Before</code>/<code>@BeforeEach</code> and <code>@Test</code>). If either option is disabled, the element that normally contains that content will be excluded from the XML report file.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The default for each option is <code>true</code>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h5 id="outputpertestcase"><a class="anchor" href="#outputpertestcase"></a><a class="link" href="#outputpertestcase">outputPerTestCase</a></h5> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The <code>outputPerTestCase</code> option, when enabled, associates any output logging generated during a test case to that test case in the results. When disabled (the default) output is associated with the test class as whole and not the individual test cases (e.g. test methods) that produced the logging output. Most modern tools that observe JUnit XML files support the “output per test case” format.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you are using the XML files to communicate test results, it is recommended to enable this option as it provides more useful reporting.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h5 id="mergereruns"><a class="anchor" href="#mergereruns"></a><a class="link" href="#mergereruns">mergeReruns</a></h5> <div class="paragraph"> <p>When <code>mergeReruns</code> is enabled, if a test fails but is then retried and succeeds, its failures will be recorded as <code><flakyFailure></code> instead of <code><failure></code>, within one <code><testcase></code>. This is effectively the reporting produced by the <a href="https://maven.apache.org/components/surefire/maven-surefire-plugin/examples/rerun-failing-tests.html">surefire plugin of Apache Maven™</a> when enabling reruns. If your CI server understands this format, it will indicate that the test was flaky. If it does not, it will indicate that the test succeeded as it will ignore the <code><flakyFailure></code> information. If the test does not succeed (i.e. it fails for every retry), it will be indicated as having failed whether your tool understands this format or not.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>When <code>mergeReruns</code> is disabled (the default), each execution of a test will be listed as a separate test case.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you are using <a href="https://scans.gradle.com">build scans</a> or <a href="https://gradle.com/gradle-enterprise-solution-overview/failure-analytics/">Develocity</a>, flaky tests will be detected regardless of this setting.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Enabling this option is especially useful when using a CI tool that uses the XML test results to determine build failure instead of relying on Gradle’s determination of whether the build failed or not, and you wish to not consider the build failed if all failed tests passed when retried. This is the case for the Jenkins CI server and its <a href="https://plugins.jenkins.io/junit/">JUnit plugin</a>. With <code>mergeReruns</code> enabled, tests that pass-on-retry will no longer cause this Jenkins plugin to consider the build to have failed. However, failed test executions will be omitted from the Jenkins test result visualizations as it does not consider <code><flakyFailure></code> information. The separate <a href="https://plugins.jenkins.io/flaky-test-handler">Flaky Test Handler Jenkins plugin</a> can be used in addition to the JUnit Jenkins plugin to have such “flaky failures” also be visualized.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Tests are grouped and merged based on their reported name. When using any kind of test parameterization that affects the reported test name, or any other kind of mechanism that produces a potentially dynamic test name, care should be taken to ensure that the test name is stable and does not unnecessarily change.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Enabling the <code>mergeReruns</code> option does not add any retry/rerun functionality to test execution. Rerunning can be enabled by the test execution framework (e.g. JUnit’s <a href="https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/user-guide/#writing-tests-repeated-tests">@RepeatedTest</a>), or via the separate <a href="https://github.com/gradle/test-retry-gradle-plugin">Test Retry Gradle plugin</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:test_detection"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:test_detection"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:test_detection">Test detection</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>By default, Gradle will run all tests that it detects, which it does by inspecting the compiled test classes. This detection uses different criteria depending on the test framework used.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>For <em>JUnit</em>, Gradle scans for both JUnit 3 and 4 test classes. A class is considered to be a JUnit test if it:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>Ultimately inherits from <code>TestCase</code> or <code>GroovyTestCase</code></p> </li> <li> <p>Is annotated with <code>@RunWith</code></p> </li> <li> <p>Contains a method annotated with <code>@Test</code> or a super class does</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>For <em>TestNG</em>, Gradle scans for methods annotated with <code>@Test</code>.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Note that abstract classes are not executed. In addition, be aware that Gradle scans up the inheritance tree into jar files on the test classpath. So if those JARs contain test classes, they will also be run.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you don’t want to use test class detection, you can disable it by setting the <code>scanForTestClasses</code> property on <a href="../dsl/org.gradle.api.tasks.testing.Test.html">Test</a> to <code>false</code>. When you do that, the test task uses only the <code>includes</code> and <code>excludes</code> properties to find test classes.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If <code>scanForTestClasses</code> is false and no include or exclude patterns are specified, Gradle defaults to running any class that matches the patterns <code>**/*Tests.class</code> and <code>**/*Test.class</code>, excluding those that match <code>**/Abstract*.class</code>.</p> </div> <div class="admonitionblock note"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> </td> <td class="content"> With <a href="http://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/user-guide">JUnit Platform</a>, only <code>includes</code> and <code>excludes</code> are used to filter test classes — <code>scanForTestClasses</code> has no effect. </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:test_logging"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:test_logging"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:test_logging">Test logging</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Gradle allows fine-tuned control over events that are logged to the console. Logging is configurable on a per-log-level basis and by default, the following events are logged:</p> </div> <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch"> <colgroup> <col style="width: 33.3333%;"> <col style="width: 33.3333%;"> <col style="width: 33.3334%;"> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">When the log level is</p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Events that are logged</p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Additional configuration</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>ERROR</code>, <code>QUIET</code> or <code>WARNING</code></p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">None</p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">None</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>LIFECYCLE</code></p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/logging/TestLogEvent.html#FAILED">Test failures</a></p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Exception format is <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/logging/TestExceptionFormat.html#SHORT">SHORT</a></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>INFO</code></p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/logging/TestLogEvent.html#FAILED">Test failures</a>, <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/logging/TestLogEvent.html#SKIPPED">skipped tests</a>, <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/logging/TestLogEvent.html#STANDARD_OUT">test standard output</a> and <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/logging/TestLogEvent.html#STANDARD_ERROR">test standard error</a></p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Stacktraces are truncated.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>DEBUG</code></p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/logging/TestLogEvent.html">All events</a></p></td> <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Full stacktraces are logged.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Test logging can be modified on a per-log-level basis by adjusting the appropriate <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/logging/TestLogging.html">TestLogging</a> instances in the <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/AbstractTestTask.html#getTestLogging--">testLogging</a> property of the test task. For example, to adjust the <code>INFO</code> level test logging configuration, modify the <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/logging/TestLoggingContainer.html#getInfo--">TestLoggingContainer.getInfo()</a> property.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="test_grouping"><a class="anchor" href="#test_grouping"></a><a class="link" href="#test_grouping">Test grouping</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>JUnit, JUnit Platform and TestNG allow sophisticated groupings of test methods.</p> </div> <div class="admonitionblock note"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> </td> <td class="content"> This section applies to grouping individual test classes or methods within a collection of tests that serve the same testing purpose (unit tests, integration tests, acceptance tests, etc.). For dividing test classes based upon their purpose, see the incubating <a href="jvm_test_suite_plugin.html#jvm_test_suite_plugin">JVM Test Suite</a> plugin. </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>JUnit 4.8 introduced the concept of categories for grouping JUnit 4 tests classes and methods.<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_1" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_1" title="View footnote.">1</a>]</sup> <a href="../dsl/org.gradle.api.tasks.testing.Test.html#org.gradle.api.tasks.testing.Test:useJUnit(org.gradle.api.Action)">Test.useJUnit(org.gradle.api.Action)</a> allows you to specify the JUnit categories you want to include and exclude. For example, the following configuration includes tests in <code>CategoryA</code> and excludes those in <code>CategoryB</code> for the <code>test</code> task:</p> </div> <div id="ex-junit-categories" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 8. <a href="#ex-junit-categories">JUnit Categories</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">tasks.test { useJUnit { includeCategories("org.gradle.junit.CategoryA") excludeCategories("org.gradle.junit.CategoryB") } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">test { useJUnit { includeCategories 'org.gradle.junit.CategoryA' excludeCategories 'org.gradle.junit.CategoryB' } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p><a href="http://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/user-guide">JUnit Platform</a> introduced <a href="http://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/user-guide/#writing-tests-tagging-and-filtering">tagging</a> to replace categories. You can specify the included/excluded tags via <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/Test.html#useJUnitPlatform-org.gradle.api.Action-">Test.useJUnitPlatform(org.gradle.api.Action)</a>, as follows:</p> </div> <div id="ex-junit-platform-tags" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 9. <a href="#ex-junit-platform-tags">JUnit Platform Tags</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">tasks.withType<Test>().configureEach { useJUnitPlatform { includeTags("fast") excludeTags("slow") } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">tasks.withType(Test).configureEach { useJUnitPlatform { includeTags 'fast' excludeTags 'slow' } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The TestNG framework uses the concept of test groups for a similar effect.<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_2" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_2" title="View footnote.">2</a>]</sup> You can configure which test groups to include or exclude during the test execution via the <a href="../dsl/org.gradle.api.tasks.testing.Test.html#org.gradle.api.tasks.testing.Test:useTestNG(org.gradle.api.Action)">Test.useTestNG(org.gradle.api.Action)</a> setting, as seen here:</p> </div> <div id="ex-grouping-testng-tests" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 10. <a href="#ex-grouping-testng-tests">Grouping TestNG tests</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">tasks.named<Test>("test") { useTestNG { val options = this as TestNGOptions options.excludeGroups("integrationTests") options.includeGroups("unitTests") } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">test { useTestNG { excludeGroups 'integrationTests' includeGroups 'unitTests' } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="using_junit5"><a class="anchor" href="#using_junit5"></a><a class="link" href="#using_junit5">Using JUnit 5</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p><a href="http://junit.org/junit5">JUnit 5</a> is the latest version of the well-known JUnit test framework. Unlike its predecessor, JUnit 5 is modularized and composed of several modules:</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>JUnit 5 = JUnit Platform + JUnit Jupiter + JUnit Vintage</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The JUnit Platform serves as a foundation for launching testing frameworks on the JVM. JUnit Jupiter is the combination of the new <a href="http://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/user-guide/#writing-tests">programming model</a> and <a href="http://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/user-guide/#extensions">extension model</a> for writing tests and extensions in JUnit 5. JUnit Vintage provides a <code>TestEngine</code> for running JUnit 3 and JUnit 4 based tests on the platform.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The following code enables JUnit Platform support in <code>build.gradle</code>:</p> </div> <div id="ex-enabling-junit-platform-to-run-your-tests" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 11. <a href="#ex-enabling-junit-platform-to-run-your-tests">Enabling JUnit Platform to run your tests</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">tasks.named<Test>("test") { useJUnitPlatform() }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">tasks.named('test', Test) { useJUnitPlatform() }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>See <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/Test.html#useJUnitPlatform--">Test.useJUnitPlatform()</a> for more details.</p> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="compiling_and_executing_junit_jupiter_tests"><a class="anchor" href="#compiling_and_executing_junit_jupiter_tests"></a><a class="link" href="#compiling_and_executing_junit_jupiter_tests">Compiling and executing JUnit Jupiter tests</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>To enable JUnit Jupiter support in Gradle, all you need to do is add the following dependency:</p> </div> <div id="ex-junit-jupiter-dependencies" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 12. <a href="#ex-junit-jupiter-dependencies">JUnit Jupiter dependencies</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">dependencies { testImplementation("org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:5.7.1") testRuntimeOnly("org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher") }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">dependencies { testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:5.7.1' testRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher' }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can then put your test cases into <em>src/test/java</em> as normal and execute them with <code>gradle test</code>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="executing_legacy_tests_with_junit_vintage"><a class="anchor" href="#executing_legacy_tests_with_junit_vintage"></a><a class="link" href="#executing_legacy_tests_with_junit_vintage">Executing legacy tests with JUnit Vintage</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you want to run JUnit 3/4 tests on JUnit Platform, or even mix them with Jupiter tests, you should add extra JUnit Vintage Engine dependencies:</p> </div> <div id="ex-junit-vintage-dependencies" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 13. <a href="#ex-junit-vintage-dependencies">JUnit Vintage dependencies</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">dependencies { testImplementation("org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:5.7.1") testCompileOnly("junit:junit:4.13") testRuntimeOnly("org.junit.vintage:junit-vintage-engine") testRuntimeOnly("org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher") }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">dependencies { testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:5.7.1' testCompileOnly 'junit:junit:4.13' testRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.vintage:junit-vintage-engine' testRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher' }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In this way, you can use <code>gradle test</code> to test JUnit 3/4 tests on JUnit Platform, without the need to rewrite them.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="filtering_test_engine"><a class="anchor" href="#filtering_test_engine"></a><a class="link" href="#filtering_test_engine">Filtering test engine</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>JUnit Platform allows you to use different test engines. JUnit currently provides two <code>TestEngine</code> implementations out of the box: <a href="https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/api/org.junit.jupiter.engine/module-summary.html">junit-jupiter-engine</a> and <a href="https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/api/org.junit.vintage.engine/module-summary.html">junit-vintage-engine</a>. You can also write and plug in your own <code>TestEngine</code> implementation as documented <a href="https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/user-guide/#launcher-api-engines-custom">here</a>.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>By default, all test engines on the test runtime classpath will be used. To control specific test engine implementations explicitly, you can add the following setting to your build script:</p> </div> <div id="ex-filter-specific-engines" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 14. <a href="#ex-filter-specific-engines">Filter specific engines</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">tasks.withType<Test>().configureEach { useJUnitPlatform { includeEngines("junit-vintage") // excludeEngines("junit-jupiter") } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">tasks.withType(Test).configureEach { useJUnitPlatform { includeEngines 'junit-vintage' // excludeEngines 'junit-jupiter' } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="test_execution_order"><a class="anchor" href="#test_execution_order"></a><a class="link" href="#test_execution_order">Test execution order in TestNG</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>TestNG allows explicit control of the execution order of tests when you use a <em>testng.xml</em> file. Without such a file — or an equivalent one configured by <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/testng/TestNGOptions.html#getSuiteXmlBuilder--">TestNGOptions.getSuiteXmlBuilder()</a> — you can’t specify the test execution order. However, what you <em>can</em> do is control whether all aspects of a test — including its associated <code>@BeforeXXX</code> and <code>@AfterXXX</code> methods, such as those annotated with <code>@Before/AfterClass</code> and <code>@Before/AfterMethod</code> — are executed before the next test starts. You do this by setting the <a href="../javadoc/org/gradle/api/tasks/testing/testng/TestNGOptions.html#getPreserveOrder--">TestNGOptions.getPreserveOrder()</a> property to <code>true</code>. If you set it to <code>false</code>, you may encounter scenarios in which the execution order is something like: <code>TestA.doBeforeClass()</code> → <code>TestB.doBeforeClass()</code> → <code>TestA</code> tests.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>While preserving the order of tests is the default behavior when directly working with <em>testng.xml</em> files, the <a href="https://jitpack.io/com/github/cbeust/testng/master/javadoc/org/testng/TestNG.html">TestNG API</a> that is used by Gradle’s TestNG integration executes tests in unpredictable order by default.<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_3" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_3" title="View footnote.">3</a>]</sup> The ability to preserve test execution order was introduced with TestNG version 5.14.5. Setting the <code>preserveOrder</code> property to <code>true</code> for an older TestNG version will cause the build to fail.</p> </div> <div id="ex-preserving-order-of-testng-tests" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 15. <a href="#ex-preserving-order-of-testng-tests">Preserving order of TestNG tests</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">tasks.test { useTestNG { preserveOrder = true } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">test { useTestNG { preserveOrder true } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The <code>groupByInstance</code> property controls whether tests should be grouped by instance rather than by class. The <a href="http://testng.org/doc/documentation-main.html#dependencies-with-annotations">TestNG documentation</a> explains the difference in more detail, but essentially, if you have a test method <code>A()</code> that depends on <code>B()</code>, grouping by instance ensures that each A-B pairing, e.g. <code>B(1)</code>-<code>A(1)</code>, is executed before the next pairing. With group by class, all <code>B()</code> methods are run and then all <code>A()</code> ones.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Note that you typically only have more than one instance of a test if you’re using a data provider to parameterize it. Also, grouping tests by instances was introduced with TestNG version 6.1. Setting the <code>groupByInstances</code> property to <code>true</code> for an older TestNG version will cause the build to fail.</p> </div> <div id="ex-grouping-testng-tests-by-instances" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 16. <a href="#ex-grouping-testng-tests-by-instances">Grouping TestNG tests by instances</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">tasks.test { useTestNG { groupByInstances = true } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">test { useTestNG { groupByInstances = true } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="testNgParameterizedReporting"><a class="anchor" href="#testNgParameterizedReporting"></a><a class="link" href="#testNgParameterizedReporting">TestNG parameterized methods and reporting</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>TestNG supports <a href="http://testng.org/doc/documentation-main.html#parameters">parameterizing test methods</a>, allowing a particular test method to be executed multiple times with different inputs. Gradle includes the parameter values in its reporting of the test method execution.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Given a parameterized test method named <code>aTestMethod</code> that takes two parameters, it will be reported with the name <code>aTestMethod(toStringValueOfParam1, toStringValueOfParam2)</code>. This makes it easy to identify the parameter values for a particular iteration.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:configuring_java_integration_tests"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:configuring_java_integration_tests"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:configuring_java_integration_tests">Configuring integration tests</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>A common requirement for projects is to incorporate integration tests in one form or another. Their aim is to verify that the various parts of the project are working together properly. This often means that they require special execution setup and dependencies compared to unit tests.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The simplest way to add integration tests to your build is by leveraging the incubating <a href="jvm_test_suite_plugin.html#jvm_test_suite_plugin">JVM Test Suite</a> plugin. If an incubating solution is not something for you, here are the steps you need to take in your build:</p> </div> <div class="olist arabic"> <ol class="arabic"> <li> <p>Create a new <a href="building_java_projects.html#sec:java_source_sets">source set</a> for them</p> </li> <li> <p>Add the dependencies you need to the appropriate configurations for that source set</p> </li> <li> <p>Configure the compilation and runtime classpaths for that source set</p> </li> <li> <p>Create a task to run the integration tests</p> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You may also need to perform some additional configuration depending on what form the integration tests take. We will discuss those as we go.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Let’s start with a practical example that implements the first three steps in a build script, centered around a new source set <code>intTest</code>:</p> </div> <div id="ex-setting-up-working-integration-tests" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 17. <a href="#ex-setting-up-working-integration-tests">Setting up working integration tests</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">sourceSets { create("intTest") { compileClasspath += sourceSets.main.get().output runtimeClasspath += sourceSets.main.get().output } } val intTestImplementation by configurations.getting { extendsFrom(configurations.implementation.get()) } val intTestRuntimeOnly by configurations.getting configurations["intTestRuntimeOnly"].extendsFrom(configurations.runtimeOnly.get()) dependencies { intTestImplementation("org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:5.7.1") intTestRuntimeOnly("org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher") }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">sourceSets { intTest { compileClasspath += sourceSets.main.output runtimeClasspath += sourceSets.main.output } } configurations { intTestImplementation.extendsFrom implementation intTestRuntimeOnly.extendsFrom runtimeOnly } dependencies { intTestImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:5.7.1' intTestRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher' }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This will set up a new source set called <code>intTest</code> that automatically creates:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p><code>intTestImplementation</code>, <code>intTestCompileOnly</code>, <code>intTestRuntimeOnly</code> configurations (and <a href="java_plugin.html#java_source_set_configurations">a few others</a> that are less commonly needed)</p> </li> <li> <p>A <code>compileIntTestJava</code> task that will compile all the source files under <em>src/intTest/java</em></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="admonitionblock note"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> </td> <td class="content"> If you are working with the IntelliJ IDE, you may wish to flag the directories in these additional source sets as containing test source rather than production source as explained in the <a href="idea_plugin.html#sec:idea_identify_additional_source_sets">Idea Plugin</a> documentation. </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The example also does the following, not all of which you may need for your specific integration tests:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>Adds the production classes from the <code>main</code> source set to the compilation and runtime classpaths of the integration tests — <code>sourceSets.main.output</code> is a <a href="working_with_files.html#sec:file_collections">file collection</a> of all the directories containing compiled production classes and resources</p> </li> <li> <p>Makes the <code>intTestImplementation</code> configuration extend from <code>implementation</code>, which means that all the declared dependencies of the production code also become dependencies of the integration tests</p> </li> <li> <p>Does the same for the <code>intTestRuntimeOnly</code> configuration</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In most cases, you want your integration tests to have access to the classes under test, which is why we ensure that those are included on the compilation and runtime classpaths in this example. But some types of test interact with the production code in a different way. For example, you may have tests that run your application as an executable and verify the output. In the case of web applications, the tests may interact with your application via HTTP. Since the tests don’t need direct access to the classes under test in such cases, you don’t need to add the production classes to the test classpath.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Another common step is to attach all the unit test dependencies to the integration tests as well — via <code>intTestImplementation.extendsFrom testImplementation</code> — but that only makes sense if the integration tests require <em>all</em> or nearly all the same dependencies that the unit tests have.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>There are a couple of other facets of the example you should take note of:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p><code>+=</code> allows you to append paths and collections of paths to <code>compileClasspath</code> and <code>runtimeClasspath</code> instead of overwriting them</p> </li> <li> <p>If you want to use the convention-based configurations, such as <code>intTestImplementation</code>, you <em>must</em> declare the dependencies <em>after</em> the new source set</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Creating and configuring a source set automatically sets up the compilation stage, but it does nothing with respect to running the integration tests. So the last piece of the puzzle is a custom test task that uses the information from the new source set to configure its runtime classpath and the test classes:</p> </div> <div id="ex-defining-a-working-integration-test-task" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 18. <a href="#ex-defining-a-working-integration-test-task">Defining a working integration test task</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">val integrationTest = task<Test>("integrationTest") { description = "Runs integration tests." group = "verification" testClassesDirs = sourceSets["intTest"].output.classesDirs classpath = sourceSets["intTest"].runtimeClasspath shouldRunAfter("test") useJUnitPlatform() testLogging { events("passed") } } tasks.check { dependsOn(integrationTest) }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">tasks.register('integrationTest', Test) { description = 'Runs integration tests.' group = 'verification' testClassesDirs = sourceSets.intTest.output.classesDirs classpath = sourceSets.intTest.runtimeClasspath shouldRunAfter test useJUnitPlatform() testLogging { events "passed" } } check.dependsOn integrationTest</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Again, we’re accessing a source set to get the relevant information, i.e. where the compiled test classes are — the <code>testClassesDirs</code> property — and what needs to be on the classpath when running them — <code>classpath</code>.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Users commonly want to run integration tests after the unit tests, because they are often slower to run and you want the build to fail early on the unit tests rather than later on the integration tests. That’s why the above example adds a <code>shouldRunAfter()</code> declaration. This is preferred over <code>mustRunAfter()</code> so that Gradle has more flexibility in executing the build in parallel.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>For information on how to determine code coverage for tests in additional source sets, see the <a href="jacoco_plugin.html#jacoco_plugin">JaCoCo Plugin</a> and the <a href="jacoco_report_aggregation_plugin.html#jacoco_report_aggregation_plugin">JaCoCo Report Aggregation Plugin</a> chapters.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:java_testing_modular"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:java_testing_modular"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:java_testing_modular">Testing Java Modules</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you are <a href="java_library_plugin.html#java_library_plugin">developing Java Modules</a>, everything described in this chapter still applies and any of the supported test frameworks can be used. However, there are some things to consider depending on whether you need module information to be available, and module boundaries to be enforced, during test execution. In this context, the terms <em>whitebox testing</em> (module boundaries are deactivated or relaxed) and <em>blackbox testing</em> (module boundaries are in place) are often used. Whitebox testing is used/needed for unit testing and blackbox testing fits functional or integration test requirements.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Sample: <a href="../samples/sample_java_modules_multi_project_with_integration_tests.html">Java Modules multi-project with integration tests</a></p> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="whitebox_unit_test_execution_on_the_classpath"><a class="anchor" href="#whitebox_unit_test_execution_on_the_classpath"></a><a class="link" href="#whitebox_unit_test_execution_on_the_classpath">Whitebox unit test execution on the classpath</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The simplest setup to write unit tests for functions or classes in modules is to <em>not</em> use module specifics during test execution. For this, you just need to write tests the same way you would write them for normal libraries. If you don’t have a <code>module-info.java</code> file in your test source set (<code>src/test/java</code>) this source set will be considered as traditional Java library during compilation and test runtime. This means, all dependencies, including Jars with module information, are put on the classpath. The advantage is that all internal classes of your (or other) modules are then accessible directly in tests. This may be a totally valid setup for unit testing, where we do not care about the larger module structure, but only about testing single functions.</p> </div> <div class="admonitionblock note"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> </td> <td class="content"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you are using Eclipse: By default, Eclipse also runs unit tests as modules using module patching (see <a href="#sec:java_testing_modular_patching">below</a>). In an imported Gradle project, unit testing a module with the Eclipse test runner might fail. You then need to manually adjust the classpath/module path in the test run configuration or delegate test execution to Gradle.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This only concerns the test execution. Unit test compilation and development works fine in Eclipse.</p> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="blackbox_integration_testing"><a class="anchor" href="#blackbox_integration_testing"></a><a class="link" href="#blackbox_integration_testing">Blackbox integration testing</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>For integration tests, you have the option to define the test set itself as additional module. You do this similar to how you turn your main sources into a module: by adding a <code>module-info.java</code> file to the corresponding source set (e.g. <code>integrationTests/java/module-info.java</code>).</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can find a full example that includes blackbox integration tests <a href="../samples/sample_java_modules_multi_project_with_integration_tests.html">here</a>.</p> </div> <div class="admonitionblock note"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> </td> <td class="content"> In Eclipse, compiling multiple modules in one project is <a href="https://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=520667">currently not support</a>. Therefore the integration test (blackbox) setup described here only works in Eclipse if the tests are moved to a separate subproject. </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="sec:java_testing_modular_patching"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:java_testing_modular_patching"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:java_testing_modular_patching">Whitebox test execution with module patching</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Another approach for whitebox testing is to stay in the module world by <em>patching</em> the tests into the module under test. This way, module boundaries stay in place, but the tests themselves become part of the module under test and can then access the module’s internals.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>For which uses cases this is relevant and how this is best done is a topic of discussion. There is no general best approach at the moment. Thus, there is no special support for this in Gradle right now.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can however, setup module patching for tests like this:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>Add a <code>module-info.java</code> to your test source set that is a copy of the main <code>module-info.java</code> with additional dependencies needed for testing (e.g. <code>requires org.junit.jupiter.api</code>).</p> </li> <li> <p>Configure both the <code>testCompileJava</code> and <code>test</code> tasks with arguments to patch the main classes with the test classes as shown below.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="ex-patch-module-for-testing-using-command-line-arguments" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 19. <a href="#ex-patch-module-for-testing-using-command-line-arguments">Patch module for testing using command line arguments</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">val moduleName = "org.gradle.sample" val patchArgs = listOf("--patch-module", "$moduleName=${tasks.compileJava.get().destinationDirectory.asFile.get().path}") tasks.compileTestJava { options.compilerArgs.addAll(patchArgs) } tasks.test { jvmArgs(patchArgs) }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">def moduleName = "org.gradle.sample" def patchArgs = ["--patch-module", "$moduleName=${tasks.compileJava.destinationDirectory.asFile.get().path}"] tasks.named('compileTestJava') { options.compilerArgs += patchArgs } tasks.named('test') { jvmArgs += patchArgs }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="admonitionblock note"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> </td> <td class="content"> If custom arguments are used for patching, these are not picked up by Eclipse and IDEA. You will most likely see invalid compilation errors in the IDE. </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:skipping_java_tests"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:skipping_java_tests"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:skipping_java_tests">Skipping the tests</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you want to skip the tests when running a build, you have a few options. You can either do it via <a href="command_line_interface.html#sec:excluding_tasks_from_the_command_line">command line arguments</a> or <a href="controlling_task_execution.html#sec:skipping_tasks">in the build script</a>. To do it on the command line, you can use the <code>-x</code> or <code>--exclude-task</code> option like so:</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>gradle build -x test</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This excludes the <code>test</code> task and any other task that it <em>exclusively</em> depends on, i.e. no other task depends on the same task. Those tasks will not be marked "SKIPPED" by Gradle, but will simply not appear in the list of tasks executed.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Skipping a test via the build script can be done a few ways. One common approach is to make test execution conditional via the <a href="../dsl/org.gradle.api.Task.html#org.gradle.api.Task:onlyIf(java.lang.String,org.gradle.api.specs.Spec)">Task.onlyIf(String, org.gradle.api.specs.Spec)</a> method. The following sample skips the <code>test</code> task if the project has a property called <code>mySkipTests</code>:</p> </div> <div id="ex-skipping-the-unit-tests-based-on-a-project-property" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 20. <a href="#ex-skipping-the-unit-tests-based-on-a-project-property">Skipping the unit tests based on a project property</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">tasks.test { val skipTestsProvider = providers.gradleProperty("mySkipTests") onlyIf("mySkipTests property is not set") { !skipTestsProvider.isPresent() } }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">def skipTestsProvider = providers.gradleProperty('mySkipTests') test.onlyIf("mySkipTests property is not set") { !skipTestsProvider.present }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In this case, Gradle will mark the skipped tests as "SKIPPED" rather than exclude them from the build.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:forcing_java_tests_to_run"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:forcing_java_tests_to_run"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:forcing_java_tests_to_run">Forcing tests to run</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In well-defined builds, you can rely on Gradle to only run tests if the tests themselves or the production code change. However, you may encounter situations where the tests rely on a third-party service or something else that might change but can’t be modeled in the build.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can always use the <code>--rerun</code> <a href="command_line_interface.html#sec:builtin_task_options">built-in task option</a> to force a task to rerun.</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>gradle test --rerun</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Alternatively, if <a href="build_cache.html#sec:build_cache_enable">build caching</a> is not enabled, you can also force tests to run by cleaning the output of the relevant <code>Test</code> task — say <code>test</code> — and running the tests again, like so:</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>gradle cleanTest test</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p><code>cleanTest</code> is based on a task rule provided by the <a href="base_plugin.html#sec:base_tasks">Base Plugin</a>. You can use it for <em>any</em> task.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:debugging_java_tests"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:debugging_java_tests"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:debugging_java_tests">Debugging when running tests</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>On the few occasions that you want to debug your code while the tests are running, it can be helpful if you can attach a debugger at that point. You can either set the <a href="../dsl/org.gradle.api.tasks.testing.Test.html#org.gradle.api.tasks.testing.Test:debug">Test.getDebug()</a> property to <code>true</code> or use the <code>--debug-jvm</code> command line option, or use <code>--no-debug-jvm</code> to set it to false.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>When debugging for tests is enabled, Gradle will start the test process suspended and listening on port 5005.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can also enable debugging in the DSL, where you can also configure other properties:</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>test { debugOptions { enabled = true host = 'localhost' port = 4455 server = true suspend = true } }</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>With this configuration the test JVM will behave just like when passing the <code>--debug-jvm</code> argument but it will listen on port 4455.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>To debug the test process remotely via network, the <code>host</code> needs to be set to the machine’s IP address or <code>"*"</code> (listen on all interfaces).</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="sec:java_test_fixtures"><a class="anchor" href="#sec:java_test_fixtures"></a><a class="link" href="#sec:java_test_fixtures">Using test fixtures</a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="producing_and_using_test_fixtures_within_a_single_project"><a class="anchor" href="#producing_and_using_test_fixtures_within_a_single_project"></a><a class="link" href="#producing_and_using_test_fixtures_within_a_single_project">Producing and using test fixtures within a single project</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Test fixtures are commonly used to setup the code under test, or provide utilities aimed at facilitating the tests of a component. Java projects can enable test fixtures support by applying the <code>java-test-fixtures</code> plugin, in addition to the <code>java</code> or <code>java-library</code> plugins:</p> </div> <div id="ex-applying-the-java-test-fixtures-plugin" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 21. <a href="#ex-applying-the-java-test-fixtures-plugin">Applying the Java test fixtures plugin</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">lib/build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">plugins { // A Java Library `java-library` // which produces test fixtures `java-test-fixtures` // and is published `maven-publish` }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">lib/build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">plugins { // A Java Library id 'java-library' // which produces test fixtures id 'java-test-fixtures' // and is published id 'maven-publish' }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This will automatically create a <code>testFixtures</code> source set, in which you can write your test fixtures. Test fixtures are configured so that:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>they can see the <em>main</em> source set classes</p> </li> <li> <p><em>test</em> sources can see the <em>test fixtures</em> classes</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>For example for this main class:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">src/main/java/com/acme/Person.java</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="java">public class Person { private final String firstName; private final String lastName; public Person(String firstName, String lastName) { this.firstName = firstName; this.lastName = lastName; } public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } public String getLastName() { return lastName; } // ...</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>A test fixture can be written in <code>src/testFixtures/java</code>:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">src/testFixtures/java/com/acme/Simpsons.java</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="java">public class Simpsons { private static final Person HOMER = new Person("Homer", "Simpson"); private static final Person MARGE = new Person("Marjorie", "Simpson"); private static final Person BART = new Person("Bartholomew", "Simpson"); private static final Person LISA = new Person("Elisabeth Marie", "Simpson"); private static final Person MAGGIE = new Person("Margaret Eve", "Simpson"); private static final List<Person> FAMILY = new ArrayList<Person>() {{ add(HOMER); add(MARGE); add(BART); add(LISA); add(MAGGIE); }}; public static Person homer() { return HOMER; } public static Person marge() { return MARGE; } public static Person bart() { return BART; } public static Person lisa() { return LISA; } public static Person maggie() { return MAGGIE; } // ...</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="declaring_dependencies_of_test_fixtures"><a class="anchor" href="#declaring_dependencies_of_test_fixtures"></a><a class="link" href="#declaring_dependencies_of_test_fixtures">Declaring dependencies of test fixtures</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Similarly to the <a href="java_library_plugin.html">Java Library Plugin</a>, test fixtures expose an API and an implementation configuration:</p> </div> <div id="ex-declaring-test-fixture-dependencies" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 22. <a href="#ex-declaring-test-fixture-dependencies">Declaring test fixture dependencies</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">lib/build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">dependencies { testImplementation("junit:junit:4.13") // API dependencies are visible to consumers when building testFixturesApi("org.apache.commons:commons-lang3:3.9") // Implementation dependencies are not leaked to consumers when building testFixturesImplementation("org.apache.commons:commons-text:1.6") }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">lib/build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">dependencies { testImplementation 'junit:junit:4.13' // API dependencies are visible to consumers when building testFixturesApi 'org.apache.commons:commons-lang3:3.9' // Implementation dependencies are not leaked to consumers when building testFixturesImplementation 'org.apache.commons:commons-text:1.6' }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>It’s worth noticing that if a dependency is an <em>implementation</em> dependency of test fixtures, then <em>when compiling tests that depend on those test fixtures</em>, the implementation dependencies will <em>not leak</em> into the compile classpath. This results in improved separation of concerns and better compile avoidance.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="consuming_test_fixtures_of_another_project"><a class="anchor" href="#consuming_test_fixtures_of_another_project"></a><a class="link" href="#consuming_test_fixtures_of_another_project">Consuming test fixtures of another project</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Test fixtures are not limited to a single project. It is often the case that a dependent project tests also needs the test fixtures of the dependency. This can be achieved very easily using the <code>testFixtures</code> keyword:</p> </div> <div id="ex-adding-a-dependency-on-test-fixtures-of-another-project" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 23. <a href="#ex-adding-a-dependency-on-test-fixtures-of-another-project">Adding a dependency on test fixtures of another project</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">dependencies { implementation(project(":lib")) testImplementation("junit:junit:4.13") testImplementation(testFixtures(project(":lib"))) }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">dependencies { implementation(project(":lib")) testImplementation 'junit:junit:4.13' testImplementation(testFixtures(project(":lib"))) }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="publishing_test_fixtures"><a class="anchor" href="#publishing_test_fixtures"></a><a class="link" href="#publishing_test_fixtures">Publishing test fixtures</a></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>One of the advantages of using the <code>java-test-fixtures</code> plugin is that test fixtures are published. By convention, test fixtures will be published with an artifact having the <code>test-fixtures</code> classifier. For both Maven and Ivy, an artifact with that classifier is simply published alongside the regular artifacts. However, if you use the <code>maven-publish</code> or <code>ivy-publish</code> plugin, test fixtures are published as additional variants in <a href="https://github.com/gradle/gradle/blob/master/platforms/documentation/docs/src/docs/design/gradle-module-metadata-1.0-specification.md">Gradle Module Metadata</a> and you can directly depend on test fixtures of external libraries in another Gradle project:</p> </div> <div id="ex-adding-a-dependency-on-test-fixtures-of-an-external-library" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 24. <a href="#ex-adding-a-dependency-on-test-fixtures-of-an-external-library">Adding a dependency on test fixtures of an external library</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">dependencies { // Adds a dependency on the test fixtures of Gson, however this // project doesn't publish such a thing functionalTest(testFixtures("com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.5")) }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">dependencies { // Adds a dependency on the test fixtures of Gson, however this // project doesn't publish such a thing functionalTest testFixtures("com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.5") }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>It’s worth noting that if the external project is <em>not</em> publishing Gradle Module Metadata, then resolution will fail with an error indicating that such a variant cannot be found:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">Output of <strong><code>gradle dependencyInsight --configuration functionalTestClasspath --dependency gson</code></strong></div> <div class="content"> <pre>> gradle dependencyInsight --configuration functionalTestClasspath --dependency gson > Task :dependencyInsight com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.5 FAILED Failures: - Could not resolve com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.5. - Unable to find a variant providing the requested capability 'com.google.code.gson:gson-test-fixtures': - Variant 'compile' provides 'com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.5' - Variant 'enforced-platform-compile' provides 'com.google.code.gson:gson-derived-enforced-platform:2.8.5' - Variant 'enforced-platform-runtime' provides 'com.google.code.gson:gson-derived-enforced-platform:2.8.5' - Variant 'javadoc' provides 'com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.5' - Variant 'platform-compile' provides 'com.google.code.gson:gson-derived-platform:2.8.5' - Variant 'platform-runtime' provides 'com.google.code.gson:gson-derived-platform:2.8.5' - Variant 'runtime' provides 'com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.5' - Variant 'sources' provides 'com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.5' com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.5 FAILED \--- functionalTestClasspath A web-based, searchable dependency report is available by adding the --scan option. BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 0s 1 actionable task: 1 executed</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The error message mentions the missing <code>com.google.code.gson:gson-test-fixtures</code> capability, which is indeed not defined for this library. That’s because by convention, for projects that use the <code>java-test-fixtures</code> plugin, Gradle automatically creates test fixtures variants with a capability whose name is the name of the main component, with the appendix <code>-test-fixtures</code>.</p> </div> <div class="admonitionblock note"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> </td> <td class="content"> If you publish your library and use test fixtures, but do not want to publish the fixtures, you can deactivate publishing of the <em>test fixtures variants</em> as shown below. </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="ex-disable-publishing-of-test-fixtures-variants" class="exampleblock"> <div class="title">Example 25. <a href="#ex-disable-publishing-of-test-fixtures-variants">Disable publishing of test fixtures variants</a></div> <div class="content"> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle.kts</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="kotlin">val javaComponent = components["java"] as AdhocComponentWithVariants javaComponent.withVariantsFromConfiguration(configurations["testFixturesApiElements"]) { skip() } javaComponent.withVariantsFromConfiguration(configurations["testFixturesRuntimeElements"]) { skip() }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="exampleblock testable-sample multi-language-sample"> <div class="content"> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">build.gradle</div> <div class="content"> <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">components.java.withVariantsFromConfiguration(configurations.testFixturesApiElements) { skip() } components.java.withVariantsFromConfiguration(configurations.testFixturesRuntimeElements) { skip() }</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footnotes"> <hr> <div class="footnote" id="_footnotedef_1"> <a href="#_footnoteref_1">1</a>. The JUnit wiki contains a detailed description on how to work with JUnit categories: <a href="https://github.com/junit-team/junit/wiki/Categories" class="bare">https://github.com/junit-team/junit/wiki/Categories</a>. </div> <div class="footnote" id="_footnotedef_2"> <a href="#_footnoteref_2">2</a>. The TestNG documentation contains more details about test groups: <a href="http://testng.org/doc/documentation-main.html#test-groups" class="bare">http://testng.org/doc/documentation-main.html#test-groups</a>. </div> <div class="footnote" id="_footnotedef_3"> <a href="#_footnoteref_3">3</a>. The TestNG documentation contains more details about test ordering when working with <code>testng.xml</code> files: <a href="http://testng.org/doc/documentation-main.html#testng-xml" class="bare">http://testng.org/doc/documentation-main.html#testng-xml</a>. </div> </div> <div id="feedback-container" class="feedback-container"> <div class="feedback-buttons"> <label id="feedback-container-label"> Was this page helpful?</label> <button id="thumbs-up" onclick="showFeedbackForm(true)">  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="24px" height="24px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1"> <g id="surface1"> <path style=" stroke:none;fill-rule:nonzero;fill:rgb(10.588235%,65.882353%,79.607843%);fill-opacity:1;" d="M 3 21.375 C 3 21.582031 2.832031 21.75 2.625 21.75 C 2.417969 21.75 2.25 21.582031 2.25 21.375 C 2.25 21.167969 2.417969 21 2.625 21 C 2.832031 21 3 21.167969 3 21.375 Z M 3 21.375 "/> <path style=" 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