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位址編輯的清單[y]" accesskey="y"><span>績</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E5%90%BE%E6%9B%B8%E6%88%BF" title="此IP所修之議[n]" accesskey="n"><span>議</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站台"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目次" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目次</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至側邊欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隱藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-成" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#成"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">一</span> <span>成</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-成-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">二</span> <span>史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">三</span> <span>構</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-構-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換構子章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-過冷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#過冷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">三.一</span> <span>過冷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-過冷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-製" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#製"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">四</span> <span>製</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-製-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換製子章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-製-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引上法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引上法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">四.一</span> <span>引上法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引上法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-平拉法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#平拉法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">四.二</span> <span>平拉法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-平拉法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-浮法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#浮法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">四.三</span> <span>浮法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-浮法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">五</span> <span>類</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換類子章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-強化玻璃" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#強化玻璃"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">五.一</span> <span>強化玻璃</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-強化玻璃-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-夾層玻璃" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#夾層玻璃"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">五.二</span> <span>夾層玻璃</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-夾層玻璃-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-調光玻璃" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#調光玻璃"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">五.三</span> <span>調光玻璃</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-調光玻璃-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自潔玻璃" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自潔玻璃"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">五.四</span> <span>自潔玻璃</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自潔玻璃-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鐳射玻璃" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鐳射玻璃"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">五.五</span> <span>鐳射玻璃</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鐳射玻璃-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-雕花玻璃" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#雕花玻璃"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">五.六</span> <span>雕花玻璃</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-雕花玻璃-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鉛玻璃" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鉛玻璃"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">五.七</span> <span>鉛玻璃</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鉛玻璃-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-夜光玻璃" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#夜光玻璃"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">五.八</span> <span>夜光玻璃</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-夜光玻璃-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鐵絲網玻璃" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鐵絲網玻璃"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">五.九</span> <span>鐵絲網玻璃</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鐵絲網玻璃-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-玻璃磚" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#玻璃磚"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">五.一〇</span> <span>玻璃磚</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-玻璃磚-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">六</span> <span>攷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目次" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="切換目次" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">切換目次</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">玻璃</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往別種語言的條目。有一四六種語言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">一四六種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="卓著"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%AD%E1%89%86" title="ብርጭቆ – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብርጭቆ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidre" title="Vidre – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vidre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="زجاج – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زجاج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%99%DC%93%DC%98%DC%93%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܙܓܘܓܝܬܐ – 阿拉米文" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܙܓܘܓܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="جاج – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جاج" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ازاز – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ازاز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidru" title="Vidru – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vidru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="ЦӀвер – 阿瓦爾文" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЦӀвер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BC%C5%9F%C9%99" title="Şüşə – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şüşə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87" title="شوشه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شوشه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Быяла – 巴什喀爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Быяла" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什喀爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelas" title="Gelas – 峇里文" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gelas" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="峇里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C4%97klos" title="Stėklos – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Stėklos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Шкло – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шкло" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Шкло – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шкло" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beling" title="Beling – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Beling" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Стъкло – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стъкло" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca" title="Kaca – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kaca" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A" title="কাচ – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাচ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwer" title="Gwer – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staklo" title="Staklo – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Staklo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Шэл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidre" title="Vidre – 加泰蘭文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vidre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Ангали – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ангали" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%95" title="شووشە – 中庫德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شووشە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中庫德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklo" title="Sklo – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sklo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Кантăк – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кантăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwydr" title="Gwydr – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwydr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF" title="Γυαλί – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γυαλί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93der" title="Vēder – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Vēder" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="正典"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass" title="Glass – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Glass" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitro" title="Vitro – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vitro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidrio" title="Vidrio – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vidrio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaas" title="Klaas – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klaas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira" title="Beira – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beira" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidriu" title="Vidriu – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Vidriu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87" title="شیشه – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasi" title="Lasi – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lasi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo – 斐濟文" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Iloilo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐濟文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – 法羅文" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verre" title="Verre – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Verre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%A4%C3%A4s" title="Glääs – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Glääs" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloine" title="Gloine – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gloine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8r" title="Vèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidro" title="Vidro – 加利西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vidro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itavera" title="Itavera – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Itavera" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraaja" title="Maraaja – 瓦尤文" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Maraaja" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="瓦尤文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%AA" title="זכוכית – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זכוכית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A" title="कांच – 印地文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कांच" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass" title="Glass – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Glass" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staklo" title="Staklo – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Staklo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8_(materyo)" title="Vè (materyo) – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vè (materyo)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cveg" title="Üveg – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Üveg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Ապակի – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապակի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitro" title="Vitro – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vitro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca" title="Kaca – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitre" title="Vitre – 國際文（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vitre" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="國際文（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarming_(materiales)" title="Sarming (materiales) – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sarming (materiales)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitro" title="Vitro – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vitro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gler" title="Gler – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gler" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetro" title="Vetro – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vetro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9" title="ガラス – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガラス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaas" title="Glaas – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Glaas" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მინა – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamzukt" title="Tamzukt – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamzukt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Абдж – 卡巴爾達文" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Абдж" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴爾達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Әйнек – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әйнек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%81" title="ಗಾಜು – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಾಜು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%A6%AC" title="유리 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam" title="Cam – 庫德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cam" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweder" title="Gweder – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gweder" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Айнек – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Айнек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrum" title="Vitrum – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vitrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaas" title="Glaas – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Glaas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veddro" title="Veddro – 利古里亞文" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Veddro" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipa" title="Scipa – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Scipa" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9der" title="Véder – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Véder" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiklas" title="Stiklas – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stiklas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stikls" title="Stikls – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stikls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaco" title="Kaco – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kaco" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Стакло – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стакло" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="സ്ഫടികം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ഫടികം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Шил – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A" title="काच – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काच" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca" title="Kaca – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kaca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6%C4%A1ie%C4%A1" title="Ħġieġ – 馬爾他文" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ħġieġ" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="馬爾他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဖန် – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrito" title="Vrito – 拿波里文" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Vrito" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="拿波里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A" title="काँच – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="काँच" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81)" title="खा (वस्तु) – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="खा (वस्तु)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass" title="Glass – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Glass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veire" title="Veire – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Veire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3" title="Авг – 奧塞提文" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Авг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奧塞提文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A" title="ਕੱਚ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੱਚ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szk%C5%82o" title="Szkło – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szkło" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86" title="کنچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%9A%D9%8A%DA%9A%D9%87" title="ښيښه – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ښيښه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidro" title="Vidro – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vidro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27ispillu" title="Q'ispillu – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'ispillu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticl%C4%83" title="Sticlă – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sticlă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Стекло – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стекло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Скло – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Скло" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%81%D1%82%D2%AF%D3%A9%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Өстүөкүлэ – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Өстүөкүлэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidru" title="Bidru – 撒丁文" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bidru" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="撒丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitru" title="Vitru – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vitru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gless" title="Gless – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gless" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88" title="شيشو – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شيشو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staklo" title="Staklo – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Staklo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass" title="Glass – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Glass" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklo" title="Sklo – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sklo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="卓著"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steklo" title="Steklo – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Steklo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qelqi" title="Qelqi – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qelqi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Стакло – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стакло" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca" title="Kaca – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kaca" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kioo" title="Kioo – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kioo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="கண்ணாடி – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கண்ணாடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%81_(%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%82)" title="గాజు (పదార్థం) – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గాజు (పదార్థం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7" title="แก้ว – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แก้ว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamin_(materyales)" title="Salamin (materyales) – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Salamin (materyales)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sio%CA%BBata" title="Sioʻata – 東加文" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Sioʻata" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="東加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam" title="Cam – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Пыяла – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пыяла" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%95%D9%83" title="ئەينەك – 維吾爾文" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەينەك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="維吾爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Скло – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%81" title="شیشہ – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شیشہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shisha" title="Shisha – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shisha" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9ro" title="Véro – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Véro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B6kol" title="Stökol – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Stökol" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_tinh" title="Thủy tinh – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thủy tinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaming" title="Salaming – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Salaming" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玻璃" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Шил – 卡爾梅克文" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Шил" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡爾梅克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%96" title="גלאז – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גלאז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohliz" title="Bohliz – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bohliz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="玻璃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po-l%C3%AA" title="Po-lê – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Po-lê" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃 – 粵語" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="玻璃" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粵語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhlaka" title="Inhlaka – 祖魯文" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inhlaka" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖魯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11469#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="修跨語鏈" class="wbc-editpage">纂鏈</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="名集"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=info" title="更多關於此頁面的資訊"><span>文訊</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87&page=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&id=395757&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="關於如何引用此頁的資訊"><span>引文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:URL%E7%B8%AE%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-classical.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%258E%25BB%25E7%2592%2583"><span>取得短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-classical.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%258E%25BB%25E7%2592%2583"><span>下載QR碼</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 付梓 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=show-download-screen"><span>存為PDF檔</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="備印墨，整版貌[p]" accesskey="p"><span>付梓</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 諸策 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glass" hreflang="en"><span>維基共享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11469" title="連結至已連接的資料儲存庫項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外觀"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外觀</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至側邊欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隱藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle"><span class="cdx-fr-css-icon-review--status--stable"></span><b>已檢查</b></indicator></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">文出維基大典</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">頁面版本狀態</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">初定本</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="關閉" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">此頁面為<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E:%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" title="說明:校對">穩定版本</a>，<a class="external text" href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E8%AA%8C&type=review&page=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:Badtitle/Message">已複核</a>於 <i>二〇二三年九月二五日（週一）</i>。有<a class="external text" href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:Badtitle/Message&action=nfo#mw-flaggedrevs-action-info-pages-waiting-for-review">模板/檔案變更</a>等侯複核。<p><table id="mw-fr-revisionratings-box" class="flaggedrevs-color-1" style="margin: auto;" cellpadding="0"><tr><td class="fr-text" style="vertical-align: middle;">質素</td><td class="fr-value40" style="vertical-align: middle;">尚可</td></tr></table></p></div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lzh" dir="ltr"><div class="notice metadata" id="disambig" style="font-size:normal;"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88:Disambig.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/25px-Disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/38px-Disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/50px-Disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><small> 此文所述者乃人造之物。欲尋寶石，宜閱「<b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%89%E7%92%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="琉璃（查無此頁）">琉璃</a></b>」。</small></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88:Glass-Ball.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Glass-Ball.jpg/200px-Glass-Ball.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Glass-Ball.jpg/300px-Glass-Ball.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Glass-Ball.jpg/400px-Glass-Ball.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>玻璃工藝品</figcaption></figure> <p><b>玻璃</b>者，自成一態，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無定形體（查無此頁）">形無定</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>常塑形於熔融狀態者，過冷成形，雖為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="固態">固態</a>，乃其<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>者不足時辰以成<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" title="晶體">晶體</a>，分佈凍結，猶在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="液態">液態</a>之構矣。性多透光莫透氣，硬而又脆矣。素有者曰<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%89" title="鈉">鈉</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A3" title="鈣">鈣</a>玻璃，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二氧化矽（查無此頁）">二氧化矽</a>者七成五，另有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氧化鈉（查無此頁）">氧化鈉</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%88%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氧化鈣（查無此頁）">氧化鈣</a>諸合質若干。性惰，與生物不效，素不溶<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8" title="酸">鏹</a>，獨憚強<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BC" title="鹼">鹼</a>。 </p><p>為透光者，遂為透光之材，有曰玻璃窗者。又有幕牆，摩天樓多見之，可防裂防撞，弗易壞矣。斯亦可反光折光，適以切割拋光，可以善之，以作<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%8F%E9%8F%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="透鏡（查無此頁）">透鏡</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%A3%B1%E9%8F%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三棱鏡（查無此頁）">三棱鏡</a>、乃至<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BA%96" title="光纖">光纖</a>。玻璃者，可上色，亦可加<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BD" title="鹽">鹽</a>易之，以製藝術品，猶花窗玻璃者也。 </p><p>雖性脆易斷，慎則耐用，故先民好用，多見於遺址。夫何形何狀，亦可製之，兼亦無<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌">菌</a>。常作器皿，猶有碗、瓶、杯諸類。堅者玻璃，常為紙鎮彈珠。並之<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%91%E8%86%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塑膠（查無此頁）">膠</a>者，可固複合玻璃矣。 </p><p>凡灼為液，乎有玻璃轉化之無定形體者，亦稱玻璃矣。夫合金、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90" title="離子">離子</a>鹽、水液、聚合物俱屬此類。夫<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="眼鏡">眼鏡</a>水瓶者，多不以<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="矽">矽</a>製，乃用輕質聚合玻璃製之，素有如壓克力、聚碳酸酯、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%9A%E5%B0%8D%E8%8B%AF%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8%E4%B9%99%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯（查無此頁）">的確涼</a>諸類矣。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="成"><span id=".E6.88.90"></span>成</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=1" title="所纂章名：成"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人曰玻璃者，煉<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二氧化矽（查無此頁）">二氧化矽</a>而得矣。純矽土者，蓋<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%9D%E6%B0%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="攝氏（查無此頁）">攝氏</a>二千度熔融，故而伴以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E9%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碳酸鈉（查無此頁）">蘇打</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E9%89%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碳酸鉀（查無此頁）">鉀鹼</a>，以降至千度。唯予蘇打者，則使玻璃溶<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>，故又施以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%88%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氧化鈣（查無此頁）">生石灰</a>解之。 </p><p>玻璃透乎<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可見光（查無此頁）">可見光</a>，輔以蘇打，亦可隔<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紫外線">紫外線</a>。若要透之，必以純者製，<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="成本">物費</a>甚哉，曰<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="石英玻璃（查無此頁）">石英玻璃</a>。純者亦可透<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紅外線">紅外線</a>，可製光纖，傳音萬里矣。 </p><p>夫常有者，素雜混各質。水晶玻璃者，含<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B" title="鉛">鉛</a>以強<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射">折射</a>，益加眩目矣。至於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%90%E7%86%B1%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耐熱玻璃（查無此頁）">耐熱玻璃</a>者，混之以<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">硼</a>，以易電熱之性。光學玻璃鏡者，混<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B7" title="釷">釷</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氧化物">氧化物</a>以強折射。消<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紅外線">紅外線</a>者可入<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" title="鐵">鐵</a>，放映機內有之。消紫外線則可以<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B0" title="鈰">鈰</a>也。 </p><p>易色，則可混各金、氧化物者矣。少<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%B3" title="錳">錳</a>者，可更鐵青之色，多者色淡紫。少<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B7" title="鈷">鈷</a>者可染藍。以<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB" title="錫">錫</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">砷</a>氧化物，可得不透之白，斯從白陶瓷之類矣。青者，可以銅氧化物。若欲得赤如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%85%E5%AF%B6%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="紅寶石（查無此頁）">紅寶石</a>，則以金屬銅。<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3" title="鎳">鎳</a>者，可以藍、深紫、或墨之。若易其溫，其色亦更矣，猶當中原理，至今未可盡知。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山">火山</a>熔岩者，或有天然玻璃，曰<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%9B%9C%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑曜石（查無此頁）">黑曜石</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="火山玻璃（查無此頁）">火山玻璃</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>二<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。黑曜者，可製簡便尖刀。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="史"><span id=".E5.8F.B2"></span>史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=2" title="所纂章名：史"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>自<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="石器世">石器世</a>者，時人嘗用火山玻璃矣<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>三<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。蓋上古埃及，以之作皿。後有巴比倫人，通吹製玻璃之法，又傳於羅馬，所產波特蘭瓶，乃玻璃<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%AE%E9%9B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="浮雕（查無此頁）">浮雕</a>也。迨<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十一世紀（查無此頁）">十一世紀</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國">德</a>人曉製之。先吹之成<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83" title="球">球</a>，又成圓筒。趁炙，割而攤之，曰平面玻璃矣。後為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a>人學而善之。乎中世者，玻璃餐具器皿，皆自威尼斯。一八二七年，玻璃壓印之械成，可製之於廉價矣。 </p><p>玻璃者，時以酸蝕之物刻以圖案。昔刻以吹鑄之間，今有刻於模具者，亦可用各色之玻璃，遂有產廉價之器矣。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8" title="周">西周</a>，已有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%89%E7%92%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="琉璃（查無此頁）">琉璃</a>之物，尚有玻璃管、玻璃珠於古墓者。先<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝</a>者，多以琉璃稱火燒玻璃之物。迨<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E5%AE%8B" title="趙宋">宋</a>方曰玻璃。<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E" title="明">明</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85" title="清">清</a>以降，以琉璃為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陶瓷（查無此頁）">陶瓷</a>者。蓋乎琉璃者，非今言玻璃矣。 </p><p>古者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小說（查無此頁）">說部</a>，亦見玻璃一詞，<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E" title="明">明</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B3%E6%89%BF%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吳承恩（查無此頁）">吳承恩</a>著《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%81%8A%E8%A8%98" title="西遊記">西遊記</a>》第一百回（徑回東土　五聖成真）曰：「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E6%82%9F%E6%B7%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙悟淨（查無此頁）">沙悟淨</a>，汝本是捲簾大將。先因蟠桃會上打碎玻璃盞，貶汝下界，汝落於流沙河，傷生吃人造孽。」 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="構"><span id=".E6.A7.8B"></span>構</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=3" title="所纂章名：構"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88:Silica.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Silica.svg/220px-Silica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Silica.svg/330px-Silica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Silica.svg/440px-Silica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>玻璃之二維非晶體結構，宏觀無對稱，唯矽氧有正四面體之構，故微觀亦有少序矣。</figcaption></figure> <p>玻璃之構，若諸<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無定形體（查無此頁）">非晶體</a>者，乎宏觀之下，無平移對稱，唯其<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E9%8D%B5" title="化學鍵">鍵</a>性，微觀亦有少序矣，夫局部原子成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E9%9D%A2%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多面體（查無此頁）">多面體</a>矣<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>四<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="過冷"><span id=".E9.81.8E.E5.86.B7"></span>過冷</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=4" title="所纂章名：過冷"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>乎物理之義，玻璃態者，速熔淬之所生<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" title="固體">固體</a>也<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>五<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zallen83_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zallen83-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>六<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cusack87_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cusack87-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>七<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliot84_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot84-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>八<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horst_Scholze_1991_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horst_Scholze_1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>九<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而素常者，皆論有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E8%BD%89%E5%8C%96%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="玻璃轉化溫度（查無此頁）">玻璃轉化溫度</a>之<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無定形體（查無此頁）">無定形體</a>者也。若有迅疾冷卻而徐徐<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="結晶（查無此頁）">結晶</a>者，莫生晶矣。待以不序之態乎轉化溫度之下，曰<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%8E%E5%86%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="過冷（查無此頁）">過冷</a>矣。有曰玻璃成力者，淬火而易玻璃態者也，可以剛度論估之<sup id="cite_ref-phillips1979_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phillips1979-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一〇<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。蓋玻璃態之構者，比若晶體之構，乃亞穩態矣。少有若無規聚合者，莫有無定形之構也<sup id="cite_ref-Folmer_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folmer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一一<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>化液為此態者，斯非一階<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E8%AE%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相變（查無此頁）">相變</a>，諸<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%AD%B8%E6%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱學態（查無此頁）">熱學態</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="體積（查無此頁）">積</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%93" title="焓">焓</a>者）無躍變，故亦有論以玻璃為液體者也<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbs_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一二<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一三<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一四<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。然，可類以二階相變，蓋熱學變數（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9%E4%BF%82%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱膨脹係數（查無此頁）">熱膨脹係數</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱容量（查無此頁）">熱容</a>）有躍變矣<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated11507_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated11507-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一五<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。夫相變平衡之論者，玻璃之態，無以全用，不可類以固體平衡相變也<sup id="cite_ref-Elliot84_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot84-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>八<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horst_Scholze_1991_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horst_Scholze_1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>九<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="製"><span id=".E8.A3.BD"></span>製</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=5" title="所纂章名：製"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引上法"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E4.B8.8A.E6.B3.95"></span>引上法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=6" title="所纂章名：引上法"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>引上者，熔解後乎拉以向上，立而待凝矣。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="平拉法"><span id=".E5.B9.B3.E6.8B.89.E6.B3.95"></span>平拉法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=7" title="所纂章名：平拉法"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>平拉者，熔解後先引上，臥之而待凝，可穩以產薄猶三毫米之玻璃者<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一六<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，如顯示器之玻璃也。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="浮法"><span id=".E6.B5.AE.E6.B3.95"></span>浮法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=8" title="所纂章名：浮法"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>浮法者，倒熔液於高融之<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB" title="錫">錫</a>者，浮於錫而生平面矣，冷而去之。性均厚，上下表面，平整平行，產高而便<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="管理（查無此頁）">管理</a>，故為主流。唯破裂之時，頗有鋒利碎片，窗戶禁用之。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="類"><span id=".E9.A1.9E"></span>類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=9" title="所纂章名：類"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="強化玻璃"><span id=".E5.BC.B7.E5.8C.96.E7.8E.BB.E7.92.83"></span>強化玻璃</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=10" title="所纂章名：強化玻璃"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>強化者，速凍浮法所製，較之強蓋四至六倍矣，破裂少碎莫有鋒利者。然若有損裂則完碎矣。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="夾層玻璃"><span id=".E5.A4.BE.E5.B1.A4.E7.8E.BB.E7.92.83"></span>夾層玻璃</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=11" title="所纂章名：夾層玻璃"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>夾層，又曰安全、膠合者，於乎夾層者，加以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%9A%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF%E9%86%87%E7%B8%AE%E4%B8%81%E9%86%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聚乙烯醇縮丁醛（查無此頁）">聚乙烯醇縮丁醛</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A1%9D%E5%8C%96%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="硝化纖維（查無此頁）">硝化纖維</a>。用以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%93%8B%E9%A2%A8%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="擋風玻璃（查無此頁）">擋風</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B2%E5%BD%88%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="防彈玻璃（查無此頁）">防彈</a>者。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="調光玻璃"><span id=".E8.AA.BF.E5.85.89.E7.8E.BB.E7.92.83"></span>調光玻璃</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=12" title="所纂章名：調光玻璃"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88:Charleroi_brussels_south_reflection_EI_DPN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Charleroi_brussels_south_reflection_EI_DPN.jpg/240px-Charleroi_brussels_south_reflection_EI_DPN.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Charleroi_brussels_south_reflection_EI_DPN.jpg/360px-Charleroi_brussels_south_reflection_EI_DPN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Charleroi_brussels_south_reflection_EI_DPN.jpg/480px-Charleroi_brussels_south_reflection_EI_DPN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="2466" /></a><figcaption>機場用之調光玻璃</figcaption></figure> <p>調光者，內含<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%99%B6" title="液晶">液晶</a>矣。去電，液晶分子不序，光線莫能透矣；通電，分子列而可透光矣。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="自潔玻璃"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E6.BD.94.E7.8E.BB.E7.92.83"></span>自潔玻璃</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=13" title="所纂章名：自潔玻璃"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>塗<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A6" title="鈦">鈦</a>氧化物蓋五十<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="納米（查無此頁）">納米</a>者，遇紫外線，則催解所附<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="官品">官品</a>矣，沖而無跡。主用建築、汽車矣。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="鐳射玻璃"><span id=".E9.90.B3.E5.B0.84.E7.8E.BB.E7.92.83"></span>鐳射玻璃</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=14" title="所纂章名：鐳射玻璃"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>合鐳射圖樣并玻璃者。家事用矣。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="雕花玻璃"><span id=".E9.9B.95.E8.8A.B1.E7.8E.BB.E7.92.83"></span>雕花玻璃</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=15" title="所纂章名：雕花玻璃"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>正平滑而背雕花矣，設計裝飾用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="鉛玻璃"><span id=".E9.89.9B.E7.8E.BB.E7.92.83"></span>鉛玻璃</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=16" title="所纂章名：鉛玻璃"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>鉛玻璃者，可防止<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%B4%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" title="倫琴射線">倫琴射線</a>洩之室外矣。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="夜光玻璃"><span id=".E5.A4.9C.E5.85.89.E7.8E.BB.E7.92.83"></span>夜光玻璃</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=17" title="所纂章名：夜光玻璃"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>夜有螢光。可導向為光。設計裝飾用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="鐵絲網玻璃"><span id=".E9.90.B5.E7.B5.B2.E7.B6.B2.E7.8E.BB.E7.92.83"></span>鐵絲網玻璃</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=18" title="所纂章名：鐵絲網玻璃"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>崁鐵絲網乎玻璃者，防火門窗多用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="玻璃磚"><span id=".E7.8E.BB.E7.92.83.E7.A3.9A"></span>玻璃磚</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=19" title="所纂章名：玻璃磚"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>合兩玻璃為一磚，可用以牆壁採光、隔屏隔牆矣。可防熱隔音，獨難載重矣。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="攷"><span id=".E6.94.B7"></span>攷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&section=20" title="所纂章名：攷"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=7YgK1KgH2qgC&pg=PA249"><span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-style: wavy;">電子材料導論 </span></a> <span style="font-size:90%"><span style="font-size:75%"></span></span>; 清華大學出版社有限公司，二千有一年; <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E6%9B%B8%E6%B5%B7/9787302043966" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-7-302-04396-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=E0q7AAAAIAAJ"><span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-style: wavy;">史前研究 </span></a> <span style="font-size:90%"><span style="font-size:75%"></span></span>; 西安半坡博物館，一千九百八十八年</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schott.com/taiwan/chinese/company/experience_glass/history.html">歷史記錄中的玻璃</a> - 存於2014-10-24自<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schott.com/taiwan/chinese/company/experience_glass/history.html">原本</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border-bottom: 1px solid; margin: 0 1px;"><span style="margin: 0 -1px;">P. S. Salmon</span></span> <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-style: wavy;">Order within disorder </span> <span style="font-size:90%"><span style="font-size:75%"><b>（第一卷）</b></span></span>; 二千有二年</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E5%92%8C%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國材料和試驗協會（查無此頁）">ASTM</a> definition of glass from 1945; also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國標準化學會（查無此頁）">DIN</a> 1259, Glas – Begriffe für Glasarten und Glasgruppen, September 1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zallen83-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Zallen83_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border-bottom: 1px solid; margin: 0 1px;"><span style="margin: 0 -1px;">Zallen, R.</span></span> <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-style: wavy;">The Physics of Amorphous Solids </span> <span style="font-size:90%"><span style="font-size:75%"></span></span>; John Wiley，一千九百八十三年; <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E6%9B%B8%E6%B5%B7/0471019682" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-471-01968-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cusack87-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cusack87_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border-bottom: 1px solid; margin: 0 1px;"><span style="margin: 0 -1px;">Cusack, N. E.</span></span> <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-style: wavy;">The physics of structurally disordered matter: an introduction </span> <span style="font-size:90%"><span style="font-size:75%"></span></span>; Adam Hilger in association with the University of Sussex press，一千九百八十七年; <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E6%9B%B8%E6%B5%B7/0852748299" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-85274-829-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliot84-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Elliot84_8-0">八點〇</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Elliot84_8-1">八點一</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border-bottom: 1px solid; margin: 0 1px;"><span style="margin: 0 -1px;">Elliot, S. R.</span></span> <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-style: wavy;">Physics of Amorphous Materials </span> <span style="font-size:90%"><span style="font-size:75%"></span></span>; Longman group ltd，一千九百八十四年</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horst_Scholze_1991-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Horst_Scholze_1991_9-0">九點〇</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Horst_Scholze_1991_9-1">九點一</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border-bottom: 1px solid; margin: 0 1px;"><span style="margin: 0 -1px;">Horst Scholze</span></span> <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-style: wavy;">Glass – Nature, Structure, and Properties </span> <span style="font-size:90%"><span style="font-size:75%"></span></span>; Springer，一千九百九十一年; <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E6%9B%B8%E6%B5%B7/0387973966" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-387-97396-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phillips1979-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-phillips1979_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border-bottom: 1px solid; margin: 0 1px;"><span style="margin: 0 -1px;">J.C. Phillips</span></span> <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-style: wavy;">Topology of covalent non-crystalline solids I: Short-range order in chalcogenide alloys </span> <span style="font-size:90%"><span style="font-size:75%"><b>（第三十四卷）</b></span>：第一百五十三頁</span>; 一千九百七十九年</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Folmer-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Folmer_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border-bottom: 1px solid; margin: 0 1px;"><span style="margin: 0 -1px;">J. C. W. Folmer and Stefan Franzen</span></span> <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-style: wavy;">Study of polymer glasses by modulated differential scanning calorimetry in the undergraduate physical chemistry laboratory </span> <span style="font-size:90%"><span style="font-size:75%"><b>（第八十卷）</b></span>：第八百一十三頁</span>; 二千有三年</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbs-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbs_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/Glass/glass.html">Is glass liquid or solid?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Philip Gibbs" <i>Glass Worldwide</i>, (May/June 2007), pp. 14–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jimloy.com/physics/glass.htm">Glass Is A Liquid?</a> - 存於14 March 2007自<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jimloy.com/physics/glass.htm">原本</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated11507-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated11507_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border-bottom: 1px solid; margin: 0 1px;"><span style="margin: 0 -1px;">M. I. Ojovan, W. E. Lee</span></span> <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-style: wavy;">Topologically disordered systems at the glass transition </span> <span style="font-size:90%"><span style="font-size:75%"><b>（第十八卷）</b></span></span>; 二千有六年</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctiec.net/glass/glass_method2.jsp">平拉法</a> - 存於2014-10-24自<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctiec.net/glass/glass_method2.jsp">原本</a>。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div> <table border="0" cellspacing="1" style="background-color:transparent;position:relative"> <tbody><tr valign="middle"> <td><div style="position: relative; width: 12px; height: 18px; overflow: hidden"> <div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; font-size: 100px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 100px; z-index: 3"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E9%A6%96" class="extiw" title="commons:卷首">   </a></div> <div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="commons:卷首"><img alt="commons:卷首" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> </div> </td> <td align="left">聲音動靜，具錄於<b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Glass?uselang=zh-classical">維基共享︰玻璃</a></span></b> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br clear="all" /> </p> <center> <table align="center" id="toc" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" style="background:#a0ffa0" width="100%"><span style="color:#000000;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E6%85%8B" title="物態">物態</a></b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>常態</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" title="固體">固體</a>｜<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E9%AB%94" title="液體">液體</a>｜<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氣體">氣體</a>｜<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒸氣（查無此頁）">蒸氣</a>｜<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%BC%BF" title="電漿">電漿</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>低能量</b>：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2-%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="玻色-愛因斯坦凝聚（查無此頁）">玻色-愛因斯坦凝聚</a>｜<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%BB%E7%B1%B3%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="費米凝聚（查無此頁）">費米凝聚</a>｜<a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E8%B3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="夸克質（查無此頁）">夸克質</a>｜<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B-%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E6%BC%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="夸克-膠子電漿（查無此頁）">夸克-膠子電漿</a>｜<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E8%B3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奇異質（查無此頁）">奇異質</a>｜<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E8%87%A8%E7%95%8C%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超臨界流體（查無此頁）">超臨界流體</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>它相</b>：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%A0%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="膠體（查無此頁）">膠體</a>｜<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" title="晶體">晶體</a>｜<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%99%B6" title="液晶">液晶</a>｜<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無定形體（查無此頁）">無定形體</a>（<a class="mw-selflink selflink">玻璃</a>、<a 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